1、议论文的格式:
议论文的格式应由三个部分组成:<1> 立论部分;<2> 论证部分; <3> 结论部分。一般说来,议论文可分三个基本段落来写:
第一段引出话题;
第二段立论且加以论证;
第三段给出明确的结论。第二段是中心段落,应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中,同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性,且应尽量做到首尾呼应,切忌前后矛盾。
2、写作攻略
初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么,明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证,最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主,但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式:开头、主体和结尾。一般写作步骤如下:
第一步:确定主题,引出论点;
第二步:通过摆事实、讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起;
第三步:得出结论。要简明扼要、回扣全文。
1、【模板范文】
Many students think that they do not need to learn Engish, because they don't plan to go abroad.
But as to me, I am not in favour of this point of view. I think that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well. First of all, in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English.
Secondly, in the world today most books are written in English. If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English. Most important of all, you can learn something more widely.
All in all, I hold the opinion that we should learn English well. And I hope that all the students can use English freely.
2、【模板范文】
Nowadays,many students like to make friends this different people have different opinions.
On the one hand,some
people think it's interesting totalk with friends you will never feel lonely when youare you are lucky enough to make a friend from Englishspeaking country,you can improve your English , it's pretty cool to have several foreign friends.
But every coinhas two a few people have made really goodfriends people are cheated by the "friends".Besides,it is terrible for students to spen
d much time makingfriends and talking online.
Some people say making friends online is making there is something in what they say.
一、引出开头1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)二、表达不同观点1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同)三、表示结尾1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……)2:From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)四、提出建议1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……)5:Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)五、预示后果1:Obviously,if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)六、表示论证1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……(我无法完全同意这一观点)3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……(就我来说……)4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.(我真诚地相信……)5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)七、给出原因1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third,……。这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三……3:For one thing,…… For another thing,…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2:As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言,……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4:It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……6:There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1:It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2:It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1:It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2:It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1:We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2:We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3:We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4:We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1:Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2:Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3:It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4:The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2:No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3:This is a phenomenon that many people are interested (与...息息相关)十四、进行比较1:Compared with A,B……与A比较,B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1:Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2:All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3:All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4:A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5:Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6:A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里7:Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。
引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证与步骤; d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
最低元开通文库会员,查看完整内容> 原发布者:王宏博818 HowtoWriteaLiteratureReview?.ThedefinitionofLiteratureReview文献综述(LiterautreReview)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
..标题与作者(titleandauthor)摘要与关键词(abstractandkeywords)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references).ClassificationofSourceMaterialsHowcanwelocatethematerialsrelevanttoourtopic *** etterandfaster?Basically,allthesesourcematerial *** 。
英语毕业论文文献综述好写的,根据题目写相关学者的总结,开始我也不会,还是师姐介绍的莫文网,专业的就是不一样,很快就帮忙完成了对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策国内商务英语翻译研究综述商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略###世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。
而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。 为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。
研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖。
@@@ 世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。
为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。 研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。
研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖析跨文化外语教学中存在的问题及其成因。 问卷数据统计结果表明,学生文化学习与运用情况不够理想,存在着严重的“中国文化失语”现象,学生的跨文化交际能力普遍很低。
影响学生英语文化知识学习的主要因素有:学生对于文化的定义和认识、学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法、英语课堂教学与学生文化信息来源情况、学生在英语学习中精力分配情况,其中学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法对学生英语文化知识学习的影响最大。 影响教师跨文化教学情况的主要因素有:教师对跨文化交际知识学习的态度、教师对跨文化教学内容的认识、跨文化教学方法的选择、教材中文化内容的含量、文化教学时间的分配、学生对文化学习的兴趣或态度,其中跨文化教学方法的选择对教师跨文化。
英语毕业论文文献综述好写的,根据题目写相关学者的总结,开始我也不会,还是师姐介绍的莫文网,专业的就是不一样,很快就帮忙完成了 对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考 应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导 大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策 国内商务英语翻译研究综述 商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策 顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析 经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学 新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻 语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究 翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究 从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译 高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨 科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例 功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译 论商务英语翻译的4Es标准 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策 关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例 功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译 大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策 英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例 中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究 从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译 论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养 试论近代国人英语翻译 任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用 商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究 大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例 东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响 顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例 从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿 商务英语翻译原则探讨 跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略。
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文:
(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:
a.提出-论点;
b.分析问题-论据和论证;
c.解决问题-论证与步骤;
d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息
所列参考文献的要求是:
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
英语专业写起来比较麻烦,不可能有人给你白写的,还是自己动动脑筋写吧,如写作实在有困难可以找人帮忙,是我同学介绍我的,找的【天下文库】,她们帮我做的。
还不错,希望你也都能顺利通过。 论文的选题 撰写毕业论文,首先是选择课题。
选题是完成毕业论文撰写成败的关键。因为,选择题是完成毕业论文撰写的第一步,它实际上就是确定“写什么”的问题,亦即确定科学研究的方向。
要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。 [详细内容] 论文的格式 (一)论文标题。
(二)作者姓名。 (三)内容摘要。
一般为中文摘要,如有英文要求则要附上英文摘要。摘要应该以研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论,围绕主题展开,明确介绍重点。
一般用200-300字高度概括全篇论文的精华。 (四)关键词。
又称主题词,从论文中选出用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。一般以3-8个词以显著的字体另起一行,排在摘要的左下方。
(五)正文:1、绪论;2、本论;3、结论。 (六)参考文献。
在论文主体的后面列出参考文献,目的在于表明作者的科学态度和对前人劳动成果的尊重,并方便读者去查阅参考文献之前专门列出一项“致谢”。 论文的撰写论文的正文一般包括三大部分:绪论、本论和结论。
绪论是论文的开头部分。主要讲清研究的动机、写作的理由、目的和意义、提出问题、概述内容、明确中心论点等。
一般要求语言简洁扼要,开门见山,引人注目。也可以简要交代确定选题的过程和有关背景材料,目的是为了使读者更好地了解全文的旨要。
论文的指导在与指导教师第一次见面后,考生将根据指导教师的要求,对已有的写作思路进行丰富或修正并形成论文写作提纲。对于写作者来说,提纲质量的高低,直接关系到论文写作的成效。
豪不夸张地说,写好了论文提纲,也就等于完成了论文写作任务的一半。
英语毕业论文的文献看你写什么方向,都是根据题目写文献综述。开始我也不懂,还是师姐给的莫文网,高手就是效率高啊
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下面是论文的一般格式,仅供参考:1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。论文题目下附署名,在一行中要与标题对应而居中。题目用黑体三号字,加黑居中。2、目录目录是论文中主要段落的简表,采用目录索引方式。页码从一级标题宋体四号字,二、三级标题宋体小四号字。3、内容摘要:它是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。仿宋小四号字,倍行距;“摘要”四号宋体。4、关键词或主题词关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“摘要”的左下方。仿宋小四号字,倍行距;“关键词”四号宋体。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。(参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》)。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出问题-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤;d.结论。正文一级标题:宋体四号字加黑居左;正文二级标题:宋体小四号字加黑居左缩两格;正文三级标题:宋体小四号字居左缩两格;正文其余文字小四号,统一采用倍行间距编排。图:毕业设计中的每幅图都应有图题,图题由图号和图名组成,用五号宋体。图号按部分编排,如“图2-3”表示第2部分第3张插图,图号与图名之间空一格排写,图题居中置于图下。表:每个表格应有自已的表题和表序,表题应写在表格上方正中,用五号宋体,表序写在表题左方不加标点,空一格接写表题,表题末尾不加标点。表格应逐章编序,如“表4-2”表示第4部分的第2张表。表格允许下页接写,接写时表题省略,表头应重复书写,并在右上方写“续表××”。6、参考文献一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。宋体五号字,倍行距;“参考文献”四号宋体加粗居左。中文:作者--标题--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期)英文:作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。举例:[1] 王谦.会计信息失真原因及对策[J].中国乡镇企业会计.2007,(12):26 - 27.[2] 高丽萍, 马克和.税法 [M]. 北京: 中国财政经济出版社, –38.[3] 刘辉. 会计学的理论与应用——中国会计学会第六届大会论文集 [C]. 上海: 上海财经大学出版社,–237.[4] 王亚周.会计诚信教育 [N].中国财经报, 2006 –12 - 17(7).[5] 梅研,杨华,孙晓媛. 新会计准则对比研究 [EB/OL]. , 2007–08–16/2007–10–04
1、议论文的格式:
议论文的格式应由三个部分组成:<1> 立论部分;<2> 论证部分; <3> 结论部分。一般说来,议论文可分三个基本段落来写:
第一段引出话题;
第二段立论且加以论证;
第三段给出明确的结论。第二段是中心段落,应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中,同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性,且应尽量做到首尾呼应,切忌前后矛盾。
2、写作攻略
初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么,明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证,最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主,但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式:开头、主体和结尾。一般写作步骤如下:
第一步:确定主题,引出论点;
第二步:通过摆事实、讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起;
第三步:得出结论。要简明扼要、回扣全文。
1、【模板范文】
Many students think that they do not need to learn Engish, because they don't plan to go abroad.
But as to me, I am not in favour of this point of view. I think that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well. First of all, in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English.
Secondly, in the world today most books are written in English. If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English. Most important of all, you can learn something more widely.
All in all, I hold the opinion that we should learn English well. And I hope that all the students can use English freely.
2、【模板范文】
Nowadays,many students like to make friends this different people have different opinions.
On the one hand,some
people think it's interesting totalk with friends you will never feel lonely when youare you are lucky enough to make a friend from Englishspeaking country,you can improve your English , it's pretty cool to have several foreign friends.
But every coinhas two a few people have made really goodfriends people are cheated by the "friends".Besides,it is terrible for students to spen
d much time makingfriends and talking online.
Some people say making friends online is making there is something in what they say.
一、正反观点式议论文万能句(对比观点型)作文框架模版给出观点——正反观点二选一(有的人认为,有的人认为,你的观点)There is a widespread concern over the issue that________(作文题目)But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. (开头一般题目给出)The majority think that________(观点一). First of all,________(原因一).Furthermore, ________(原因二). So it goes without saying that________(观点一).People,however,differ in their opinions on this people hold the view that________(观点二). On the one hand,________(原因一). On the other hand,________(原因二). Therefore, there is no doubt that ________(观点二)As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二.It is not only because ________(原因一), but also because ________.(原因二)It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way eventually can we ________(支持这一观点的结果)模版译文:有一个广泛引起关注的问题________。但众所周知有关这个热点话题的观点因人而异。绝大多数人认为________。首先,________。而且,________。因此不言而喻________。然而在这个话题上人们的观点各不相同。有的人持有的观点是________。一方面,________。另一方面,________。因此,毫无疑问________。就我而言,我强烈支持________的观点。不仅因为________,还因为________。该是________的时候了。只有这样我们最终才能________。二、“A或者B”类议论文万能句:(说明利弊型)作文框架模版:说明某一事物的优缺点及自己的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily speaking, its advantages can be seen as follows. First of all ,________(A的优点之一).Moreover,________(A的优点之二).Besides ,________(A的优点之三)But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse, ________(A的第二个缺点).Through above analyses, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to________ (我的看法).或者(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, (对前景的预测).模版译文:现如今很多人更喜欢A,因为它在我们生活中扮演了一个重要的角色。总的来说。他的优点如下。首先________。而且,________。除此之外,________。但凡事都有利有弊,消极的一面也是很明显的。最重要的缺点是________。更糟糕的是________通过以上分析,我认为积极的一面胜过消极的一面。因此,我更喜欢________。三、观点论述类议论文万能句:(现象说明型)作文框架模版现象说明型:说明某一现象及其产生的原因和自己的看法Nowadays, there are more and more ________ (某种现象) in ________ (某种场合). It is estimated that________ (相关数据). Why have there been so many ________ (某种现象)? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. To begin with, ________ (原因一). Besides, (原因二). Last but not least, ________ (原因三).Personally, the main cause of ________ (某种现象) is due to ________ (最主要原因). It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,________ (解决办法一). For another, ________ (解决办法二). All these measures will certainly reduce the amount of ________ (某种现象).模版译文:现如今在________(某种场合) 有越来越多的________。(某种现象) 据统计,________。为神马有如此多的________?也许原因如下。首先,________。除此之外,________。最后但同样重要的是,________。我认为,引起________的主要原因是________。该是时候采取些措施了。一方面,________。另一方面,________。所有这些措施都将会解决________。阐述主题型:要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述.四、"How to"类议论文万能句:(问题解决型)作文框架模版模版①要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1.问题现状 2.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face a problem________A, which , surprisingly , is becoming more and more serious. First of all, ________(说明A的现状).Secondly, ________(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing,________(解决方法一). For another, ________(解决方法二). Finally, ________解决方法三).Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处).模版译文:现如今我们不得不面对一个问题________A,这个问题正变得越来越严重。首先,________。其次,________。面对A,我们应该采取一系列的措施来解决这个处境。一方面,________。另一方面,________。最后,________。就我而言,我认为________。因此,我相信一个崭新的未来正在等待着我们,因为________。图表作文写作万能句(图表分析型)(常给出折线图、饼状图、条形、扇形等统计图)描写图表变化趋势的词:(建议使用斜体加横线的词,个人认为比较形象)上升:increase / rise / go up / rocket(迅速增加) 下降:decrease / reduce / come down/ decline快:quickly / rapidly / sharply / dramatically 慢:slowly / gradually作文框架模版As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentagein the table (graph/ picture /pie /chart ), ________(作文的议题)has been on rise (increases /drops /decreases ), significantly /dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from_% in _年_ to _%_ in _年_. From the sharp /marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that________(现象总结)There are at least two good reasons accounting for________(总结的现象). On the one hand, ____. On the other hand, ________ is duetothefactthat ________. In addition, __ is responsible for ________.(Maybe there are some other reasons to show it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. )As far as I am concerned,I hold the view that _______. It's high time that________. (喊口号) Only in this way can ________(支持这一观点的结果)模版译文:正如图表所展示的那样,________一直在增长。从图表中飞速的增长,不言而喻________。至少有两个原因来解释________。一方面,________。另一方面,________是因为________.除此之外,________是________的原由.就我而言,我持有________的观点.该是________的时候了.只有这样我们最终才能________。
一、学位论文的一般格式和顺序 紧接英文页面之后的学位论文独创性声明和使用授权声明(见附件一)需要由研究生本人亲笔签名,学位论文需要提交电子版以便于数据库管理和网上查阅。有保密要求不宜公开的论文由导师申请,院系审核,经校保密工作委员会审查后,提交研究生学位办公室批准后同意保密,保密期后自动承认使用授权声明,并予以公开。 硕士学位论文一般在三万字以上,博士学位论文一般在五万字以上。文字采用中文简体;除艺术、古籍等个别经研究生院特许的情况外不得采用繁体字。鼓励采用中英文双语写作,但上交国家及校图书馆的论文必须用中文。 本格式主要适用于理、工、医、管学科的学位论文和一般的文科论文,特殊情况经研究生院批准后执行。(一)论文题目 论文题目是论文全貌的集中体现,应能概括整个论文最重要的内容,命题必须确切、简明,题目应力求简单,也不应宽泛笼统,应能看出论文的实质性内容和工作重心。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。副题名可另起一行,用破折号与主题名隔开。题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。 可公开交流的学位论文应有英文题名。英文题名另起一页,排印在英文授予单位前,其间用“a dissertation submitted to”(硕士学位论文用“a thesis submitted to”)作为标志,后面注明学位类别、研究生姓名、导师姓名、日期等。英文题名格式见研究生院主页下载区→研究生学位→英文页面格式。 (二)论文摘要(提要) 论文摘要包括题名、硕士(博士)研究生姓名、导师姓名、学校名称、正文、关键词。中文约500字左右,英文约200~300词左右,二者应基本对应。它是论文内容的高度概括,应说明研究目的、研究方法、成果和结论,要突出本论文的创造性成果或新的见解、用语简洁、准确,并在论文摘要后注明本文的关键词3至8个。关键词应为公知公用的词和学术术语,不可采用自造字词和略写、符号等,词组不宜过长。 英文摘要采用第三人称单数语气介绍该学位论文内容,目的是便于其他文摘摘录,因此在写作英文文摘时不宜用第一人称的语气陈述。叙述的基本时态为一般现在时,确实需要强调过去的事情或者已经完成的行为才使用过去时、完成时等其他时态。可以多采用被动语态,但要避免出现用“this paper”作为主语代替作者完成某些研究行为。中国姓名译为英文时用汉语拼音,按照姓前名后的原则,姓、名均用全名,不宜用缩写。姓全用大写,名的第一个字母大写,名用双中文字时两个字的拼音之间可以不用短划线,但容易引起歧义时必须用短划线。例如“冯长根”译为“feng changgen”或“feng chang-gen”,而“冯长安”则必须译为“feng chang-an”。论文英文封面上的署名也遵守此规定。 (三)目录 目录是论文的大纲,它反映论文的梗概。论文目录要求层次清楚,应将论文的章节按顺序编好页码,页码居页面的右侧并排列整齐。 (四)本论文专用术语(符号、变量、缩略词等)的注释表(任选) 如果有必要可以设置此注释表。此部分内容可根据论文中采用的符号、变量、缩略词等专用术语加以定义和注释,以便于论文阅读和迅速查出某符号的明确含义。 (五)正文 正文是学位论文的主体。内容可因研究课题的性质不同而有所变化。一般可包括:文献综述、理论基础、计算方法、实验方法、经过整理加工的实验结果的分析讨论、见解和结论。 正文一律用阿拉伯数字编排页码,页码在底部居中。正文之前的摘要、目录等内容单独编排罗马数字页码。 1.绪论(前言) 本研究课题国内外已有的重要文献的扼要概括,阐明研究此课题的目的、意义,研究的主要内容和所要解决的问题。本研究工作在国民经济建设和社会发展中的理论意义与实用价值。 2.文献综述 在查阅国内外文献和了解国内外有关科技情况的基础上,围绕课题涉及的问题,综述前人工作情况,达到承前启后的目的。要求:(1)总结课题方向至少2017年以来的国内外动态;(2)明确前人的工作水平;(3)介绍目前尚存在的问题;(4)说明本课题的主攻方向。文献总结应达到可独立成为一篇综述文章的要求。 3.理论分析、数值计算或统计分析 利用研究生本人所掌握的理论知识对所选课题进行科学地、严密地理论分析、数值计算或统计分析,剖析课题,提出自己的见解。 4.实验原理、实验方法及实验装置 学位论文要求对实验原理、方法、装置、步骤和有关参数有较详细的阐述,以便评阅人及答辩委员会审核实验的可靠性,并能对试验进行重复以便验证结果的可靠性,也为以后的研究者提供一个较完整的研究方法。 5.实验结果及讨论分析 列出数据的图或表,并对数据结果进行讨论,对比分析、结果推论要严格准确,避免采用模棱两可的评定语言。对反常的数据要保留并做解释或者说明,不可随意剔除数据做出有违科学公正的行为。 (一)、本科生毕业论文文献综述模板 (二)、人力资源管理论文开题报告范文 (三)、大学生毕业论文开题报告范文(两篇) (四)、市场营销专业论文开题报告范文(三篇) (五)、大学生个人职业规划论文结束语(十篇) (六)、大学生个人职业规划论文范文(三篇) (七)、大学生职业规划论文3000字(四篇) (八)、大学生形势与政策论文4000字 (九)、北京工业大学经济与管理学院祝合良教授在《人民日报》发表理论文章 (十)、大学生毕业论文通用谢辞范文(十篇) ;
一、引出开头1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)二、表达不同观点1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同)三、表示结尾1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……)2:From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)四、提出建议1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……)5:Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)五、预示后果1:Obviously,if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)六、表示论证1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……(我无法完全同意这一观点)3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……(就我来说……)4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.(我真诚地相信……)5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)七、给出原因1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third,……。这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三……3:For one thing,…… For another thing,…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2:As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言,……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4:It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……6:There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1:It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2:It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1:It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2:It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1:We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2:We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3:We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4:We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1:Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2:Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3:It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4:The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2:No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3:This is a phenomenon that many people are interested (与...息息相关)十四、进行比较1:Compared with A,B……与A比较,B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1:Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2:All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3:All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4:A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5:Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6:A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里7:Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人
文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。
下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文
How to Write a Literature Review ?
I. The definition of Literature Review
文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
A. The Purposes
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
research question.
B. Its Components
There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
标题与作者(title and author)
摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)
引言(introduction)
述评(review)
结论(conclusion)
参考文献(references)
III. Classification of Source Materials
How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
A: Background sources:
Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
B: Primary sources
Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
C: Secondary sources
Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
D: Web sources
The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
on a topic without reading the original source.
B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
in depth. Choose those.
D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
Choose the article by the expert.
E. Choosing the most current sources
If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
periodicals.
V. Writing a literature Review
A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
6. Criticism of the work in the area.
B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
C. Some tips for writing the review:
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
related references last.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项
英文文献主要部分细节提示:
引言(Introduction)
引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围
和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和
分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要
的语句加以概括。
引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:
(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和
范围;
(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一
般现在时简介本文内容;
(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;
(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。
述评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,
作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的
所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间
为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、
究其不足。
分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测
的语言形式。
综述的结论(Conclusion)
结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或
Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To
conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问
题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。
二.注意事项
⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。
⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。
6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。
7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。
8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。
VII. A Sample of Literature Review
A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).
Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
References
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《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的文献综述!:又译作《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》,作者是美国女作家比彻·斯托夫人(1811—1896)。比彻·斯托出生在一个牧师家庭,曾经做过教师。她在辛辛拉提市住了18年,与南部蓄奴的村镇仅一河之隔,这使她有机会接触到一些逃亡的黑奴。奴隶们的悲惨遭遇引起了她深深的同情。她本人也去过南方,亲自了解了那里的情况,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》便是在这样的背景下写出来的。此书于1852年首次在《民族时代》刊物上连载,立即引起了强烈的反响,受到了人们无与伦比的欢迎,仅第一年就在国内印了100多版,销了30多万册,后来被译为20多种文字在世界各地出版。评论界认为本书在启发民众的反奴隶制情绪上起了重大作用,被视为美国内战的起因之一。林肯总统后来接见斯托夫人时戏谑地称她是“写了一本书,酿成了一场大战的小妇人”,这一句玩笑话充分反映了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》这部长篇小说的巨大影响。故事从一个奴隶主与一个奴隶贩子的讨价还价中开始。美国肯塔基州的奴隶主谢尔比在股票市场上投机失败,为了还债,决定把两个奴隶卖掉。一个是汤姆,他是在谢尔比的种植场出生的,童年时就当伺候主人的小家权,颇得主人欢心,成年后当上了家奴总管,忠心耿耿,全身心维护主人利益。另一个要卖掉的奴隶是黑白混血种女奴伊丽莎的儿子哈利,伊丽莎不是一个俯首贴耳死心塌地听主人摆布的奴隶,当她偶然听到主人要卖掉汤姆和自己的儿子哈利后,就连夜带着儿子在奴隶贩子的追捕下跳下浮冰密布的俄亥俄河,逃到自由州,再往加拿大逃奔。她丈夫乔治·哈里斯是附近种植场地奴隶,也伺机逃跑,与妻子汇合,带着孩子,历经艰险,终于在废奴派组织的帮助下,成功地抵达加拿大。汤姆却是另一种遭遇。他知道并支持伊丽莎逃走,但是他自己没有逃跑。由于他从小就被奴隶主灌输敬畏上帝、逆来顺受、忠顺于主人这类的基督教说教,对主人要卖他抵债,也没有怨言,甘愿听从主人摆布。他被转卖到新奥尔良,成了奴隶贩子海利的奴隶。在一次溺水事故中,汤姆救了一个奴隶主的小女儿伊娃的命,孩子的父亲圣·克莱从海利手中将汤姆买过来。当了家仆,为主人家赶马车。汤姆和小女孩建立了感情。不久小女孩突然病死,圣·克莱根据小女儿生前愿望,决定将汤姆和其他黑奴解放。可是当还没有来得及办妥解放的法律手续时,圣·克莱在一次意外事故中被人杀死。圣·克莱的妻子没有解放汤姆和其他黑奴,而是将他们送到黑奴拍卖市场。从此,汤姆落到了一个极端凶残的“红河”种植场奴隶主莱格利手中。莱格利把黑奴当作“会说话的牲口”,任意鞭打,横加私刑。汤姆忍受着这非人的折磨,仍然没有想到要为自己找一条生路,而是默默地奉行着做一个正直人的原则。这个种植场的两个女奴为了求生,决定逃跑,她们躲藏起来。莱格利怀疑汤姆帮助她们逃走,把汤姆捆绑起来,鞭打得皮开肉绽,死去活来。但是汤姆最后表现出了他对奴隶主的反抗,什么都没有说。在汤姆奄奄一息的时候,他过去的主人、第一次卖掉他的奴隶主谢尔比的儿子乔治·谢尔比赶来赎买汤姆,因为汤姆是小谢尔比儿时的仆人和玩伴,但是汤姆已经无法领受他过去的小主人的迟来的援手,遍体鳞伤地离开了人世。乔治·谢尔比狠狠地一拳把莱格利打翻在地。就地埋葬了汤姆。回到家乡肯塔基后,小谢尔比就以汤姆大叔的名义解放了他名下的所有黑奴,并对他们说:“你们每次看见汤姆大叔的小屋,就应该联想起你们的自由。”《汤姆叔叔的小屋》赏析评论既描写了不同表现和性格的黑奴,也描写了不同类型的奴隶主嘴脸。它着力刻画了接受奴隶主灌输的基督教精神、逆来顺受型的黑奴汤姆;也塑造了不甘心让奴隶主决定自己生死的具有反抗精神的黑奴,如伊丽莎和她的丈夫乔治·哈里斯。同时,也揭示了各种类型的奴隶主的内心世界和奴隶主不完全相同的表现。这本书通过对汤姆和乔治·哈里斯夫妇这两种不同性格黑奴的描述,告诉读者:逆来顺受、听从奴隶主摆布的汤姆难逃死亡的命运,而敢于反抗敢于斗争的乔治夫妇得到了新生。因此,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》对社会发展起到了积极作用,特别是对美国废奴运动和美国内战中以林肯为代表的正义一方获得胜利,产生了巨大的作用。作为一本文学作品,美国著名诗人亨利·朗费罗说它是“文学史上最伟大的胜利”。
文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。
文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文, 它是科学文献的一种。格式与写法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。 参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的文献综述!:又译作《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》,作者是美国女作家比彻·斯托夫人(1811—1896)。比彻·斯托出生在一个牧师家庭,曾经做过教师。她在辛辛拉提市住了18年,与南部蓄奴的村镇仅一河之隔,这使她有机会接触到一些逃亡的黑奴。奴隶们的悲惨遭遇引起了她深深的同情。她本人也去过南方,亲自了解了那里的情况,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》便是在这样的背景下写出来的。此书于1852年首次在《民族时代》刊物上连载,立即引起了强烈的反响,受到了人们无与伦比的欢迎,仅第一年就在国内印了100多版,销了30多万册,后来被译为20多种文字在世界各地出版。评论界认为本书在启发民众的反奴隶制情绪上起了重大作用,被视为美国内战的起因之一。林肯总统后来接见斯托夫人时戏谑地称她是“写了一本书,酿成了一场大战的小妇人”,这一句玩笑话充分反映了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》这部长篇小说的巨大影响。故事从一个奴隶主与一个奴隶贩子的讨价还价中开始。美国肯塔基州的奴隶主谢尔比在股票市场上投机失败,为了还债,决定把两个奴隶卖掉。一个是汤姆,他是在谢尔比的种植场出生的,童年时就当伺候主人的小家权,颇得主人欢心,成年后当上了家奴总管,忠心耿耿,全身心维护主人利益。另一个要卖掉的奴隶是黑白混血种女奴伊丽莎的儿子哈利,伊丽莎不是一个俯首贴耳死心塌地听主人摆布的奴隶,当她偶然听到主人要卖掉汤姆和自己的儿子哈利后,就连夜带着儿子在奴隶贩子的追捕下跳下浮冰密布的俄亥俄河,逃到自由州,再往加拿大逃奔。她丈夫乔治·哈里斯是附近种植场地奴隶,也伺机逃跑,与妻子汇合,带着孩子,历经艰险,终于在废奴派组织的帮助下,成功地抵达加拿大。汤姆却是另一种遭遇。他知道并支持伊丽莎逃走,但是他自己没有逃跑。由于他从小就被奴隶主灌输敬畏上帝、逆来顺受、忠顺于主人这类的基督教说教,对主人要卖他抵债,也没有怨言,甘愿听从主人摆布。他被转卖到新奥尔良,成了奴隶贩子海利的奴隶。在一次溺水事故中,汤姆救了一个奴隶主的小女儿伊娃的命,孩子的父亲圣·克莱从海利手中将汤姆买过来。当了家仆,为主人家赶马车。汤姆和小女孩建立了感情。不久小女孩突然病死,圣·克莱根据小女儿生前愿望,决定将汤姆和其他黑奴解放。可是当还没有来得及办妥解放的法律手续时,圣·克莱在一次意外事故中被人杀死。圣·克莱的妻子没有解放汤姆和其他黑奴,而是将他们送到黑奴拍卖市场。从此,汤姆落到了一个极端凶残的“红河”种植场奴隶主莱格利手中。莱格利把黑奴当作“会说话的牲口”,任意鞭打,横加私刑。汤姆忍受着这非人的折磨,仍然没有想到要为自己找一条生路,而是默默地奉行着做一个正直人的原则。这个种植场的两个女奴为了求生,决定逃跑,她们躲藏起来。莱格利怀疑汤姆帮助她们逃走,把汤姆捆绑起来,鞭打得皮开肉绽,死去活来。但是汤姆最后表现出了他对奴隶主的反抗,什么都没有说。在汤姆奄奄一息的时候,他过去的主人、第一次卖掉他的奴隶主谢尔比的儿子乔治·谢尔比赶来赎买汤姆,因为汤姆是小谢尔比儿时的仆人和玩伴,但是汤姆已经无法领受他过去的小主人的迟来的援手,遍体鳞伤地离开了人世。乔治·谢尔比狠狠地一拳把莱格利打翻在地。就地埋葬了汤姆。回到家乡肯塔基后,小谢尔比就以汤姆大叔的名义解放了他名下的所有黑奴,并对他们说:“你们每次看见汤姆大叔的小屋,就应该联想起你们的自由。”《汤姆叔叔的小屋》赏析评论既描写了不同表现和性格的黑奴,也描写了不同类型的奴隶主嘴脸。它着力刻画了接受奴隶主灌输的基督教精神、逆来顺受型的黑奴汤姆;也塑造了不甘心让奴隶主决定自己生死的具有反抗精神的黑奴,如伊丽莎和她的丈夫乔治·哈里斯。同时,也揭示了各种类型的奴隶主的内心世界和奴隶主不完全相同的表现。这本书通过对汤姆和乔治·哈里斯夫妇这两种不同性格黑奴的描述,告诉读者:逆来顺受、听从奴隶主摆布的汤姆难逃死亡的命运,而敢于反抗敢于斗争的乔治夫妇得到了新生。因此,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》对社会发展起到了积极作用,特别是对美国废奴运动和美国内战中以林肯为代表的正义一方获得胜利,产生了巨大的作用。作为一本文学作品,美国著名诗人亨利·朗费罗说它是“文学史上最伟大的胜利”。
下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文
How to Write a Literature Review ?
I. The definition of Literature Review
文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
A. The Purposes
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
research question.
B. Its Components
There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
标题与作者(title and author)
摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)
引言(introduction)
述评(review)
结论(conclusion)
参考文献(references)
III. Classification of Source Materials
How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
A: Background sources:
Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
B: Primary sources
Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
C: Secondary sources
Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
D: Web sources
The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
on a topic without reading the original source.
B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
in depth. Choose those.
D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
Choose the article by the expert.
E. Choosing the most current sources
If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
periodicals.
V. Writing a literature Review
A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
6. Criticism of the work in the area.
B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
C. Some tips for writing the review:
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
related references last.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项
英文文献主要部分细节提示:
引言(Introduction)
引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围
和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和
分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要
的语句加以概括。
引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:
(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和
范围;
(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一
般现在时简介本文内容;
(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;
(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。
述评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,
作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的
所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间
为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、
究其不足。
分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测
的语言形式。
综述的结论(Conclusion)
结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或
Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To
conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问
题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。
二.注意事项
⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。
⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。
6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。
7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。
8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。
VII. A Sample of Literature Review
A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).
Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
References
[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226
[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231
[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:
Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223
[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010
[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268
[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994
[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000
[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1
[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报,
2004,(6):160~164
[13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社,
[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,
(3):181
[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),
2009,(3):237
[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),
2005,(11):108~112
[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26
[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁
晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目
为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16
References
李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.
2006.
刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009
有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,我整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!
英语作文范文带中文翻译
Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.
【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春,这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点,那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家,恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图,他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的,存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的,真正的青春是关于学习,至少,大部分人是如此努力的学习,为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春,对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导,对于青少年来说,他们的工作是学习,这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。
高中英语作文范文80词
I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.
我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先,培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始,我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕,只留英文。渐渐地,我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次,背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三,完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法,我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此,尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸,因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。
英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间
Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often
An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.
Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.
【翻译】英国有句谚语说,时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么?因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱,但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由,我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。
许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。
文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。
下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文
How to Write a Literature Review ?
I. The definition of Literature Review
文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
A. The Purposes
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
research question.
B. Its Components
There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
标题与作者(title and author)
摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)
引言(introduction)
述评(review)
结论(conclusion)
参考文献(references)
III. Classification of Source Materials
How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
A: Background sources:
Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
B: Primary sources
Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
C: Secondary sources
Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
D: Web sources
The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
on a topic without reading the original source.
B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
in depth. Choose those.
D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
Choose the article by the expert.
E. Choosing the most current sources
If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
periodicals.
V. Writing a literature Review
A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
6. Criticism of the work in the area.
B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
C. Some tips for writing the review:
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
related references last.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项
英文文献主要部分细节提示:
引言(Introduction)
引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围
和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和
分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要
的语句加以概括。
引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:
(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和
范围;
(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一
般现在时简介本文内容;
(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;
(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。
述评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,
作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的
所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间
为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、
究其不足。
分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测
的语言形式。
综述的结论(Conclusion)
结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或
Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To
conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问
题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。
二.注意事项
⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。
⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。
6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。
7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。
8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。
VII. A Sample of Literature Review
A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).
Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
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