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翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
机械专业毕业论文开题报告范文（精选6篇）
在生活中，报告与我们愈发关系密切，要注意报告在写作时具有一定的格式。那么什么样的报告才是有效的呢？下面是我整理的机械专业毕业论文开题报告范文，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
论文题目：
MC无机械手换刀刀库毕业设计开题报告
本课题的研究内容
本论文是开发设计出一种体积小、结构紧凑、价格较低、生产周期短的小型立式加工中心无机械手换刀刀库。主要完成以下工作：
1、调研一个加工中心，了解其无机械手换刀刀装置和结构。
2、参照调研的加工中心，进行刀库布局总体设计。画出机床总体布置图和刀库总装配图，要有方案分析，不能照抄现有机床。
3、设计该刀库的一个重要部分，如刀库的转位机构(包括定位装置，刀具的夹紧装置等)，画出该部件的装配图和主要零件(如壳体、蜗轮、蜗杆等3张以上工作图。
4、撰写设计说明书。
本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排
本课题采取的研究方法为：
(1)理论分析，参照调研的加工中心，进行刀库布局总体设计。
进度安排：
收集相关的毕业课题资料。
完成开题报告。
完成毕业设计方案的制定、设计及计算。
完成刀库的设计
完成毕业设计说明书。
毕业设计答辩。
主要参考文献
[1] 廉元国,张永洪. 加工中心设计与应用 [M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,
[2] 惠延波,沙杰.加工中心的数控编程与操作技术 [M]. 北京:机械工业出版社
[3] 励德瑛.加工中心的发展趋势 [J]. 机车车辆工艺,1994,6
[4] 徐正平.CIMT2001 加工中心评述[J]. 制造技术与机床,2001,6
[5] 刘利. FPC-20VT 型立式加工中心[J]. 机械制造,1994,7
[6] 李洪. 实用机床设计手册 [M]. 沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,
[7] 刘跃南.机械系统设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,
[8] Panasonic 交流伺服电机驱动器 MINASA 系列使用说明书
[9] 成大先.机械设计手册第四版第 2 卷[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,
[10] 成大先.机械设计手册第四版第 3 卷[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,
1 课题提出的背景与研究意义
课题研究背景
在数控机床移动式加工中移动部件和静止导轨之间存在着摩擦，这种摩擦的存在增加了驱动部件的功率损耗，降低了运动精度和使用寿命，增加了运动噪声和发热，甚至可能使精密部件变形，限制了机床控制精度的提高。由于摩擦与运动速度间存在非线性关系，特别是在低速微进给情况下，这种非线性关系难以把握，可能产生所谓的尺蠖运动方式或混沌不清的极限环现象，严重破坏了对微进给、高精度、高响应能力的进给性能要求。为此，把消除或减少摩擦的不良影响，作为提高机床技术水平的努力方向之一。该课题提出的将磁悬浮技术应用到数控机床加工中，即可以做到消除移动部件与静止导轨之间存在的摩擦及其不良影响。对提高我国机床工业水平及赶上或超过国际先进水平具有重大意义，且社会应用前景广阔。
课题研究的意义
机床正向高速度、高精度及高度自动化方向发展。但在高速切削和高速磨削加工场合，受摩擦磨损的影响，传统的滚动轴承的寿命一般比较短，而磁悬浮轴承可以克服这方面的不足，磁悬浮轴承具有的高速、高精度、长寿命等突出优点，将逐渐带领机电行业走向一个没有摩擦、没有损耗、没有限速的崭新境界。超高速切削是一种用比普通切削速度高得多的速度对零件进行加工的先进制造技术，它以高加工速度、高加工精度为主要特征，有非常高的生产效率，磁悬浮轴承由于具有转速高、无磨损、无润滑、可靠性好和动态特性可调等突出优点，而被应用于超高速主轴系统中。要实现高速切削，必须要解决许多关键技术，其中最主要的就是高速切削主轴系统，而选择合理的轴承型式对实现其高转速至关重要。其中，磁悬浮轴承是高速切削主轴最理想的支承型式之一。磁悬浮轴承可以满足超高速切削技术对超高速主轴提出的性能要求。但它与普通滑动或滚动轴承的本质区别在于，系统开环不稳定，需要实施主动控制，而这恰恰使得磁悬浮轴承具有动特性可控的优点磁悬浮轴承是一个复杂的机电磁一体化产品，对其精确的分析研究是一项相当困难的工作，如果用实验验证则会碰到诸如经费大、周期长等困难，在目前国内情况下不能采取国外以试验为主的研究方法，主要从理论上进行研究，利用计算机软件对磁悬浮控制系统进行仿真是一种获得磁悬浮系统有关特征简便而有效的方法。这就是本课题的研究目的和意义。
2 本课题国内外的研究现状
磁悬浮轴承的应用与发展可以说是传统支承技术的革命。由于具有无机械接触和可实现主动控制两个显著的优点，主动磁悬浮轴承技术从一开始就引起了人们的重视。磁悬浮轴承的研究最早可追溯到1937年，Holmes和Beams利用交流谐振电路实现了对钢球的悬浮。自1988年起，国际上每两年举行一届磁悬浮轴承国际会议，交流和研讨该领域的最新研究成果；1990年瑞士联邦理工学院提出了柔性转子的研究问题，同年教授提出了数字控制问题；1998年瑞士联邦理工学院的和等人提出了无传感器磁悬浮轴承。近十年，瑞士、美国、日本等国家研制的电磁悬浮轴承性能指标已经很高，并且已成功应用于透平机械、离心机、真空泵、机床主轴等旋转机械中，电磁悬浮轴承技术在航空航天、计算机制造、医疗卫生及电子束平版印刷等领域中也得到了广泛的应用。纵观2006年在洛桑和托里诺召开的第10界国际磁轴承研讨会，磁轴承主要应用研究为磁轴承在高速发动机、核高温反应堆（HTR-10GT）、人造心脏和回转仪等方面。国内在磁悬浮轴承技术方面的研究起步较晚，对磁悬浮轴承的研究起步于80年代初。
1983年上海微电机研究所采用径向被动、轴向主动的混合型磁悬浮研制了我国第一台全悬浮磁力轴承样机；1988年哈尔滨工业大学的陈易新等提出了磁力轴承结构优化设计的理论和方法，建立了主动磁力轴承机床主轴控制系统数学模型，这是首次对主动磁力轴承全悬浮机床主轴从结构到控制进行的系统研究；1998年，上海大学开发了磁力轴承控制器（600W）用于150m制氧透平膨胀机的控制；2000年清华大学与无锡开源机床集团有限公司合作，实现了内圆磨床磁力轴承电主轴的'工厂应用实验。目前，国内清华大学、西安交通大学、国防科技大学、哈尔滨工业大学、南京航空航天大学等等都在开展磁悬浮轴承方面的研究。2002年清华大学朱润生等对主动磁悬浮轴承主轴进行磨削试验，当转速60000r／min、法向磨削力100N左右时，精度达到小于8m的水平，精磨磨削效率基本达到工业应用水平。2003年6月，南京航空航天大学磁悬浮应用技术研究所研制的磁悬浮干燥机的性能指标已通过江苏省技术鉴定，向工业应用迈出了可喜的一步。2005年“济南磁悬浮工程技术研究中心”研制的磁悬浮轴承主轴设备，在济南第四机床厂做磨削试验，成功磨制出一个内圆孔工件，这是我国第一个用磁悬浮轴承主轴加工的工件。此项技术填补了国内空白。近几年来，由于微电子技术、信号处理技术和现代控制理论的发展，磁悬浮轴承的研究也取得了巨大进展。
从总体上看，磁悬浮轴承技术正向以下几个方向发展：
(1)理论分析更注重系统的转子动力学分析，更多地运用非线性理论对主动
磁悬浮转子系统的平衡点和稳定性进行分析；更注重建立系统的非线性耦合模型以求得更好的性能。
(2)注重系统的整体优化设计，不断提高其可靠性和经济性，以期获得磁悬浮轴承更加广泛的应用前景。
(3)控制器的实现越来越多的采用数字控制。为达到更高的性能要求，控制器的数字化、智能化、集成化成为必然的发展趋势。由于数字控制器的灵活性，各种现代控制理论的控制算法均在磁悬浮轴承上得到尝试。
(4)发展了多种新型磁悬浮轴承如：无传感器磁悬浮轴承、无轴承电机超导磁悬浮轴承、高温磁悬浮轴承。此外，磁悬浮机床主轴在各方面也有较大的发展空间如：高洁净钢材Z钢和EP钢的引入；陶瓷滚动体，重量比钢球轻40%；润滑技术的开发，对于高速切削液的主轴，油液和油雾润滑能有效防止切削液进入主轴；保持架的开发，聚合物保持架具有重量，自润滑及低摩擦系数的特点从应用的角度看，磁悬浮轴承的潜力尚未得到的发掘，而它本身也未达到替代其它轴承的水平，设计理论，控制方法等都有待研究和解决。
3 课题的研究目标与研究内容
研究目标
控制器是主动控制磁悬浮轴承研究的核心，因此正确选择控制方案和控制器参数，是磁悬浮轴承能够正常工作和发挥其优良性能的前提。该课题主要研究单自由度磁悬浮系统，其结构简单，性能评判相对容易、研究周期短，并且可以扩展到多自由度磁悬浮系统的研究。针对磁悬浮主轴系统的非线性以及在控制方面的特点，该课题探索出提高系统总体性能和动态稳定性的有效控制策略。
主要研究内容
（1）阐述课题的研究背景与意义，对国内外相关领域的研究状况进行综述。
（2）对磁悬浮机床主轴的动力学模型进行分析，并将其数值化、离散、解耦和降阶等，为后续研究
1、 目的及意义(含国内外的研究现状分析)
本人毕业设计的课题是”钢坯喷号机行走部件及总体设计”,并和我的一个同学(他课题是“钢坯喷号机喷号部件设计”)一起努力共同完成钢坯喷号机的设计。我们的目的是设计一种价格相对便宜，工作性能可靠的钢坯喷号机来取代用人工方法在钢坯上写编号。
对钢坯喷号是钢铁制造业必然需要存在的一个环节，这是为了实现质量管理和质量追踪。我们把生产钢坯对应的连铸机号、炉座号、炉号、流序号以及表示钢坯生产时间的时间编号共同组成每块钢坯的唯一编号，适当的写在钢坯的表面。这样就在钢铁厂的后续检验或在客户使用过程中，如果发现钢坯的质量有问题，就可以根据这个编号来追踪到生产这个钢坯的连铸机、炉座、炉号、流序及时间等重要信息，及早的发现并解决生产设备中存在的问题。
目前，在国外像日本、美国等一些发达国家已经实现了对钢坯的自动编号，虽然其辅助设备较多，价格较贵，但大大提高生产的自动化进程和效率。并且钢坯喷号机具有设备利用率高、位置精度高、可控制性能好等优点。而在国内，除了少数的几家大型钢铁企业(宝钢、鞍钢等)引进了自动钢坯喷号机，大部分的钢铁企业仍然处在人工编号的阶段。
实现钢坯喷号的机械化和自动化是提高生产效率和降低生产成本的重要途径之一，钢坯喷号机无论在国内还是国外都会有很大的市场。一方面因为人工的工艺流程不但浪费了大量的能量，而且打断了生产的自动化进程，从而致使生产效率降低，生产成本增加。另一方面由于生产钢坯的车间温度很高，有强烈的热辐射，同时还有大量的水蒸气和粉尘，因此对其中进行人工编号的工人的劳动强度非常大，并且对身体是一种摧残，容易得职业病。所以无论从那个方面看都急需一种价格相对便宜，工作性能可靠的钢坯喷号机来代替人工编号。
作为一个大学生，毕业设计对我来说是展示我大学四年学习成果的一个机会，也是对我的综合能力的一个考验。我本人对“钢坯喷号机行走部件及总体设计”的课题也非常感兴趣，我一定会努力完成这次毕业设计的。总的来说，钢坯喷号机对于钢铁厂和这次毕业设计对于我都是具有现实意义的。
2、基本内容和技术方案
本课题是基于机械设计与电子控制结合的技术来设计钢坯喷号机。经连连轧的钢坯规格为160mmx200mm的方形钢坯，用切割机割成定长，由300mm宽的输出通道送出。
1.基本内容
先拟定钢坯喷号机的总体方案，然后确定钢坯喷号机行走部件的传动方案及结构参数，最后画出钢坯喷号机行走部件的装配图以及零件图。
2.系统技术方案
(1)工作过程：启动机器PLC控制步进电机带动钢坯喷号机到相应的位置，按下启动键发送控制信号传到控制部件(PLC)，控制部件发出控制命令给执行部件(主要是行走部件及喷号部件，行走部件带动喷头靠近钢坯表面，然后喷头进行喷号)，喷号完成后喷头上升并清洗号码牌。再次移动喷号到下一个钢坯处。
(2)要求实现的功能：行走部件功能(喷号机整体左右的移动，喷号部件的上下前后移动，喷头的左右移动)、喷号部件功能(喷头喷号，清洗号码牌，号码牌的更换)。其中号码为(0—9)十个数字，号码可以变化更换。每个号码大小为35mmx15mm，号码间距为5mm。
(3)实现方案：
行走功能的实现：由于在钢坯上喷号并不需要很精确的定位，所以采用人工控制步进电机的方式移动整体喷号机来粗调。采用液压缸提供动力来推动喷号部件，并采用行程开关控制电机来实现喷号部件上下移动，下行程开关可以控制喷号部件与钢坯表面之间的间距和发出信号使喷头开始喷涂料并向右移动。采用液压缸推动，滚轮在导架上滚动的方式实现喷好机构的前后移动，并采用行程开关控制电机来实现喷头的左右移动，右行程开关可以控制喷头停止喷涂料并回到初始位置和喷号部件向上移动。
喷号功能的具体实现方案由和我一组的同学确定。
3、进度安排
3-4周 认真阅读和学习有关资料和知识，并翻译英文文献
5-7周 钢坯喷号机行走部件的传动方案及总体设计
8-9周 确定钢坯喷号机行走部件结果参数
10-13周 完成钢坯喷号机行走部件装配图及零件工作图
14-15周 准备并进行毕业答辩
1. 设计（或研究）的依据与意义
十字轴是汽车万向节上的重要零件，规格品种多，需求量大。目前，国内大多采用开式模锻和胎模锻工艺生产，其工艺过程为：制坯→模锻→切边。生产的锻件飞边大，锻件加工余量和尺寸公差大，因而材料利用率低；而且工艺环节多，锻件质量差，生产效率低。
相比之下，十字轴冷挤压成形的具有以下优点：
1、提高劳动生产率。用冷挤压成形工艺代替切削加工制造机械零件，能使生产率大大提高。
2、制件可获得理想的表面粗糙度和尺寸精度。冷挤压十字轴类零件的精度可达ITg---IT8级，表面粗糙度可达Ra O．2～1．6。因此，用冷挤压成形的十字轴类零件一般很少再切削加工，只需在要求特别高之处进行精磨。
3、提高零件的力学性能。冷挤压后金属的冷加工硬化，以及在零件内部形成合理的纤维流线分布，使零件的强度高于原材料的强度。
4、降低零件成本。冷挤压成形是利用金属的塑性变形制成所需形状的零件，因而能大量减少切削加工，提高材料的利用率，从而使零件成本大大降低。
2. 国内外同类设计（或同类研究）的概况综述
利用切削加工方法加工十字轴类零件，生产工序多，效率低，材料浪费严重，并且切削加工会破坏零件的金属流线结构。目前国内大多采用热模锻方式成形十字轴类零件，加热时产生氧化、脱碳等缺陷，必然会造成能源的浪费，并且后续的机加工不但浪费大量材料，产品的内在和外观质量并不理想。
采用闭式无飞边挤压工艺生产十字轴，锻件无飞边，可显着降低生产成本，提高产品质量和生产效率：
（1）不仅能节省飞边的金属消耗，还能大大减小或消除敷料，可以节约材料30﹪；由于锻件精化减少了切削加工量，电力消耗可降低30﹪；
（2）锻件质量显着提高，十字轴正交性好、组织致密、流线分布合理、纤维不被切断，扭转疲劳寿命指标平均提高2~3倍；
（3）由于一次性挤压成型，生产率提高25%.
数值模拟技术是CAE的关键技术。通过建立相应的数学模型，可以在昂贵费时的模具或附具制造之前，在计算机中对工艺的全过程进行分析，不仅可以通过图形、数据等方法直观地得到诸如温度、应力、载荷等各种信息，而且可预测存在的缺陷；通过工艺参数对不同方案的对比中总结出规律，进而实现工艺的优化。数值模拟技术在保证工件质量、减少材料消耗、提高生产效率、缩短试制周期等方面显示出无可比拟的优越性。
目前，用于体积成形工艺模拟的商业软件已有“Deform”、“Autoforge”等软件打入中国市场。其中，DEFORM软件是一套基于有限元的工艺仿真系统，用于分析金属成形及其相关工业的各种成形工艺和热处理工艺。DEFORM无需试模就能预测工业实际生产中的金属流动情况，是降低制造成本，缩短研发周期高效而实用的工具。二十多年来的工业实践清楚地证明了基于有限元法DEFORM有着卓越的准确性和稳定性，模拟引擎在大金属流动，行程载荷和产品缺陷预测等方面同实际生产相符保持着令人叹为观止的精度。
3. 课题设计（或研究）的内容
1）完成十字轴径向挤压工艺分析，完成模具总装图及零件图设计。
2）建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。
3）十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。
4）相关英文资料翻译。
4. 设计（或研究）方法
1）完成十字轴径向挤压成形工艺分析，绘制模具总装图及零件图。
2）写毕业论文建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。
3）完成十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。
4）查阅20篇以上与课题相关的文献。
5）完成12000字的论文。
6）翻译10000个以上英文印刷符号。
5. 实施计划
04-06周：文献检索，开题报告。
07-10周：进行工艺分析、绘制模具二维图及模具三维模型设计。
11-13周：进行数值模拟。
14-16周：撰写毕业论文。
17周：进行答辩。
一、毕业设计题目的背景
三级圆锥—圆柱齿轮减速器，第一级为锥齿轮减速，第二、三级为圆柱齿轮减速。这种减速器具有结构紧凑、多输出、传动效率高、运行平稳、传动比大、体积小、加工方便、寿命长等优点。因此，随着我国社会主义建设的飞速发展，国内已有许多单位自行设计和制造了这种减速器，并且已日益广泛地应用在国防、矿山、冶金、化工、纺织、起重运输、建筑工程、食品工业和仪表制造等工业部门的机械设备中，今后将会得到更加广泛的应用。
二、主要研究内容及意义
本文首先介绍了带式输送机传动装置的研究背景，通过对参考文献进行详细的分析，阐述了齿轮、减速器等的相关内容；在技术路线中，论述齿轮和轴的选择及其基本参数的选择和几何尺寸的计算，两个主要强度的验算等在这次设计中所需要考虑的一些技术问题做了介绍；为毕业设计写作建立了进度表，为以后的设计工作提供了一个指导。最后，给出了一些参考文献，可以用来查阅相关的资料，给自己的设计带来方便。
本次课题研究设计是大学生涯最后的学习机会，也是最专业的一次锻炼，它将使我们更加了解实际工作中的问题困难，也使我对专业知识又一次的全面总结，而且对实际的机械工程设计流程有一个大概的了解，我相信这将对我以后的工作有实质性的帮助。
三、实施计划
收集相关资料：20XX年4月10日——4月16日
开题准备： 4月17日——4月20日
确定设计方案：4月21日——4月28日
进行相关设计计算：4月28日——5月8日
绘制图纸：5月9日——5月15日
整理材料：5月15日——5月16日
编写设计说明书：5月17日——5月20日
准备答辩：
四、参考文献
[1] 王昆等 机械设计课程设计 高等教育出版社,1995.
[2] 邱宣怀 机械设计第四版 高等教育出版社,1997.
[3] 濮良贵 机械设计第七版 高等教育出版社,2000.
[4] 任金泉 机械设计课程设计 西安交通大学出版社,2002.
[5] 许镇宁 机械零件 人民教育出版社,1959.
[6] 机械工业出版社编委会 机械设计实用手册 机械工业出版社,2008
1. 设计（或研究）的依据与意义
十字轴是汽车万向节上的重要零件，规格品种多，需求量大。目前，国内大多采用开式模锻和胎模锻工艺生产，其工艺过程为：制坯→模锻→切边。生产的锻件飞边大，锻件加工余量和尺寸公差大，因而材料利用率低；而且工艺环节多，锻件质量差，生产效率低。
相比之下，十字轴冷挤压成形的具有以下优点：
1、增强劳动生产率。用冷挤压成形工艺代替切削加工制造机械零件，能使生产率大大增强。
2、制件可获得理想的表面粗糙度和尺寸精度。冷挤压十字轴类零件的精度可达ITg---IT8级，表面粗糙度可达Ra O．2～1．6。因此，用冷挤压成形的十字轴类零件一般很少再切削加工，只需在要求特别高之处进行精磨。
3、增强零件的力学性能。冷挤压后金属的冷加工硬化，以及在零件内部形成合理的纤维流线分布，使零件的强度高于原材料的强度。
4、降低零件成本。冷挤压成形是利用金属的塑性变形制成所需形状的零件，因而能大量减少切削加工，增强材料的利用率，从而使零件成本大大降低。
2. 国内外同类设计（或同类研究）的概况综述
利用切削加工方法加工十字轴类零件，生产工序多，效率低，材料浪费严重，并且切削加工会破坏零件的金属流线结构。目前国内大多采用热模锻方式成形十字轴类零件，加热时产生氧化、脱碳等缺陷，必然会造成能源的浪费，并且后续的机加工不但浪费大量材料，产品的内在和外观质量并不理想。
采用闭式无飞边挤压工艺生产十字轴，锻件无飞边，可显着降低生产成本，增强产品质量和生产效率：
（1）不仅能节省飞边的金属消耗，还能大大减小或消除敷料，可以节约材料30％；由于锻件精化减少了切削加工量，电力消耗可降低30％；
（2）锻件质量显着增强，十字轴正交性好、组织致密、流线分布合理、纤维不被切断，扭转疲劳寿命指标平均增强2~3倍；
（3）由于一次性挤压成型，生产率增强25%.
数值模拟技术是CAE的关键技术。通过建立相应的数学模型，可以在昂贵费时的模具或附具制造之前，在计算机中对工艺的全过程进行分析，不仅可以通过图形、数据等方法直观地得到诸如温度、应力、载荷等各种信息，而且可预测存在的缺陷；通过工艺参数对不同方案的对比中总结出规律，进而实现工艺的优化。数值模拟技术在保证工件质量、减少材料消耗、增强生产效率、缩短试制周期等方面显示出无可比拟的优越性。
目前，用于体积成形工艺模拟的商业软件已有“Deform”、“Autoforge”等软件打入中国市场。其中，DEFORM软件是一套基于有限元的工艺仿真系统，用于分析金属成形及其相关工业的各种成形工艺和热处理工艺。DEFORM无需试模就能预测工业实际生产中的金属流动情况，是降低制造成本，缩短研发周期高效而实用的工具。二十多年来的工业实践清楚地证明了基于有限元法DEFORM有着卓越的准确性和稳定性，模拟引擎在大金属流动，行程载荷和产品缺陷预测等方面同实际生产相符保持着令人叹为观止的精度。
3. 课题设计（或研究）的内容
1）完成十字轴径向挤压工艺分析，完成模具总装图及零件图设计。
2）建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。
3）十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。
4）相关英文资料翻译。
4. 设计（或研究）方法
1）完成十字轴径向挤压成形工艺分析，绘制模具总装图及零件图。
2）毕业论文建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。
3）完成十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。
4）查阅20篇以上与课题相关的文献。
5）完成12000字的论文。
6）翻译10000个以上英文印刷符号。
5. 实施计划
04-06周：文献检索，开题报告。
07-10周：进行工艺分析、绘制模具二维图及模具三维模型设计。
11-13周：进行数值模拟。
14-16周：撰写毕业论文。
17周：进行答辩。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
行政管理毕业论文开题报告
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是一篇行政管理毕业论文开题报告范文，供大家参考。
一、本课题的目的和意义
在日常办公中，通常会遇到许多常用的数据，比如邮件地址、日程助手、日常记事等，这些数据通常凌乱不堪，在需要时不知道存放在何处，从而影响工作效率。因此，我们设计了能满足这种需求的系统——中小企业办公自动化管理系统。
通过中小企业办公自动化管理系统对企业日常办公进行管理，满足了企业日常办公管理各方面的需求，实现了企业员工之间短消息的发送与接收功能，大大的方便了企业内部人员沟通。网站提供的前后台的公告与公文信息的管理方便员工及时的了解公司的动态。其他功能模块的设置使企业的日常管理步入了科学系统管理的轨道上。
二、本课题的主要研究内容(提纲)
完成“中小企业办公自动化管理系统”的设计，中小企业办公自动化管理系统是一个适应于中小型企业的能满足日常办公需求的管理系统，本系统初步拟定由以下六个模块组成。
(一)个人通讯录
该模块用作每一个登录系统的用户来维护自己的通讯录，通讯录中需要保存的信息有姓名、性别、手机、E-mail地址、QQ号码、公司、家庭住址、邮编。通知本模块个人用户可以自由维护个人的基本信息以及自由添加联系人信息;可以方便查询联系从，可以修改或删除某一个联系人。
(二)日程安排模块
该模块用作当前的登录用户添加、修改、删除和查看自己的日程安排列表。本模块中应该保存的信息有：用户名、年份、月份、日期、安排内容。
(三)工作日志模块
该模块用作当前的登录用户添加、修改、删除和查看自己的工作日志列表。本模块中应该保存的信息有：用户名、年份、月份、日期、日志标题、日志内容、记录时间。
(四)短消息管理模块
该模块用作当前的登录用户给系统内的其他用户发送短消息，并可以查看其他用户发来的消息。本模块中应该保存的信息有：接收者、发送者、消息内容、发送时间、是否阅读。
(五)公告管理模块
该模块用作用户发送通知，大家都可以查看，只有发送通知的用户才有权修改、删除该通知。本模块中应该保存的信息有：公告填写人、公告标题、公告内容、公告时间。
(六)会议管理模块
该模块用作用户发送会议通知，供所有的用户查看，且只有发送通知的用户才有权修改、删除该通知，它应该包括如下几个部分。
(1) 通知列表页面包括发布、修改、删除、清除通知、浏览通知内容和填写反馈意见等6个操作功能。
(2) 发布、修改通知页面。
(3) 浏览通知内容页面。
(4) 填写反馈意见页面。
三、文献综述(国内外研究情况及其发展)
人们普遍使用计算机来提高个人工作效率，但是在需要许多人一起协同工作的现代工作环境中，我们更需要提高我们的整体工作效率。办公自动化，一个极大的概念，一个炒作了很久的概念。无论是办公设备公司，还是系统集成公司，都大力推出自己的办公自动化产品。可见，办公自动化中内容庞大，可为空间不可小视。那么，首先我们来探讨一个问题，什么是办公?办公实际就是文件的制作、修改、传递、鉴定、保存、销毁、存档的过程。那么随着文件的这一流程，产生了各种各样的`设备。随着技术的发展，计算机网络技术的进步，办公自动化网络的建设也得到了大力推广。
办公自动化提了多年，但效果并不明显，人们还是停留在单机字处理和表格处理的所谓办公自动化的初级阶段。信息的交流和共享，以及团队的协同运作等无法完美的实现，极大地限制了工作的效率。Internet的迅猛发展，为信息的交流和共享，团队的协同运作提供了技术的保证，同时也预示着网络化办公时代来临。
传统的办公自动化系统和大型MIS系统在处理企业管理流程中大多采用企业业务流程重组(BKR)，其核心思想就是要先优化企业业务管理流程，再根据优化后的流程建设企业信息系统。这样不仅在系统建设中工作量巨大，同时面临来自企业内部重重的阻碍。
四、拟解决的关键问题
本系统中拟解决的关键问题有以下三个：
(1) 数据库设计是项目开发和系统设计中非常重要的一个环节，是因为数据库设计就像建设高楼大厦的根基一样，如果设计不好，在后来的系统维护、变更和功能扩充时，甚至在系统开发过程中都会引起比较大的问题。
(2) 企业员工之间短消息的发送与接收。相关的细节有怎样实现员工之间一对一与一对多以及多对多短消息的发送与接收。
(3)企业发布会议通知的管理以及如何构建网络会议室实现企业内部员工之间在网络中举行日常会议。
五、研究思路和方法
本系统要实现企业在日常办公时所需要的基本功能，并采用MVC三层架构开发模式，即Struts+Spring+Hibernate三层架构，这些组件可以进行交互和重用;数据库连接池的统一管理，如果程序需要连接，则从此池中取出一个连接使用，使用完后又返回给该池，这些连接可以互用，从而提高的效率。
另外，在构建开发环境的时候，我们使用MySQL+Tomcat+MyEclipse+CVS，由于这四者的结合已经相当优越，并且MySQL是一个免费的开源数据库，Tomcat是一个免费开源的Web服务器，MyEclipse是一个免费开源的Java集成开发工具， CVS是一个流行的版本控制工具。
在开发模式与开发环境都架构好之后就可着手进行系统的数据库设计与系统原型的构建，这些工作做完之后，就可在系统原型的基础上对系统的各种功能模块进行扩充以至完善，并最后完成此系统的开发交付用户使用。
论文开题报告怎么写？分享论文开题报告模板给你！直接套用！
每一个内容都有参考句式，把自己的研究内容往上套即可。
1. 论题的背景及意义
例：...研究有利于全面...的特点，可以丰富现...的研究。
这一...研究可以弥补......研究的不足，深化与之密切相关......的研究......研究。
......角度进行研究，运用相关的......理论分析...问题，突破传统的......的角度去研......的模式，使......的研究能从一个新的角度获得解决方法。
2. 国内外研究现状
例：......在国际的研究现状；......国内的研究现状。
文献评述（把上面的国内外的研究现状总结一下即可）
3. 研究目标、研究内容和拟解决的问题
A研究目标与内容
例：
本文拟......分析......分析两部分。首先对......情况重新审视，深入分析......，然后与其相关的......进行异同比较，最后归纳......的类型，并得......启示。本文的研究重点是.....情况
B拟解决的问题
例：
根据对......的现有研究成果，在全面考察的......情况下，结合......综合考虑......因素，以确定......
绘制相应的......模型后，通过实验结论证实其......的有效性和合理性。
4. 研究方法
例：
文献研究法：通过图书馆、互联网、电子资源数据库等途径查阅大量文献，理解......等相关知识，理清......的发展脉络及研究现状，学习......有关理论，获取......等相关数据信息，为设计......提供思路和参照。
实验研究法：通过设计......选取......，进行数据分析，考察.......。
统计分析法：运用......数据分析软件，采用人工操作和计算机统计向结合的方法，进行定性与定量分析。经过人工和计算机校对筛选出所有合乎要求的信息，在定量研究的基础上进行定性分析。
5. 创新之处和预期成果
例：
通过与现......技术的结合，使用......软件设计模型，......运用到......方面提供新的视角。
6. 进度计划（根据自己院校修改相应时间即可）
例：
2020年10月中旬-2020年11月底确定论文选题，完成开题报告及答辩。
2020年12月初-2021年1月底撰写论文大纲完成论文前X章
2021年2月初-2021年2月底撰写论文后X章，完成初稿。
2021年3月初-20213月底交导师审批修改，完成二稿。
2021年4月初-2021年4月底进一步修改格式，完成三稿。
2021年5月初-2021年5月中旬查重定稿，装订成册及论文答辩准备。
7. 已取得的研究工作成绩
例：
已积累了一定的相关文献，初步研读了其中的大部分文献，并将其分类以方便日后查阅参考，基本完成了本研究的准备工作。
8. 已具备的研究条件、尚缺少的研究条件和拟解决的途径
已具备的研究条件
例：
已经查阅到相关的论文和著作，并且研读了其的大部分文献，理清了论文的基本思路。
尚缺少的研究条件
例：
由......的使用权限有限，使得搜集到......不多，关......的搜集比较困难。
对......的理论知识的掌握还不够，自己......理论素养还不够深厚。
拟解决的途径
例：
利用图书馆的文献传递功能，向其他高校图书馆求助，同时向老师和前辈寻求帮助
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。
重点词汇：Proposal
英［prə＇pəʊzl］
释义：
n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚
［复数：proposals］
短语：
The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真
词语使用变化：proposal
n.（名词）
1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。
2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。
3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。下面是我帮大家整理的商务英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
题目名称：商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究
英文题目：Politeness Principle as a strategy in Business Negotiation
学生姓名：
学号：xxx
学院：xxxx
专业年级：英语专业商务方向xx级
指导教师：xxx
职称：
一、选题的依据：
由于商务活动的需要，在世界高度一体化，国际商务活动日益频繁，中国进入WTO 的国际背景下，需要人们熟练掌握对外商务活动的原则和技巧;而商务谈判是对外商务活动的重要环节，商务谈判实际上是通过语言来进行的经济活动， 其成功与否很大程度上取决于语言的应用。在谈判过程中谈判双方都希望己方利益最大化，因此双方在谈判过程中的语言表达和应用对谈判有着深远影响。得体、合适的语言表达能促进商务谈判的顺利进行。而礼貌原则作为一种语用策略是商务谈判的必要技巧，我们通过运用礼貌策略减少谈判双方的利益摩擦，缓和谈判环境，使双方在快乐的条件下获得共赢和理想的谈判结果。本选题旨在研究礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的影响及具体应用。其意义如下：
意义：1. 得体的谈吐能树立谈判者良好的文化素养和职业道德形象，是商务谈判中的润滑剂;
2.增加谈判者之间的信任度，提高谈判中的自觉性，增加谈判的成功性，从而实现经济利益;
3. 对商务谈判中礼貌原则的研究有利于对今后礼貌原则文化差异起着促进作用;
4. 对礼貌原则的研究及礼貌语言的学习、应用利于人们生活实际中的交际和商务活动，利于个人生活。
2)综合国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解
我国学者何自然认为礼貌语言实际上是一种语用策略。大量学者对语用学中的礼貌策略进行了研究。我国学者胡艳芳认为礼貌是人类文明的重要标志，是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳(2009)，普遍存在于人类的交际活动中。国内学者徐盛恒也有深入的见解他认为礼貌语言是语言交际可能涉及的各方关系的杠杆(1992)，起着调节人际关系的作用。他们的研究都说明了礼貌语言策略在人们生活交际中有着重要的作用。
国外学者对其的研究更为突出。早在20世纪50年代，美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman)就提出了“面子行为理论”，建立了礼貌模式。20世纪60年代，美国语言哲学家Grice(1975)在Austin 和Searle的言语行为基础上提出了会话合作原则，该原则认为人们在所有会话中都应遵循质量，方式和相关的四准则。(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则。1978年Brown 和Levinson 提出了“面子论”。而英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonal rhetoric)和“篇章修辞(textual rhetoric)，提出了礼貌六准则。语用学中礼貌语言策略的历史来源及国内外学者的研究为诸多学者对礼貌策略在商务谈判中作用及应用的研究有着巨大的指导意义。许多学者就Grice的合作原则及相关理论，Leech的礼貌六准则，以及Brown和Levison的“面子论”在商务谈判中的应用进行了相关研究。他们的研究结果表明礼貌原则这一语用策略不仅适用于人们生活中的交流同时在商务谈判中依然适用并发挥着重要作用。
在此基础上，本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Grice的合作原则、Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。从而说明礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的重要性。
二、研究内容
(1)主要研究内容及观点：
本选题在浅析各位学者对语用范畴中礼貌策略研究的同时，着重研究其具体礼貌语用策略和准则在商务谈判中的影响及应用。深入探讨 Leech的礼貌六准则(得体，慷慨，赞誉，谦逊，一致，同情准则)及 Brown和Levison的“面子论”及他的礼貌策略(积极和消极礼貌策略)在商务谈判中的应用进行深入探讨。
(2)论文内容提纲：
1 商务谈判的简单介绍
商务谈判的定义
商务谈判的基本原则(语言特征)
2 礼貌语言策略的介绍
礼貌的定义
相关的礼貌理论( Grice(1975)会话合作原则; Leech的礼貌六准则; Brown Levison的“面子论”等)
相关礼貌理论下的具体礼貌原则和策略
3一些语用礼貌策略在商务谈判中的应用(重点)
“得体准则”(把Grice的合作原则中的量的准则，质的准则，关系准则纳入为得体准则 说明：此为创新点)
慷慨准则的应用( Leech原理)
逊准则的应用( Leech原理)
Brown Levison积极和消极礼貌策略的应用
4 总结
三、研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析
本选题的主要研究方法有文献资料法和经验总结法，以网络技术、人工智能为研究手段，采用对比分析、综合分析等方法和手段，通过对国内外学者在礼貌原则领域的见解和研究成果的对比和解析，总结出礼貌语言策略在商务谈判中的应用的重要性。
四、进程安排和采取的主要措施
：
资料收集，阅读整理资料，拟定论文研究大致方向
- ：
向论文老师申报论文题目;确定研究方向，拟定出论文大纲，积累资料
：
撰写开题报告及交予老师审核
：
听取指导老师建议结合实际撰写、修改论文一稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文二稿
：
听取指导老师建议撰写、修改论文三稿
：
撰写论文定稿
：
上交论文定稿
：
将论文定稿交予老师审查
—：
做好答辩准备
五、主要参考文献
[1] Brown, P. &Levinson, S., 1978, “Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena”. In . Goody(ed.), Questions and Politeness: Strateges in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978, .
[2] Grice, ., 1975, “Logic and Conversation”. In Cole &Morgan(eds.). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York : Academic Press. 1975, .
[3] Goffman,E., 1967, International Ritual: Essays on Face –to Face Behacior. New York: Doubleday and Company.
[4] Leech .G. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. New York : Longman Inc, 1983.
[5] 胡艳芳(Hu, Yanfang),积极礼貌策略在英语课堂教学中的应用[J]. 重庆工学学院学报(社会科学版)2009(1).
[6] 何自然(He, Zirran).语用与英语学习[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1997.
[7] 邱天河(Qiu Tianhe), 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]. 外语与外语教学.
[8] 徐盛恒(Xu Sheng hen)礼貌原则新拟[J]. 外语学刊，1992.
[9] 熊学亮(Xiong, Xueliang).礼貌文化参数. 简明语用学教程, : 1165-170.
[10] 杨林聪(Yang Lincong)礼貌原则在商务沟通中的应用[M].长沙.国防科技大学出版社，2002.
六、指导教师意见
指导教师签名：
xx年xx月xx日
课题名称：原则和合作原则在商务英语中的
本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义
研究现状：随着全球经济一体化进程的加速，商务英语信函在国际贸易发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。商务英语信函引起了越来越多的国内外学者关注和研究，其领域涉及翻译、词汇学、语义学及语用学。国内的，如：吴金凤的《商务英语信函的特点及翻译》;黄雪芳的《商务英语信函的词汇特征分析》;武瑞的《商务英语信函中的'语用策略研究》。国外的，如：Josephine Baker的Correct Business Letter Writing and Business English;Beam Brilliance的New Business English;Leech,S.的Principles of Pragmatics等。
从这些论文著作整理统计来看，国内外学者对商务英语信函的翻译、词汇和语用的理论性研究分析的较多，将具体的礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究分析的较少。本论文选取礼貌原则和合作原则这两大原则并结合具体实例来具体分析研究这两大原则在商务英语信函的应用。
研究目的及意义：
目的：随着世界经济和信息技术快速发展，商务英语信函已经成为对外贸易中不可或缺的重要组成部分。商务英语信函是在商务环境下，利用信函与具有不同文化背景的客户进行国际交流的行为，它是一种行业英语，是开展对外商务活动的基础和重要工具，是最常用也最有效的通讯手段之一。为提高外贸人员对商务英语信函的礼貌原则和合作原则的认识，增强他们写作商务英语信函写作的有效性，本论文对礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用进行了具体研究。
意义：商务英语信函是建立友谊、吸引客户的手段，信函中灵活运用礼貌原则和合作原则是商务活动顺利开展的内在要求和取得商务交际成功的关键，是建立和睦合作关系的基础，因此，礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究对商务英语信函的写作具有重要的借鉴意义。
课题类型：
(1)A—工程实践型;B—理论研究型;C—科研装置研制型;D—计算机软件型;
E—综合应用型
(2)X—真实课题;Y—模拟课题;
(1)、(2)均要填，如AY、BX等。
本课题的研究内容
中文题目：礼貌原则和合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用研究
摘要
1引言
论文研究的背景
论文研究的意义
2商务英语信函及语用原则简介
商务英语信函的定义
商务英语信函的特点
商务英语信函的语用原则简介
3礼貌原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
礼貌原则简介
礼貌原则的定义
礼貌原则的特点
礼貌原则在商务英语信函中的应用
4合作原则简介及在商务英语信函中的应用
合作原则简介
合作原则的定义
合作原则的特点
合作原则在商务英语信函中的应用
5 总结
6 参考文献
本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排
实施方案：
查找有关资料，收集并整理资料，结合自己兴趣和专业与指导老师探讨后确定选题。确定论文题目，根据论文的研究方向和所得资料结合任务书中的要求，写出开题报告。编写提纲根据提纲写出初稿，根据修改后的初稿写出二稿，根据再修改后的二稿写出三稿。调整论文结构，检查错别字，编排标准格式，定稿打印。
进度安排：
20XX年1月5日上交开题报告
20XX年4月9日交初稿
20XX年4至5月论文修改
20XX年5月22日论文定稿
20XX年5月29日答辩
已查阅的主要参考文献
[1] Beam Business English [M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2010
[2] Frank of Positive Politeness Strategies in Business Letters [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2010
[3] Fraster, on Politeness [J].Journal of Pragmatics,2011
[4] and Politeness: strategies in social interaction [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2009
[5] Jef Pragmatics [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[6] Jiang : Theories and Applications [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2000
[7] Jones L,Alexander Business English [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001
[8] Lesikar,Raymond Communication [J].New York: Richard
[9] Analysis of Business Letters of Negotiation [J].English for Specific Purposes,2002
[10] Scheraga, English Writing Skills [J].Illinois NTC Publishing Group,2001
[11]范俊芳.合作原则和礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的研究[D].辽宁大学，2012
[12]高欢.礼貌原则应用于商务英语信函的实证研究[D].重庆大学，2007
[13]胡志雯.语用原则在商务英语应用中的度范畴[J].湖南大学学报，2003
[14]李亮.商务英语应用中的合作原则和礼貌原则体现[J].广西大学学报，2009
[15]刘焕明.格莱斯合作原则在经贸英语合同文本中的应用[D].延边大学，2009
[16]梅庭军.合作原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].考试周刊，2012
[17]吴金凤.商务英语信函的特点及翻译[D].上海外国语大学，2006
[18]王晓英杨靖.商务英语写作教程[M].东南大学出版社，2004
[19]武瑞.商务英语信函中的语用策略探究[D].山西财经大学，2010
[20]赵军.商务英语语用特征研究[D].西华大学，2012
[21]周瑞琪.语用原则在商务英语信函写作中的应用[J].广东外语外贸大学学报，2007
题 目：
On the Characteristics & Translating Skills of English Advertising(英语的特征和翻译)
选题依据及研究意义：
随着经济全球化的进一步加快，国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞，英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分，广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器，广告英语是一种专门用途的英语，他与普通英语有着较大的差别，本文结合大量的实例，从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点，并浅析了其翻译策略。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域，引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意，发展仍然不够成熟和完善，这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径，为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴，同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。
选题的研究现状：
对于商务沟通中的策略，曾有两语言学家提出过。
美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌被称为“合作原则”。此原则中，会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”，交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱，说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通，以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代，在合作原则的基础上，英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”，其主要内容为：通过减少自身利益，使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感，推进合作，使对方从中获得更长远的利益。
总而言之，“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略，以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。
拟研究的主要内容：
1.礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;
2.商务英语信函的写作原则
3.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;
4.商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。
研究的创新点及重、难点：
（1）本研究的创新点：本研究立足于商务贸易间来往，提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略，符合现代商务沟通的基本准则，有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函，促进贸易。
（2）本研究存在的主要问题：参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念，避免千篇一律。
研究的进程安排：
20XX-1-15——20XX-2-15 确定选题，收集资料，撰写开题报告
20XX-2-16——20XX-2-18 撰写初稿
20XX-2-19——20XX-2-20 完成二稿
20XX-2-21——20XX-3-1 定稿
主要参考文献：
[1] 曹顺发，冯波，国际商务英语谈判[M].沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2001.
[2] 彭林霞，黄莉：商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[J].温州大学学报，2006第19卷第5期：49-56.
[3] 秦晓杰：英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[J].西安外国语学院报，2001第9卷第4期：11-14.
[4] 曹菱，商务英语谈判[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
[5] Brown G&Yule,G Discourse Analysis,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Reserch Press
[6] Bilbow G for
广告学论文开题报告范文
接地气的大学生活即将结束，大家都在认真的做毕业设计，一般我们做毕业设计之前指导老师都会要求先写开题报告，开题报告应该怎么写呢？以下是我为大家收集的广告学论文开题报告，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
广告学论文开题报告
题目：文化对于中韩广告活动的影响
论文研究背景和目的
中国和韩国无论从历史上还是地理上有十分密切的关系。从地理位置上看，两国也十分接近。长时间以来，双方也都在经济、社会和学术等不同的领域影响彼此。但尽管联系紧密，均属于东方文化圈的两个国家却经历了两个不一样的现代化方式和过程，因而文化差异很明显并且确定存在。xx年12月，中国加入了wto,世界经济格局发生了重大改变，世界市场愈加开放。
而对于全球品牌来说，鉴于中国市场强大的购买力和迅速发展的经济实力，更是不容小觑。韩国虽然处于中国与日本的地理位置中间，并且从古时侯，儒家文化、汉字文化和佛教文化也均受到了中国的影响，但是现代化以后，全球化加速发展，韩国发达的教育系统，以及作为高附加值产业的it行业的发展，韩国也逐渐成为世界市场中非常重要的一部分。这样两个十分重要但文化差异也比较大的目标市场，必然是全球品牌在国际化战略中必须优先考虑的，因为全球品牌制作国际广告并在目标市场投放广告的过程，是与消费者接触十分紧密联系的过程，所以如何令两种不同文化圈的消费者如何受用是个值得思考的问题。
中国加入wto后，国外品牌进驻中国的门槛降低了，技术和媒体的发达也令消费者对外国文化接触的机会变多，对产品的信息捕捉能力也增加了，但是文化差异的存在仍然对于广告产生的效果有重大影响。因而尽管在全球化时代，全球品牌的广告活动仍面临许多困难。现如今，全球品牌在中国市场中的占有率在很大程度上成为了其在世界市场位置的衡量标准。所以许多全球品牌在中国本土上建了自己的工厂，因为要抢占市场，获得先机；韩国市场比中国市场要小，但是韩国的消费者对于新产品的出现和技术的变化很敏感，而且，韩国消费者对于产品的判断也十分严格与客观，消费者对产品的反馈也十分及时，因而新产品成功的几率，可能很大程度上由韩国市场的成败来衡量。由此，很多品牌倾向在韩国建立研发中心。
综上所述，中国和韩国的市场在世界市场中都有十分重要的位置，所以全球品牌若想开展有效率的国际广告活动，必须要十分重视中韩两国市场消费者的受用程度。
1.研究背景
现如今，企业的营销活动正逐渐走向全球化，所以广告也逐渐国际化。每年都有更多的世界品牌想要在两国市场中分一杯羹，全球品牌的市场攻略也是却来越积极，广告作为市场宣传的有力工具，国际广告越来越得到重视。交通和信息通信技术的发达拉近了国家间的地理距离，国与国之间的贸易和文化间的交流也逐渐联系密切。媒体的多样化使得消费者可以接触到更多样化的广告信息，尤其是互联网的发展更是改变了消费者所处的媒体环境，首先使得他们可以主动搜集到相关产品的多方信息，其次使得他们对于外国文化的接触更广，适应力和融合度也得到提高。这两方面对于全球品牌的市场宣传战略起到了很重要的影响，即需要更多从消费者的角度去考虑，对于全球品牌的广告战略来讲，就是需要充分满足消费者的欲求。
总的来说，市场的全球化和消费者与企业之间互动性的提高，更需要信息在广告主和消费者之间有更好的传达方式。
在国际市场里，为了确保消费者与企业之间更良好的互动，国际广告作为一种非常重要的手段逐渐得到重视。所谓的国际广告，其定义是全球知名品牌生产的产品销往世界各个国家，为了提高销售量而做的广告，它既包括针对本土的全球广告也包括多国通用广告。
国际广告的最终目的是形成不同国家的消费者对一个全球品牌相同认知，从而有效地管理消费者。但是，若想达到这一目的并不容易，因为不同目标国家的消费者间的文化特征或者维度均不一样，因而多国通用广告逐渐式微，更加针对本土文化特点的广告成为必须。鉴于这点，国际广告战略必须是一项长期的过程，了解不同的文化，价值观和环境和消费者对于欣喜地接受能力是目前最重要的任务。而若要制作出更有效果的国际广告，分析现今存在的国际广告无疑是十分重要的一步，即通过分析现今流行的国际广告，得出其成功的原因或者失败的原因，从而为制作更进步，更有效率的国际广告奠定基础。
广告的信息分为言语(verbal)和非言语(non-verbal)两种，并受到其对应文化的影响。另外，市场环境由于处在大的文化背景中，也是由当地的文化因素决定的，因此，广告的制作需要考虑市场环境的不同，也因而需要考虑到文化特征的不同。
言语(verbal)广告需要起到两种作用，一是向消费者传达信息，二是在消费者心中形成相应品牌。非言语(veral)广告是利用广告的整体气氛，广告模特和产品的外形包装来表现。这与用字表达信息的言语(verbal)广告有所区别，因此国际上对于言语(verbal)广告有一定的限制，因为法语、西班牙语、中文、英语、日文和韩语等不同语言的采用，对于广告的.价值和所要传达的信息可能会有所误传。
但是，尽管不同国家的文字、价值观和语言不同，国际广告仍要尽力传达一致的产品信息和品牌形象。在这种观点下，广告和文化之间的关系便被许多人所证实并研究，8并且这方面的研究以美国和欧洲学者涉猎较多。所以，以西方国家文化价值观为中心的东西文化差异比较的研究得到了一定发展。跨文化研究成果中最出名的是hofstede和trompenaar的文化维度理论。采用这种理论来分析国际广告的必要性也增加，从这时起，国际广告策略和不同国家文化维度的分析的结合便应运而生。但是，据中国和韩国国际广告研究数据库调查得出的数据，广告研究中，中韩两国跨文化国际广告研究很少，并且以东西方国家的跨文化广告研究对比比较多，特别是利用跨文化理论的国际广告比较研究更少，且也是以东西方国家的比较多。中国与韩国市场对于全球品牌都是十分重要的市场，且文化特点在整个东亚文化圈里也是标新立异的，随着两国之间经济往来的频繁和贸易量的增加，并且现在中韩之间正处于商谈fta的过程，在这种情形下，讨论针对中国和韩国市场的国际广告多样化的研究也越加重要。
广告是保证企业和消费者沟通的一个桥梁，其目的是销售产品。促使消费者决定购买的原因有很多种，除了广告本身以外仍有许多变数，现代各种媒体形式的广泛和普及以及消费者接触媒体的量也逐渐增多，现代媒体信息传达的能力也逐渐提高，所以广告仍是企业赢得更多消费者的主要手段。但是广告的功能不只是为了卖产品和服务，以电视广告为例，现今的电视广告已经成为了人们生活的一部分，除了消费产品的信息以外，社会中存在的文化特征也会表现出来，因此，这些广告除了经济功能以外，反映文化因素的功能也成为广告的一部分，也就是说，广告是有一种社会传播功能的。而社会的很多要素中发挥最强烈作用的是文化价值要素。
2.研究目的
事实上，关于广告的文化功能有两种意见，一种认为是反映(reflection)，另一种是创造(creation)，但另有一种意见认为广告不是单纯的反映或创造，而是两者的结合。广告为了更好的效果，一定要考虑文化的价值，因为我们每个消费者接触广告时一定会有文化价值上的反应，考虑到这种情况，本研究的对象是从文化差异的角度来比较研究中国和韩国的网络广告，用来得到以下研究目的。
第一，通过实证研究得出中韩两国网络广告中存在社会文化差异。
第二，分析中国和韩国网络广告在表现战略的特点和差异点，从而为品牌企业标准化和本土化部门提供战略指导。
所以，本研究是认识到文化对于国际广告活动具有很大影响，并从跨文化角度切入中国和韩国的国际广告。xx年，世界100个全球品牌备选品牌中，在韩国和中国均投放网络广告的品牌有16个，由此，根据这16个企业所做的161个国际广告来分析国际广告在两国的广告信息和表现战略，从而得出今后如何增强国际广告在两国的适用性的结论。
参考文献： 略
论文解释
论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùn wén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想。
当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。
2020年12月24日，《本科毕业论文（设计）抽检办法（试行）》提出，本科毕业论文抽检每年进行一次，抽检比例原则上应不低于2%
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.