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英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
这个回答可以啊
英语毕业论文答辩（通用6篇）
英语的论文答辩要点是格式最好少些瑕疵，提前将abstract和conclusion背一背。有利于答辩的顺利进行。下面是我为大家整理的.关于英语毕业论文的答辩。欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of On Transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts,I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class xxx, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.
First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.
Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.
Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.
Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.
The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.
Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.
The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.
Thank you very much!
Good morning， Distinguished professors and teachers， ladies and gentlemen， thank you for attending the oral defense. I am XX. First and foremost， I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor， professorXX， for his intellectual guidance， invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative， evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society.
And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part， the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part， and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you!
功能对等理论视角下的科技英语翻译研究论文
一、引言
随着全球经济信息一体化进程的不断加快，中国与世界其他国家的技术交流日益密切。企业的发展也在不断地引进国外的先进技术和文献。作为一种非文学翻译，科技翻译逐渐成为很多翻译工作者的主要任务。科学家钱三强先生也曾提出:“科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。”随着时代的进步，在一些合资或外资公司甚至专门设有技术翻译(Technical Translation)的职位，可见科技翻译正在逐步占据着翻译市场。
二、功能对等理论与科技翻译的特点
从1953年里乌(. Rieu) 首次提出“对等”概念。到1965年，卡特福德(Catford)提出 “篇章对等”概念。即翻译的目的就在于在所有潜在的对等译语中寻找与原语最匹配的对等语。原语和译语只要在所涉情景中可以互换,就可以视为翻译对等。“对等”一直都作为一种重要理念存在于西方现代翻译界。对于翻译对等概念做出较为全面论述的是奈达(Eugene Nida)，他认为所谓译文与原文的对等，主要指的是语义上的对等,其次才是是修辞和语言风格上的对等。
无论是汽车英语还是机械英语，都具备着科技英语的普遍特点，即选词和翻译都需要极其准确和严密。科技英语的语言特点非常明显，英语科技文献中多充斥着大量的术语。句式多为长句，无主句或被动语态
因而，科技翻译的难点在于原文巨大的信息量，译者专业知识的限制以及一些专有名词的处理。“英汉两种语言的行文结构、行文习惯完全+—样。英文是形合结构(hypotaxis),汉语则是意合结构(parataxis),两者在句法层面上往往很难兼容。”(何刚强)要实现译文与原文的对等，不仅要在句式和词汇上做必要的调整，一些必要的增删也是在所难免的。这些都是在科技翻译中必须要面对的问题。
三、增词与减词
中西方文化的差异往往会反映在语言上。例如,有很多概念或事物在中国人看来是理所当然的，无需解释，但对外国人来讲就有必要加以说明。更重要的原因是，如同傅雷先生曾经说过，汉民族与西方民族的"mentality"相差太远。“外文都是分析的，散文的;中文却是综合的，诗的。科技翻译中，运用增词和减词可以在一定程度上改善两种语言的差异。由于英文是形合结构，而汉语则是意合结构，翻译时需要补足一些词,或是删去一些词，才能更好的理解原文的意思。在增删的过程中，我们必须遵循的原则即是对等。例如，
⑴ 原文: For successful customer negotiations
译文: 与客户进行价格谈判
⑵ 原文: Independent
译文: 独立性
例一中的 for successful 是修饰性词语，这在汉语的技术文献中是不必要的，所以译文中删减掉了这一意思而添加了“价格”一词，以实现译文的完整。例二的译文在独立后面加了“性”，用以使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，实现表意上的对等。
四、专业术语的处理
专业术语是科技英语翻译中的另一个难点。专业术语指的是某一学科领域内的一些惯例性统一固定的词汇。有一些专业术语在国际上是通用的，即其译文是固定统一的，在实际翻译过程中不能任意翻译。如：在科技领域中的“panel”通常表示“仪表板”的意思，而该词在法律领域则表示“陪审员”。又如同为机械领域， “Plant”在某些公司指下设工厂，而在另一些公司却指车间，所指范畴有大小的差异。要清楚文中专业词汇所属的学科领域以及在特定语境下的特殊含义，才能实现译文与原文在表意功能上的对等。
小型术语库的建立和平行文本的`使用，是实现专业术语翻译功能对等的一个比较有效的方法。根据原语言文本的来源，在同一领域搜集相关或相似的平行文本，建立小型术语库或进行平行文本的比对，可以在最大程度上避免原文与译文的偏差，从而实现真正意义上的对等。
五、结语
中国与西方国家有着不同的历史文化和风土人情。这样的文化差异也同样反映在科技英语的翻译中。在严谨的科技文献中，如何在不影响原文的严谨性的前提下消除文化差异带来的影响，实现译文与原文的功能对等，对于译者是一个需要认真对待的课题。译者应遵循奈达与纽马克所提出的翻译理论，了解隐藏在科技文本中的文化差异，并设法在翻译过程中通过使译入语与原语的主要信息和功能对等，消除文化差异，从而在最大程度上实现译文的优化。
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[3]韩子满.应用翻译-实践与理论研究[
功能对等理论在教育类文本中的应用如下：1、目前，功能对等理论广泛应用于文学和非文学翻译研究。在非文学翻译领域，主要应用于经贸、法律、科技、政治和教育类文本翻译。2、在教育类文本类翻译中，功能对等理论的应用主要集中在教材翻译和学术文献翻译，但还未被用于指导学生手册翻译，所以本选题具有一定新颖性。例如：张晶明（2018）从功能对等理论角度研究了计算机科学英语教材的翻译；吴继红（2018）研究了学术论文的翻译。3、此外，功能对等理论强调“翻译是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息”。（郭建忠，2000）学生手册又属于信息类文本，强调信息的传达，所以根据源文本的类型，用功能对等理论指导学生手册汉译具有可行性。功能对等理论由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（EugeneNida）于1969年提出，奈达是一位著名的结构主义语言大师，本身也是有重要地位的语言学家，曾任美国语言学会主席。
最佳答案翻译思想史表明，随着现代语言学的形成与日臻完善，20世纪中叶以来，建立在语言... 而起作用的只是语言的工具理性及其规律性。翻译理论由于长期受语言学的影响，形...
“功能对等”，就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死板对应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上对等。功能对等理论由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（Eugene Nida）于1969年提出，奈达是一位著名的结构主义语言大师，本身也是有重要地位的语言学家，曾任美国语言学会主席。
但这位在学术界赫赫有名的人物，偏偏远离学术重镇，默默地在美国圣经协会供职半个多世纪。他一生的主要学术活动都围绕《圣经》翻译展开。在《圣经》翻译的过程中，奈达从实际出发，发展出了一套自己的翻译理论，最终成为翻译研究的经典之一。
功能对等特点
如按照英汉两种语言字面上的对等来翻译，原句译为“他靠传染来思维，像感冒一样获得思想”，这样，原文的真正意义就无法清楚地表达。事实上，在汉语中很难找到一个完全与英文对等的句型来表达同样的内涵。
于是，译者将源语的深层结构转换成目的语的表层结构，即用目的语中相应的词汇直接说明、解释原文的内涵，以使译文读者更易接受译作。
根据奈达的翻译理论，文化差异的处理是与从语义到文体将源语再现于目的语紧密相联的。只有当译文从语言形式到文化内涵都再现了源语的风格和精神时，译作才能被称作是优秀的作品。
中医语言隐喻特征及翻译策略论文
摘要 :为更好地传播和推广中医及中国文化，译者需在正确理论指导之下进行中医英译。隐喻是中医语言的一大特色，也是中医英译的一大难点，关联理论和功能对等理论能有效解决这一难题，追求“最佳关联”和“最佳对等”的翻译效果不仅能忠实阐述中医学概念，更能传达隐含的中国文化。通过分析中医语言隐喻特征，剖析关联理论和功能对等理论对中医隐喻翻译的指导作用，旨在探讨这两种理论指导下更高效、更科学和更准确的翻译策略。
关键词 :语言哲学论文
中图分类号: 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1673-7717(2016)03-0551-03
中医语言作为人类抽象思维产物之一具有普遍的隐喻特征。隐喻为中医概念提供了语言形式和帮助认知中医研究对象，关于中医语言隐喻性及其翻译的研究却不多。在众多的理论中，笔者认为源于认知语言学的关联理论和奈达的功能对等理论能很好地指导中医隐喻翻译。鉴于中医语言的隐喻特征和研究现状，为了开辟中医英译方法策略新的研究方向，找出能高效传达中医医学信息和文化信息的译法，本文试从关联理论和功能对等理论视角来研究中医语言隐喻翻译策略。
1.隐喻概念
“隐喻”一词来自希腊语“metaphora”，其字源meta意思是“超越”，而“pherein”的意思则是“传送”，隐喻是指将两种不同概念的事物通过含蓄、婉转地表达或映射的方式达到形象比喻的语言行为［1］。隐喻是人类主要认知工具和思维方式，广泛存在于语言之中，同时也存在于人们的思想、行动以及生活的每一个方面。它不仅是一种修辞格式，更是语言中最重要的表达方式之一。概括起来即:隐喻是在一类事物的暗示下感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论另一类事物的心理行为、语言行为和文化行为［2］。隐喻的要件有三:“彼事物”、“此事物”、两者的关联。其结果为:由关联而生发出来的喻义。
2.中医语言隐喻特征
隐喻本体特征
中医语言隐喻本体是指中医医学方面的内容和概念。人们觉察的身体异样或症状被称为病象。中医理论常运用类比推理的方式，借助于其它事物的内部变化或性质特征对病症加以解释和分析，形成的规律性认识［5］。例如:运用自然界中湿气的隐喻，可以对人体内的一些疾病做出解释。中医术语有“湿胜则濡泻”，语出《素问阴阳应象大论》，指“人体内湿气偏胜，出现大便泄泻的病理情况”［6］。
隐喻喻体特征
中医语言隐喻的喻体可分成物象、气象、地象和人象，分别指具体的有形物象、天气现象、地理状象和人的社会生活现象［6］。人们在长期的生活中从各种动物的外形，动作和习性上找到丰富的喻体。各种生活工具也可以被作为喻体来表达医学概念。用自然现象来解释人体的运行机制，认为人的病痛与这些要素有关。在病症描述和诊断上也常用地理名词，如位置和地貌来表述病症位置及其相应的特点，人对社会关系的认识和理解可隐喻为人体部位的关系和相关功能［5］。
隐喻喻底特征
本体与喻体之间的联系要通过一定的喻底才能建立。喻底作为本、喻体之间的相似性是隐喻建构的基础。中医语言中隐喻通过各种相似性构建联系即表明喻体特征又说明本体功能，中医语言常将各种相似性联系起来构造隐喻［6］。
3.关联理论与功能对等理论
关联理论属于认知语用学理论范畴，但其作用不只局限于语用学领域。许多翻译理论和模式受其影响而发展，在西方翻译界日益受到重视。翻译研究中引入关联理论已经给翻译研究带来了新的生命并打开了一个新的研究视角。关联理论的核心内容为:运用推理，通过语境来寻找关联才能正确理解自然语言。正确认知和理解自然语言是在翻译中达到语用等效的重要前提。翻译是一种特殊的语言交际活动，可以理解为“一个对原语进行阐释的明示—推理过程”，理解和表达的有机统一贯穿于翻译的整个过程［4］。关联理论对翻译理论和实践有很强的解释力，能对其进行解释和指导，而翻译活动可以加深对关联翻译理论的认识。Nida提倡的“动态对等”和Newmark倡导的“交际翻译”都表示语用翻译实质上是一种功能对等翻译。功能对等理论强调译文接受者对译文的反应要等同于原文的接受者对原文的反应。正确认知和理解源语语是功能对等翻译中的等效前提，这与关联理论的关联和推理是一致的`［2］。功能对等理论中的“最佳对等”和关联理论中的“最佳关联”概念是一脉相承的，关联理论与功能对等理论的结合，可以整合翻译的双重含义———翻译过程和翻译结果为系统、科学、有效的中医语言隐喻翻译提供强坚实理论保障［3］。
4.中医隐喻翻译
对隐喻的认知及翻译决定了中医知识和文化传达的效果。笔者认为关联理论能帮助译者推断出源语中的隐含，对读者认知能力提出语境假设，选择正确语境信息，将隐含明示给读者，让其从中推导。等效翻译理论要求用最贴切、自然的译文对等再现源语信息，解决中医翻译中语言处理等方面问题［8］。等效翻译不仅将中医医学信息最大量地传递给西方读者，而且将中医中包含的文学、哲学、文化等方面因素尽可能地呈现出来。
关联翻译理论视角下的中医隐喻翻译
关联理论与中医翻译关联理论把言语交际定义为是一种有目的、有意图的认知活动。认知语境是不可缺少的要素，交际双方必须互明彼此的认知语境来正确理解交际的意图，接受逻辑信息、词汇信息和文化信息。简单的字面翻译并不能有效传达中医语言中暗含的中医特有文化信息，译者必须准确把握中医语言中蕴含的文化图式，选择适合目标语读者的表达方式，帮助其找到与中医译文语境之间的最佳关联性，达到最佳语境效果。中医英译追求的不仅是中医语言的文学翻译，更是传达其文化信息的科技翻译。翻译的成功在很大程度上取决于译文为读者提供的最佳语境效果、译文与读者之间的最佳关联。中医隐喻翻译策略隐喻翻译要实现语言形式转换，更要正确映射和整合语言形式背后隐藏的不同思维方式和文化因素。中医语言具有辨证论治的科学性和文学欣赏的古雅性。中医要始终保持其科学性，中医英译也不可忽视其中博大文化内涵。人们用生活劳动中观察到的现象和感悟的道理阐释陌生、深奥的中医医学理论，造就了中医学隐喻性语言［7］。因此，译者需采用灵活的翻译策略来实现中医英译中内容与形式、语言与文化的高度一致性和统一性。(1)描述喻体、简单直译:人类相同生理构造和对自然界变化的经历和体验决定了人们对事物的表达有相同或相似的认知模式，人类具有“共有的非文化知识”，不同民族对自然相似的认知并不是相互学习所获得的［13］。鉴于此，笔者认为应按照源语篇章中源域和目标域的位置顺序来翻译译语篇章中的源域和目标域，实现位置完全对应的关联映射。因此，精确描述原隐喻形象和文化特色以丰富和完善译语表达。例如:“雀啄脉”译为“sparrow－peckingpulse”。西方读者了解麻雀进食的动作，他们看到这个译名时，可以将麻雀进食的动作这一信息关联映射到一种脉搏跳动的外在特征上，很容易理解中医隐喻认知和概念，达到最好的语用效果。类似的例子还有:“蜘蛛胀”译为“spider－likedisten-tion”;“弹石脉”译为“stone－flickingpulse”;“五更泄”(鸡鸣泄)译为“morningdiarrhea(cock－crowingdiarrhea)”。(2)注重文化、合理意译:文化的空缺和错位是语言之间存在的普遍现象，翻译中往往注重保留文化意象的深层含义而丢失其表层含义［7］。中医隐喻翻译要求在目标语中找到与源语信息的最佳关联。如果一味强调保留原文的语言特征，读者却无法找到交际线索，故不能达到最佳关联性。笔者认为可以使用意译，对读者的认知语境做出正确假设，将源语语言形式适当修改，力求把词汇隐含传达给读者，达到对隐喻更好的认知和理解。例如:“提壶揭盖”若翻译为“liftingthejarandtakinga-waythelid”，虽忠于原文语言特征，但西方读者却不能理解其含义，更无法掌握其中蕴含的中医思想。故要将此观点映射到西方文化和认知的同等层面上。可以译为“openingthelungqitotreatconstipationordysuria”，这样西方读者可以领悟出它是指“用宣肺或升提的方法通利小便”的一种隐喻。第一种译法违背了关联理论中话段必须产生足够的语境效果让读者自然做出最佳关联的原则，而第二个译法揭示了隐喻内涵，让读者接收到源语的意义隐含，达到意义所指的最佳关联，保留了原文认知效果的相似性(3)类比推理、增译补偿:中医语言有大量病理治则类隐喻，大部分是由中国古代哲学等理论类比推理得来，因此本体认知都具有间接性、抽象性及明显的心理相似性［11］。单纯直译这类隐喻使西方读者很难在他们已有的认知世界里找到相关信息进行关联和推理，笔者认为可以考虑使用文内补偿来増译，更明确地表达内容和阐释隐喻。例如:“青蛇头”(肿胀如青蛇头状的痈疽)如译为“bluesnakehead”，读者无法理解源语文本内涵;如只译为“ulcer”又丢失源语隐喻特征。最佳译文应为“snake－head－likeulcer”，其中，“snake－head－like”是直接翻译喻体，但又增加“ulcer”一词可以指明实际的病症是“痈疽”。同样地，“龟背”(脊高如龟的佝偻病)应译为“turtle－back－likerickets”;“白虎历节”(游走性关节痛)应译为“acutear-thritis，，“蛇身”(生于皮肤之上状如蛇皮的癣疾)应译为“snake－skin－liketinea”。
功能对等理论视角下的中医隐喻翻译
功能对等理论与中医翻译中医语言医哲交汇，言简意赅，善用修辞，文化浓厚，中医英译常会出现文化负载词、文化休克及文化缺省等问题，增加了翻译难度，使译者无法将中医名词术语忠实、客观、简洁地呈现给读者［9］。功能对等理论强调功能对等，意指任何翻译语言因素，化解译文应侧重于源语还是目标语的长期分歧，强调以读者为中心，注重读者的理解和感受，区别于以文本为中心的翻译理论。中医隐喻翻译策略翻译旨在完整、准确、充分、通顺地传达原文的思想内容，读者能利用自己的语言和文化背景来理解原文所传达的信息和含义，包括思想内容、感情、风格等。在功能对等翻译理论指导下，灵活多样的翻译方法可以解决中医隐喻翻译中许多难题，准确再现中医语言信息及文化内涵。(1)术语西化、概念对等:中医隐喻英译可以对照西医概念，转述术语、行话，通俗、形象地表述中医概念，使用西医中对等概念的通俗表述。如果生硬地移用术语，往往会弄巧成拙。例如:表病症的词“虚亏”、“阴阳失衡”、“不足”若译为“unbalanced”或“deficiency”，西方读者无法明白这一病症的实质含义，可译为“abnormal/morbidcondition”或“abnor-mality/dysfunction”(失调状态);含义浅白、指称直截了当。关于治则、治法的术语“平衡阴阳”、“固本培元”不能译为“balanceYinandYang”，可译为“helprecover”或“restorenormalcondition”或“strengthenresistance”。这种译法既简单明了，又通俗易懂。(2)词汇转化、意义对等:中医语言简意赅，通常用几个字就能清楚表达一种病症或治疗方法，甚至一种理论，但英译后的表述却难觅这种特征，若直接按中文字面意思翻译会让西方读者难以理解其确切含义。例如:“黄疸”若译为“yellowinface”，这只是突出这种病症在人体的外在表象，不妨可借用西医术语译为“juan-dice”。因此，“白喉”译为“diphtheria”而非“whitethroat”;“大汗”和“眼花”分别译为“profusesweating”和“blurredvi-sion”这样就极大提高了译语的规范化程度。不能将中医用语机械性的逐字翻译，需找出西医术语中概念对等的词汇和表述。(3)概念转化、文化对等:中医是中国文化的典型代表，反映中国文化的精髓，和西方文化有很大差异。在英译时要深刻体会、理解其中文化内涵，准确选择译文词语，力求传达文化隐含，让读者能从其本土文化中找到对等概念。例如:《素问上古天真论》中，“上古圣人之教下也，皆谓之虚邪贼风”［14］，此处的“贼风”若译为“thiefwind”，西方读者会理解为“风”自然现象，忽略了文化和语言差异，应该通过具体语境，领会原语中的意义，将其译为“pathogenicfactors”(致病因素)。
5.结语
中医英译要特别注意对中医语言隐喻特征的把握和翻译，而运用正确的理论指导翻译显得尤为关键。在对中医隐喻进行翻译时，译者要深入了解源语和译语之间在文化背景、历史传统等因素上的差异，找出喻本、喻体之间的相关性，同时还要对读者的心理期盼与认知环境做出正确判断，在关联原则的指导下，将原文的信息准确无误地传递给读者，使译文与读者的期盼相吻合，达到最佳关联。功能对等理论能让译者从整体把握、感悟原作，发挥想象去感受意境，借助主体的直接经验去发掘原作内在、隐蔽的因素，从而找出与原文最接近、最自然的对等语和表达方式让译文语义更明朗，表述更精确，从而真正实现“动态对等”的翻译原则。
功能对等理论视角下的科技英语翻译研究论文
一、引言
随着全球经济信息一体化进程的不断加快，中国与世界其他国家的技术交流日益密切。企业的发展也在不断地引进国外的先进技术和文献。作为一种非文学翻译，科技翻译逐渐成为很多翻译工作者的主要任务。科学家钱三强先生也曾提出:“科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。”随着时代的进步，在一些合资或外资公司甚至专门设有技术翻译(Technical Translation)的职位，可见科技翻译正在逐步占据着翻译市场。
二、功能对等理论与科技翻译的特点
从1953年里乌(. Rieu) 首次提出“对等”概念。到1965年，卡特福德(Catford)提出 “篇章对等”概念。即翻译的目的就在于在所有潜在的对等译语中寻找与原语最匹配的对等语。原语和译语只要在所涉情景中可以互换,就可以视为翻译对等。“对等”一直都作为一种重要理念存在于西方现代翻译界。对于翻译对等概念做出较为全面论述的是奈达(Eugene Nida)，他认为所谓译文与原文的对等，主要指的是语义上的对等,其次才是是修辞和语言风格上的对等。
无论是汽车英语还是机械英语，都具备着科技英语的普遍特点，即选词和翻译都需要极其准确和严密。科技英语的语言特点非常明显，英语科技文献中多充斥着大量的术语。句式多为长句，无主句或被动语态
因而，科技翻译的难点在于原文巨大的信息量，译者专业知识的限制以及一些专有名词的处理。“英汉两种语言的行文结构、行文习惯完全+—样。英文是形合结构(hypotaxis),汉语则是意合结构(parataxis),两者在句法层面上往往很难兼容。”(何刚强)要实现译文与原文的对等，不仅要在句式和词汇上做必要的调整，一些必要的增删也是在所难免的。这些都是在科技翻译中必须要面对的问题。
三、增词与减词
中西方文化的差异往往会反映在语言上。例如,有很多概念或事物在中国人看来是理所当然的，无需解释，但对外国人来讲就有必要加以说明。更重要的原因是，如同傅雷先生曾经说过，汉民族与西方民族的"mentality"相差太远。“外文都是分析的，散文的;中文却是综合的，诗的。科技翻译中，运用增词和减词可以在一定程度上改善两种语言的差异。由于英文是形合结构，而汉语则是意合结构，翻译时需要补足一些词,或是删去一些词，才能更好的理解原文的意思。在增删的过程中，我们必须遵循的原则即是对等。例如，
⑴ 原文: For successful customer negotiations
译文: 与客户进行价格谈判
⑵ 原文: Independent
译文: 独立性
例一中的 for successful 是修饰性词语，这在汉语的技术文献中是不必要的，所以译文中删减掉了这一意思而添加了“价格”一词，以实现译文的完整。例二的译文在独立后面加了“性”，用以使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，实现表意上的对等。
四、专业术语的处理
专业术语是科技英语翻译中的另一个难点。专业术语指的是某一学科领域内的一些惯例性统一固定的词汇。有一些专业术语在国际上是通用的，即其译文是固定统一的，在实际翻译过程中不能任意翻译。如：在科技领域中的“panel”通常表示“仪表板”的意思，而该词在法律领域则表示“陪审员”。又如同为机械领域， “Plant”在某些公司指下设工厂，而在另一些公司却指车间，所指范畴有大小的差异。要清楚文中专业词汇所属的学科领域以及在特定语境下的特殊含义，才能实现译文与原文在表意功能上的对等。
小型术语库的建立和平行文本的`使用，是实现专业术语翻译功能对等的一个比较有效的方法。根据原语言文本的来源，在同一领域搜集相关或相似的平行文本，建立小型术语库或进行平行文本的比对，可以在最大程度上避免原文与译文的偏差，从而实现真正意义上的对等。
五、结语
中国与西方国家有着不同的历史文化和风土人情。这样的文化差异也同样反映在科技英语的翻译中。在严谨的科技文献中，如何在不影响原文的严谨性的前提下消除文化差异带来的影响，实现译文与原文的功能对等，对于译者是一个需要认真对待的课题。译者应遵循奈达与纽马克所提出的翻译理论，了解隐藏在科技文本中的文化差异，并设法在翻译过程中通过使译入语与原语的主要信息和功能对等，消除文化差异，从而在最大程度上实现译文的优化。
[1]范瑜等.科技英语文体的演变[J]. 中国翻译,2004, 25(5): 86-87.
[2]王传英，闫栗丽，张颖丽. 2011. 翻译项目管理与职业译员训练[J]. 中国翻译 (1):55-59.
[3]韩子满.应用翻译-实践与理论研究[
挺早的了吧，不好找了楼上给的是翻译理论吧？
毕业论文的研究背景包括选题简介、个人想法、选题意义。
毕业论文的研究背景所写内容为：
1、选题简介：所选题目的现今研究的相关情况，如前人研究的成果，所选题目到目前所研究到的状况，先论述行业环境情况，然后引用行业数据报告作支撑。
2、个人想法：你对选题的特别看法，以及选此题的原因，你对前人的研究成果和看法的想法，以及前人的研究有哪些不足，你选择的研究放向的切入点。要体现你对这个题目的思考以及闪光点，要讲明在别人研究的基础上自己将要做的探讨是什么，即为什么写这篇论文以及要解决什么问题。
3、选题意义：就实际的工作实践活动未来发展趋势、前景而言，需要研究的价值意义。一个研究成立的基础就是它要有意义，最好能投入实际生产。意义又包括历史性意义、理论性意义和实践意义。
毕业论文写作注意事项：
1、写毕业论文是一件很严谨的事，所以里面的一些用词要特别注意，要用合适的表达方式进行表述，避免过于口语化。
2、写毕业论文不仅要有亮点，这一亮点还要突出。突出的亮点，能让你的论文更生动、更传神，所以写毕业论文时，一定要特别注意这一点，这一点做得好的话，能进一步升华我们的论文。
论文研究背景的写作主要有以下几个要点：
1、社会大环境如何【可利用国家数据网站发布的数据做支撑】；
2、行业环境如何【可以利用行业报告做支撑】；
3、目前需要解决的问题【自己论述】。
这些内容首先需要使用比较宽泛的语言进行论述，然后利用大环境的数据做支撑；行业环境写作也是这样，先论述行业环境情况，然后引用行业数据报告作支撑；解决问题也就是其应用现实生活那些方面，还有在理论方面具有哪些指导意义。
扩展资料：
选题的意义与价值
选题的意义与价值写作要点在于论文为何写作本论文，告知写作的原因和意图。也就是论述论文的意义和价值，一般明确下面两个写作要点会使得写作难度降低，如下：
一、理论方面
一般有以下几种情况：
1、就哲学的高度而言，需要研究的价值意义。
2、就专业或学科角度而言，需要研究的价值意义。
3、就某个理论角度而言，需要研究的价值意义。
二、实践方面
主要包括：
1、就实际的工作实践活动未来发展趋势、前景而言，需要研究的价值意义。
2、就实际的现在工作的实践活动而言，需要研究的价值意义。
3、就实际的现在工作的实践活动改进而言，需要研究的价值意义。
就是说与你相关的研究的发展情况、最新进展、研究的热点难点
我也在写这个 问一下这是毕业论文？
题目是论文内容的高度概括，它对读者具有影响力，可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022，希望能帮助到大家!
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★ 优秀论文题目2022 ★
★ 毕业论文答辩发言稿 ★
★ 毕业论文答辩致谢词 ★
★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★
翻译硕士论文题目选题参考
1、《中国古代 足球 》古汉语专名与古诗词的英译处理
2、英文合同汉译中规范性的实现策略
3、以目 标语 读者为导向的 广告 翻译策略研究
4、盐城旅游文本中特色词汇的翻译问题
5、从接受美学视角探究文学作品中模糊语言翻译
6、法律文献中专业术语英译的探讨
7、扬州旅游文本里 文化 因素的翻译
8、网络辅助下英语缩略语的翻译策略研究
9、有道词典在翻译中的应用
10、 英语 散文 120篇汉译项目 报告
11、徐州景点 导游词 翻译中文化负载词的处理
12、徐州特产食品 说明书 汉英翻译研究
13、从文本功能的角度探究报刊时政新闻的汉译
14、英语长句的英译汉翻译策略实证研究---以<基于语料库的英语教学>为例
15、《物华名胜》中复合式翻译 方法 的运用
16、《苏斯 儿童 绘本汉译过程中儿童语言的处理》
17、目的论指导下企业介绍的英译研究
18、新闻发布会口译项目报告
19、目的论视角下看中国高校宣传片的字幕翻译策略
20、《杨澜访谈录》同声传译项目报告
21、VOA经济报道口译过程中顺句驱动法运用的实践报告
22、预测在英语 财经 新闻口译活动中运用的实践报告
23、中国饮食文化词的口译技巧—《舌尖上的中国》口译实践报告
24、影响英汉交替传译中笔记有效信息筛选障碍的项目报告——以VOA时事新闻口译实践为例
25、视译停顿形成因素及解决方法报告
26、外事口译中译者主体性的把握
27、学生译员汉英交传训练中停顿现象研究
28、商务合同英汉互译技巧
29、英文品牌汉译
30、知识对于翻译的重要性
31、中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响
32、英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译
33、<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析
34、从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿
35、关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏
36、跨文化交际与商标翻译
37、中式菜肴的命名与翻译
38、浅谈英语电影片名的翻译
39、英文电影片名的翻译策略
40、英文化妆品广告之美学翻译
41、数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探
42、浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性
43、英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究
44、论语境在英汉翻译中的作用
45、浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则
46、中英服饰广告的翻译
47、论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性
48、论译者的风格与译风
49、经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译
50、从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
51、翻译中的文化因素
52、影视字幕翻译的原则
53、影响长句翻译的因素
54、例析英译汉中形象语言的处理
英语专业 毕业 论文翻译方向题目
1、 图里规范理论视角下的《四洲志》翻译研究
2、 翻译伦理视域下杨曙辉和杨韵琴《喻世明言》英译本研究
3、 《围城》英译研究
4、 余华小说《兄弟》中的文化专有词英译研究
5、 汉语形容词重叠式及其基式英译对比研究
6、 英汉交流虚构运动事件中路径和方式表征的对比研究
7、 汉语情态动词“能”字结构的翻译
8、 英汉运动事件表征方式对比研究
9、 顺应论视角下视觉动词的汉英互译研究
10、 语用顺应论视阈下汉语听觉动词的英译研究
11、 基于交往能力理论的翻译主体间性实证研究
12、 目的论视角下的电气英语翻译
13、 从符号视角看翻译中视觉非语言符号的信息处理
14、 功能对等理论视角下政府公文英译策略研究
15、 女性主义视角下影视字幕翻译策略研究
16、 操纵论视角下政治文本的汉英翻译研究
17、 从功能对等原则看中国上古神话中神话意象的翻译
18、 从德国功能派翻译理论视角分析领导人演讲口译
19、 文化翻译理论指导下《黄帝内经》英译策略研究
20、 四字格中医术语动词的英译对比研究
21、 《红楼梦》服饰文化翻译研究探析
22、 英文传记汉译实践报告
23、 生态翻译视角下：《尘埃落定》英译本的研究
24、 奈达的功能对等理论在Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets两个译本中的体现
25、 描写性翻译理论框架下《西敏寺》译文的风格分析
26、 目的论视角下张爱玲《金锁记》自译本的比较研究
27、 从功能理论视角看戴译本《边城》中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法
28、 英译诗歌韵律的定量对比分析
29、 功能对等理论视角下鲁迅小说《药》《孔乙己》《风波》两个英译本的对比研究
30、 奈达功能对等视角下对《瓦尔登湖》两个中译本的对比研究
31、 语义翻译/交际翻译视角下文化特色语的翻译
32、 从关联理论看《了不起的盖茨比》的两个汉译本
33、 目的论视角下的《三体》英译研究
34、 性别与翻译：从女性主义翻译观对比分析《飘》的两译本
35、 目的论指导下的《舌尖上的中国》菜名英译策略
36、 功能对等理论视角下的美国情景喜剧字幕翻译
37、 功能对等理论视阈下的商标翻译研究
翻译理论与实践论文题目
1、德国功能翻译理论的宏观性及其对教学的启示
2、翻译美学的文化考量
3、解构视角下翻译中的二元对立分析
4、传教士翻译与晚清文化社会现代性
5、跨文化传播视域下的翻译功能研究
6、英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究
7、许渊冲唐诗英译研究
8、论英汉翻译写作学的建构
9、 文章 学视野下的林译研究
10、口译研究的生态学途径
11、郭建中翻译思想与实践研究
12、跨文化语用学视角下的外宣翻译策略研究
13、文学文本中的视觉翻译
14、外宣翻译研究体系建构探索
15、异化翻译思想探究
16、翻译的修辞学研究
17、新月派文学观念研究
18、文章学视野下的林纾翻译研究
19、翻译批评原则的诠释学研究
20、蒯因的翻译不确定性及其对英汉互译的启示
21、近代中国 留学 生 教育 翻泽研究(1895~1937)
22、叙事学视域下的外宣翻译研究
23、修辞劝说视角下的外宣翻译研究
24、中国传统翻译理论观照下的林少华文学翻译研究
25、易学“象”视角下的译学研究
26、对比语言学元语言系统的演变研究
27、俄语本科翻译教材研究
28、情境翻译与翻译情境
29、西班牙语委婉语的多元翻译
30、从《哥儿》林译本的 句子 结构调整看奈达功能对等翻译理论
31、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究
32、《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告
33、从中国文化语境视角出发解读西方女性主义翻译
34、证券翻译理论与实践
35、叶维廉汉诗英译研究
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★ 2021英语专业的硕士论文题目
商务英语的选题有很多，你具体是熟悉按个方面的来说，尽量选自己熟悉的方面去写，千万不要盲目的去选题。我给些选题，你自己参考参考。1. 商务英语课程设置的探讨 2. 跨文化因素对英汉翻译的影响 3. 商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 4. 商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用 5. 单证员在国际贸易中的地位 6. 商务英语函电翻译技巧 7. 商务谈判中英语的重要性 8. 浅谈出口结汇风险的防范 9. 中国退税制度的改革及其影响 10. 商标名称的翻译与策略 11. 外贸企业信用风险管理与控制 12. 2010年外资银行在我国本土注册探讨 13. 我国利用国际贷款/国际援助现状分析 14. WTO与我国反倾销探讨 15. 我国对外直接投资之现状 16. 内陆地区对外贸易发展策略研究 17. 中印两国两国对外贸易战略分析 18. 人民币升值对我国出口贸易的影响 19. 浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 20. 商务函电翻译的用词技巧 21. 外商直接在华投资探讨 22. 社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响 23. 我国外贸出口品牌战略的实施与研究 24. 商务英语专业口语课程教学探讨 25. 入世对我国农产品贸易的影响与对策研究 26. 应对经济全球化,加快我国企业跨国经营 27. 英语写作中常见中式英语分析 28. 入世商务英语写作的研究29. 制单工作在国际结算中的地位 30. 关税壁垒与非关税壁垒探讨 31. 浅谈实质利益谈判法 32. 国际电子商务发展面临的新问题 33. 商务英语写作中的错误与商务英语写作教学之间的关系 34. 清算所在期货市场上的地位 35. 跨国公司在华扩张模式透析 36. 汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题 37. 英汉互译中词义的不对应(文化意义、风格意义、修辞意义等) 我国市场经济国家地位与反倾销 38. 如何防范信用证 39. 我国中小企业开拓国际市场之探讨 40. "10+1"自由贸易区未来前景展望 41. 汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧 42. 商务英语的特征与翻译 43. 珠江三角洲外贸现状及存在的问题 44. 武汉市现利用外资纵谈 45. 广州/深圳等地区三资企业结构分析 46. 浅谈广州等地区外贸企业的困境与出路 47. 浅谈广州等地区出口产品结构的市场分布 48. 商务英语专业毕业生就业岗位之探讨 49. 单证员跟单员等资格证书现状思考 50. 礼仪在商务谈判中的作用 51. 跨国公司的本土化经营战略及其实施 52. 中国在亚洲区域合作中的地位和作用 53. 延长我国加工贸易国内价值链问题探析 54. 中国贸易的现状和前景 55. 我国西部地区引进外资问题研究 56. 人民币业务对外开放之探讨 57. 浅谈涉外合同英语特色
从功能对等的角度论英语习语翻译 法律语言特征和法律语言翻译 英汉模糊语言对比研究及其翻译 翻译中的语境因素分析 导游词翻译中的跨文化意识 涉外商函的特点及翻译习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。本文所要讨论的习语是广义的、包括成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等。英汉两种语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横和，给人一种美的享受。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉习语承载着不民的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。习语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点。本文试图借助语用学的理论，对英汉习语的翻译作一些探索。 美车哲学教授在他的Meaning一书中把话语的意义分为自然意义（natural meaning）和非自然意义（non-natural meaning）两种。话语的非自然意义指人们意欲表达的意义，即在特定的场合下表达出交际者意图的语用隐含意义。这就是Grice的会话含意（conversational implicature）理论的基础。那么，由于英汉两种语言的文化背景的差异，同样字面意义、形象意义的话语文章可能具有完全不同的隐含意义。隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的意义。根据我们的观察，英汉习语之间的多方面差异可归为两类：一是形象意义的差异，一是隐含意义（包括褒贬义）的差异，而它们都是字面以外的意义，是文化差异的具体反映。由此出发，本文提出了英汉习语文化意义翻译的具体原则和方法。 一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异 朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说：“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……”，“它带有特殊的情感氛围，甚深广而微妙，在字典中无从找出，对文学却极要紧。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景，对于文字的这种意义就茫然，尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。”英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》（1871）一书中，首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来，并表述为：“文化是一种复杂，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。”可见文化的覆盖面很广，它是一个复要的系统。语言作为文化的一个组成部分，反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。我们经过归纳总结认为，英汉习语所反是非曲直的文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面： 1、生存环境的差异 习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like water，而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。 在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与 “可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate。 2、习俗差异 英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will mot learn mew tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog，“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。 3、宗教信仰方面 与宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如Good helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），也有Go to hell（下地狱去）这样的诅咒。 4、历史典故 英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语，这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，如Achilles’heel（唯一致命弱点）、meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地）、Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作）、a Pandora’s box（潘多拉之盒枣灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。 二、英汉习语翻译的具体原则和方法 关于翻译标准，中外翻译理论家们提出了不同的主张。从严复的“信、达、雅”，傅雷的“重神似不重形似”，到张培基先生提出的“忠实通顺”；从瞿秋白的“等同概念”，到美国著名的翻译理论家Eugene A·Nidar的“功能对等（functional equivalence）”或“动态对等（dynamic equivalence）”，我们可以看出，这些主张是相互影响、互为补充、不断完善的，虽然侧重点有所不同，但中心要结晶都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义，保持原作的风格，忠实反是非曲直原作的面貌。所谓忠实表达原文的意义，应指忠实表达原文的字面意义、形象意义和隐含意义三个方面。但是，并不是原文的每句话、每个习语、词汇都同时具备三种意义，有的可能只有字面意义，没有形象意义；有的可能兼有字面意义和形象意义，但没有隐含意义。尤其是，任何两处语言文化都不可能完相同。