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保险服务营销论文
论文它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。下面是关于保险服务营销论文的内容，欢迎阅读！
[摘 要] 服务营销策略的制定与有效实施不仅有利于塑造企业的品牌形象，对企业经营和发展也具有重要的经济意义。文章旨在通过对保险公司服务营销策略必要性的研究，探讨保险公司服务营销策略，期望为保险公司实施以客户为中心的营销策略提供决策支持。
[关键词] 保险； 服务；营销
服务经济时代，制定与有效实施服务营销策略有助于保险公司选择最佳的市场运作方式，根据客户的需求来开发设计保险产品。通过对保险市场的研究，可以为保险公司确定目标市场，为具体的保险产品制订详细的营销计划，确定科学的产品、定价、分销和促销等策略。同时，根据保险市场供求关系和经济、政策、法律等市场的变化调整服务营销计划。因此，重视服务营销不仅对保险公司开拓市场、获取更多的利润或提高产品的市场占有率，而且对保险公司树立良好的企业形象，都具有举足轻重的作用。
1 研究保险公司服务营销策略的必要性
有利于保险业的健康发展
消费者需求的满足、保险市场的正常运行，都会促进保险业的发展。保险业的发展，又将从投资和消费两个角度对经济的发展带来推动作用。研究保险市场营销，认识市场机制和价值规律的调节作用，合理配置资源，提高保险公司的经营管理水平和经济效益，将对保险业的健康发展起到一定的促进作用。
有利于保险市场的发育和完善
保险市场的不完全竞争性、信息的非畅通性，使保险产品的开发与消费在时间、数量等诸方面在信息的交流和获取方面的困难程度都高于一般商品。保险产品依赖于它的服务信息能有效地为大众所知，以此确保其形象和服务具有吸引力。加强保险产品营销策略的研究和应用，可以通过了解消费者需求，降低保险产品开发的盲目性，这也是培育和完善保险市场的重要措施。
有助于提高保险公司核心竞争力
如何有效合理地实现资本金的最优化配置，实现企业的高效经营管理已经成为保险公司成功的首要条件。保险公司的高效经营管理就是围绕加强企业的核心竞争力进行的，培育可持续的市场营销力能增强企业的核心竞争力。虽然营销中有各种不同营销方式，但不管保险公司采用什么样的方式进行销售，营销能力才是关键。只有从策划到销售执行的全过程中形成一种核心能力，企业才能在竞争中立于不败之地。因此营销能力是保险公司目标得以实现的重要前提和保证。
有利于保险客户需求的满足
保险市场营销观念强调以市场为导向，以消费者需求和利益为出发点，按市场需求组织保险产品的开发，满足保险客户的需求。由于保险客户需求的多样化、层次性和复杂性的特点，使保险公司不可能完全和及时把握市场需求。运用服务营销的理论，通过科学的市场调查和市场预测，能够及时地了解保险客户的需求并进行保险产品开发。
2 完善保险公司服务营销策略的建议
随着市场竞争越来越激烈，迫切需要保险公司进行有意义的竞争差异化，这种差异化不仅是在核心产品上寻求更好的表现，而且要在每一个附加服务要素上寻求更好的表现。实现这样的差异化要求保险公司实施有效的服务营销策略。
构建以保险客户为导向的产品开发策略
构建以保险客户为导向的产品开发策略，并非单指在营销活动前期进行保险客户研究和目标市场选择，更重要的是产品设计要满足保险客户的需求。理想的保险产品，既要满足保险服务提供者的需要，又要满足保险服务需求者的需要。因此保险公司应该提供被保险人 真正需要的、能保证被保险人的利益不受侵害、费率合理公正且能令双方接受优良的保险产品。因此，保险公司应了解保险市场客户的需要，尤其要重视和倾听潜在客户的意见，明确企业目标客户，挖掘目标客户的价值界定方式和购买产品与服务的深层次原因，清楚自己的产品或服务可以为客户带来的独特价值，满足客户对保险产品的期望和要求，为保险公司建立以客户为导向的产品策略提供决策支持。
制定有效的市场定位策略
基于保险产品的无形性和异质性，保险公司要加强服务的专业化和可控化，改善服务环境，增强服务技能，使服务活动及质量的偏差被控制在尽可能小的范围内。根据不同顾客的需求提供个性化的服务，使顾客对服务质量的感知超过顾客预期，从而提高保险公司服务品牌的.知名度，提高顾客满意度，提升企业的形象。
识别并定位正确的顾客
明确服务对象是每一个服务企业需要不断探求的问题。保险公司应该认识到顾客在服务期望和需求方面的差异性，有选择地致力于吸引那些与公司核心价值定位相匹配的顾客。由于服务人员的能力和水平各不相同，产品服务质量也会因人而异，因此保险公司还需要考虑在人员素质与技术能力方面是否能满足各类顾客的需要，公司如何将顾客需求与服务速度、服务质量等运营要素以及满足顾客需求的能力等联系起来。
建立服务蓝图
服务蓝图是一种准确地描述服务体系的工具，它借助于流程图，通过持续地描述服务提供过程、服务遭遇、员工和顾客的角色以及服务的有形证据来直观地展示服务。建立服务蓝图的过程就是企业从顾客的角度重新认识所提供服务的过程。服务蓝图揭示了组成服务的各要素和提供服务的步骤，这有助于理解内部支持过程和非接触员工在服务提供过程中的角色和作用，也有助于各部门的职责和协调性。通过建立服务蓝图，保险公司管理人员可以了解服务传递所涉及的行为、过程的复杂性及员工和顾客之间、员工和员工之间的相互作用，进而可以找出出现服务质量问题的根源并进行有效管理，从而有效提升服务质量。
使用全方位的品牌要素
保险产品是一种不能预先用感官直接感触到的特殊消费，在购买保险产品时，除了一张保单外，你无法感受到任何东西。在多数客户眼里，一项保险产品与另一项保险产品通常是没有差异的，因此服务的外观，如环境设计、接待区、附属材料等对形成客户的品牌认知具有一定的影响。品牌要素，如标识、人物等均可以全部用来辅助品牌名称，力图使无形的服务和其中的关键利益更为具体和有形化，向顾客展示品牌，传递和强化优质服务，建立品牌认知和品牌形象。
创造有效的水平沟通
水平沟通就是在组织的职能机构间沟通，必须辅助协调服务传递活动。沟通可以准确反映服务传递，进而减少顾客期望与服务传递之间的差距。保险公司所有的功能需要整合起来使得信息一致，缩小服务差距。有效水平沟通的战略包括：①开通营销部门与运作人员之间的沟通渠道。例如，当公司创作的广告描绘服务接触时，广告应能准确地反映顾客在实际的服务接触中经历什么，广告和服务商之间的沟通对于传递满足期望的服务极为重要。②开通销售部门与运作部门之间的沟通渠道。各部门可以相互沟通已明确其他部门的目标和服务问题，以寻求销售人员所做的服务承诺与运作人员所提供的服务相匹配。
加强有形展示的管理
服务有形展示包括环境、所有用以帮助生产服务和包装服务的一切实体产品和设施以及人员。保险公司服务有形展示管理的重点在于通过有效的设计与管理形成良好的氛围，形成服务本身的优势，因此保险公司应加强对实物属性、员工、信息资料、其他顾客等所有为顾客提供服务的有形物的服务线索的管理，增强顾客对保险服务的理解和认识，为顾客做出购买决定传递有关服务线索的信息，帮助顾客感觉服务产品的特点以及提高享用服务时所获得的利益，建立服务产品和服务企业的形象。
总之，保险公司要发展，就必须有效实施服务营销策略，提供范围广泛的产品和服务，只有在产品和服务方面进行持续创新，传递和强化优质服务，才能满足不同区域、不同顾客的多样化需求， 提高保险公司服务品牌的知名度，增强企业的核心竞争力。
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中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 8 条[1]杨松. 新保险法修改的主要内容浅析[J]. 红河学院学报, 2004,(02) . [2]何杨彪. 试论新《保险法》对消费者权益的保护[J]. 湖南财经高等专科学校学报, 2009,(04) . [3]黄曼妮. 关于新《保险法》不可抗辩条款的思考[J]. 黑龙江金融, 2009,(09) . [4]方志平. 试论新《保险法》背景下寿险的合规营销[J]. 上海保险, 2009,(04) . [5]胡滨. 新《保险法》——彰显被保险人的利益保护[J]. 中国金融, 2009,(06) . [6]李斌. 新《保险法》更注重投保人权益[J]. 新财经, 2009,(05) . [7]袁建华. 2009新《保险法》的显著特点与实施效果预测[J]. 现代财经-天津财经大学学报, 2009,(09) . [8]夏益国. 中国保险业规范发展的新起点——写在新《中华人民共和国保险法》颁布实施之际[J]. 中国保险, 2009,(09) .中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 5 条[1]钟诚. 浅析新《保险法》的修订内容[J]. 北方经济, 2009,(14) . [2]熊悠云. 浅谈保险企业如何应对新《保险法》带来的巨大挑战——基于风险管理的角度[J]. 经营管理者, 2009,(16) . [3]李莎,符芸榕. 浅析法律对保险经营的影响[J]. 技术与市场, 2009,(09) . [4]胡滨. 《保险法》修订及其对中国保险业的影响[J]. 金融与经济, 2009,(08) . [5]李然. 从新保险法的几大变化谈保护保险消费者利益[J]. 金卡工程(经济与法), 2010,(03) . 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 共找到 2 条[1]徐敏峰. 开放背景下我国保险资金运用研究[D]. 河海大学, 2005 . [2]唐余. 我国保险合同纠纷解决机制探索[D]. 西南财经大学, 2007 . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 6 条[1]张响贤,宣鸣,王勉. 论汽车保险费率市场化的趋势——从日本汽车保险费率的变迁谈起[J]. 保险研究, 2002,(01) . [2]雷定安,刘学宁. 对人身保险不可抗辩条款的深层思考[J]. 东方论坛.青岛大学学报, 2002,(01) . [3]侯刚. 对中国人寿保险中“不可抗辩条款”的思考[J]. 经营管理者, 2008,(16) . [4]李莎,张建刚. 不可抗辩条款在我国的应用前景展望[J]. 当代经济, 2009,(07) . [5]何惠珍. 保险投资:发展障碍与发展路径[J]. 广东金融学院学报, 2005,(04) . [6]魏薇. 金融监管立法日趋成熟——解读新《保险法修订草案》[J]. 中国金融家, 2008,(09) .
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[1]费友海. 我国农业保险发展困境的深层根源——基于福利经济学角度的分析[J]. 金融研究,2005,03:133-144. [2]宁满秀,邢郦,钟甫宁. 影响农户购买农业保险决策因素的实证分析——以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例[J]. 农业经济问题,2005,06:38-44+79. [3]庹国柱,李军. 我国农业保险试验的成就、矛盾及出路[J]. 金融研究,2003,09:88-98. [4]赵莹. 准公共物品定义下的农业保险供给[J]. 财经科学,2004,04:94-97. [5]孙蓉,朱梁. 世界各国农业保险发展模式的比较及启示[J]. 财经科学,2004,05:108-111. [6]陈璐. 农业保险产品定价的经济学分析及我国实证研究[J]. 南开经济研究,2004,04:100-103. [7]庹国柱,朱俊生. 关于农业保险立法几个重要问题的探讨[J]. 中国农村经济,2007,02:55-63. [8]张跃华,史清华,顾海英. 农业保险需求问题的一个理论研究及实证分析[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究,2007,04:65-75+102. [9]张跃华,施红. 补贴、福利与政策性农业保险——基于福利经济学的一个深入探讨[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,06:138-146. [10]李勇杰. 论农业保险中道德风险防范机制的构筑[J]. 保险研究,2008,07:67-69.
保险论文英文参考文献
下面是我整理的保险论文英文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助。
[1]Syed ， Ali ，and NJohn Kurian. Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics，Vol. 64， ，Aug，1982
[2]Carl and Edna . Further Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[ J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics， Vol. 69’ ， Aug， 1987
[3] Barry . An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 75，No. 2，May， 1993
[5] ， and . "Subsidized Crop Insurance and Extensive Margin"University of California，Berkeley，Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Policy，2
[6] Moschini G and Hennessy . Uncertainty，Risk Aversion and Risk Management for Agricultural Producers [J] .American Journal of Agricultural
[7] Barry ，Monte ，and John . An EmpiricalAnalysis of Acreage Effects of Participation In The Federal Crop Insurance Program[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 86， No. 4，Nov， 24
[8] Keith H. Coble，Thomas ， Rulon ，and Jeffery R. Expected-IndemnityApproach to the Measurement of Moral Hazard in Crop InsurancefJ] .American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics. Vol. 79，No. 1，Feb， 1997
中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 8 条[1]杨松. 新保险法修改的主要内容浅析[J]. 红河学院学报, 2004,(02) . [2]何杨彪. 试论新《保险法》对消费者权益的保护[J]. 湖南财经高等专科学校学报, 2009,(04) . [3]黄曼妮. 关于新《保险法》不可抗辩条款的思考[J]. 黑龙江金融, 2009,(09) . [4]方志平. 试论新《保险法》背景下寿险的合规营销[J]. 上海保险, 2009,(04) . [5]胡滨. 新《保险法》——彰显被保险人的利益保护[J]. 中国金融, 2009,(06) . [6]李斌. 新《保险法》更注重投保人权益[J]. 新财经, 2009,(05) . [7]袁建华. 2009新《保险法》的显著特点与实施效果预测[J]. 现代财经-天津财经大学学报, 2009,(09) . [8]夏益国. 中国保险业规范发展的新起点——写在新《中华人民共和国保险法》颁布实施之际[J]. 中国保险, 2009,(09) .中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 5 条[1]钟诚. 浅析新《保险法》的修订内容[J]. 北方经济, 2009,(14) . [2]熊悠云. 浅谈保险企业如何应对新《保险法》带来的巨大挑战——基于风险管理的角度[J]. 经营管理者, 2009,(16) . [3]李莎,符芸榕. 浅析法律对保险经营的影响[J]. 技术与市场, 2009,(09) . [4]胡滨. 《保险法》修订及其对中国保险业的影响[J]. 金融与经济, 2009,(08) . [5]李然. 从新保险法的几大变化谈保护保险消费者利益[J]. 金卡工程(经济与法), 2010,(03) . 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 共找到 2 条[1]徐敏峰. 开放背景下我国保险资金运用研究[D]. 河海大学, 2005 . [2]唐余. 我国保险合同纠纷解决机制探索[D]. 西南财经大学, 2007 . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 6 条[1]张响贤,宣鸣,王勉. 论汽车保险费率市场化的趋势——从日本汽车保险费率的变迁谈起[J]. 保险研究, 2002,(01) . [2]雷定安,刘学宁. 对人身保险不可抗辩条款的深层思考[J]. 东方论坛.青岛大学学报, 2002,(01) . [3]侯刚. 对中国人寿保险中“不可抗辩条款”的思考[J]. 经营管理者, 2008,(16) . [4]李莎,张建刚. 不可抗辩条款在我国的应用前景展望[J]. 当代经济, 2009,(07) . [5]何惠珍. 保险投资:发展障碍与发展路径[J]. 广东金融学院学报, 2005,(04) . [6]魏薇. 金融监管立法日趋成熟——解读新《保险法修订草案》[J]. 中国金融家, 2008,(09) .
保险论文英文参考文献
下面是我整理的保险论文英文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助。
[1]Syed ， Ali ，and NJohn Kurian. Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics，Vol. 64， ，Aug，1982
[2]Carl and Edna . Further Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[ J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics， Vol. 69’ ， Aug， 1987
[3] Barry . An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 75，No. 2，May， 1993
[5] ， and . "Subsidized Crop Insurance and Extensive Margin"University of California，Berkeley，Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Policy，2
[6] Moschini G and Hennessy . Uncertainty，Risk Aversion and Risk Management for Agricultural Producers [J] .American Journal of Agricultural
[7] Barry ，Monte ，and John . An EmpiricalAnalysis of Acreage Effects of Participation In The Federal Crop Insurance Program[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 86， No. 4，Nov， 24
[8] Keith H. Coble，Thomas ， Rulon ，and Jeffery R. Expected-IndemnityApproach to the Measurement of Moral Hazard in Crop InsurancefJ] .American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics. Vol. 79，No. 1，Feb， 1997
保险代理人考试时发的培训书里或保险代理人员继续教育书本里面有你所要的全部资料，可以咨询一下任何一家保险公司，最好是人保财险购买，也可以找有书的朋友借，也可以到书店去买。有了这本书你绝对会满意。
保险论文英文参考文献
下面是我整理的保险论文英文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助。
[1]Syed ， Ali ，and NJohn Kurian. Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics，Vol. 64， ，Aug，1982
[2]Carl and Edna . Further Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[ J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics， Vol. 69’ ， Aug， 1987
[3] Barry . An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 75，No. 2，May， 1993
[5] ， and . "Subsidized Crop Insurance and Extensive Margin"University of California，Berkeley，Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Policy，2
[6] Moschini G and Hennessy . Uncertainty，Risk Aversion and Risk Management for Agricultural Producers [J] .American Journal of Agricultural
[7] Barry ，Monte ，and John . An EmpiricalAnalysis of Acreage Effects of Participation In The Federal Crop Insurance Program[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 86， No. 4，Nov， 24
[8] Keith H. Coble，Thomas ， Rulon ，and Jeffery R. Expected-IndemnityApproach to the Measurement of Moral Hazard in Crop InsurancefJ] .American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics. Vol. 79，No. 1，Feb， 1997
可以尝试去看看促销策划方面的书，以及那个市场营销关于保险方面的书，因为我学的是保险，专业又是营销与策划，所以对这方面的有一点了解，助理营销师有两本书，都或多或少和保险挂钩了。
“成功保险网”有免费的培训基地，解决保险新手在营销过程中遇到的各种问题，希望能帮到您！
(美)康斯坦斯·M.卢瑟亚特()等著,英勇,于小东总译校.财产与责任保险原理[M]. 北京大学出版社, 2003 (美)小哈罗德·斯凯博()等编著,荆涛等译.国际风险与保险[M]. 机械工业出版社, 1999 (美)所罗门·许布纳()等著,陈欣等译.财产和责任保险[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2002 【英】Malcolm A. Clarke 著、 何美欢、吴志攀等译：《保险合同法》，北京大学出版社 2002 年版。 Mckendrick :“Contract Law”（影印本）,法律出版社 2003 年版。 H. Whincup：“Contract Law and Practice—the EnglishSystem and Continental Comparisons” 中信出版社,2003 年版。 F. Dobbyn : “Insurance Law”（影印本）,法律出版社 2001年版。 Lowry , Philip Rawlings : “Insurance Law :Doctrines andPrinciples” , Hart Publishing Ltd. (1999). Hodgin :“Insurance Law :Text and Materials” (SecondEdition) Cavendish Publishing Limited (2002) . L. Emanuel：“Contracts”，中信出版社 2003 年版。 A. Eisenberg:“Disclosure in Contract Law”，91 CaliforniaLaw Review （2003）. T. Kronman :“Mistake, Disclosure, Information, and theLaw of Contracts”,7(1) Journal of Legal Studies (1978). J :“Insurer’s breach of good faith——a newtort?”,(1992) 108 LQR 35.这些都是比较好的
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care. there are a few principles of insurance, which are considered as the uncertain losses, the predictable rate and distribution of losses,the sinificant of loss and the loss must be catastrophic. A property or liability insurance policy is a "personal contract," a "conditional contract," a "unilateral contract," a "contract of adhesion," a "contract of indemnity," and a contract which requires that the person insured have an insurable interest at the time of the insured-against contingency. Further: An Insurance Contract is one of Uberrima fides. This is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (or translated literally, "most abundant faith"). It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts. This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith, making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal. This contrasts with the legal doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, defined as an insurance 'policy'. This legal contract sets out terms and conditions specifying the amount of coverage (compensation) to be rendered to the insured, by the insurer upon assumption of risk, in the event of a loss, and all the specific perils covered against (indemnified), for the term of the contract. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the amount of loss as specified by the policy contract. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many clients are used to fund accounts set aside for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses, the remaining margin becomes their profit. Insurers make money in two ways. Through underwriting, the process through which insurers select what risks to insure and decide how much premium to charge for accepting those risks and by investing the premiums they have collected from insureds Some people consider insurance a type of wager (particularly as associated with moral hazard) that executes over the policy period. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company versus the amount for which they can be held liable if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse (for example, 10 to 1). For this reason, a number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. This can be thought of as "social insurance," as the risk of any given person is assumed collectively by the community who will all bear the cost of rebuilding. In closed, supportive communities where others can be trusted to step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance — damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Environmental Liability Insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of a pollutant. Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain E&O insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Insurance companies may be classified as Life insurance companies, who sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products. Non-life or general insurance companies, who sell other types of insurance. In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulations, tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life business is very long term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.
根据学术堂的了解，参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出(…)，中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥)，中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例：例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献：李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性，…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献：姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏，出版或发表年代)。例如：Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献：姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名，出版或发表年代)。例如：杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中，2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏，并使用“&”来连接，在正文中，使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名，并用顿号“、”来连接，在正文中，使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如：(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵，2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有的作者的姓氏，除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“，”;之后引用时，英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有作者的姓名，除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时，用第一名作者加“等”字。例如：Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用，此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠，2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等，2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时，只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时，只列出第一名作者的姓名，再加上“等”。例如：Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时，第一次用全称，比如，(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院]，2001);之后可以用简称，比如，首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时，第一次引用时，拼出团体，比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示，比如，The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时，在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如，一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时，英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份，即(Anonymous, 1997)，中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份，即(匿名，1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时，相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名，以避免混淆。例如：R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献，同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号“，”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如：1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献，多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列，不同作者之间用分号“;”分开，相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“，” 分开。例如：…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如：…(董伟，2010;周音，2011a，2011b)。
英文论文写作参考文献
参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献，文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。
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