发布时间：
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下，在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，奇灵渥斯遭遇海难，白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰，并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔，齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终，齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂；丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚，身心俱毁，临终前在公开承认了通奸事实；只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来，准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起；把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家，因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛，至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪，美国的文学日趋成熟，涌现了一大批有成就的作家，如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益，无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下：
模板范文一：
1、选题目的及意义。
演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握，能让演员更好的掌握角色，帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心，从而更生活，更直观，更真实的创造角色，从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动，这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感，激起正确的体验。
演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的，之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性，一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”，另外一方面，演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题，能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。
2、选题背景。
3、选题的研究现状。
4、结语。
5、可行性分析。
6、重点与难点分析。
7、时间进度安排。
模板范文二：
1、课题背景及现状。
项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段，占地公顷，建成已50多年，是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题，同时适应全国农运会．宜居城市对景观环境的需要，要求对其进行重新规划设计，通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。
2、目标。
通过本课题的学习，培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识，专业设计技能，专业调查与实践方法，在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力，理论分析应用能力，组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力，充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。
通过本方案的各个环节的训练，掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规，进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究，培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。
3、任务及途径。
学生根据提供的课题任务书，结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计，平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流，课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集，前期注意详细分析基地情况，收集相关资料，综合加以分析，提出自己的方案构思，并根据构思进行方案的设计，最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。
4、时间安排。
寒假期间完成实习及调研工作，还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。
第1~2周：收集相关文献资料；调研资料整理(文字、图纸)，完成开题报告。
第3~4周：功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解，完成方案一草。
模板范文三：
有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视，尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域，发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位，积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作，以各种创新型制度安排，共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。
本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界，旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆，提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架，以图书馆治理模式为研究对象，突出比较研究方法。
1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。
2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模，所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。
3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终，在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆，以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。
本项研究系应用性基础研究，研究价值体现在：
相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆，作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。
拓宽治理理论的应用范围，形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系，促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。
开题报告 怎么写呢?相信很多即将写 论文 的人都有此疑问，其实按照以下步骤去写，基本问题不会太大。
一、 毕业论文 的题目。
题目是毕业论文中心思想的高度概括，要求：
①准确、规范。要将研究的问题准确地概括出来，反映出研究的深度和广度，反映出研究的性质，反映出实验研究的基本要求——处理因素、受试对象及实验效应等。用词造句要科学、规范。
②简洁。要用尽可能少的文字表达，一般不得超过20个汉字。
二、介绍课题的目的、意义。
即先说明为什么要选择这个研究课题，交代研究的价值。一般先谈现实需要——由存在的问题导出研究的实际意义，然后再谈理论及学术价值，要求具体、客观，且具有针对性，注重资料分析基础，注重时代、地区或单位发展的需要，切忌空洞无物的口号。
三、介绍课题的历史背景、现状和发展趋势。
即 文献综述 ，主要说明国内外的研究情况，关于这个课题前人曾做过哪些方面的研究、解决了哪些问题、还存在什么问题等。
所谓综述的“综”即综合，综合某一学科领域在一定时期内的研究概况;“述”更多的并不是叙述，而是评述与述评，即要有作者自己的独特见解。要注重分析研究，善于发现问题，突出选题在当前研究中的位置、优势及突破点。综述的对象，除观点外，还可以是材料与方法等。
四、介绍本人研究的初步方案，需要解决的问题和突破的难点，预期的结果等。
即说明自己的主攻方向是什么，研究中主要根据什么理论、采用什么方法、取得什么成果等。 整个研究在时间及顺序上如何安排，怎样分阶段进行，对每一阶段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及成果均要有明确的规定，阶段之间不能间断，以保证研究进程的连续性。
五、说明课题的可行性和创新性。
不仅对可能遇到的最主要的、最根本的关键性困难与问题要有准确、科学的估计和判断，并采取可行的解决方法和措施，而且要突出重点，突出所选课题与同类其他研究的不同之处。
六、列出 参考文献 。
最后要列出所查阅的主要参考文献，一方面可以反映作者立论的真实依据，另一方面也是对原著者创造性劳动的尊重，篇数以各校的规定为准。
七、听取导师评价。
在导师的评价后，再作必要的修改与补充，经导师最后认可后，就进入研究阶段，而后便可着手论文的写作。
研究生毕业论文开题报告书
题目： 论未成年人犯罪预防
——以思想道德建设为视角
姓名： 刘某某
导师： 李某某
专业： 法学
年级： XX级
时间： 2014年10月22日
一、选题依据(目的、意义、学术价值、该课题国内外研究现状、本人学术准备情况)
(一)研究的缘起与意义
新中国成立至今，政治、经济、文化蓬勃发展，社会各项事业日新月异。与此同时，社会治安形势不容乐观，其中，未成年人犯罪突出。未成年人犯罪不仅意味着个人与社会的严重冲突，而且更意味着社会化、文明化的挫败;不仅危害了社会治安秩序，干扰了经济建设和发展，也严重影响未成年人的健康成长，关系到国家的前途。未成年人犯罪的原因是多方面的，品德不良是导致未成年人犯罪的重要原因。在构建和谐社会的背景下，加强未成年人的思想道德建设，有效地预防和减少未成年人犯罪，具有重要意义。
1、理论意义
其一，刑事法学领域：
(1)为未成年人犯罪的研究提供新的视角。以思想道德建设为视角开展未成年人犯罪问题的研究，可以为犯罪问题的研究拓展新的思路。我国当前对未成年人犯罪预防问题的研究，主要是从犯罪学和刑法学两个学科内进行探讨。其中，犯罪学领域侧重于事前的社会预防和事中的治安预防;刑法学领域侧重于事后的刑罚预防。这些预防措施主要是通过外在的手段实现对未成年人越轨行为的规制，而犯罪预防内在手段的运用，即借助思想道德意识的作用引导未成年人的行为，并没有引起足够的重视。本文以未成年人的思想道德建设为视角，对未成年人犯罪预防问题展开分析，试图为犯罪预防问题的研究注入新的活力。
(2)冲破思辨研究一统天下的局面。科学的研究方法是任何科学赖以建立和发展的工具。犯罪是一“综合病症”，必须采用多种研究方法对犯罪问题进行剖析。刑事法学并非书斋里的学问，其实践性和应用性都很强。我国的学者长期以来惯于思辨式的理论研究，缺少对犯罪问题进行实证考察。本文拟通过实证调查、个别访谈的方法，了解未成年人犯罪的实际态势、分析犯罪发生的原因，为犯罪预防的研究提供实证资料。
其二，政治学领域：本研究除了在刑事法学研究领域中具有重要意义外，还具有非常重要的政治学价值。我国未成年人有3亿多，他们的思想道德状况如何，一定程度上影响着犯罪的发生，影响国家的未来发展。在当前的社会形势下，从思想道德建设的角度出发，结合未成年人犯罪的现实，有针对性地提出犯罪预防对策，对于实现我国现代化建设和社会持续进步不仅是必要的而且是必需的。
2、实践意义
未成年人是社会主义现代化事业的建设者和接班人，关注未成年人就是关心祖国的未来。从思想道德建设的视角出发，对未成年人犯罪预防问题作系统解读，可以为我国和谐社会的构建献计献策。当前，我国正处于社会转型期，构建和谐社会是我国重要的战略选择。我们要建设的是民主法治、公平正义、安定有序、人民安居乐业的和谐社会，要坚持以人为本，实现人的全面发展和社会的全面进步。犯罪破坏社会和谐，尤其是未成年人犯罪，不仅影响社会治安，更是关系到整整一代人的成长和未来国民的素质，这对和谐社会的构建意义非常。因此，关注未成年人犯罪问题不仅具有重要的现实意义，而且还具有深远的战略意义。预防和减少未成年人犯罪，有利于保障人民的安居乐业，促进社会的持续协调发展。本文根据调查收集的资料，有针对性地从思想道德建设的角度提出未成年人个人预防措施和社会治理对策。这些建议和对策，立足于我国实际，更加突出可行性和可操作性，将为我国构建和谐社会提供有益参考。
(二)研究现状
红字》的象征意义关键词：红字 象征主义 中国论文 职称论文摘要:分析了《红字》中红字“A”丰富而深刻的内涵,指出作者通过塑造“小珠儿”的形象,增强了美与丑,善与恶的对比,寄托了作者对爱的绝对自由的向往。关键词:红字;A Pearl;象征主义纳萨内尼·霍桑是浪漫主义时期美国最具天赋的小说家。他开创了美国文学史上“象征浪漫主义”的创作手法。作为生活在19世纪中期的浪漫主义作家,霍桑深受清教意识、超验哲学和神秘主义三种思想的影响,他对社会充满了怀疑,使得他的作品具有强烈的象征主义倾向。长篇小说《红字》是霍桑的代表作,作品以一通奸案为题材,通过描述小说人物的思想矛盾和生活遭遇来揭露黑暗的社会。霍桑在《红字》中艺术技巧独具匠心,特别是广泛地运用象征手法,像变魔术一样给予平凡的单词以不平凡的意义,给人以深刻的启示。《红字》中使用的象征手法有其深刻的思想根源和美学理论基础,体现了霍桑对“生命力受到压抑”的切肤之痛。鲁迅曾经指出“生命受到压抑而生的苦闷懊恼是文学的根底,而其表现手法乃是广义的象征主义”。霍桑的代表作《红字》正是在继承传统象征意义的艺术手法的基础上,开创了象征主义的新篇章。作为小说名字的“红字”贯穿于故事的全过程,并带有不同的象征含义,具有多义性和不确定性。随着故事情节的发展,红字“A”的内涵发生了由Adulteress到Able再到Angle的变化。这种象征的多义性和不确定性正是作者思想矛盾的反映,同时,作者一方面控诉清教对人性的摧残和压抑;另一方面又认同清教的道德观和教义。《红字》以17世纪北美清教殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景,取材于1642—1649年在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。故事一开始的场景发生在该镇监狱的门前,而这个场景的主角是海丝特·白兰,一个年轻、美丽的女人,她怀里抱着3个月大的女婴———珠儿,站在刑台上,等待政教合一的加尔文教(即清教)政权在大庭广众面前宣布对她的判决。那么,受审的女罪犯是什么人?她又犯了什么罪?故事开始于几年前,出身英国破落贵族家庭的白兰嫁给了一个畸形的年老学者。婚后,两人决定移居波士顿。途径荷兰时,丈夫因有事留下,妻子先独自来到波士顿,一住近两年。期间丈夫毫无音信。据传他在赶来的途中被印第安人俘虏,生死不明。在独居生活中,海丝特与当地牧师阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔相爱,生下了一个女婴。显然,她犯下了基督教“十戒”中的“一戒”,即通奸罪,为清教的教义所不容。她被投入监狱,法庭判她有罪,令她在刑台上站立三个小时当众受辱,并终身佩带一个红色的字母A(英文通奸Adultery的第一个字母)作为惩戒。但是作者霍桑赋予了在刑台上的“A”更深层的含义。对于压抑人民和毒害人民思想的清教而言,红字“A”为通奸的标记,事实上“A”不仅是海丝特深爱着的恋人Arthur Dimmesdale名字的第一个字母,也是法语中爱情Amour这个词的第一个字母。从字里行间中,读者可以品味出作者霍桑同情海丝特对爱的追求,甚至认为那是人的纯真本性,笔下洋溢出对海丝特的赞美之词:“斯特胸前红色的“A”字之精美仿佛不是屈辱的标志,而是艺术饰品。这个红色的“A”字是用细红布做的,四周用金色的丝线精心刺绣而成,手工奇巧。对于这个“A”字,霍桑设计的独具匠心,包含了丰富而华美的想象,配在她穿的那件衣服上真成了一件美丽的装饰品”。文中的描写给读者的感觉是海丝特仿佛不是一个“犯下无耻罪行的犯人”,而是一个怀抱圣婴的美丽端庄的妇人。随着故事的发展,霍桑不断地赋予了红字“A”更多更深层的含义。海斯特是一个向往纯真爱情,渴望幸福的女人。虽然她无法摆脱强加在她身体上的耻辱,但是她的内心深处的感情却激情澎湃,无法遏制。为了维持生计,她为别人刺绣。她的绣工巧夺天工,精妙绝伦。她精心地绣制各种美丽的“A”字。除了维持生计,海丝特别无所求,把寄托着她的青春,激情和才气的绣品换来的钱施舍给比她幸运的穷苦百姓。尽管她乐善好施,但是海丝特仍然没有摆脱精神的痛苦和世俗的磨难。但她始终没有消沉,反而变得坚强而成熟,依然反抗着清教并坚信着对丁梅斯代尔的爱情。时间是最好的证明,渐渐地她胸前所佩戴的红色字母“A”在众人的心中有了另一番含义:“没有人能够像她那样乐善好施,那样喜欢接济贫困者”;“那刺绣的红字闪射出非凡的光芒,给人以慰藉。在别的地方他是罪恶的标志,但在病房里却成为蜡烛。”虽然还有那些“执着的清教徒”认为海丝特的红字是耻辱的象征,但是更多善良的人们拒绝再用原来的意思解释“A”,他们说那个字的意思应该解释为“能干”(able)的意思。她以自己的美德赢得了人们的尊重和敬爱,她无尽的同情心和勇于献身的精神产生了巨大的力量,在众人眼中,红字“A”反而具有了天使的内涵———纯洁,美丽,善良,博爱。通过作者对红色字母“A”的驾驭,我们可以看出霍桑对主人公海丝特热情、善良、坚强、勇敢的天性的赞美。于此同时,我们也可以看出作者的另一个写作意图,通过美与丑,善与恶的对比,霍桑对清教徒的卑劣行径刻画的入木三分,痛斥得酣畅淋漓。“清教徒倡导勤俭、反对奢靡,无疑是净化社会的一剂良药,但是标榜禁欲,让世人过苦行僧般的生活,多少有些泯灭人性之嫌”。而主人公海丝特正是祭奠清教徒狂热宗教信仰的无辜羔羊。通过“A”的不断变化,作者为我们揭示了当时社会的真实图景。如果说红字A在清教徒的眼中是通奸的代表,那么赋予了象征意义的红字A就象征着善良、美好、坚强和勤劳。如果说小珠儿是永不磨灭的活着的红字的话,那么赋予了象征意义的小珠儿就象征着纯真的爱情、这个时代的曙光。Pearl(小珠儿)是这部小说中唯一的一个阳光人物,她像珍珠一样纯洁,像天使一样善良快乐。在四个主要人物中,只有小珠儿在道德上是完美没有残缺的,她象征着人性中最无暇的一面。小珠儿的出现并非是作者的心血来潮,读者从对海丝特女儿名字的设计上就可以体会到。她是海丝特和丁梅斯代尔的女儿。Pearl这个词来源于圣经,意思是“十分珍贵的东西”。在圣经中记载,上帝让一个商人卖掉所有的财产去买一颗珍珠,并告诉他这颗珍珠即是他的天堂。海丝特为这段爱情付出了沉重的代价,可以说女儿在她心中占据绝对重要的位置,是她的天堂。同时,霍桑在小珠儿情节上的设计也是恰到好处,独具匠心。小珠儿既是海丝特爱情的象征,同时也是她耻辱的象征,是活着的红字。作者总是会有意无意地描写小珠儿对红字近乎天生的热爱:小珠儿出生时第一眼看到的就是母亲胸前灿烂的红字A.而且小珠儿十分的喜欢,伸手去抓,“眼里总是含着奇怪的表情与特殊的微笑”。正是珠儿的存在才时刻提醒着海丝特和丁梅斯代尔他们曾经犯下的“罪行”,督促他们净化自己的灵魂改过自新。正是因为小珠儿的存在才使丁梅斯代尔有勇气在公众面前承认自己的“罪行”。可以说,小珠儿寄托了作者对美好生活,纯真爱情,和追求善良无暇的人性的向往。是作者的希望所在,也是社会的希望所在。总而言之,正是由于霍桑在《红字》中独具匠心的象征手法的运用,使《红字》成为美国第一部象征主义小说,也正是因为霍桑在《红字》中象征手法的成功运用,成就了《红字》在文学领域的重要地位。参考文献[1]常耀信.美国文学简史[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2003.[2]任晓晋,魏玲.红字中象征与原型的 模糊性、多义性和矛盾性[J].外国文学研究,2000,(1):121-125.[3]於奇.新编美国文学选读[M].郑州大学出版社,2005[4]田俊武.霍桑红字人名寓意研究[J].外国文学研究,1999,(1):52-54.[5]胡尚田.论红字中的红字[J].四川外语学院学报,1999,(4):45-48.[6]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, study of sym bolic m ean ingsof The Scarlet L etterZHANG W en-si(Fudan U n iversity,S hangha i 200433,Ch ina)Abstract:The author gives many rich and p rofoundmeanings of the scarlet letter A to contract beauty w ithugliness besides kindness and reposes too much hope by molding the im age words:“the scarlet letter”;A Pearl;symbolism
红字》象征意义解读王丽丽 【摘要】：美国著名小说家纳撒尼尔.霍桑的代表作《红字》,是美国第一部象征主义小说。本文着重从红字"A"、人物及场景描述三个方面来解读小说中的象征意义,深刻剖析了作者的清教观,同时也揭露了当时的社会制度与传统道德观念对人性的压抑与迫害。【作者单位】： 中州大学国际教育学院;【关键词】： 纳撒尼尔·霍桑象征意义红字“A”【分类号】：【正文快照】：象征,是文学创作的一种艺术手法,通过借助具体的事物来表现抽象的意义,诱发读者的想象和联想,从而来表达作者所要表现的某种思想、感情、意志或者观点。象征是美国著名小说家纳撒尼尔·霍桑运用得最为娴熟的艺术手法之一。面对各种事物和现象,他总是思索其中更深一层的意义,
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[摘要] 撒纳尼尔•霍桑是美国19世纪著名的浪漫主义小说家、美国浪漫主义小说和心理分析小说的开创人之一。他善于运用浪漫主义的想像、象征寓意和大量主观色彩浓重的心理分析描写来突出主题、烘托人物的内心世界，同时亦表现出神秘主义的晦涩。在其代表作《红字》中，霍桑更是将这一语言技巧发挥的淋漓尽致，赋予了红色字母“A”丰富的内涵。本文主要通过分析字母“A”在小说中的各种象征意义来理解《红字》这部经典著作。
[关键词] 《红字》 字母“A” 象征意义
象征是文学创作中的一种艺术手法，借助具体的事物、形象来揭示抽象的概念或含义，从而诱发读者的想像力和联想力。“撒纳尼尔•霍桑善于运用象征性的事物来揭示具体事物背后的深层涵义”，被视为现代文学象征主义的先驱。在小说《红字》中，霍桑运用最为娴熟的艺术手法也是象征。他赋予了字母“A”及赫丝特等四位主人公丰富多样的深层意义，本文着重对贯穿整部作品始末的字母“A”加以分析，以此加深对作品的理解。
作为小说名字的“红字”贯穿于故事的全过程，并带有不同的象征含义。在小说的最开始，字母“A”是女主人公赫丝特罪恶的象征，随着故事的发展，字母“A”最终成为了“能干”、“受钦佩”、“天使”的代名词。
小说伊始主人公赫丝特•普林在差役的押解下，怀抱婴儿走上了波士顿议会厅外的示众台被教庭示众。因犯有通奸罪，赫丝特被判处终身佩戴红色的“A”字(Adultery的第一个字母，意为通奸)，无论什么时候她走在大街上都将被其他教会会员鄙视。在众多清教徒的眼中，赫丝特胸前佩戴的“A”无疑是罪恶和耻辱的标记。然而霍桑对红色字母“A”的描写却似乎想要赋予它另外一种涵义，“她的胸前有一个用漂亮的红布缝制的A形标记，而标记的饰边却是以金黄色的线精心刺绣出的华美图案。”
尽管深受清教思想毒害的清教徒们把红字“A”看作是通奸的标记，事实上，它具有更深层的象征意义。“A”不仅是赫丝特深爱着的恋人丁梅斯代尔(Arthur Dimmesdale)名字的第一个字母，也是法语中爱情(Amour)这个词的首字母，因此,红字“A”相应地代表了赫丝特对丁梅斯代尔的忠贞爱情。这一点从赫丝特被带往示众台的过程中她脸上的表情可以看出来，“于是，她将孩子移开，耽在胳膊上，面孔泛出滚烫的红晕，且挂着高傲的微笑，以一种不容蔑视的目光环顾了一下四周的市民以及邻人。”为了保护自己心爱的人，赫丝特甘愿受罚，独自承担了所有的罪责、独自承受着众人恶毒的语言及唾沫和白眼;监禁期满后，赫丝特完全可以扔掉胸前的“A”、离开新英格兰那个让她饱受屈辱的地方，但是她选择了留下，因为她心爱的“那个人就住在这里，此处有他踏出的脚印。她自认为和那个人结成了一种在这个世界上得不到承认的关系，正是这种关系将把他们一道送上末日审判席，并将审判席变为他们婚礼的祭坛，使他们在茫无涯际的来世结合在一起。”这也正说明了在她的心中仍然保有对丁梅斯代尔的爱。正是这份爱给了她勇气和力量得以忍受巨大的痛苦，也正是这份爱支持她仍然留在了新英格兰期待美好的生活。因此可以说，霍桑展示给我们的红色字母“A”并不仅仅是罪恶的标记，它也象征着赫丝特与丁梅斯代尔之间纯洁而伟大的爱情。
赫丝特能做一手好活计，她第一次出现在众人面前时胸前佩戴的A形标记就可以看出，她的`针线活真是巧夺天工。凭借这种活计就是女红，海丝特仍可以养活自己以及一天天长大的孩子，过着衣食不愁的生活。除了维持生计，赫丝特别无所求，把余出的钱拿出一点打扮自己的孩子，而其余的则捐献给慈善事业，施舍给比她幸运的穷苦百姓，尽管这些受了恩惠的人时常侮辱她。赫丝特天性善良，在人们遇到困难时，她都尽可能地给以帮助，“没有任何人能像她那样乐善好施，那样喜欢周济贫困者。”“无论何时何地，只要有灾难发生，她都会立刻找到自己的位置，服务于公众或造福于个人。”“那刺绣的红字闪射出非凡的光芒，给人带来慰藉。在别的地方它是罪恶的标志，但在病房里却成为蜡烛。”
久而久之，赫丝特表现出的温暖和宝贵的天性逐渐赢得了人们普遍的好感，而她胸前所佩戴带的红色字母“A”在众人的心中也有了另外一番含义：“红字成了她事业的象征。她乐于助人，而且精明强干和富于同情之心，最后，许多人都拒绝再用原来的意思解释红色的‘A’字了。他们说那字的意思是‘能干’(Able)，因为赫丝特•普林虽然是个妇道人家，但却无比坚强有力。”他们不再把红字看作罪恶的标记——一种对她的漫长和凄惨的惩罚——而是视为她积德行善的象征。
看到丁梅斯代尔饱受折磨的痛苦，赫丝特最初试图说服前夫老罗杰•齐林沃思放弃报复行为;劝说失败之后她就与丁梅斯代尔在树林中会面，告知丁梅斯代尔事实真相后，又劝说他和她们母女一起离开此地，并为这次旅行做好了准备。丁梅斯代尔在大庭广众之下要她和珠儿一起再次站到令她受辱的刑台后，她又站在了上面，帮助牧师完成了用生命所作的对上帝的赎罪。丁梅斯代尔先生去世不久，老罗杰•齐林沃思便一命乌呼了，这之后红字的佩戴者赫丝特•普林也不知了去向。然而多年后，她又回到了波士顿，重捡起了久别的耻辱，又戴上了那个给我们讲述了一段如此悲惨故事的标记。“在悠悠的岁月里，赫丝特的生活充满了辛勤劳作、对他人的体贴以及自我献身精神，因此，红字不再是一种招致世人嘲笑和唾弃的标记，而变成了引人哀伤，令人望而生畏、肃然起敬的东西。”[2]赫丝特•普林无私无怨，在生活中尽己所能帮助别人，尤其是女人，在她们感情经受磨难时，“或是由于不受重视和无人追求，心里想不开，产生了忧郁的负担”时，[2]赫丝特总是尽全力安慰她们，为她们出谋划策，从而又给红字赋予了天使(Angel)这一全新的象征意义。正如任晓晋和魏玲在他们的文章中所说的那样，“赫丝特通过她的美德赢得了小镇人的尊敬，她的行为为红色字母‘A’赋予了神圣的意义。在人们的心中，它就像修女胸前的十字架，是天使的象征。”
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下，在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，奇灵渥斯遭遇海难，白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰，并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔，齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终，齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂；丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚，身心俱毁，临终前在公开承认了通奸事实；只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来，准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起；把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家，因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛，至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪，美国的文学日趋成熟，涌现了一大批有成就的作家，如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益，无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.[edit] Plot summaryThe Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.[1]The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.[edit] Major themesNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne[edit] SinSin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two “labors” that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as “her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,” leading her to “speculate” about her society and herself more “boldly” than anyone else in New England.[2]As for Dimmesdale, the “cheating minister” of his sin gives him “sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.” His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find “some sweet moral blossom” in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that “the deep heart of nature” (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]Chillingworth’s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.[edit] Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be “the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.” Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with “no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,” who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as “dim and dusky,” “grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,” “bitter persecutors” whose “better deeds” would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne’s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors’ disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. “A writer of story books!” But even as he disagrees with his ancestor’s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a “sense of place” in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4][edit] Public responseThe Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11][edit] Allusions* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptationsMain article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter1995 film poster1995 film poster* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is produced in Los Angeles.* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood produced in 1999, and F--ing A, produced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an adulteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also produced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio production in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.[edit] References to the novelLists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)[edit] Literature* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India during the spread of the British East India Company.* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates during the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introduction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."[edit] CultureRichard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up duty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.
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19世纪美利坚合众国浪漫主义作家霍桑的长篇小说。创作于1851年。小说描写女主人公海丝特·白兰跟丈夫从英国移居当时尚属英殖民地的美利坚合众国波士顿。中途丈夫被印第安人俘虏。海丝特只身到美后，迫于生活，被一青年牧师诱怀孕。此事，被当地虚伪的清教徒社会视为大逆不道。当局把海丝特抓起来投入监狱，游街示众，还要终生佩带象征耻辱的红色的A字（Adultery：通奸女犯）和站在示众台上受审。州长亲自主持了对海丝特的审讯，她所属教区的牧师丁梅斯代尔——一个被公众视为最高道德典范的诱海丝特的奸夫，也假惺惺地劝说她招出奸夫的姓名。但海丝特宁愿一人受辱，誓死也不招供。在远离社会，远离人群，受尽屈辱的处境中，海丝特孤苦顽强地生活着，全仗刺绣为生。她生活中的惟一支柱是抚养掌上明珠般的女儿珠儿。海丝特这种忍辱负重、代人受过和不屈不挠的精神，使丁梅斯代尔大为感动，也大受刺激，不久他便心力交瘁地病倒了。而获释归来，一直在暗中侦察底细的海丝特的丈夫罗杰·奇林渥斯医生，在给丁梅斯代尔治病中，已基本了解到了真情，并欲置丁梅斯代尔于死地。为了逃脱，海丝特跟丁梅斯代尔议定在新市长就职那天，带上孩于一同乘船到“看不到白人足迹”的地方去。但此事也被奇林渥斯识破，逃脱不成。于是，丁梅斯代尔在新市长就职那天，携海丝特和珠儿走上示众台，当丛宣布了自己诱海丝特的事实，并死在海丝特怀抱中。海丝特也从此得到了解放，带着珠儿远走他方。若干年后，珠儿长大成人，安了家立了业，而海丝特却一人再回到波士顿，仍带着那个红色的A字，用自己的“崇高的道德和助人精神”，把耻辱的红字变成了道德与光荣的象征，直到老死。小说以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯，小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。小说在线阅读：英文阅读：
A Comparative Study of Animal Words between English and Chinese[Abstract] In the history of developing process of human beings, some animals always keep relation with human and deeply influence human survival and development to some extent. This close relation repose human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals, so there are lots of animal words in different languages. Words can reflect differences of culture and words are influenced by history, customs, values, and religion. Animal words are given special cultural connotations in different languages. There are many words of animals, such as dogs, birds, sheep, dragons, etc, used in metaphors in the human languages. These animal metaphors have explained the origins of different cultures. Research on comparisons of animal metaphors between Chinese and foreign language provides an answer to the explanations of cultural generalities. Cognitive interpretations of cultural differences or coincidence in different animal metaphors have been reflected from different language levels. Therefore, a reasonable explanation can only be found from the point of view of cognitive science. There are a lot of animal words in both English and Chinese. Their modes of thinking and background are different and they result in the implied meanings of animal words are possibly different. As we known, language is a culture carrier. Culture loaded words play an important role in paper focuses on the similarities and differences of animal words in both Chinese and English. Different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking result in the different connotation of animal words. To be aware of the different cultures and ways of thinking in the two countries will help us understand the usage of the animal words better, thus understand the language itself much better.[Key Words] Animal words; cultural connotation; similarities and differences 英汉动物词的对比研究 【摘 要】在人类历史发展的漫长进程中, 有些动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存、发展有着深刻的影响。这种关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感, 人们也常常借动物来寄托和表达人的感情, 所以在英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。同时语言中的词汇反映了文化发展的差异, 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵众所周知, 在不同语言和不同文化背景下, 每个词除了具有字面意义外, 还有丰富的文化内涵, 即该词所隐含的附带的联想义、比喻义、象征义及带有感情色彩的褒义和贬义等。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。动物词在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的意义也就会出现差异。通过对动物词文化意义的揭示和研究,不仅可以避免交际中的语用失误,而且对于不同文化的比较与导入有一定的理论和实践意义.语言是文化的载体, 不同民族的语言使世界上的文化呈现出千姿百态。文化差异赋予同一动物词语不同的内涵, 词汇反映了特定的社会文化, 不同的社会背景和文化差异造成了词汇在文化内涵上的差异。通过比较, 人们可以更清楚地感受到英汉文化在动物词语上留下的历史文化差异。本文从同一个动物词代表相同的意义；同一个动物词代表不同的意义； 不同的动物词代表相同的意义； 英汉特有的动物词涵义这四个方面来讨论英汉动物词汇涵义的相同点和不同点。【关键词】动物词；文化内涵； 异同 1. IntroductionIn the history of developing process, human beings keep close relation with animals. They live together on the same earth, and they have great impact on each other. This close relation reposes human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals and results in the emergence and enrichment of animal words in different languages. However, different people from different countries have different ways of thinking and social backgrounds. Therefore, the implied meaning of the words that have the same denotations may be totally different. They are given special cultural connotations for the different social backgrounds and national conventions. And as it is well-known, both English and Chinese have a sea of animal words, which are endowed abundant cultural connotations. So, this paper tries to discuss the cultural connotations of animal words both in English and Chinese from the following aspects: the words refer to the same animal with the same connotations; the words refer to the same animal but with different connotations; the words refer to different animals with the same connotation; the words refer to the same animal but only has connotation in English or Chinese. With comparison, the English learners can better understand the usage of the animal words. 2. The worth for the comparison of animal words between English and Chinese“Cultural connotation refers to the general meaning including connotative meaning and cultural meaning carried in different cultural circumstance. It includes the meaning added and the amplified meaning under special social and cultural background, and also includes the emotions and attitudes of some particular cultural colony.”[1] As we have mentioned above, different social backgrounds render diverse cultural connotations to different languages. Therefore, even if animal words of different languages have the same conceptual meanings, their connotative meanings are not totally the same. As we all know, English has become one of the most open languages around the world. Since it was born, it has never stopped its self-development and meanwhile assimilated other’s cultural essence from different countries. As the result, it can be sure that the animal words in English language have rich cultural implications. And Chinese, as one of the oldest languages in the world, has evolved over 5000 years. The animal words in Chinese have their own specific cultural connotations as well. Fore these reasons, it is worthwhile to make a good comparison of animal words between English and Chinese both for the English language learners and Chinese language learners. It can help them get a better comprehension of the intercultural communication as well. 3. The similarities and differences of animal words between English and . Similar words or similar . The words refer to the same animal with the same connotation It is sure that people around the world live in similar surroundings, so they will have similar thinking on some aspects. When they learn some animal words from their basic cognition to the world, these animal words are endowed with the same cultural connotation. For example, regardless of English or Chinese culture, the animal, fox is the symbol of crafty. Phrases: old fox; play the foxSentences: (1) She is as cunning as a fox, you’ve got to watch her. [2] (2) I could not help reflecting on the strange by which the old fox had saved himself. (3) Are you sure you can trust that man------he is such a sly old fox. [3] Fox also means sly crafty and doubtful in Chinese, for example: (1) 狐假虎威: the ass in the lion’s skin;(fig) bully people by flaunting one'spowerful connections.(2) 狐狸尾巴: fox's tail-cloven hoof; something that gives away the evil intention of somebody like a fox tail(3) 狐朋狗友: a pack of rogues; a gang of scoundrels(4) 狐狸精: fox spirit symbolizing a seductive woman(5) 狐疑: doubt; suspicion [4]In Chinese, “old fox” means someone who is very crafty. For example：(1) 他是一只老狐狸，不要轻易相信他说的话。(He is an old fox, whose words cannot be believed.)(
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Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下，在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，奇灵渥斯遭遇海难，白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰，并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔，齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终，齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂；丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚，身心俱毁，临终前在公开承认了通奸事实；只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来，准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起；把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家，因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛，至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪，美国的文学日趋成熟，涌现了一大批有成就的作家，如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益，无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二） 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括：⑴ 研究的有关背景(课题的提出)： 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地（校） 的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。 （三） 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。 规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 （四）论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是政府的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 （五） 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是：不写研究目标；目标扣题不紧；目标用词不准确； 目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时，一方面要考虑课题本身的要求，另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 （六）论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很具体，写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊，把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括：⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点：研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 （七）论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定： 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 （八）论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤，也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度，一般情况下，都是从基础问题开始，分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，至什么时间结束都要有规定。课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括：整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段；各阶段的起止时间 希望可以帮你。怎么写开题报告呢？首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的，应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题，在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的：1、通过再现长征历程，追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩，对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说，培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动，使同学的信息技术得到提高，进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分，应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说，研究性学习的课题研究方法有：实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查，从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法（根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题，以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法）、人物采访法（直接向有关人员采访，以掌握第一手材料的方法）、文献法（通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论）等等。在课题研究中，应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤，当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面：准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴，但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位，学生不能明确自己的职责，有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿，有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组，每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长，由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况，把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分，一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展，必然需要一些经费来启动，所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少，比如搜集资料需要多少钱，实地调查的外出经费，问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用，课题组所要占用的场地费，有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料，结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动，粮草先行”，没有足够的资金作后盾，课题研究势必举步维艰，捉襟见肘，甚至于半途而废。因此，课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好，未雨绸缪，才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
文化是经济和政治在观念形态中的存在方式,是人类精神活动的表现和产物.而长征文化,便是“五四”以来形成的最重要的革命传统文化之一.“长征是宣言书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机”.当年红军长征胜利到达陕北之后,毛泽东同志曾就长征作过如此精辟的总结.红军长征已过去了七十年,但长征精神依然鲜活地留在人们心中,鼓舞着我们每一人. 在我很小的时候,就熟悉了红军的事迹,特别是“会泽扩红”更加耳熟能详,随着年龄增长,这种情结愈发强烈.在我眼里,红军能完成“历史记录上的第一次”的长征,每一位红军将士都是英雄好汉.连外国人斯诺·索尔兹伯里都高度评价了红军长征.没有长征,就不能保存我们的党,我们的人民军队和革命根据地,就不会有抗日战争,解放战争和抗美援朝的胜利,也不会有新中国,更不会有现在改革开放的成就. 饮水思源,是大家都明白的道理,也是我们纪念红军长征的动力,在红军长征七十周年之际,我们用自己的方式举行纪念活动,缅怀老一辈无产阶级革命家,就是为了把这感动一代代人的革命精神发扬光大. 面对自己的先辈,每一个人都应该扪心自问,我们的幸福生活来自哪里?我们有没有忘记那些为我们打天下的革命先辈? 有人可能会认为,当年穷人参加红军是为了有饭吃.确实是有这样的人,但是他们当了红军以后,其信念就不只是为了吃饭.我们在长征七十年后的今天,仍然能深深地感受到红军长征的艰苦卓绝和巨大牺牲,“送郎当红军”绝不仅仅是为了吃饭而去的,而且有一些红军将领就出身于书香门第,家里有饭吃,他们就是为了人民的利益,为了大众的解放扛起了抢. 假如仅仅为了吃饭,你就无法解释这样的故事,红军长征到云南时,有12位红军伤员被敌人抓住了.敌人说,只要你们不当红军了,就可以放你们生路,不杀你们,但是这几位红军战士个个坚强不屈,敌人没有办法,就把红军伤员带到半山腰一个深不见底的地下河洞口,把前面两个伤员推到山洞里面,在后面的10位红军就说：“不用你们推,我们自己跳”.当地群众后来把这个洞叫“红军洞”,这个事迹刻在那个洞口的碑上. 我觉得,红军作为中华民族的一部分,在那个年代里,承担起了自己的历史责任.这种历史责任感,最值得我们纪念,也是今天中华民族实现伟大复兴最需要的. 什么样的精神让我落泪?那就是宁可牺牲自我,去保全集体的团队精神.当年红三十四师师长陈树湘率部队为红军垫后,掩护主力队伍撤退以后,他们只剩下四五百人.等到他们撤退的时候,湘江已经被国民党封锁了.他们又饿着肚子翻山越岭退回到湘西打游击.撤退途中,陈师长腹部中了敌人的子弹,他命令其他的战士撤退,自己来掩护,不幸被敌人抓住.敌人非常得意,在抬着他去邀功的时候,陈师长把自己的肠子掏出来扯断,最后壮烈牺牲,年仅29岁.这个故事让我流泪,长征中还有许许多多的红军战士为了大部队的安全,牺牲了自己,如果一支军队,一个民族拥有这种精神,那就无坚不摧了.长征精神是一个宝库,过去,现在和将来都能让我们受益匪浅. 如果要问我,纪念长征的感悟是什么?我们今天纪念红军“长征”,已经没有了战火纷飞的氛围,七十年前艰苦程度甚至超乎我们的想像,但其精神却会永远激励着我们.毛主席曾说过：“一个人做点好事并不难,难的是一辈子做好事”.艰苦奋斗几十年如一日,这才是最难最难的啊!我想,人生可以平谈,但不能虚度光阴.这就是我的最大感悟.我们今后要继续发扬红军长征精神.遥望着眼前的山山水水,眼前总会浮现长征中一个个鲜活的面容.今天的纪念活动远远无法表达出我们对红军的崇敬之情. 继承长征精神,始终保持党的先进性,是中国共产党巩固党的执政地位的迫切需要,我们要以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,努力构建社会主义先进文化,把立党为公、执政为民落实到具体的工作中,让“三个文明”建设结出丰硕的成果,让长征精神永放光芒!感悟“长征在我很小的时候,就熟悉了红军的事迹,特别是“会泽扩红”更加耳熟能详,随着年龄增长,这种情结愈发强烈.在我眼里,红军能完成“历史记录上的第一次”的长征,每一位红军将士都是英雄好汉.连外国人斯诺·索尔兹伯里都高度评价了红军长征.没有长征,就不能保存我们的党,我们的人民军队和革命根据地,就不会有抗日战争,解放战争和抗美援朝的胜利,也不会有新中国,更不会有现在改革开放的成就. 文化是经济和政治在观念形态中的存在方式,是人类精神活动的表现和产物.而长征文化,便是“五四”以来形成的最重要的革命传统文化之一.“长征是宣言书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机”.当年红军长征胜利到达陕北之后,毛泽东同志曾就长征作过如此精辟的总结.红军长征已过去了七十年,但长征精神依然鲜活地留在人们心中,鼓舞着我们每一人. 在我很小的时候,就熟悉了红军的事迹,特别是“会泽扩红”更加耳熟能详,随着年龄增长,这种情结愈发强烈.在我眼里,红军能完成“历史记录上的第一次”的长征,每一位红军将士都是英雄好汉.连外国人斯诺·索尔兹伯里都高度评价了红军长征.没有长征,就不能保存我们的党,我们的人民军队和革命根据地,就不会有抗日战争,解放战争和抗美援朝的胜利,也不会有新中国,更不会有现在改革开放的成就. 饮水思源,是大家都明白的道理,也是我们纪念红军长征的动力,在红军长征七十周年之际,我们用自己的方式举行纪念活动,缅怀老一辈无产阶级革命家,就是为了把这感动一代代人的革命精神发扬光大. 面对自己的先辈,每一个人都应该扪心自问,我们的幸福生活来自哪里?我们有没有忘记那些为我们打天下的革命先辈? 有人可能会认为,当年穷人参加红军是为了有饭吃.确实是有这样的人,但是他们当了红军以后,其信念就不只是为了吃饭.我们在长征七十年后的今天,仍然能深深地感受到红军长征的艰苦卓绝和巨大牺牲,“送郎当红军”绝不仅仅是为了吃饭而去的,而且有一些红军将领就出身于书香门第,家里有饭吃,他们就是为了人民的利益,为了大众的解放扛起了抢. 假如仅仅为了吃饭,你就无法解释这样的故事,红军长征到云南时,有12位红军伤员被敌人抓住了.敌人说,只要你们不当红军了,就可以放你们生路,不杀你们,但是这几位红军战士个个坚强不屈,敌人没有办法,就把红军伤员带到半山腰一个深不见底的地下河洞口,把前面两个伤员推到山洞里面,在后面的10位红军就说：“不用你们推,我们自己跳”.当地群众后来把这个洞叫“红军洞”,这个事迹刻在那个洞口的碑上. 我觉得,红军作为中华民族的一部分,在那个年代里,承担起了自己的历史责任.这种历史责任感,最值得我们纪念,也是今天中华民族实现伟大复兴最需要的. 什么样的精神让我落泪?那就是宁可牺牲自我,去保全集体的团队精神.当年红三十四师师长陈树湘率部队为红军垫后,掩护主力队伍撤退以后,他们只剩下四五百人.等到他们撤退的时候,湘江已经被国民党封锁了.他们又饿着肚子翻山越岭退回到湘西打游击.撤退途中,陈师长腹部中了敌人的子弹,他命令其他的战士撤退,自己来掩护,不幸被敌人抓住.敌人非常得意,在抬着他去邀功的时候,陈师长把自己的肠子掏出来扯断,最后壮烈牺牲,年仅29岁.这个故事让我流泪,长征中还有许许多多的红军战士为了大部队的安全,牺牲了自己,如果一支军队,一个民族拥有这种精神,那就无坚不摧了.长征精神是一个宝库,过去,现在和将来都能让我们受益匪浅. 如果要问我,纪念长征的感悟是什么?我们今天纪念红军“长征”,已经没有了战火纷飞的氛围,七十年前艰苦程度甚至超乎我们的想像,但其精神却会永远激励着我们.毛主席曾说过：“一个人做点好事并不难,难的是一辈子做好事”.艰苦奋斗几十年如一日,这才是最难最难的啊!我想,人生可以平谈,但不能虚度光阴.这就是我的最大感悟.我们今后要继续发扬红军长征精神.遥望着眼前的山山水水,眼前总会浮现长征中一个个鲜活的面容.今天的纪念活动远远无法表达出我们对红军的崇敬之情.
什么课题？有啥要求？
长征精神论文2000字80年前，一次闪烁着革命理想光芒的远征，在中国人心中留下了挥之不去的长征情结。80年后，我们穿越时空回望历次长征纪念活动，透过这扇特殊的窗口，感受到了长征宣传的与时俱进，感悟到了长征精神的历久弥新。这次人类历史上空前未有的战略大转移，是1931年初至1935年初统治党中央长达四年之久的王明左倾冒险主义错误所造成的结果，是中国共产党人纠正这次左倾错误，战胜千难万险，足以引为自豪的英雄史诗。红军长征是历史记录上的第一次，是战争史上的奇迹。到底是什么使原本弱势的红军冲破国民党反动派的围追堵截，使红军愿意抛头颅洒热血，使红军历尽艰辛，克服险阻最终走向胜利呢?是信念，是千千万万红军心中珍藏着的让人民翻身做主人、过幸福生活的信念!而长征精神，就像一座永远的丰碑，永远树立在人们的心中我不禁想起那一个个感人肺腑的长征故事：一位掉队的小红军在极度饥饿、疲惫的情况下，巧妙地说服陈赓同志放弃对自己的帮助，最后牺牲在长征途中;一位炊事班长接受党组织交给的任务，照顾三个生病的小战士过草地，而不惜牺牲自己;一位首长把仅存的青稞面留给了战士，而那位战士最后又把青稞面还给了首长……艰苦奋斗、舍己为人等多么宝贵的长征精神，它们就像一颗种子在我心中生根、发芽……记得我刚学自行车时，爸爸老在车后面扶着。一天，爸爸对我说：“你练了这么久了，该自己骑了吧。”我很不情愿地大声喊：“不要啊!万一我摔下来怎么办?”“好了好了，不放就不放。”爸爸笑着说。我又骑了几圈，风在耳边呼呼地响，感觉特别爽。这时，不知怎的，车头好像跟我作对似的，往左一偏，我措手不及，“砰”的一声，连车带人重重地摔在了地上。原来爸爸在后面偷偷地放开了手。我有一种被作弄的感觉，“哼!都怪你!”我气得一屁股座在地上，揉着摔疼的膝盖。爸爸走过来，语重心长地对我说：“这点困难都受不住，以后还干什么大事?想想红军们二万五千里长征，历尽多少艰难险阻，他们还不照样挺过来了?”听了爸爸的话，想想也是，跟长征比起来，我这点困难又算得上什么呢?于是，我重新站起来，信心十足地骑上车，暗暗鼓励自己：不用怕，我一定行的!就这样，我一次又一次地摔跤，身上青一块紫一块的，但我一次又一次地爬起来，经过一次又一次地努力，我终于学会了骑自行车，那个高兴劲儿，现在还记得呢!真多亏了红军长征事迹的鼓舞。还有一次，我参加了校运会的几项比赛。到最后一项长跑时，我箭一般地向前冲去，一路遥遥领先。可是，才跑到一半，我就精疲力尽了，速度越来越慢，后面的两名同学也追上了我，得意地向我瞟了一眼。我上气不接下气，真想停下来不跑了，可看到同学们那着急的样子，听到大家为我的加油声，我想到了“红军不怕远征难”，二万五千里长征都不怕，我怕什么呢?我顿时有了信心，带着全班同学的期望奋力向前跑去。“加油，加油!”在同学们的欢呼声中，我就要到终点了。于是我加足马力，近了，近了，奇迹般地超过了前两名同学，到了!在接触红线的那一刻，我体会到了，坚持就是胜利!在学习中，我也常常想起红军，想起二万五千里长征，这时候全身便充满了力量，学习劲头更足了，每年均取得了一定的成绩，得到了老师和同学们的好评。通过这些事例，我懂得了，无论做什么事，都要像红军那样，必须有不怕困难的精神才能成功。因此，我觉得，长征精神是永久弥新的，长征是永远的丰碑!长征精神永远鼓舞着我前进!