发布时间：
翻译：With the development of economic globalization and China's accession to WTO.根据以英语作为母语的人数计算，英语是最多国家使用的官方语言，英语也是世界上最广泛的第二语言，也是欧盟，最多国际组织和英联邦国家的官方语言，拥有世界第三位的母语使用者人数，仅少于汉语和西班牙语母语使用者人数。
Lin G C S, Yi F. Urbanization of capital or capitalization on urban land? Land development and local public finance in urbanizing China[J]. Urban Geography, 2011, 32(1): 50-79. Robalino J A. Land conservation policies and income distribution: who bears the burden of our environmental efforts?[J]. Environment and Development Economics, 2007, 12(4): 521-533.
论文的写作格式、流程与写作技巧 广义来说，凡属论述科学技术内容的作品，都称作科学著述，如原始论著（论文）、简报、综合报告、进展报告、文献综述、述评、专著、汇编、教科书和科普读物等。但其中只有原始论著及其简报是原始的、主要的、第一性的、涉及到创造发明等知识产权的。其它的当然也很重要，但都是加工的、发展的、为特定应用目的和对象而撰写的。下面仅就论文的撰写谈一些体会。在讨论论文写作时也不准备谈有关稿件撰写的各种规定及细则。主要谈的是论文写作中容易发生的问题和经验，是论文写作道德和书写内容的规范问题。论文写作的要求下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。(三)论文——引言 是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。(五)论文——实验结果 应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。(六)论文——讨论 是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。一切粗心大意，不查文献；故意不引，自鸣创新；贬低别人，抬高自己；避重就轻，故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的，这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中，不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽，如将该引在引言中的，把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导，放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的，你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是，某年某人对本题做出了什么结果，某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果，现在我在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度，这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述，而是说，某年某人做过本题没有做成，某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成，现在我做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人，但只需内行人一戳，纸老虎就破，结果弄巧成拙，丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。(十)论文——摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。
我05年毕业的，当时也郁闷了很久这个论文~我写的题目是英语口语在酒店管理操作中的应用,你写个试试~
共享经济这个术语最早由美国德克萨斯州立大学社会学教授马科斯·费尔逊和伊利诺伊大学社会学教授琼·斯潘思于1978年发表的论文（Community Structureand Collaborative Consumption:ARoutine Activity Approach）中提出。
中国目前的共享经济，大部分是租赁经济，听听郎教授的看法
我对共享经济的观点英文作文
Some Jobs Are Newly HeuristicHeuristic work has little structure and requires a high degree of creative thinking. The word heuristic comes from the Greek heuriskein ― to discover and learn. Don't think only of the Madison Avenue types brainstorming over some wildly innovative ad campaign for a client. In sales, marketing, medicine, architecture, design, computer science, planning, management, and hundreds of other job types, heuristic workers create important knowledge for firms ranging from HR policies, procedure manuals, and complex sales contracts to new products and business strategies. Heuristic work is almost impossible to automate, notwithstan...
最近几年，随着摩拜单车、小黄车、共享充电宝等越来越影响着人们的日常生活，各种共享经济模式在投资领域内成为热点不断吸引着巨额投资，人们也开始逐渐了解共享经济。实际上，共享经济作为一种商业模式上一直都存在。共享经济（Sharing Economy）这个术语最早由美国得克萨斯州立大学社会学教授马科斯·费尔逊和伊利诺伊大学社会学教授琼·斯潘思于1978年发表的论文（Community Structure and Collaborative Consumption: A Routine Activity Approach）中提出。共享经济现象却是在最近几年流行的，其主要特点是，包括一个由第三方创建的、以信息技术为基础的市场平台。这个第三方可以是商业机构、组织或者政府。个体借助这些平台，交换闲置物品，分享自己的知识、经验，或者向企业、某个创新项目筹集资金。简单来说，共享经济就是将你闲置的资源共享给别人，提高资源利用率，并从中获得回报，核心是“共享share”，理念是“共同拥有而不占有”。随着互联网技术的不断发展和普及，为共享经济的飞跃提供了便利。除了共享单车，共享的范围还扩大到了充电宝、房屋、雨伞、服饰、手机等多个方面。以世界上比较著名的共享经济公司Airbnb为例，这家公司成立于2008年，是一个旅行房屋租赁社区，通过互联网联系旅游人士和家有空房出租的房主，提供各式各样的住宿信息。同样还成立于2009年的Uber和2012年的滴滴出行，以移动互联网为基础，将线上和线下融合，创造了一种新型打车方式。共享经济的意义在于将产能过剩通过共享经济平台进行按需分配，并且能够获得回报。共享经济的发展离不开的是支付、评价、客服、沟通完善的一个信用体系。为了杜绝小蓝车押金难退、共享物品人为损坏严重等问题的发生，促进共享经济健康发展，完善社会信用体系才是长久之策。
China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the . government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange rateFirst, the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of Sino-US trade deficit1, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balanceChina and the United States for such a big difference between two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China through Hong Kong re-exports of double counting in China's exports to the United States (2), the . trade data Collection process has many , Sino-US trade deficit is what causes(1), the . Government's high-tech products export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason.(2), . investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the . multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is . multinational companies to reduce production costs and increase profits one of the main channel.(3), the . trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income account3, Liaokai . foreign trade deficit . imports from the large number of foreign companies in setting up their own production lines, in other words, the . subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries trade with the countries of the economist Julius once the . balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the . trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion . dollars into 57 billion A surplus of . dollars. According to the . Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the . subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million . dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion . dollars, almost 3 trillion . dollars, and foreign exports to the . and foreign companies in the . , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of trillion . dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the . exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion . dollars. Over the same period, imports of . and foreign multinational companies in the . market sales, and for both of trillion . dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion . dollars, and this is when the analysis of the . foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the , the . trade deficit, the real reason for the(1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar, which makes . goods, services, trade Deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion . dollars.(2) deterioration of the low . savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building.(3) . multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods."China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation
题目是论文内容的高度概括，它对读者具有影响力，可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022，希望能帮助到大家!
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翻译硕士论文题目选题参考
1、《中国古代 足球 》古汉语专名与古诗词的英译处理
2、英文合同汉译中规范性的实现策略
3、以目 标语 读者为导向的 广告 翻译策略研究
4、盐城旅游文本中特色词汇的翻译问题
5、从接受美学视角探究文学作品中模糊语言翻译
6、法律文献中专业术语英译的探讨
7、扬州旅游文本里 文化 因素的翻译
8、网络辅助下英语缩略语的翻译策略研究
9、有道词典在翻译中的应用
10、 英语 散文 120篇汉译项目 报告
11、徐州景点 导游词 翻译中文化负载词的处理
12、徐州特产食品 说明书 汉英翻译研究
13、从文本功能的角度探究报刊时政新闻的汉译
14、英语长句的英译汉翻译策略实证研究---以<基于语料库的英语教学>为例
15、《物华名胜》中复合式翻译 方法 的运用
16、《苏斯 儿童 绘本汉译过程中儿童语言的处理》
17、目的论指导下企业介绍的英译研究
18、新闻发布会口译项目报告
19、目的论视角下看中国高校宣传片的字幕翻译策略
20、《杨澜访谈录》同声传译项目报告
21、VOA经济报道口译过程中顺句驱动法运用的实践报告
22、预测在英语 财经 新闻口译活动中运用的实践报告
23、中国饮食文化词的口译技巧—《舌尖上的中国》口译实践报告
24、影响英汉交替传译中笔记有效信息筛选障碍的项目报告——以VOA时事新闻口译实践为例
25、视译停顿形成因素及解决方法报告
26、外事口译中译者主体性的把握
27、学生译员汉英交传训练中停顿现象研究
28、商务合同英汉互译技巧
29、英文品牌汉译
30、知识对于翻译的重要性
31、中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响
32、英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译
33、<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析
34、从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿
35、关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏
36、跨文化交际与商标翻译
37、中式菜肴的命名与翻译
38、浅谈英语电影片名的翻译
39、英文电影片名的翻译策略
40、英文化妆品广告之美学翻译
41、数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探
42、浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性
43、英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究
44、论语境在英汉翻译中的作用
45、浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则
46、中英服饰广告的翻译
47、论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性
48、论译者的风格与译风
49、经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译
50、从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
51、翻译中的文化因素
52、影视字幕翻译的原则
53、影响长句翻译的因素
54、例析英译汉中形象语言的处理
英语专业 毕业 论文翻译方向题目
1、 图里规范理论视角下的《四洲志》翻译研究
2、 翻译伦理视域下杨曙辉和杨韵琴《喻世明言》英译本研究
3、 《围城》英译研究
4、 余华小说《兄弟》中的文化专有词英译研究
5、 汉语形容词重叠式及其基式英译对比研究
6、 英汉交流虚构运动事件中路径和方式表征的对比研究
7、 汉语情态动词“能”字结构的翻译
8、 英汉运动事件表征方式对比研究
9、 顺应论视角下视觉动词的汉英互译研究
10、 语用顺应论视阈下汉语听觉动词的英译研究
11、 基于交往能力理论的翻译主体间性实证研究
12、 目的论视角下的电气英语翻译
13、 从符号视角看翻译中视觉非语言符号的信息处理
14、 功能对等理论视角下政府公文英译策略研究
15、 女性主义视角下影视字幕翻译策略研究
16、 操纵论视角下政治文本的汉英翻译研究
17、 从功能对等原则看中国上古神话中神话意象的翻译
18、 从德国功能派翻译理论视角分析领导人演讲口译
19、 文化翻译理论指导下《黄帝内经》英译策略研究
20、 四字格中医术语动词的英译对比研究
21、 《红楼梦》服饰文化翻译研究探析
22、 英文传记汉译实践报告
23、 生态翻译视角下：《尘埃落定》英译本的研究
24、 奈达的功能对等理论在Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets两个译本中的体现
25、 描写性翻译理论框架下《西敏寺》译文的风格分析
26、 目的论视角下张爱玲《金锁记》自译本的比较研究
27、 从功能理论视角看戴译本《边城》中文化负载词的翻译策略与方法
28、 英译诗歌韵律的定量对比分析
29、 功能对等理论视角下鲁迅小说《药》《孔乙己》《风波》两个英译本的对比研究
30、 奈达功能对等视角下对《瓦尔登湖》两个中译本的对比研究
31、 语义翻译/交际翻译视角下文化特色语的翻译
32、 从关联理论看《了不起的盖茨比》的两个汉译本
33、 目的论视角下的《三体》英译研究
34、 性别与翻译：从女性主义翻译观对比分析《飘》的两译本
35、 目的论指导下的《舌尖上的中国》菜名英译策略
36、 功能对等理论视角下的美国情景喜剧字幕翻译
37、 功能对等理论视阈下的商标翻译研究
翻译理论与实践论文题目
1、德国功能翻译理论的宏观性及其对教学的启示
2、翻译美学的文化考量
3、解构视角下翻译中的二元对立分析
4、传教士翻译与晚清文化社会现代性
5、跨文化传播视域下的翻译功能研究
6、英语专业本科翻译教学主体交往体系建构研究
7、许渊冲唐诗英译研究
8、论英汉翻译写作学的建构
9、 文章 学视野下的林译研究
10、口译研究的生态学途径
11、郭建中翻译思想与实践研究
12、跨文化语用学视角下的外宣翻译策略研究
13、文学文本中的视觉翻译
14、外宣翻译研究体系建构探索
15、异化翻译思想探究
16、翻译的修辞学研究
17、新月派文学观念研究
18、文章学视野下的林纾翻译研究
19、翻译批评原则的诠释学研究
20、蒯因的翻译不确定性及其对英汉互译的启示
21、近代中国 留学 生 教育 翻泽研究(1895~1937)
22、叙事学视域下的外宣翻译研究
23、修辞劝说视角下的外宣翻译研究
24、中国传统翻译理论观照下的林少华文学翻译研究
25、易学“象”视角下的译学研究
26、对比语言学元语言系统的演变研究
27、俄语本科翻译教材研究
28、情境翻译与翻译情境
29、西班牙语委婉语的多元翻译
30、从《哥儿》林译本的 句子 结构调整看奈达功能对等翻译理论
31、功能对等理论与信达雅翻译论的比较研究
32、《翻译理论与实践》(第二章)翻译报告
33、从中国文化语境视角出发解读西方女性主义翻译
34、证券翻译理论与实践
35、叶维廉汉诗英译研究
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导言小型及中型的企业（ SMEs ）是骨干，对各经济体和的一个主要来源，经济增长，活力和灵活性，在先进的工业化国家，以及在新兴和发展中构成的主导形式的商业组织，占95 ％以上的多达99 ％的企业dependin就负责之间的60-70 ％的净创造就业机会，在经合组织企业是特别重要的是实现创新的产品或技术市场。 有多大，是smefinancing差距？ 而中小企业融资的差距是更为普遍的新兴市场，企业融资的整体是不是一个问题，在经合组织国家（图1 ） ，银行正采取策略，以应付减少的风险，向中小企业贷款，并有建立了良好的系统为筹集资金，透过银行及资本市场。 许多国家不报告的整体资金缺口为中小型企业说，他们这样做有一个融资问题，当谈到创新的中小型企业，正是因为他们不适合模具的应用在传统的中小企业创新的中小型企业往往是新人向市场，或寻求资金，为一种新型的产品或服务，而且通常有负面的现金流量和未经考验的商业模式，它们代表了较高的风险向银行和不能评估，在相同的方式，传统的中小型企业或大型企业。 一个根本的问题，在处理与中小企业融资的差距是缺乏基本的信息有多大，这种差距可能的唯一证据是在形式的投诉，从中小型企业本身，这是难以用在分析或作比较。此外，定义的中小企业不同，国家之间和金融机构，一些只有编制的数字大小的贷款，而不是由公司的规模举债，而另一些没有保持定期的统计，中小企业贷款在这仅仅是在经合组织国家-经合组织以外的地区，信息更是稀少
1. Three explanations for the negative slope are: a. Interest rate effect b. Real balance effect c. Foreign purchases effect Aggregate demand (AD) is a curve showing the total amount of goods and services (real GDP) that will be purchased at different price levels. a. Interest rate effect: As price level (P) rises, the real money supply (=nominal money supply/P) falls. This leads to an increase in interest rate. As interest rate rises, investment spending falls because of the increased cost of borrowing to finance investment. As investment falls, aggregate expenditure (AE) falls, in turn leading to a fall in real GDP (or Y). (Hence we see as P increases, Y decreases.) Try picturing this in terms of the IS-LM model too. The fall in the real money supply, which leads to an increase in interest rate, causes the LM curve to shift leftwards. Along an unchanged downward sloping IS curve, this results in a fall in equilibrium real GDP because of an upward movement** along the IS curve (**we say upward movement because as interest rate rises, investment spending falls, AE falls and hence real GDP falls). This confirms our conclusion that a rise in P leads to a fall in real : The interest rate effect is by far the dominant reason for a downward sloping AD curve. b. Real balance effect (also known as real wealth effect or real money balances effect): It operates through consumption. As price level rises, purchasing power of money balances falls. As our real wealth falls, we will cut back on our consumption spending; hence autonomous consumption (Co) falls. This results in a decrease in AE and hence a decrease in real GDP. We can also picture this in terms of the IS-LM model. The fall in AE leading to a decrease in real GDP occurs at an assumed unchanged interest rate. This shifts the IS curve leftwards from IS(0) to IS(1). With an unchanged upward sloping LM curve, the fall in real GDP lowers transactions demand for money and hence total money demand (which comprises both transactions demand and asset demand components). This in turn lowers interest rate (that is, a downward movement along the LM curve). As interest rate falls, we know that investment spending will rise and hence AE and real GDP will rise (that is, a downward movement along IS(1)). [Of course, this rise in real GDP is not enough to offset the original fall in real GDP because to the downward sloping nature of the LM curve.] This ensures attainment towards simultaneous equilibrium in money market and output market. Overall, we trace that a rise in P leads to a fall in Co, AE, and hence Y. c. Foreign purchases effect: It is applicable only to open economies with foreign trade being introduced into our explanation. With an increase in domestic price level relative to those of trading partners, domestic consumers will spend less on domestically produced goods and services and more on imports (M). Also, foreigners will buy less of our exports (X). The increase in M and decrease in X (that is, a decrease in net exports) means a decrease in real GDP. In terms of our IS-LM model, the decrease in net exports causes a fall in AE, a fall in real GDP and hence a leftward shift in the IS curve. With an unchanged LM curve, we notice an overall fall in both interest rate and real GDP (as we have explained in our "real balance effect"). It is conclusive that a rise in P leads to a fall in Y. Ref: . The sticky-wage model of the upward sloping short run aggregate supply curve is based on the labor market. In many industries, short run wages are set by contracts. That is, workers are paid based on relatively permanent pay schedules that are decided upon by management or unions or both. When the economy changes, the wage the workers receive cannot adjust immediately. Given that wages are sticky, the chain of events leading from an increase in the price level to an increase in output is fairly straightforward. When the price level rises, the nominal wage remains fixed because this is solely based on the dollar amount of the wage. The real wage, on the other hand, falls because this is based on the purchasing power of the wage. A higher price level means that a given wage is able to purchase fewer goods and services. PARAGAPH When the real wage that firms pay employees falls, labor becomes cheaper. However, since the amount of output produced for each unit of labor is still the same, firms choose to hire more workers and increase revenues and profits. When firms hire more labor, output increases. Thus, when the price level rises, output increases because of sticky wages. Let's summarize the chain of events that leads from an increase in the price level to an increase in output in the sticky-wage model. When the price level rises, real wages fall. When real wages fall, labor becomes cheaper. When labor becomes cheaper, firms hire more labor. When firms hire more labor, output . The worker-misperception model of the upward sloping short- run aggregate supply curve is again based on the labor market. This time, unlike in the sticky-wage model, wages are free to move as the economy changes. The amount of work that an employee is willing to supply is based on the expected real wage. That is, workers know how many dollars they are being paid, the nominal wage, but workers can only guess at how much goods and services they can purchase with this wage, the real wage. In general, the higher the real wage, the more work that workers are willing to supply. Now let's say that the price level increases. Because we assume that firms have more information than workers do, firms will give workers a raise so that their nominal wage increases with the price level. But since the workers do not realize that the price level increased, they will believe that their real wage increased, not just their nominal wage. At a higher real wage, workers are induced to work more. When workers work more, output increases. Thus, when the price level increases, output also increases because of worker-misperception. Let's summarize the chain of events that leads from an increase in the price level to an increase in output in the worker-misperception model. When the price level rises, firms increase nominal wages. When nominal wages increase, workers--due to misperceptions--believe that real wages also increase. When workers believe that real wages increase, workers provide more labor. When workers provide more labor, output increases. Ref: 这几个答案写的挺不错的而且解释的很详细，是网上就能找得到的答案，因为写的很详细解释的也很清楚就没有自己写给你。但是如果这是大学的assignment作业题的话，建议读一下这个答案然后明白了之后用自己的话写一遍，因为很有可能许多人都搜这个，被抓到就shi了。如果需要相关资料的话，每个答案底下有我找到这个答案的网址，可以点进去再细看。尤其是后面这个，他对总供给曲线为什么slope是上行的几种模式解释的挺全。 =）希望对你有帮助
一、中文概述 宏观经济学是以国民经济总过程的活动为研究对象，因为主要考察就业总水平、国民总收入等经济总量，因此，宏观经济学也被称作就业理论或收入理论。 宏观经济学和微观经济学并不分开，“宏观”就是在“微观”的基本思维基础上发展的。但“宏观”又区别于“微观”。“微观”研究的是某个组织、部门或个人在经济社会上怎么样作出决策，以及这些决策会对经济社会有什么影响。而“宏观”则是研究整个的经济社会如何运作，并找出办法，让经济社会运行得更加稳定、发展得更快。 宏观经济学存在着许多流派、分支，甚至分歧（意见、观点不同）。比较出名的有凯恩斯主义、货币主义等等。其不能存在比较大的“共同观点”，笔者认为，极可能由于宏观经济学中的观点难以用事实证明。尽管“宏观”也可以建立像物理、化学和气象等的模型，但“宏观”模型是很难用现实去说明是否正确。不可能只是为了证明“宏观”的某个观点是否正确，而去有意识的“调节”、“操作”和干涉经济社会的运行。比如说，不可能为了说明“失业率有多大才会对经济社会产生不稳定的影响”，而去真的让一些人民失业。这些事情，不单是不可能去做，而且也做不到。 因此，宏观经济学的研究是很复杂、很困难的。 二、英文概述 Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national or regional economy as a with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. While macroeconomics is a broad field of study, there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in national income). Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by both governments and large corporations to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy and business strategy.
一、中文概述：宏观经济学是以国民经济总过程的活动为研究对象，因为主要考察就业总水平、国民总收入等经济总量，因此，宏观经济学也被称作就业理论或收入理论。 宏观经济学和微观经济学并不分开，“宏观”就是在“微观”的基本思维基础上发展的。但“宏观”又区别于“微观”。“微观”研究的是某个组织、部门或个人在经济社会上怎么样作出决策，以及这些决策会对经济社会有什么影响。而“宏观”则是研究整个的经济社会如何运作，并找出办法，让经济社会运行得更加稳定、发展得更快。 宏观经济学存在着许多流派、分支，甚至分歧（意见、观点不同）。比较出名的有凯恩斯主义、货币主义等等。其不能存在比较大的“共同观点”，笔者认为，极可能由于宏观经济学中的观点难以用事实证明。尽管“宏观”也可以建立像物理、化学和气象等的模型，但“宏观”模型是很难用现实去说明是否正确。不可能只是为了证明“宏观”的某个观点是否正确，而去有意识的“调节”、“操作”和干涉经济社会的运行。比如说，不可能为了说明“失业率有多大才会对经济社会产生不稳定的影响”，而去真的让一些人民失业。这些事情，不单是不可能去做，而且也做不到。 因此，宏观经济学的研究是很复杂、很困难的。 二、英文概述：Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national or regional economy as a with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. While macroeconomics is a broad field of study, there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in national income). Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by both governments and large corporations to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy and business strategy.
Macroeconomics (from Greek prefix "macr(o)-" meaning "large" + "economics") is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of the entire economy, be that a national, regional, or the global economy. Along with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. While macroeconomics is a broad field of study, there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in national income). Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by both governments and large corporations to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy and business strategy.
经济全球化是一个必然的趋势，不论如何影响中国的经济建设，中国都应敞开大门，适应这一趋势，在世界经济的舞台上发挥自己的优势，把握其中机会，面对各种挑战，至于现在的影响是如果可以看一下这篇文章： 经济全球化的代价 经济全球化在给各国带来经济利益的同时，也付出了相当的代价。 代价之一：全球经济的不稳定将成为一种常态。在经济全球化过程中，各国经济的相互依赖性空前加强。在这种环境下，经济波动和危机的国际传染便成为经常性的而且是不可避免的事情。 代价之二：各国经济主权的独立性正面临日益严峻的考验，跨国企业常常是大规模货币投机的主要责任者，随着一体化程度的逐步提高，各成员国经济主权独立性不断下降。 代价之三：全球范围内的贫富差距正进一步扩大。作为资本和先进技术的主要拥有者，发达国家总是处于全球化的中心地位。竞争创造了效率，同时也使财富越来越向少数国家或少数利益集团集中，导致贫富差距扩大。 经济全球化是一种必然的趋势，中国应主动参与 经济全球化具体表现为生产和消费的全球化。生产全球化就是企业不只在本国而是在世界范围内寻找资源，消费全球化则指消费者不只在本国市场而是在世界范围内买东西。在全球范围内从事生产和贸易，也就必然有统一的全球规则，WTO是一种多边贸易争端解决机制，多边是优于双边的，至少有一个比较权威的仲裁机构解决反倾销和贸易纠纷。 人们通常只看到加入WTO将给中国出口带来的利益，但中国的贸易得利还应反映在进口上，进口可以使消费者买到更多优质的东西，以更少的钱购买一些商品，消费者所得应是衡量国民经济和人民生活水平的一个重要指标。更重要的是，贸易和投资还带来许多外部效应，使中国的服务质量和态度大大改善，这在经济学上叫做技术外溢，它不同于技术转让，是不用付费的所得。 中国参与经济全球化需做四件事 第一，必须搞活市场经济，使中国成为世界经济体制中一个组成部分。 第二，必须开放市场。只有开放市场，才能成为世界经济的组成部分，但中国是发展中国家，市场不能马上无条件地全面开放，而是要有条件、有步骤地，在适应自身发展水平的情况下开放，这样才能产生对贸易双方都有利的效益。 第三，必须遵守国际贸易规则。因为市场经济从某种程度上讲是法制经济，所以中国必须遵守规则并参与规则的制定。 第四，必须发展资本市场。任何一个想要让企业家大展宏图的国家，都必须发展其资本市场。但中国虽然拥有高储蓄率，却只有很小一部分流进了私人企业，流入高科技公司的储蓄更是少之又少。 中国参与经济全球化必须正确处理好三组关系 第一是实行对外开放与参与全球化的关系。我们必须按国际上共同的规则来办事，不能总把希望寄托在国家的保护措施上，尽早参与全球化贸易，就是要逼着我们的企业改革进取，只有这样才能使其竞争力真正得到提高。 第二是缩小国内地区间差距与缩小国际间差距的关系。 第三是扩大内需与增加外贸出口的关系。中国是一个大国，国内市场很大，要将扩大内需作为根本，但不能因此而忽视外贸的重要性。 中国在制定经济全球化战略时，应考虑的新情况和新问题 参与经济全球化进程，必须以发展本国的经济为基础。作为发展中国家和世界贸易大国，中国理应积极参与国际多边经济组织的活动和国际多边经济规则的制定，加强多双边经贸合作，在经济全球化的发展进程中发挥积极、稳定和建设性的作用。 中国参与经济全球化进程，提倡和遵循平等互利、共同发展的原则，承认不同国家间的差异，注意处理好发达国家与发展中国家在经济全球化中的利益关系。 科技的不断创新和进步，是经济全球化的基础和条件。中国将坚持科教兴国的战略方针，运用现代科技手段，科技兴贸，不断提高中国对外经济贸易的科技含量和国际竞争能力，参与经济全球化的发展。中国只有加速科技创新，大力发展高新技术产业，运用先进技术和高新技术改造、提高传统产业技术含量，才能不断促进生产力的发展，实现中国技术发展的跨越。 只有不断深化经济体制改革，推进国有企业改革，加强市场体系建设，加快政府职能转变和社会保障制度建设，才能不断从生产关系方面为中国生产力的发展创造更有利的条件。 参考资料：
Economic opportunities of globalization on developing countries: First, economic globalization for developing countries to attract more foreign investment conditions and opportunities. To attract foreign investment scale will no doubt help to solve the problem of shortage of funds in developing countries. Second, economic globalization for developing countries outside of the capital voted to create a favorable external environment and conditions, so that foreign direct investment scale is continually expanding and growing fast. Third, economic globalization brought about a worldwide economic and technological development zones and bonded areas and free trade zones and other forms of development of free economic zones. Fourth, the economic globalization so that the worldwide industrial restructuring was further deepened, the pace of increase. Developing countries can take advantage of this opportunity to follow based on reality and focus on the future of the organic unity and take the initiative to coordinate the worldwide industrial restructuring and upgrading of domestic industries relationship. Fifth, economic globalization has promoted the development of transnational corporations in developing countries so that in the world market gradually. However, the development trend, as a result of economic globalization for developing countries in the broader field of active participation in international competition opportunities for transnational corporations in developing countries more actively active in the world economic stage of the era just around the corner. Sixth, the economic globalization has driven the rapid development of international trade. Although developed countries are the biggest beneficiaries of international trade, but developing countries, especially developing countries in Asia also benefited from international trade, its trade volume of world trade accounted for about 20% of the total. Economic challenges of globalization on developing countries The challenges posed by economic globalization is tough, developing countries and developed countries brought about by economic globalization to share some interests, but under pressure from economic globalization brought about by the negative effects of even a serious blow to their economies. Economic globalization on developing countries, the challenges are: First, developing countries in the current process of economic globalization in a disadvantageous position. With the global trade and the global production system of rapid development, as well as multinational corporations and capital expansion of the national economy of developing countries are faced with increasing pressure and the impact of dependence on the developed countries is also increasing . Developed countries to control the international economic system, holds the hands of capital, technology and other advantages, in economic globalization to the majority of developing countries far behind. Secondly, under the economic globalization of financial globalization in developing countries in promoting economic growth, brought about the financial risks can not be ignored and economic shocks. At present, 24 hours of electronic transactions in the global financial market has taken shape, in order to provide greater facilitation of market transactions, but also for the financial sector has provided many opportunities for speculators. Second, because under the conditions of economic globalization, market forces around the world to strengthen, as well as developed countries, the expansion of large multinational companies, there may be some impact on domestic industries of developing countries, threatening the safety of its domestic market to enable developing countries in economic affairs the relative decline in power.
经济全球化的趋势不可逆转，也正因为如此，我们 英语 作文 写作的范围也受到了一定的拓展。下面我为大家带来经济全球化英语作文，供大家参考! 经济全球化英语作文(一) Economic globalization benefits the world immensely, especially the prosperity of tourism. As a result,the cultures, languages and customs in the minorities are notmysterious to the world any more, which should be attributed to thepopularity of tourism. It is a consensus that tourism canstimulate the economic development in a region, since tourism playsan important role in the acceleration of the improvement ofservice, such as transportation, accommodation, catering and othermarginal business. With a view to attracting more tourists, theminority regions have to consider how to improve their image andservice, during the course of which they can have an overall planto promote the status of their region. Nowadays, many people travelfor minority regions to satisfy their curiosity, where they canhave unexpected findings. Furthermore, tourism can strengthenthe interflow of cultures and traditions between the people indifferent regions. Trips to minority countries and regions renderpeople a lot of new cultures and customs, which, presumably, havebeen handed down from old ages and enjoyed very splendid history. Formerly, people can only get some segments about the minoritiesfrom videos, films and other incomplete descriptions on books. Now,tourists have more opportunities to communicate or even live withthe minority people and acquire first-hand knowledge about them,which provides the researchers with a lot of authentic information. Admittedly, tourism damages thenatural environment in some minority regions and spoils thepeaceful life of them to some degree due to their frequentactivities in the minority regions, the environment beingdeteriorated in some regions, which is not what we expected. Generally, the popularity of Englishand tourism brings more advantages than damage to the minorityregions, since it has enriched people’s knowledge and widened theirhorizons. But meanwhile, we should be on the alert for the damageto the minority regions and take effective means to tackle theproblems tourism arouses. 经济全球化英语作文(二) Economic opportunities of globalization on developing countries: First, economic globalization for developing countries to attract more foreign investment conditions and opportunities. To attract foreign investment scale will no doubt help to solve the problem of shortage of funds in developing countries. Second, economic globalization for developing countries outside of the capital voted to create a favorable external environment and conditions, so that foreign direct investment scale is continually expanding and growing fast. Third, economic globalization brought about a worldwide economic and technological development zones and bonded areas and free trade zones and other forms of development of free economic zones. Fourth, the economic globalization so that the worldwide industrial restructuring was further deepened, the pace of increase. Developing countries can take advantage of this opportunity to follow based on reality and focus on the future of the organic unity and take the initiative to coordinate the worldwide industrial restructuring and upgrading of domestic industries relationship. Fifth, economic globalization has promoted the development of transnational corporations in developing countries so that in the world market gradually. However, the development trend, as a result of economic globalization for developing countries in the broader field of active participation in international competition opportunities for transnational corporations in developing countries more actively active in the world economic stage of the era just around the corner. Sixth, the economic globalization has driven the rapid development of international trade. Although developed countries are the biggest beneficiaries of international trade, but developing countries, especially developing countries in Asia also benefited from international trade, its trade volume of world trade accounted for about 20% of the total. Economic challenges of globalization on developing countries The challenges posed by economic globalization is tough, developing countries and developed countries brought about by economic globalization to share some interests, but under pressure from economic globalization brought about by the negative effects of even a serious blow to their economies. Economic globalization on developing countries, the challenges are: First, developing countries in the current process of economic globalization in a disadvantageous position. With the global trade and the global production system of rapid development, as well as multinational corporations and capital expansion of the national economy of developing countries are faced with increasing pressure and the impact of dependence on the developed countries is also increasing . Developed countries to control the international economic system, holds the hands of capital, technology and other advantages, in economic globalization to the majority of developing countries far behind. Secondly, under the economic globalization of financial globalization in developing countries in promoting economic growth, brought about the financial risks can not be ignored and economic shocks. At present, 24 hours of electronic transactions in the global financial market has taken shape, in order to provide greater facilitation of market transactions, but also for the financial sector has provided many opportunities for speculators. Second, because under the conditions of economic globalization, market forces around the world to strengthen, as well as developed countries, the expansion of large multinational companies, there may be some impact on domestic industries of developing countries, threatening the safety of its domestic market to enable developing countries in economic affairs the relative decline in power. 经济全球化英语作文(三) Nowadays we can enjoy the same films,fashions,brands,advertisements and TV evident difference between countries is what extent do you think the disadvantages overweight the advantages of this? Globalization creates conditions for widening international exchanges,strengthening mutual understanding between nations,expanding cultural,educational,and scientific cooperation between nations and countries,enjoying the cultural achievements of people around the world which encourages the process of modernization and the enrichment of national culture. However,these conditions also create the possible danger of diminishing the national culture with a negative impact on the pre123vation of national globalization and an open door policy,erroneous concepts and a lowering of ethical standards,a selfish and individualistic lifestyle and harmful cultural products can easily be imported into the present,modern information technology which in the main is controlled by US is hourly and intensively disseminating US ideology,way of life,culture and films across the US food is promoted so that some people consider globalization as global Americanization. During the process of economic globalization,inequality between developed and developing countries has been increasing and the gap between the rich and the poor has become wider,most of the result of globalization go to assist developed does not pose equal interests and risks to all an overwhelming advantage compared to most of the developing countries in terms of finance and the level of science and technology,developed ca123alist countries control the situation of economic globalization. For these reasons,globalization is a fierce and complicated struggle in both cultural and ideological take the initiative in international economic integration but also have to take the initiative in fighting to keep our distinct culture resisting pro-foreign and cross-bred phenomena,and overcoming the psychology of preferring money over ethical values. 经济全球化英语作文(四) Globalization`s dual power Globalization has found a significant place in the lives of the people. During the process of globalization, we have made a bridge where ideas and beliefs can cross the borders, and the walls of distrust and the barriers of suspicion between countries have gradually disappeared. Though globalization is seen as a sign of a hopeful future by some, there are others who believe that it can cause a horrible disaster for the world economy. Counties benefit a lot from globalization, especially the developing countries. With it, there is a global market for companies to trade their products which can make the production sector develop rapidly. This gives lots of options to the manufacturers as well. Besides, competition keeps prices relatively low and it can provide a wider range of options for people, to choose from among the products of different nations. In addition, there is a sound flow of money, as a result, inflation is less likely to occur. But the disadvantages brought by globalization cannot be ignored. Globalization is causing Europeans to lose their jobs as work is being swerved to the Asian countries. The cost of labor in the Asian countries
翻译：With the development of economic globalization and China's accession to WTO.根据以英语作为母语的人数计算，英语是最多国家使用的官方语言，英语也是世界上最广泛的第二语言，也是欧盟，最多国际组织和英联邦国家的官方语言，拥有世界第三位的母语使用者人数，仅少于汉语和西班牙语母语使用者人数。