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会计类毕业论文英译汉

In China, internal audit is an important component of the auditing and supervision, with the establishment of a modern enterprise system, and improve the internal audit, the framework to reconstruct, internal audit scope of business need further expansion, the research of internal audit and become hot. Reinforcing the enterprise internal audit is to establish an enterprise as a legal person system and the system of property rights, but also needs to ensure enterprise assets value of the property owners, maintenance and legitimate rights and interests of the business operators. The enterprise internal audit work to do to give full play to its supervision and verification and staff, etcKey words: the internal audit function

Internal audit is an important component of China's audit supervision part of the establishment of modern enterprise system, improve and perfect the internal audit framework to re-build, internal audit is also the need for further expansion of business scope, the study of internal audit once again become a hot spot . Strengthen the internal audit is to establish enterprise legal system and property rights system needs, but also to ensure that increasing the value of corporate assets, maintenance of property rights owners and the legitimate rights and interests of business operators needs. Internal audit work to do well must give full play to their supervision, appraisal, staff and other functions. Keywords: Internal audit function

有偿翻译到“译栈”来“译栈”看看吧,免费的翻译交流平台,直接找译员合作搜索“译栈”即可!翻译公司之外不错的选择!也有直接客户或翻译公司发布的翻译任务。

Accounting Essays and Research Papers on Accounting Topics2. "Custom Research" serviceDo you prefer a BRAND NEW, ONE-OF-A-KIND essay, research paper, book report, term paper, thesis, dissertation, or university coursework essay on Accounting? If so, our experts can research and write a new, original, unique document—JUST FOR YOU—on the particular Accounting essay topic of your choice. We will write an excellent paper based on the EXACT specifications that YOU provide, guaranteed. Whether you are a high school freshman in need of a 1-page summary, or a . candidate in need of a 300-page dissertation, we have the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to complete your order. One of our 150+, experienced professionals (each having earned a MINIMUM of master-level degree credentials) will research and write the material exactly as you request. Of course, master- and doctoral-level orders will be completed ONLY by those writers who possess a corresponding master- or doctoral-level degree in the particular field of study. You may visit our Custom Research page for more information更多:中文的话,你用金山词霸破解版就能翻译。

会计英译汉论文文献

会计论文外文参考文献

会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢?下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献,欢迎参考借鉴!

[1]徐静.我国企业社会责任会计信息披露探析[J].企业导报.2012(15) :22-25.

[2]张明霞.李云鹏.企业社会责任会计信息披露问题研究[J].经济研究导刊.2011(20):40-43.

[3] 路秀平.任会来.我国社会责任会计信息披露模式现实选择 [J]. 会计之友 (上旬刊).2012(12):89-92.

[4]马海波.英美社会责任会计信息披露特色比较研究[J].财会学习.2012(10):18-22.

[5]陈长宏.陈环.张科.论食品质量与食品安全性[J].现代农业科技.2013(12):112-114.

[6]黎勇平.企业社会责任会计信息披露与企业市场价值的相关性研究 [J]. 南华大学2012:33-34.

[7]刘勇.我国企业社会责任会计信息披露研究[D].西北大学 2013.

[8]周新颖.我国煤炭行业上市公司社会责任会计信息披露研究[D].南华大学 2011.

[9]刘尚林.公梅.企业社会责任会计信息披露模式的选择[J].财会月刊.2009(36):68-71.

[10]金曼.我国社会责任会计核算体系的研究[D].上海海事大学 2013.

[11]陈锡江.企业社会责任成本研究[D].西南财经大学 2010.

[1]吴水澎,陈汉文,邵贤弟.企业内部控制理论的发展与启示[J].会计研宄,2000(5):2-8.

[2]林钟高,郑军.基于契约视角的企业内部控制研究[J].会计研宄,2007 (10): 53-60.

[3]杨雄胜.内部控制理论研宄新视野[J].会计研宄,2005(07): 49-54+97.

[4]林斌,饶静.上市公司为什么自愿披露内部控制鉴证报告.一基于信号传递理论的实证研宄[J].会计研究,2009 (2): 45-52.

[5]刘志梧,许良虎.内部控制概念口径分析及内部控制评价指标框架构建[J].财会月刊,2012 (04): 52-53.

[6]池国华.中国上市公司内部控制指数的功能定位与系统构建[J].管理世界,2011(06):172-173.

[7]李斌.上市公司内部控制评价研究[J].统计与决策,2009(22): 176-178.

[8]孙志梅,李秀莲,王昕.基于AHP法的国有企业内部控制评价指标体系构建[J].财会通讯,2012 (19): 23-25.

[9]蔡吉甫.我国上市公司内部控制信息披露的实证研究[J].审计与经济研宄,2005(02):85-88.

[10]杨有红,毛新述.自愿性内部控制信息披露的有用性研宄[A].中国会计学会内部控制专业委员会.首届内部控制专题学术研讨会论文集[C].中国会计学会内部控制专业委员会,2009: 13.

[11]黄新銮,梁步腾,姚杰.中美内部控制法律框架的比较与借鉴[J].会计研宄,2008(9): 88-91.

免责声明:本文仅代表作者个人观点,与本网无关。

管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法,利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告,并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支,还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用,就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧,希望对你有帮助。

[1] 邓桂清. 走出财务管理、管理会计、成本会计内容重叠的困惑[J]. 中国集体经济. 2010(10)

[2] 刘明. 试析管理会计学科体系的重构[J]. 科技资讯. 2009(34)

[3] 胡玉明,叶志锋,范海峰. 中国管理会计理论与实践:1978年至2008年[J]. 会计研究. 2008(09)

[4] 宫昕璐,张媛. 管理会计理论研究综述[J]. 财会通讯(学术版). 2008(04)

[5] 高晨,汤谷良. 管理控制工具的整合模式:理论分析与中国企业的.创新--基于中国国有企业的多案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2007(08)

[6] 余绪缨. 关于培养高层次管理会计人才的认识与实践[J]. 财会月刊. 2007(22)

[7] 余绪缨. 管理会计学科建设的方向及其相关理论的新认识[J]. 财会通讯(综合版). 2007(02)

[8] 于增彪,王竞达,袁光华. 中国管理会计的未来发展:研究方法、热点实务和人才培养[J]. 首都经济贸易大学学报. 2006(01)

[9] 郝桂岩. 对管理会计规范化的几点思考[J]. 财会月刊. 2005(27)

[10] 李艳. 管理会计规范化的本质研究[J]. 特区经济. 2005(07)

[11] 颉茂华. 管理会计理论框架及其要素的构建[J]. 财会通讯(学术版). 2005(05)

[12] 王斌,高晨. 论管理会计工具整合系统[J]. 会计研究. 2004(04)

[13] 余绪缨. 现代管理会计新发展的主要特点[J]. 财会通讯. 2004(05)

[14] 余绪缨. 现代管理会计研究的新思维[J]. 财务与会计. 2004(02)

[15] 胡玉明. 管理会计发展的历史演进[J]. 财会通讯. 2004(01)

[16] 杜颖,张佳林. 经济增加值在企业业绩评价中的应用[J]. 财经理论与实践. 2003(01)

[17] 《管理会计应用与发展典型案例研究》课题组. 我国集团公司预算管理运行体系的新模式--中原石油勘探局案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)

[18] 王斌,李苹莉. 关于企业预算目标确定及其分解的理论分析[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)

[19] 《管理会计应用与发展的典型案例研究》课题组,林斌,刘运国,谭光明,张玉虎. 作业成本法在我国铁路运输企业应用的案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(02)

[20] 胡玉明. 21世纪管理会计主题的转变--从企业价值增值到企业核心能力培植[J]. 外国经济与管理. 2001(01)

财务会计类论文,有一个网站(学术论文网)这方面的论文很齐全:财务会计管理:财务会计研究:财务会计理论:财务会计实务:财务会计概论:财务会计前沿:如果在这里没有找到您需要的论文,可以去信该网站的管理人员,可以请他们免费帮你代找: 我觉得这是我所见过的最好的学术论文网站,主要是论文质量都相当不错,一般都是高校教授的代表作。至于学术规范性,自是不必待言。

Accounting for R&D in the National Accounts Dennis Fixler Bureau of Economic Analysis 24 February 2009 Paper presented at ASSA meetings in San Francisco, January 2009 Accounting information as political currency* Karthik Ramanna Harvard Business School and Sugata Roychowdhury MIT Sloan School of Management This draft: March 31, 2008 Abstract: We test whether accounting can be used as political currency. Our setting is the US congressional election of 2004, where outsourcing of US jobs was a campaign issue. We find that the largest corporate donors to principal candidates in closely watched congressional races manage earnings downwards in the two quarters immediately preceding the 2004 election. We find no evidence of such downwards earnings management among corporate donors to candidates in all other congressional races. Election outcomes for candidates are also systematically associated with the extent of donors' downwards earnings management in closely watched races, but not all other races. The findings are consistent with firms managing accounting information in circumstances where this is likely to benefit allied politicians. 哈佛商学院2008年3月31日

Principles of Accounting 的introductionACCOUNTING INFORMATIONYou likely have a general concept of what accountants do. They capture information about the transactions and events of a business, and summarize that activity in reports that are used by persons interested in the entity. But, you likely do not realize the complexity of accomplishing this task. It involves a talented blending of technical knowledge and measurement artistry that can only be fully appreciated via extensive study of the subject. The best analogy is to say that you probably know what a heart surgeon does, but you no doubt appreciate that considerable knowledge and skill is needed to successfully treat a patient. If you were studying to be a surgeon, you would likely begin with some basic anatomy class. In this chapter, you will begin your study of accounting by looking at the overall structure of accounting and the basic anatomy of advised that a true understanding of accounting does not come easily. It only comes with determination and hard work. But, if you persevere, you will be surprised at what you discover about accounting. Knowledge of accounting is very valuable to business success. And, once you conquer the basics, accounting is actually quite an interesting subject. ACCOUNTING DEFINED: It seems fitting to begin with a more formal definition of accounting: Accounting is a set of concepts and techniques that are used to measure and report financial information about an economic unit. The economic unit is generally considered to be a separate enterprise. The information is potentially reported to a variety of different types of interested parties. These include business managers, owners, creditors, governmental units, financial analysts, and even employees. In one way or another, these users of accounting information tend to be concerned about their own interests in the entity. Business managers need accounting information to make sound leadership decisions. Investors hold out hope for profits that may eventually lead to distributions from the business (., "dividends"). Creditors are always concerned about the entity's ability to repay its obligations. Governmental units need information to tax and regulate. Analysts use accounting data to form their opinions on which they base their investment recommendations. Employees want to work for successful companies to further their individual careers, and they often have bonuses or options tied to enterprise performance. Accounting information about specific entities helps satisfy the needs of all these interested diversity of interested parties leads to a logical division in the discipline of accounting: financial accounting and managerial accounting. Financial accounting is concerned with external reporting of information to parties outside the firm. In contrast, managerial accounting is primarily concerned with providing information for internal management. You may have some trouble seeing why a distinction is needed; after all aren't we just reporting financial facts? Let's look closer at the ACCOUNTING: Consider that financial accounting is targeted toward a broad base of external users, none of whom control the actual preparation of reports or have access to underlying details. Their ability to understand and have confidence in reports is directly dependent upon standardization of the principles and practices that are used to prepare the reports. Without such standardization, reports of different companies could be hard to understand and even harder to compare. As a result, there are well organized processes to bring consistency and structure to financial reporting. In the United States, a private sector group called the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is primarily responsible for developing the rules that form the foundation of financial reporting. With the increase in global trade, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has been steadily gaining prominence as a global accounting rule reports prepared under the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) promulgated by such standard setting bodies are intended to be general purpose in orientation. This means they are not prepared especially for owners, or creditors, or any other particular user group. Instead, they are intended to be equally useful for all user groups. As such, attempts are made to keep them free from bias (neutral).MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: In sharp contrast to financial accounting, managerial accounting information is intended to serve the specific needs of management. Business managers are charged with business planning, controlling, and decision making. As such, they may desire specialized reports, budgets, product costing data, and other details that are generally not reported on an external basis. Further, management may dictate the parameters under which such information is to be accumulated and presented. For instance, GAAP may require that certain research costs be deducted immediately in computing a business's externally reported income; on the other hand, management may see these costs as a long-term investment and stipulate that internal decision making be based upon income numbers that exclude such costs. This is their prerogative. Hopefully, such internal reporting is being done logically and rationally, but it need not follow any particular set of QUALITY INFORMATION SYSTEM: Both financial accounting and managerial accounting depend upon a strong information system to reliably capture and summarize business transaction data. Information technology has radically reshaped this mundane part of the practice of accounting during the past 30 years. The era of the "green eye-shaded" accountant has been relegated to the annals of history. Now, accounting is more of a dynamic, decision-making discipline, rather than a bookkeeping LIMITATIONS: Accounting data is not absolute or concrete. Considerable amounts of judgment and estimation are necessary to develop the specific accounting measurements that are reported during a particular month, quarter, or year (., how much pension expense should be reported now for the future benefits that are being earned by employees now, but the amounts will not be known with certainly until many years to come?). About the only way around the problem of utilizing estimation in accounting is to wait until all facts are known with certainty before issuing any reports. However, by the time any information could be reported, it would be so stale as to lose its usefulness. Thus, in order to timely present information, it is considered to be far better to embrace reasonable estimations in the normal preparation of ongoing financial addition, accounting has not yet advanced to a state of being able to value a business (or a business's assets). As such, many transactions and events are reported based upon on the historical cost principle (in contrast to fair value). This principle holds that it is better to maintain accountability over certain financial statement elements at amounts that are objective and verifiable, rather than opening the door to random adjustments for value changes that may not be supportable. For example, land is initially recorded in the accounting records at its purchase price. That historical cost will not be adjusted even if the fair value is perceived as increasing. While this enhances the "reliability" of reported data, it can also pose a limitation on its "relevance." THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION AND CAREERS THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION: To decide to be an accountant is no more descriptive than deciding to be a doctor. Obviously, there are many specialty areas. Many accountants engage in the practice of "public" accounting, which involves providing audit, tax, and consulting services to the general public. To engage in the practice of public accounting usually requires one to be licensed as a CPA (Certified Public Accountant). Auditing involves the examination of transactions and systems that underlie an organization's financial reports, with the ultimate goal of providing an independent report on the appropriateness of financial statements. Tax services relate to the providing of help in the preparation and filing of tax returns and the rendering of advice on the tax consequences of alternative actions. Consulting services can vary dramatically, and include such diverse activities as information systems engineering to evaluating production methods. Many accountants are privately employed directly by small and large businesses (., "industry accounting") and not-for-profit agencies (such as hospitals, universities, and charitable groups). They may work in areas of product costing and pricing, budgeting, and the examination of investment alternatives. They may focus on internal auditing, which involves looking at controls and procedures in use by their employers. Objectives of these reviews are to safeguard company resources and assess the reliability and accuracy of accounting information and accounting systems. They may serve as in-house tax accountants, financial managers, or countless other occupations. And, it probably goes without saying that many accountants work in the governmental sector, whether it be local, state, or national levels. You would expect to find many accountants at the Internal Revenue Service, General Accounting Office, Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC" -- the USA governmental agency body charged with regulating accounting and reporting by companies whose shares of stock is bought and sold in public markets), and even the Federal Bureau of AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: Because investors and creditors place great reliance on financial statements in making their investment and credit decisions, it is imperative that the financial reporting process be truthful and dependable. Accountants are expected to behave in an entirely ethical fashion, and this is generally the case. To help insure integrity in the reporting process, the profession has adopted a code of ethics to which its licensed members must adhere. In addition, checks and balances via the audit process, government oversight, and the ever vigilant "plaintiff's attorney" all serve a vital role in providing additional safeguards against the errant accountant. If you are preparing to enter the accounting profession, you should do so with the intention of behaving with honor and integrity. If you are not planning to enter the profession, you will likely rely upon accountants in some aspect of your personal or professional have every right to expect those accountants to behave in a completely trustworthy and ethical fashion. After all, you will be entrusting them with your financial resources and confidential information.

毕业论文英译汉心得体会

英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段,只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文范文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!

探析英汉翻译陷阱

【摘 要】英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,常常是句子或词语的表层结构与其要表达的真实含义相反。为了避免落入英语陷阱,学习者对英语的某些词句、语义应克服表面化的理解,也不能简单照搬辞典上的释义,更不能望文生义;对中西文化差异也必须有深刻的了解。只要对英语陷阱多注意、多分析、多体会,便可避免误入一些似是而非的“陷阱”。

【关键词】英汉翻译;陷阱;表层结构;深层含义

英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,对学习者来说的确是一个必须要注意的问题。在英汉翻译中,初学者往往从语法角度对英汉两种语言做机械对比,有时还下意识地将词典释义不加斟酌,拿来就用。在审查译文表达是否准确时,又习惯于将自己的母语思维定势用作衡量正误的标准。这些做法实际上都很容易造成释义与原文真实含义的脱节,甚至南辕北辙,落入英语“陷阱”。

一、短语翻译中的陷阱

例子如下:

1、confidence man

误译:值得信赖的人

正译:

2、sleep late

误译:睡觉很晚

正译:起床很晚

3、black tea

误译:黑茶

正译:红茶

4、gas mask

误译:赌气面具

正译:防毒面具

5、mad-doctor

误译:发疯的医生

正译:精神病医师

6、lightning rod

误译:闪电针

正译:避雷针

7、trouble man

误译:制造麻烦的人

正译:故障检修员

8、be in control

误译:被控制

正译:掌控……,控制……

9、flu mask

误译:流感口罩

正译:卫生器具

10、fire engine

误译:点火机器

正译:救火车、消防车

11、fire wall

误译:着火的墙

正译:防火墙

对这些短语均须准确理解,否则便会落入陷阱之中。

二、习语翻译中的陷阱

在翻译英语习语时,初学者有时总想找一个汉语的习语或成语,使之与英语习语相对应。虽然这种对应在某种程度上可以做到,但却不一定在所有情况下都能成功。英语陷阱的特点就是其表层意思和深层含义常常貌合神离,甚至南辕北辙,若抛开语言文化差异而不顾,盲目追求“形似”,就难免会落入英语陷阱。如:

1、Gild(或Paint)the lily

该习语似乎与“锦上添花”意思相近,但实际上却相差甚远。在汉语中,“锦上添花”比喻使美好的事物更加美好,而这个习语的意思是指对已经很完美的东西做不恰当甚至过分的修饰,结果是破坏了原来的美。这有点近似于汉语的“画蛇添足”。

2、Strange bedfellows

这个习语不等于“同床异梦”。“Strange bedfellows”指走到一起的不同类型的人,萍水相逢的人;或有些人性格、兴趣、习惯等都不相同,本来不会碰到一起,而现在却成了伙伴。“同床异梦”指的是虽然共同生活或共同从事某项活动,但各有各的打算,面和心不合。可见“strange bedfellows”和“同床异梦”所指很不一样。

3、Turn the table

这个习语很容易被误译为“把桌子掀翻”,而且好像还带有气愤至极的味道。其实,这种理解是不对的,“turn the table”在含义上并不带有这种激动的成分。譬如,一对夫妻吵架、闹离婚,经过调解之后,终于化干戈为玉帛。丈夫的一位美国朋友打来电话,询问情况,当知道是这么一种结果时,便说:“Oh,thank God!You turned the table.”这位男士听后很不理解:朋友是不是以为自己对妻子动粗了?其实,这个习语的意思和掀翻桌子一点关系也没有,也不带有什么负面的感情色彩,它的意思是“扭转了局面”。

4、The last straw

如:The service in this shop has been bad before,but this is the last straw.

误译:这家商店的服务一向不好,这可是救命稻草。

学习者对这句英文容易误译的原因就是在阅读时容易忽略中西方文化因素,望文生义。因为在我们的文化中,很容易把“the last straw”和“最后一根稻草(救命稻草)”联系起来。可是在英语中,“the last straw”指的是“the last in a series of bad events, makes it impossible for somebody to accept a situation any longer(令人忍无可忍之事;终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事或一个因素等)”。该习语源于谚语“It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”。(最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼脊背。)可见,它的指称意义与汉语的“救命稻草”大相径庭。所以,“The service in this shop has been bad before,but this is the last straw.”应该译为:这家商店的服务一向不好,这一次更是叫人受不了。

三、句型翻译中的陷阱

释义与原义南辕北辙,这种现象在某些英语句型和特殊结构的翻译中也很常见。当然,之所以出现“南辕北辙”的现象,归根到底还是由于没有掌握英语陷阱的规律。由于英语中一些固定结构的深层含义与表层含义相反,所以,若仅仅按照句子的表层结构进行翻译,那就很容易会落入英语陷阱之中。

1、For all 结构

如:For all I care,you can throw it away.

误译:你把它丢了,我很在乎。

正译:你把它丢了,我也不在乎。

2、It + be + adj.+ n.+ that 结构

著名翻译家钱歌川教授认为像这一类的句型应从反面理解,以适应英语语言的独特意境。

如:It is a good workman that never blunders.

误译:一个好的技工从来不会犯错。

正译:智者千虑,必有一失。

It is a wise father that knows his own child.

误译:聪明的爸爸会了解自己的孩子。

正译:聪明的爸爸也未必了解自己的孩子。

3、being + a.

如:They are being friendly.

误译:他们现在很友好。

正译:他们装出一副友好的样子。

“being friendly”之所以是“装出一副友好的样子(或姿态)”,是因为从深层结构看,“being”表示的意思是“目前”或“现在”,其含义短暂。它说明这是主语有意识的一个动作,因而在这类句子里面就隐含着一个意思:他们平时并不这么友善,现在是故意作秀。在这个句型里,“being”的含义相当于“故意地”。

4、形式否定,实为肯定

(1)….cannot…….too

如:You cannot be too careful when driving.

误译:你开车的时候不能太小心了。

正译:你开车的时候越小心越好。

此结构在形式上是否定的,但意义却是肯定的。表示一个人“无论怎么…..也不过分”,“越……越好”。

(2)……never……but……

如:I never go to that city but I want to eat the characteristic food there.

误译:我从来不去那个城市,但是我想吃那里的特色食品。

正译:我每次去那个城市都要吃那里的特色食品。

在“……never……but……”这个结构中,never和but是用来加强语气的,实表肯定的意思,可译为“每次……都/必……”。

(3)……nothing if not……

如:The book is nothing if not interesting.

误译:这本书没有什么意思。

正译:这本书相当有意思。

在这里,“nothing if not”是一个双重否定,实际上它是一个强调肯定意义的结构。“nothing if not”相当于“extremely”、“very”,意思是“极其……”,“非常……”。

5、形式肯定,实为否定

(1)……the last…… + 不定式短语/定语从句

如:This is the last thing I expect him to do.

误译:这是我希望他做的最后一件事。

正译:这是我最不希望他做的事。

在这个句型中,“last”应理解为“最不可能的”。

(2)……anything but……

如:This math text is anything but easy.

误译:这次数学考试很容易。

正译:这次数学考试一点也不容易。

“……anything but……”应理解为never,意思是“决不”。

6、貌似全部否定,实为部分否定

如:All of the students did not turn up.

误译:所有的学生都没有出席。

正译:并非所有的学生都出席了。

Both of us are not teachers.

误译:我们俩都不是教师。

正译:我们俩并不都是教师。

英语中,当all,both,every,each等表示整体意义的代词与否定词not连用时,一般只表示部分否定,而不是全部否定。

7、否定转移

如:He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.

误译:他不会相信此事,因为亚里士多德这样说过。

正译:他并不会因为亚里士多德说过如何如何就轻信此事。

否定转移结构往往貌似一般否定结构,not的位置与一般否定结构中的not完全相同,但实际上却是一种部分否定,not由一部分转移到了另一部分。

英汉翻译中稍不留意就会出现意思南辕北辙的现象还有很多,例子不胜枚举,限于篇幅,这里不再赘述。

四、如何避免落入陷阱

从上面所举的这些例子不难看出,英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,学习者可谓一不留神就会落入陷阱。如何避免这种情况的发生呢?

首先,学习者对英语的词句、语义应努力克服机械理解,不能简单照搬辞典上的释义,更不能想当然。在翻译时,望文生义是最要不得的。

第二,学习者对中西文化差异必须要有深刻的了解。

语言是文化的载体,是折射不同民族文化的一面镜子。有时,英汉翻译之所以会掉入陷阱,一个很重要的原因就是学习者忽视对中西文化差异的学习和掌握,这种忽视势必会使学习者误入歧途,掉入文化的“陷阱”。只有在文化中去探寻词语或某些特殊表达方式的真实内涵,才会有效地避免翻译中的“南辕北辙”;只有了解不同国度的文化差异,在英汉翻译过程中才不会落入陷阱。正如王佐良先生所指出的:“在寻找与原文相对的‘对等词’的过程中,就要做一番比较,因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等各个方面都相当。这当中,陷阱是不少的,如果我们望文生义就会出毛病……译者做的文化比较远比一般人细致、深入。他处理的是个别的词;他面对的则是两大片文化。”由此可见,学习者对中西文化的了解何其重要。

第三,对英语陷阱的规律要多注意、多分析、多体会。

英译汉有时可以做到形式结构上的对等,但并不是每个英文习语、短语都能在汉语中找到意义对等且形式结构也相当的习语或惯用法。在这种情况下,译者可采用音译加注、意译、增译等其他技巧来表达某些英语特殊结构或词语的真正含义,这样才能避免误入一些似是而非的“盲区”或“陷阱”。

参考文献:

[1]孙海运.英语成语来龙去脉[M].中国对外翻译出版社,1989.

[2]鲁迅.准风月谈[M].人民文学出版社,2006.

[3].牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第七版)[M].牛津大学出版社,2010.

[4]董乐山.英译汉理论与实例[M].北京出版社,2005.

[5]王佐良.翻译中的文化比较[J].中国翻译,1984(01).

英汉翻译的词序差异

摘要:本文主要研究英汉翻译中经常出现但又不被重视的词序问题。通过以词序中的副词、形容词为研究对象来体现在英汉翻译中词序使用正确的价值与意义,从而促进英汉翻译技能的成熟与完整。

关键词:词序渊源;副词词序;形容词词序

在平时的练习中我们不难发现英译汉的过程中词序的一些变化,这种差异值得学习的人研究和琢磨。因此,在英汉翻译中应首先了解这种差异中的一种,即词序的变化对翻译者而言是有价值的。价值何在?通过以下的比较研究,让我们来认识这一点,并且让这一点服务于翻译。

一、练习

妇女要求同工同酬。他们终于找到了一个能应付这种局面的人。译者的对应结构式:“Woman demands equal pay for equal work.”这句话没有问题。但对第二句话的词序就犯了愁,怎么写呢?“They finally found a man equal to the they found an equal man to the occasion.”前一句的翻译正好是在说汉语原句的意思,这句是对的,而后一句会产生歧义。看的人会认为意思是:他们终于找了一个公平公正的人去应付这种局面。这些经常出现的问题体现了译者的基础薄弱。对词序的不甚了解而导致了问题的出现。这种问题在翻译中会带来一些不必要的甚至是负面的影响,好在初学者大多是在练习中而已。试想,对于一个翻译工作者来讲,掌握且精通词序是有意义的。

这便给我们提了个醒。要怎样才能掌握好副词在句中的词序呢?“diligently”,“characteristically”等置于动词之前时,仅修饰动词本身。而置于句末时,其修饰对象及句意均有变化。对比以下句子可以看出这种特点。The people in the show their capacity on settling the diligently complex problems,for instance,the colleague ,Lillian showed Parent Zhang all around Beijing City,who comes from Shanghai.

二、给出的例句

The kitty nearly touched the back of herself as she would be the greatest painter around Town Sony.翻译成:这可爱的猫咪一伸手就能摸到自己个儿的背,看起来像是索尼镇上最了不起的画家。这显示猫咪并不真的是画家,只是有一种能显示出猫咪妖娆的色彩,让人觉得她是灵活的、聪明可爱的。我们也能感受到,似我们在其他情绪中如“蕴酿”一般,没有体现一个什么过程,只是有一种“身临其境”的感受,没多想就写出来了。

从以上的比较中我们可以看出这两句中的副词“nearly”与“too”是相反的。置于不同的词之前,会产生不同的句意。而“too”只是强调所紧跟的词,无论该词是人称代词还是地点名词。如:I,too,brushed the yellow 此处强调主语I。而My grandpa and I brushed the yellow shoes,too.该处仔细读来是在强调“爷爷也刷了他的黄色的鞋子”这件事情。

因为副词在语法上的功能是做状语使用,所修饰的是一个完整的句子,或是某个形容词,使语言本身更富色彩。在词序的学习研究中,副词的研究很具代表性。

下面我们来研究一下形容词在词序上的位置给句子带来的变化。例句:Young Chairman Mao,proper pioneer of the Chinese Communist Party(which put him involved into the liberation of whole China)had gained the support from the bosom friends as in his student year.(作为身兼解放全中国伟大事业及带领中国共产党的合适的领袖,年轻的毛主席以自己学生时代的志同道合者们作为开展工作的基石。)They failed to trust the matter to a responsible man.(他们未能将此事委托给一个负责任的人.)The man responsible was at last punished.(应负责任的当事人最终受到了处罚。)三个形容词proper,bosom,responsible在两组句子里不同的位置可以看出形容词作前置定语与后置定语所产生的在汉语上的效果。“合适的领袖、志同道合的朋友、一个负责任的人、应负责任的人”,这些理解把形容词带给语言的修饰功能已经带出来了。让语言本身拥有多变的外貌,统一的思想,即:实现语言所表达的色彩。

三、除了以动词、副词和形容词的例句来研究词序外,还涉及到的内容

这些包括连贯(Coherence)、强调(Emphasis)、悬念(Suspense),分别来了解一下。

In the inn the Kuomintang set for the so-called Hot Red liberators,Yuan Juemin kneed on the cold looked like that he would say no other words from now a slim light put on his white and skinny face as a shower that made him feel so smiled then,no other words,just smile that also covered the roommates from the front corner to the back roommates also said no other words knew clearly what waited before them.

如果翻译只达到“信”,这让人觉得这橡皮筋被拉扯得太过费劲,且那么不自然,让业内人士一看就觉得动力火候欠缺,不够专业。那要如何处理呢?我们不妨来剖析剖析这个句子。主人翁是袁觉民,一个被国民党当成赤色分子关在监狱里的革命人。当我们看到因为长久没见到阳光,而现在哪怕见到从窗户里挤进来的一丝阳光就满足得心甘情愿接受折磨也不透漏出卖同志的一个字。他跪在冰冷的地上时,我们按一般的思维会产生一个悬念:接下来他要哭还是难受还是怎样。待全句读完,这个悬念才待释。原来他不难受不伤心,而是很满足,很知道从这一刻起生命、人生对他来讲的意义是什么。一个大转折,让读者读完也产生一种“生的伟大,死的光荣”的豪情壮志。一瞬间那种所谓的民族豪情便油然而生。而且全句都是连贯且有强调的,强调袁觉民的表现。译句中体现出悬念再加上深具节奏,读来抑扬顿挫,语句丰润有泽,所以佳句便呈现出来了。

四、我们来检验检验词序在翻译上的作用与之服务的意义

The young sisters told their teacher all their young sisters told all their troubles to their teacher.从前译者认为这两句话所说的是一个意思,译作同一个句子便可。便直接译为:这对姐妹把他们的烦恼全都告诉了他们的老师。这样看似是对的。但严格的放到词序这个问题上来分析,前一句的信息核心是all their troubles——告诉了老师什么?后一句的信息核心是to their teacher——告诉谁?因此,该译文只适合后一句,而前一句当译成:这对姐妹对老师讲了他们所有的烦恼。

仅以本文的陈述、论述和例证来让译文在对待英汉翻译上从大局出发,从小节着手,如词序问题,从而译出叫人拍手称好、张嘴叫绝的文字,从理论上更上一个研究的新台阶。从实践中印证英汉翻译的细节讲究,为英汉翻译积累更多更好的原始佐证材料,促使译文的发展和完整。

参考文献:

[1]郑立信,王菊泉.英汉语言文化对比研究[M].北京:上海外语教育出版社,2004.

[2]从莱庭,徐鲁亚.西方修辞学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.

毕业论文翻译英译汉

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。

译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。

主要标准

翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。

忠实

是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。

通顺

是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。

实践产生理论,欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看,可以分为两大派:一派是翻译可能论,一派是翻译不可能论。其实,完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的,完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。

世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物,比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等,都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见,这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。

Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章,是带有一定目的的,研究性的文章。学位论文,研究报告。

“毕业论文”的英文:Graduation Dissertation

Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n]  美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]

n. 论文,专题;学术演讲

短语:

1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文

2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文

3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文

4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会

5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目

词义辨析:

article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思,其区别是:

1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章,包括新闻报导、学术论文等。

2、paper 正式用词,多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文,也指高等学校的学期论文,或学校里的作文练习。

3、dissertation 书面语用词,指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章;也可指学位论文。

4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的,篇幅不长、结构简练的文章,如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。

5、prose 专指散文。

6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文,又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。

例句:

1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.

毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。

2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation

关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。

把重复率非常高的段落,用在线翻译,翻译成小语种,比如法语、俄语、西班牙语等等,然后再翻译回来,你会发现,整句话会给人耳目一新的感觉!北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下你可以统一去知道了解下

毕业论文汉译英

隆力奇LiXiaoLei Chinese literature speciality of liberal arts instructor: yuan 2007 classes of fire makes fine steel Pick to: su shi in word chanting "return" repeatedly, but not real life born. This kind of wto and birth ambivalent about career with his almost coexists, and the accompanying throughout his life. This paper attempts to into sushi word, Combining the history background, his life along the more complex than su hooks to explore the life experiences, performance in the word the profound reasons behind born tendency, and outline the tendency of development vein sushi's birth. Keywords: su shi; North song lyrics; Born tendency

毕业论文才10分啊!!In recent years, with the fast emergence of Internet, Internet has already become and collected the best channel offered information and entered the traditional field of circulation progressively day by day. Internet has already prevailed and permeated through each field in daily life in each company. Industrial and commercial bureau daily operation of business should get rid of old working way work to automation direction progress too. This requires each link to develop proportionally, build the industrial and commercial bureau into a platform of the first-class information management of enterprise from the software and hardware on both side. The introduction of the integrated service system of industrial and commercial bureau, put forward a new idea to every worker of industrial and commercial bureau, person who registers enterprise,etc., that is to inquire about various situations of enterprises online, realize that inquires fast and carries on the unity of valid management onlinely, have fully utilized convenience of the computer network, swift, high-efficient characteristic. The design of this system has succeeded in solving the management of the integrated service of industrial and commercial bureau. I pass operation principle to analyze Java and MySQL database in this design, grasp main thought and method to operate database that Java and database connect, use JSP, Struts and Hibernate technology to finish the procedure state and watch interfaces and corresponding backstage business logic. Have basically realized that manages the realization that watched the module of procedure state of the subsystem to the name of industrial and commercial bureau.

英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,各有各自的表达方式。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 英汉翻译中的翻译症 摘要:英汉翻译的过程中。存在着翻译症这一诟病。文章首先介绍了翻译症。然后通过分析翻译过程中理解、表达、审校三个阶段翻译症的一些表现形式。总结出翻译症的根源,最后提出了相应的防范措施。 关键词:英汉翻译;翻译症 一、什么是翻译症 英汉翻译把英语表达的意思用汉语表达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的目的,译文的基本标准一般为“忠实而通顺”。所谓的忠实指的是译文要忠实于原作的思想内容和并且尽量保持原作的风格;在忠实的基础上译文还应该修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言精简、文理通顺,即所谓的通顺。 由于英汉两种语言文化背景不一,行文结构与遣词造句的习惯也相去甚远,语际转换不可避免地产生一些矛盾。翻译的过程其实就是这种矛盾不断妥协的过程。著名学者、翻译家余光中将其形象地概括为“比如英文译成中文,既不许西风压倒东风,变成洋腔洋调的中文,也不许东风压倒西风,变成油腔滑调的中文”。但在英汉翻译实际操作的过程中由于英语的先入为主,矛盾对峙的结果往往一不小心西风就压倒了东风,译出来的文字便“不中不西,非驴非马,似通非通、诘屈聱牙”;让人看起来“看起来碍眼、听起来逆耳、说起来拗口”。尤今・奈达在《翻译理论与实践》提到了这种现象,专门造了一个词――translationese。翻译症不但严重影响译文的质量,而且会影响汉语语言的纯洁性,不利于汉语语言的健康发展。 二、探寻翻译症的原因 英汉翻译是一项及其复杂的工作,理解、表达、审校三个翻译阶段,任何一个阶段处理不好都可能导致翻译症的发生。 一理解阶段 理解的过程就是对原文进行语言分析比如词汇、语法结构等、语境分析上下文含义、篇章语体结构等,并力求透彻领会文字所承载的文化内涵,了解相关的背景知识,有时需要具备一定的生活常识。 例1:Galileo’s greatest glory was thatin 1609 he WaS the first person to turn thenewly invented telescope 0n the heavens toprove that the planet revolve around the sunratherthanaroundthe earth. 原译:伽利略最大的荣耀是他在1609年第一个把新发现的望远镜对准了天空,以证实行星是围绕太阳运转,而不是围绕地球寻转。 分析:翻译只理解了原文的表层意思,机械地将glory理解为“最大的荣耀”,导致最终的译文令人费解。翻译时如果只考虑原文的表层意思,简单地依照字面意思理解,结果往往言不达意。通过例1的上下文可以看出,它指的是伽利略借助科学手段第一次用试验的方法证实了行星围绕太阳运转这一事迹。原文的正确译法为“伽利略最光耀的业绩在于,他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准了天空,以证实行星是围绕太阳运转,而不是围绕地球运转”。 例2:It doesn’t matter to me as longaS I get something between my rids and mybackbone. 原译:没有关系,只要有点东西放在我的肋骨和脊骨之间就行了。 改译:没有关系,吃点东西,填填肚子就行了。 分析:人的肋骨和脊骨之间是胃,getsomething between onffs rids and my back-bone等价于get something to eat。这是一种非常幽默的说法,英美人喜欢幽默,翻译时要学会理解他们的幽默感。由于中英文化的差异,如果直接按照源语理解,往往语义不通,不合逻辑,不知所云,败坏读者的阅读兴趣。 二表达阶段 表达是翻译的重心,在这一过程中,除了正确理解原文这一前提外,还要依赖于对目的语的修养程度和对这两种语言的把握。 例1:The students in a cluster and lifttheirhandswhentheirnames are called. 译文:学生们站在一起,当他们的名字被叫到时,就举举手。 分析:译文显得不够流畅。英语属于形合语言,句中的词语或分句之间需要功能词加以连线,而汉语属于意合语言,词语或者分句之间往往不需要词语来连线。所以在进行英汉翻译时,原文中诸如连词、代词、介词之类的功能词,往往需要略去不译。英汉翻译时,如果漠视这种差异,见when就译成“当……时候”,每遇修饰语就用“的”处理,将导致翻译僵化,翻译症严重。 例2:And it iS imagined by many thatthe operations of the mon mind Can beby no means pared with these processes,and that they have to be acquiredby a sortof special training, 原译:它被许多人想象成这样子:普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学的思维过程相比,这个思维过程必须经过专门训练才能掌握。 分析:例2将“itisimagined”的被动结构机械照搬,译文“它被许多人想象成这样子”读起来别扭。译者忽略了英汉两种语言表达习惯的差异,汉语比英语更习惯于用主动语态。这种情况如果不采用一定的变通手段,化被动为主动,而是刻意忠实于原文的表层形式,译文就显得不地道。 例3:I have sought love,first,becauseit brings ecstasy-1 would have sacrificed allthe restoflife for afewhours of this joy, 原译:我追逐过爱,首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿牺牲我所有的余生来换取这片刻的幸福。 分析:可以改译为“我追逐过爱,首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿倾我一生来换取这片刻的幸福”。由于语言结构体系的不同,英语语言具有相当的清晰性、分析性和逻辑性,而汉语则模糊性、跳跃性和圆融性见长。如果忽视了这种特点,认为中文不够精确,不够科学,而在翻译的过程中,一味地借助一些词加以规范,向英文考虑,译文往往不伦不类,适得其反。仔细分析一下,“我所有的余生”并不比“我的一生”精确多少,而且汉语中的余生常指老年人的晚年,或者大难后侥幸保全的性命,这和原文的意思想去甚远。 例4:It is as significant as a game ofcricket, 原译:这件事如同板球赛一样重要。 分析:很多人都认为这个译文“息有”翻译症,其实不然。是不是患有翻译症,有时关键还要看翻译的目的和接受者是谁。如果接收者文化水平不高或对“板球赛”不甚了解,那么这种表达肯定很难理解。但在英国板球是人们最热衷的运动,板球赛是男女老少都关注的事,所以有时这样的异化翻译还能更好地传达异国风格。 三审校阶段 审校是初步译好原文后,进一步全面查实工作的一个后期阶段。译者细致地通读译文草稿不仅可以对内容的忠实性、问题的切实性、译语的可读性进行甄别、查证、修改、点定,还可以进一步解决理解、表达阶段尚无定论的问题。纽马克主张,译者应根据文字的难以程度,花费翻译所用时间的50-70%来审校自己的译文。 通过以上对翻译各阶段中翻译症的一些表现形式的分析可以看出,尽管翻译症产生的原因从根本上说还是上述三个阶段综合作用的结果:理解阶段未透彻理解原文、表达时片面强调忠实,从形式上照搬原文而忽视汉语的遣词造句特征,审校工作不认真。 三、如何减少、避免翻译症 一篇中求句,句中求字 1、吃透原文。对原文的理解不能见字不见句,只见树木不见树林,需要结合其篇章语境、情景语境和社会语境。此外,对英汉两种语言在体系、文化背景、思维习惯上存在相当大的差异,译者一定要增强责任心,从开始阶段就要摈弃不求甚解、得过且过的作风。 2、用汉语的思维和表达再现原文。在透彻、准确表达原文的基础上,应摆脱英文的字面束缚,充分考虑英汉语言在表达形态上的种种差异,用汉语的思维和表达方式重构译文。 二要掌握合理的翻译技巧 科学合理的翻译技巧可短时间减少翻译症的发生。 首先要把握合理的翻译标准尺度。翻译症的发生就是翻译标准走了极端。忠实和通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面,一定要统筹兼顾,把握好尺寸。 其次要灵活运用转性、变态、增补、省略等多种翻译手法,以达到变中求信、变中求顺的目的。 三养成良好的审校习惯 审校是翻译的一个重要环节,译者一定要谨慎,切实把好这一关。建议译者最好放一段时间再来重新审查自己的译文,如果还不行,可以寻求他人帮助。 四、结论 翻译既是一门有一定规律可循的科学,也是一门有限制性的艺术创作。要从根本上避免翻译症的发生,还需提高译者的综合素质,尤其是语言素质。要广泛阅读,扩大知识面。不但从汉语名著中获取营养,还要适当进行一些英美文学名著明译的对照阅读。同时,翻译也是一门技能,可以通过讲授或实践学习获得,因此理论的学习和笔耕不辍的练习是减少翻译症必不可少的手段。 篇2 探讨英汉翻译技巧 摘 要:英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,各有各自的表达方式。日常生活中会遇到这样的情况,某人英语很好,能看能说,但是下不了笔,译出的东西词不达意,逻辑不通,语法混乱,洋腔洋调。对翻译的方法缺少必要的了解。了解常见的英汉翻译方法,通过翻译实践,发现两种语言之间的差异,有助于学习者更好的掌握英语。 关键词:英语翻译 教学 技巧 理解是翻译的前提,也是决定性的作用。若原文理解不对,译文再漂亮也是徒劳的。首先要了解翻译的过程,大致有三个环节:1、理解全文2、汉语表达3、核对润色。 一、理解全文 理解包括原文语法结构的理解和原文词义的理解。弄不清语法结构、不能准确的把握词义,是英汉翻译的两大“敌人”。英语语法结构通汉语相比更为严密,功能词远远多于汉语,英语句子是通过语法手段将词连线而成的。在翻译时,特别是翻译比较复杂的句子时,有必要对句子的语法成分和结构进行分析,掌握所涉及的语法知识。这样在翻译具体的语言专案时就能有明确的框架,便于安排。另一方面,英语中一词多义现象十分普遍,翻译时要依据各种资讯,结合上下文来确定词语在文中的具体的确切的意义。 二、汉语表达 汉语表达就是在理解的基础上用汉语将原文所表达的资讯传达出来。翻译时应该在吃透原文的基础上,站得远一些,摆脱原文的形式的束缚,灵活地用汉语将原文内容阐述明白。 三、核对润色 如果对原文缺乏深入的理解,翻译过程中就容易出错,受原文用词与结构的影响,汉语表达中容易出现英语式的汉语,译文读起来洋腔洋调。因此,翻译完成之后,必须认真检查核对,润色文字使译文忠实,通顺地表达原文的内容。将英语句子翻译成汉语,无非关系到两大要素词语和句子。 下面我们将重点研究一下英汉词语翻译和句子的翻译。首先,翻译表达的第一步是如何将英语的词语翻译成恰当的汉语词汇。几个大致的方法:确定词义、词类转换、增词法、重复法和减词法。 一确定词义 英语和汉语属于两种不同的语言,词汇差异较大。两种语言的词汇很难找到意义完全一一对应的。翻译时,首先要先确定词语在上下文中确切的含义。 1、利用上下文,确定词义:He is a hard-working student and all the teachers like him very much.他是个勤奋的学生,所有的老师都很喜欢他。 He is a student of physics and has published a lot of academic books.他是个物理专家,已经出版了很多部学术书籍。 英语中,student有两个意思,一个是“学生”,一个是“学者、专家”,而且两个词都是名词,翻译时就需要从上下文中来确定具体的词义。 2、根据语法知识,确定词义:He bought three books in English yesterday. 他昨天买了三本英语方面的书。 Tom booked two tickets last week.汤姆上周预定了两张票。 英语中,book可以作名词也可以作动词,但是两者意义差别很大。第一句中很显然是名词,应译为“书”;第二句中是动词,应译为“预定”。 二词类转换法 在进行英汉翻译时,不能简单的把名词译为名词,动词译为动词,是经常需要词类转换的。 1、英语名词转译成汉语动词:英语词汇中名词对,而汉语中动词多。在英汉翻译的时候,特别是翻译由动词派生出来的名词时,名词转换成动词的情况非常普遍。 The little child gave an imitation of his mother’s talking.这个小孩模仿他妈妈说话。 2、英语介词转译成汉语动词:英语中,介词的使用是非常频繁的,它们是用来表示词于词的语法关系,是组成语法结构的一种非常重要的“功能词”。汉语中许多介词是有动词虚化出来的,许多介词兼有动词的词性,因此在翻译的时候应正确处理这两类词。 The house is in repair.这个房子正在维修中。 3、英语形容词译成汉语动词:The following plan may bee available during the next decade.下列计划在10年间可能实现。 英汉翻译的过程中词类转化是比较灵活的,除了上面涉及到的几种情况外,其他词类间也是存在着相互转换的问题。翻译时要灵活运用。 三增词法 英汉翻译时,由于意义表达的需要或者汉语语法的要求,英汉翻译时,经常需要增加一定的词汇才能使译文表达的意义完整、准确、流畅。 1、英语中有许多抽象名词是由动词或形容词派生的,它们在汉语中的对等词同响应的动词和形容词几乎没有什么差别,在翻译时若把它们翻译成名词,有时就需要增词,是抽象名词的所指更具体些。 Her arrogance led to the failure of her first marriage. 他傲慢的态度导致第一次婚姻失败。 2、英语中,时态是靠动词的变化或通过增加助动词体现出来的,汉语中,时态多是由助动词或时间副词体现的,所以,在翻译的过程中经常需要增词。 Some measures has been taken,but without success. 已经采取了一些措施,但依然没有成功。 3、英语中,“数”的范畴是由名词数的语法形式体现出来的,而在汉语中,这一范畴基本上是由词汇手段来体现的,所以在翻译时,也经常需要增词。 In spite of the reasons, he still couldn’t escape critici *** . 尽管他有种种理由,但仍不能逃脱批评。

把重复率非常高的段落,用在线翻译,翻译成小语种,比如法语、俄语、西班牙语等等,然后再翻译回来,你会发现,整句话会给人耳目一新的感觉!北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下你可以统一去知道了解下

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