翻译开题报告论文依据

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊，省时省力，对接也方便。

你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

开题报告论文理论依据

理论依据就是你在写论文时候，主要是依据那一学科的理论作为基础，然后你就把那一门你所用到的知识进行简要的阐述即可。

【开题报告】

开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要应运而生的。开题报告一般为表格式，它把要报告的每一项内容转换成相应的栏目，这样做，既便于开题报告按目填写，避免遗漏；又便于评审者一目了然，把握要点。

开题报告包括综述、关键技术、可行性分析和时间安排等四个方面。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题。开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法。开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容")，向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用"德尔菲法"评分；再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见，确定是否批准这一选题。

开题报告的内容大致如下：课题名称、承担单位、课题负责人、起止年限、报名提纲。

报名提纲包括：

(1)课题的目的、意义、国内外研究概况和有关文献资料的主要观点与结论；

(2)研究对象、研究内容、各项有关指标、主要研究方法(包括是否已进行试验性研究)；

(3)大致的进度安排；

(4)准备工作的情况和目前已具备的条件(包括人员、仪器、设备等)；

(5)尚需增添的主要设备和仪器(用途、名称、规格、型号、数量、价格等)；

(6)经费概算；

(7)预期研究结果；

(8)承担单位和主要协作单位、及人员分工等。

同行评议，着重是从选题的依据、意义和技术可行性上做出判断。即从科学技术本身为决策提供必要的依据。

问题一：开题报告的理论依据是要写些什么由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。 1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。 2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。 3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录 4 要求开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。版面格式应符合以下规定。开题报告学生：一、选题意义 1、理论意义 2、现实意义二、论文综述 1、理论的渊源及演进过程 2、国外有关研究的综述 3、国内研究的综述 4、本人对以上综述的评价三、论文提纲前言、一、 1、 2、 3、 ?????? ?????? 二、 1、 2、 3、 ?????? ?????? 三、 1、 2、 3、结论四、论文写作进度安排毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排问题二：开题报告课题研究的假设和理论依据是什么意思？应该是假设你这篇论文能解决个什么问题，理论依据就是你用什么理论来指导你的这篇论文，大概就是文献综述最后一部分的简单写上去，再不行就去问指导老师，把困惑之类都问老师问题三：课题申报书的理论依据怎么写方便，冥想。上网的作用是什么？网络是虚拟的，在上面是一个精神寄托当红自然有它的原因，因为有需求大多数人有这种简便的需求问题四：毕业论文之中,科研投入的理论依据该怎么写你好啊，你的开题报告选题定了没？开题报告选题老师同意了吗？准备往哪个方向写？你的开题报告格式要求下载下来了没有？学校开题报告要求看了没有？因为每个学校开题报告格式要求都是不一样的？最后祝你选题顺利通过本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告的基本要求本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告的内容和要求毕业设计（论文）开题报告的结构包括（1）选题的背景和意义，（2）研究的基本内容和拟解决的主要问题，（3）研究方法及措施，（4）研究工作的步骤与进度，（5）主要参考文献等项目。下面对有关项目作一些说明：（1）选题的背景和意义主要说明所选课题的历史背景、国内外研究现状和发展趋势。历史背景部分着重说明本课题前人研究过，研究成果如何。国内外研究现状部分说明本课题目前在国内外研究状况，介绍各种观点，比较各种观点的异同，着重说明本课题目前存在的争论焦点，同时说明自己的观点。发展趋势部分说明本课题目前国内外研究已经达到什么水平，还存在什么问题以及发展趋势等，指明研究方向，提出可以解决的方法。开题报告写这些内容一方面可以论证本课题研究的地位和价值，即选题的意义，包括对选题的理论意义和现实意义的说明；另一方面也可以说明开题报告撰写者对本课题研究是否有较好的把握。（2）研究的基本内容和拟解决的主要问题相对于选题的意义而言，研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题是比较具体的。毕业设计（论文）选题想说明什么主要问题，结论是什么，在开题报告中要作为研究的基本内容给予粗略的，但必须是清楚的介绍。研究基本内容可以分几部分介绍。（3）研究方法及措施选题不同，研究方法则往往不同。研究方法是否正确，会影响到毕业设计（论文）的水平，甚至成败。在开题报告中，学生要说明自己准备采用什么样的研究方法。比如调查研究中的抽样法、问卷法，论文论证中的实证分析法、比较分析法等。写明研究方法及措施，是要争取在这些方面得到指导老师的指导或建议。（4）研究工作的步骤、进度。课题研究工作的步骤和进度也就是课题研究在时间和顺序上的安排。毕业设计（论文）创作过程中，材料的收集、初稿的写作、论文的修改等，都要分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束都要有规定。在时间安排上，要充分考虑各个阶段研究内容的相互关系和难易程度。对于指导教师在任务书中规定的时间安排，学生应在开题报告中给予呼应，并最后得到批准。学生在实际操作中，时间安排一般应提前一点，千万别前松后紧，也不能虎头蛇尾，完不成毕业设计（论文）的撰写任务。 (5) 主要参考文献。在开题报告中，同样需列出参考文献，这在实际上是介绍了自己的准备情况，表明自己已了解所选课题相关的资料源，证明选题是有理论依据的。在所列的参考文献中，同样应具备不少于2篇的外文文献。选题依据包括：选题的学科性质、理论意义及实践意义；国内研究现状的分析。研究方案包括：研究内容、研究中所要突破的难题、拟采取的研究方法，有何特色与创新之处以及与选题有关的参考文献等内容。选题背景及意义是写一些关于你所选题目的现今研究的相关情况，比如：前人研究的成果，所选题目到目前所研究到的状况，而你又对选题有何特别看法，为何会选此题，对前人的研究成果和看法有何异议或者是有何更深入的观点，可综合所选题目的相关学科对它的影响来说~~~（这个回答希望对你有用） ...>> 问题五：研究课题怎么写一、课题的提出：提出一个研究课题，一般是从背景、现状和基础（或说从重要性、必要性和可能性）等三个方面去思考的。 1．背景：即我们所面对的发展了的教育形势、新的教育观念、思想、要求或教学理念、方法、手段等，对教学工作实际产生了重要影响。 2．现状：本地区、本单位教育、教学工作的实际状况与变化了的教育背景存在着的差异中，我们必须及时加以研究和解决的最急切的问题。 3．基础：对这方面的问题课题组成员或他人所作的探索性研究，已经取得的初步研究成果。二、概念的界定：指主课题（有时也包括某些子课题）名称中容易产生异议的一些重要词语的内涵，课题研究涉及的范围等。注意：不必阐述课题研究的重要观点。三、理论基础：课题研究试图借鉴、应用的主要理论、学说、观点、原理，从而得出支撑本课题研究的主要研究思想和教学理念。四、主要研究目标和内容：通过本课题的研究试图达到的主要研究目标（课题的假设），以及主课题分解为哪几个子课题，每个子课题的具体研究任务。课题的研究目的与子课题之间应具有较合理、紧密的逻辑关系。各子课题的研究能比较完整地表明主课题的研究框架，这些子课题既相对独立，又互有联系，并有较强的可操作性，能为课题组的成员落实于教育、教学的实践之中。五、主要研究方法和研究对象： 1．研究方法：主要有文献资料法、行动研究法、调查研究法、个案研究法、经验总结法等，还可以运用数理统计法、检测分析法、跟踪比较法、结构功能法、观察法、追因法、归因法、历史法、实验法等研究方法加以辅助。要说明准备怎样充分发挥所采用的研究方法的工具性作用，为本课题（或某子课题）的研究服务。 2．研究对象一般是指人，大多是指学生，也有的是指教师。要说清楚研究的是本单位的全体学生还是某一部分学生（或教师）。六、课题研究的成果形式：一般包括课题研究结题报告、论文集、优秀教案或活动设计汇编、个案汇编、观摩课（课件、光盘）、学生作品集、教师论文发表或获奖情况汇总等等；七、课题组的成员组成及分工：课题组成员应包括课题负责人、子课题责任人、参与研究的一线教师。对外聘的指导、顾问等人员应视他们所承担责任、义务大小、多少，作不同的具体处理。课题组成员应分别负责或兼任策划、组织、协调、统筹、管理、研究、指导、顾问工作。八、实施步骤： 1．前期准备阶段: 确立主课题，构建子课题；组建课题组，明确分工职责；建立、健全学习交流制度；完成论证、申报工作；制定主课题实施方案和子课题工作计划；进行必要的前期调查或检测。 2．研究实施阶段：可分为研究实施的第一阶段、第二阶段，按实施方案进行研究，其间可安排一次中期汇报。中期汇报不图形式上的轰轰烈烈，要讲究实际效果，要通过中期汇报让课题组成员看到研究的初步成果，发现存在的不足或问题，明确下阶段的研究任务，然后调整实施方案，修订子课题的工作计划，使后阶段的研究不偏离方向，为课题顺利结题奠定良好的基础。 3．结题鉴定阶段：完成结题报告的撰写和资料汇编工作，为成果鉴定做好充分准备。问题六：研究性学习的选题依据怎么写！您好，很高兴收到你的求助。选题报告的依据就是：你为什么要选择这个问题来开展研究，通过这个研究你想解决一个什么问题，以及解决这个问题有什么应用价值，这个项目有什么优势，有多大效益等等。你要选择则哥特式建筑，那这个建筑有什么结构特征，这些特征有什么优势，它的不足之处在哪，你怎么去解决等等。问题七：毕业论文的课题研究方法思路怎么写毕业论文的课题研究方法、思路论文选题前要和导师沟通，听取导师的意见和建议。论文选题要充分考虑自己的研究基础、研究能力和研究兴趣。所选的研究课题一般应具有如下特点：一是具有重要性。学位论文选题要有理论意义和现实意义，一定要是尚未解决或尚未完全解决而又要必须解决的问题，即能解决理论问题以推动学科发展，能解决实际问题产生多种效益，这样的问题当然就有理论意义和现实意义。二是具有创新性。学位论文课题应是社会经济发展和环境变化产生的新问题，以及前人没有解决的疑难问题，可以推动理论创新、方法创新和应用创新，因此，论文选题可以是完善或创新理论与方法，也可以是拓展现有理论的应用研究领域。三是具有学术性。论文讨论的问题一定要是一个学术问题，才有学术意义和学术价值。四是具有可行性。论文选题要求在科学上成立并可以探究，符合发展趋势，并有一定宽度，可分解，能循序渐进，可以深入研究。在选题方向确定后，拟定具体的题目就非常重要了。论文题目是文章的题眼，可谓“干言万语第一句话”。拟定题目时要尽可能做到以下几点：一是要体现专业性，符合本学科专业的学术要求和规范。二是要有问题意识，有针对性，从题目表述就可以看出论文研究的核心问题。三是题目大小要适度，表述简洁、无歧义。一般采取中生表达，文题相对。字数一般在25个字左右，最好不要超过3O个字。2．文献选择与阅读围绕研究方向领域或关键词选择文献，所选文献要尽量权威和前沿，特别是近五年的同类研究文献，要尽量“一网打尽”。与此同时，耍对文献进行编排处理，并严格按文献著录格式标明文献出处。文献选定后就要认真阅读，通过阅读文献，熟悉了解本研究领域国内外主流期刊最新的研究成果。在阅读文献的过程中，要特别注意四个问题。一是论文所研究的科学问题是什么?是否重要?为什么重要?二是论文中用到哪些研究手段?这些研究手段足以解决所提出的科学问题吗?三是论文中是否有创新的思想?是否使用了新的研究手段?四是论文产生了新的结论或概念吗?论文的数据是否能够支持这些结论或概念?在此基础上，尽量整理出系统的文献综述，并在国内外专业期刊上发表，以实现“更加熟悉前沿研究、有效提高写作能力和形成物化成果”等多种目的。同时，通过多看文献来学习别人的写作技巧和精炼的语言词汇。文献阅读一般包括精读(基础文献、经典文献)和泛读(知识点、跨学科文献)两个层面。对重点文献、经典文献要精读，而且要进行解释、评论和分析。3．研究内容与提纲第一，与专业相关。这是研究生论文选题和写作的基本要求，也是通过毕业答辩的基本前提。第二，与兴趣相关。论文选题既要与兴趣相关，也要与自己未来的发展相关。“题对一生荣”。如果今后从事学术研究，就要选定较为长远的研究领域，深入持久地做下去，持之以恒，逐步培养自己对研究问题的兴趣。第三，适当跨学科研究。运用其他相关学科的理论或方法来研究本学科专业的问题，常常能产生新的研究思路和研究结论，不仅体现了创新，而且会开辟一个新的研究领域。因此，在研究生学习期间要注重学术交流，请教不同专业的同行，善于从多角度来思考所研究的问题。4．研究思路与方法在开题报告与论文撰写前，要在充分查阅和研究国内外相关的权威文献资料的基础上，针对研究对象，尽可能提出新的研究思路和研究方法。事实上，任何理论的创新归根结底都是方法的创新。对于经济学、管理学、社会学等学科领域的研究方法要尽可能做到定性分析与定量分析相结合、规范分析与实证分析相结合，运用一些基本概念和理论观点对所要研究的问题进行定性和规范分析，确定研究对象的内涵与外延、特点与本质。在此基础上，借助数理工具，建立......>> 问题八：传统文化与语文教学课题研究课题的理论依据怎么写自百家争鸣以来，古代中国产生了儒道法农兵等许多的文化，再后来的发展变革中儒家被统治者所看重，成为传统文化的主流，到清末已经不能适应社会的发展要求了，变法图强，提倡民主科学成为了救国的主旋律，由于中庸思想对我们影响根深蒂固，现在都在提倡儒家文化，也在奉行中庸之道问题九：课题的理论基础怎么写重在阅读大量的文献。问题十：毕业论文的选题依据怎么写？选题依据包括：选题的学科性质、理论意义及实践意义；国内研究现状的分析。研究方案包括：研究内容、研究中所要突破的难题、拟采取的研究方法，有何特色与创新之处以及与选题有关的参考文献等内容。详细的你自己添加吧！~

开题报告中的论文依据

开题报告选题依据

开题报告是论文选题之后一项重要的工作。选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容")，向导师以及相关人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。

开题报告写作规范

一、开题报告的写作应包含以下几方面的内容：

1、综述本课题国内外研究动态，说明选题的依据和意义;

2、研究的基本内容，拟解决的主要问题;

3、研究步骤、方法及措施;

4、研究工作进度;

5、主要参考文献。

二、开题报告的排版要求：

封面为四号宋体，正文为小四号宋体，页边距为左3cm，右，上下各，标准字间距，标准行间距，页面统一采用A4纸。

三、开题报告的字数要求：

正文字数不得少于3000字。

1 开题报告格式与开题报告写作技巧

开题报告是研究生毕业论文工作的重要环节，是指为阐述、审核和确定毕业论文题目而做的专题书面报告，它是研究生实施毕业论文课题研究的前瞻性计划和依据，是监督和保证论文质量的重要措施，同时也是训练研究生科研能力与学术作品撰写能力的有效的实践活动。

《中国青年报》报道:复旦大学新闻学院2002级研究生所做毕业论文开题报告，仅有不到1/3的博士研究生获一次性通过，而78位硕士研究生，10人没获通过，仅有19人获一次性通过。这在复旦大学乃至于全国研究生教育的历史上“都很少见”。但据笔者了解，倘若以严肃的眼光审视目前学位与研究生教育的论文开题报告工作，可以说，管理部门、导师、研究生三者均不同程度地存在着认识不足的问题——视“论文开题报告为走过场”、视“论文开题报告为形式”。除思想上重视不足外，对毕业设计开题报告的撰写方法缺乏了解也是重要原因之一。鉴于此，笔者结合自己的管理工作体会，就毕业论文开题报告的写法和技巧做一探讨。

1 毕业论文选题的原则

毕业论文选题一般要求满足以下原则：

①开拓性:前人没有专门研究过或虽已研究但尚无理想的结果，有待进一步的探讨和研究，或是学术界有分歧，有必要深入研究探讨的`问题;

②先进性:硕士毕业论文要有新的见解，博士毕业论文要做出创造性成果;

③成果的必要性:所选课题应有需要背景，针对实际的和科学发展的需要，即应有实际效益或学术价值;

④成果的可能性:课题的内容要有科学性，难易程度和工作量要适当，充分考虑到在一定时间内获得成果的可能性。

以上要求说明，毕业论文题目不是给定的，而是研究出来的，只有在对所研究领域的过去、现在的研究资料等信息进行全面把握、深入分析的基础上，才能够确立满足以上“四性”要求的选题，从而为完成高质量的毕业论文奠定坚实的基础。无论是结合导师已有科研任务的选题，还是自选课题，选题之前的“信息积累”与“发现问题”均是研究生所必须经历的过程，尽管导师已完成了以上过程，但导师并不能替代研究生，这就是研究生学习、研究的独立性要求。

2 开题报告的内容与撰写要求

开题报告的内容一般包括：题目、立论依据(毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状)、研究方案(研究目标、研究内容、研究方法、研究过程、拟解决的关键问题及创新点)、条件分析(仪器设备、协作单位及分工、人员配置)等。

开题报告——毕业论文题目

题目是毕业论文中心思想的高度概括，要求:

①准确、规范。要将研究的问题准确地概括出来，反映出研究的深度和广度，反映出研究的性质，反映出实验研究的基本要求——处理因素、受试对象及实验效应等。用词造句要科学、规范。

②简洁。要用尽可能少的文字表达，一般不得超过20个汉字。

开题报告——毕业设计立论依据

开题报告中要考虑：

① 毕业论文的选题目的与意义，即回答为什么要研究，交代研究的价值及需要背景。一般先谈现实需要——由存在的问题导出研究的实际意义，然后再谈理论及学术价值，要求具体、客观，且具有针对性，注重资料分析基础，注重时代、地区或单位发展的需要，切忌空洞无物的口号。

② 国内外研究现状，即文献综述，要以查阅文献为前提，所查阅的文献应与研究问题相关，但又不能过于局限。与问题无关则流散无穷;过于局限又违背了学科交叉、渗透原则，使视野狭隘，思维窒息。所谓综述的“综”即综合，综合某一学科领域在一定时期内的研究概况;“述”更多的并不是叙述，而是评述与述评，即要有作者自己的独特见解。要注重分析研究，善于发现问题，突出选题在当前研究中的位置、优势及突破点;要摒弃偏见，不引用与导师及本人观点相悖的观点是一个明显的错误。综述的对象，除观点外，还可以是材料与方法等。

此外，文献综述所引用的主要参考文献应予著录，一方面可以反映作者立论的真实依据，另一方面也是对原著者创造性劳动的尊重。

开题报告——毕业设计研究方案

开题报告中要考虑：

① 研究的目标。只有目标明确、重点突出，才能保证具体的研究方向，才能排除研究过程中各种因素的干扰。

② 研究的内容。要根据研究目标来确定具体的研究内容，要求全面、详实、周密，研究内容笼统、模糊，甚至把研究目的、意义当作内容，往往使研究进程陷于被动。

③ 研究的方法。选题确立后，最重要的莫过于方法。假如对牛弹琴，不看对象地应用方法，错误便在所难免，相反，即便是已研究过的课题，只要采取一个新的视角，采用一种新的方法，也常能得出创新的结论。

④ 研究的过程。整个研究在时间及顺序上的安排，要分阶段进行，对每一阶段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及成果均要有明确的规定，阶段之间不能间断，以保证研究进程的连续性。

⑤ 拟解决的关键问题。对可能遇到的最主要的、最根本的关键性困难与问题要有准确、科学的估计和判断，并采取可行的解决方法和措施。

⑥ 创新点。要突出重点，突出所选课题与同类其他研究的不同之处。

开题报告——毕业设计条件分析

突出仪器设备等物质条件的优势。明确协作单位及分工，分工要合理，明确各自的工作及职责，同时又要注意全体人员的密切合作。提倡成立导师组，导师组成员的选择要充分考虑课题研究的实际需要，要以知识结构的互补为依据。

以上就毕业论文开题报告之构成要素的撰写进行了简要的介绍。要写好开题报告，除了掌握必要的开题报告的写法之外，笔者认为，思想上一定高度重视，平时要勤动笔，并善于学习借鉴他人开题报告的优点。

有关开题报告选题依据一个清晰的选题,包含着论文的基本结论。对现有文献的评论,也基本暗含着改进的方向。论文开题报告就是要把这些暗含的结论、论证结论的逻辑推理,清楚地展现出来。

开题报告选题依据

论文选题一般要求满足以下原则，开拓性，前人没有专门研究过或虽已研究但尚无理想的结果，有待进一步的探讨和研究，或是学术界有分歧，有必要深入研究探讨的问题。先进性，硕士论文要有新的见解，博士论文要做出创造性成果。

成果的必要性，所选课题应有需要背景，针对实际的和科学发展的需要，即应有实际效益或学术价值。成果的可能性，课题的内容要有科学性，难易程度和工作量要适当，充分考虑到在一间内获得成果的可能性。

论文翻译开题报告

A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。