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2.1. Seed quality evaluation 2.1.1. Mechanical damage Three replications of 100 seeds were soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min. The seeds with seed coat damage swelled visibly and were counted using a hand lens. The split (%) was obtained by passing 200 g of seed through a 4.00mm round hole sieve. The material that passed through the sieve was termed as ‘‘splits’’ and then weighed (Anonymous, 1985). 2.1 豆种质量评估2.1.1机械损伤经过3遍流程的100颗豆种在1%的漂白液中浸泡10分钟。种子以及种皮的很明显地膨胀损坏可以通过手持透镜观测到。 破裂指数通过200g的种子经4毫米圆洞筛网筛选得到。通过筛网的原料被称作“破裂”然后称重。2.1.2. Germination test Germination ability was determined according to the Association of Official Seed Analysts (Anonymous, 1981). Three replications of 100 seeds were placed in presoaked germination paper and were then placed in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the percentage of seeds germinating normally was recorded. 2.1.2 发芽力检测发芽能力是按照官方的种子专家学会去定义的。经过3次流程的100颗豆种被放置在发芽试纸上预浸，人后在发芽力检测仪上以251C的温度放置7天。 7天之后， 发芽种子的比例被记录下来。2.1.3. Seed vigor The seed vigor tests were conducted according to the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) method (Anonymous, 1985). Sheets of paper towel with 350 seeds were kept in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the lengths of germinated seedlings were measured in centimeters. The vigor index was calculated as vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated. 2.1.3 种子的活力种子活力的检测是按照国际种子检测协会的步骤操作的。350颗豆种放在纸巾上，在种子发芽力检测仪器内以251C的温度保存7天， 7天之后， 以厘米为单位去测量种芽的长度。活力指数是按照vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated.（此处由于有乱码， 无法翻译）2.1.4. Accelerated aging This test was used to predict the storage potential of seed. It combines the stresses caused by high temperature and high humidity to which seed maybe exposed. It is expected that the seed lots which record a higher level of germination in the accelerated aging test can be stored for a longer period than others. Two replications of 50 seeds were kept in perforated plastic boxes. These boxes were kept at 401C and at 100% relative humidity(r :h:) for 96 h. The germination of these lots was recorded as outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985). 2.1.4加速老化这个检测是用作预告种子的储存潜力的。 它包括也许种子露天放置时，由高温度和高湿度造成的作用。人们预计在发芽力检测中有高记录的那批种子能够在加速老化测验中比其它的种子储存的更久。经过2次流程的50颗种子保存在穿孔的盒子当中。这些盒子被放置在401C温度及100%相对湿度中96个小时。这批的发芽力被ISTA作为要点记录下来。2.2. Determination of moisture content The standard oven method outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985) was employed. Three replications of 10 g seed were kept in a hot air oven at 1021C for 24 h. At the end of this period, the samples were transferred to a desiccator for cooling. The samples were then weighed and moisture content calculated on a dry mass basis. 2.2 含水量的定义ISTA大纲中的标准加热程序被引用到这里。经过3次流程的10g豆种被保存在干烤箱中以1021C的温度放置24小时。 在检测最后， 样品被转移到干燥器中冷却。然后样品称重，并计算含水量，按照折干计算。2.3. Evaluation of damage due to free-fall To determine the effect of height of fall on the seed quality, three replications of 100 seeds, drawn from each treatment, were dropped from a height of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0m on to a cement floor or a galvanized iron floor. The dropped seeds were tested for germination and vigor as before. 2.4. Statistical analysis of data The data collected during the experiments were analyzed using ANOVA (Anonymous, 1992) to study the effects of m:c:; process stages and heights of free-fall on the parameters of seed quality. The differences in means were examined using the Tukey test of significance.2.3 由自由下落造成损失的评估为了确定下落高度对种子质量造成的影响， 经过3遍流程的100颗种子， 分别从0.5， 1.0， 1.5， 2.0米处下落到水泥地或者镀锌铁板上，象以前一样，下落的种子被检测种子发芽力以及活力。2.4数据统计分析使用ANOVA分析了在实验当中所收集的数据，研究了含水量，加工平台以及自由下落的高度参数在种子质量方面的影响。检测方式的差异已被Tukey test of significance.验证。
中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工 铸造 据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(46.5吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.
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IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
管道支吊架 Pipe Supports and Hangers6.1 管架零部件 Attachment of Support管托 shoe管卡 clampU形夹（卡） clevis锻制U形夹 forged steel clevis支耳；吊耳 lug; ear耳轴 trunnion止动挡块 shear lug托座 stool托架 cradle带状卡 strap clamp夹板，导向板 cleat可调夹板 adjustable cleat角板；连接板 gusset筋；肋 rib支承环 ring加强板 stiffiener底板 base plate顶板 top plate翅片式导向板 fin预埋件 embedded part; inserted plate垫板（安装垫平用） shim锚固件；生根件 clip预焊件(设备上) clip (on equipment)聚四氟乙烯滑动板 PTFE sliding plate连接板 tie plate连接杆 tie rod限制杆 limit rod带环头拉杆 eye rod连接杆 connecting rod杠杆 lever支撑杆 strut定位块 preset pieces间隔管（片、块） spacer滑动吊板（吊架顶部用） sliding traveler(for hanger)滑轮组 tackle-block钢索，电缆 cable木块 wood block鞍座 saddle裙座 skirt软管卷盘（简） hose reel管部附着件 pipe attachment6.2 管支架型式 Type of Pipe Support支承架 resting support滑动架 sliding support固定架 anchor导向架 guide限制性支架；约束 restraint限位架 stop限位器 stopper定值限位架 limit stop二维限位架 two-axis stop往复定值限位架 double-acting limit stop定向限位架 directional stop吊架 hanger弹簧架 spring support弹簧托架 resting type spring support弹簧吊架 spring hanger恒力吊架 constant hanger重锤式吊架 counter weight hanger弹簧恒力吊架 spring constant hanger弹簧恒力托架 resting type spring constant support滚动支架 rolling support弹簧支撑架 spring bracing减振器 snubber液压减振器 hydraulic snubber减振装置 damping device缓冲简（器） dash pot刚性吊架 rigid hanger6.3 标准及通用型支架标准管架 standard pipe support通用管架 typical pipe support悬臂架 cantilever support三角架 triangular support’支腿 legⅡ形管架 Ⅱ-type supportL形管架 L-type support柱式管架 pole type support墙架 support on wall可调支架 adjustable support管墩，低管架 sleeper特殊管架 special support管道支吊架图 piping support drawing6.4 管架安装背至背 back to back钻孔 drill长孔 slot; slot hole放气孔；通气孔 vent hole灌浆；水泥砂浆填平 grouting组装；装配 assembly攻螺孔 tapped.tapping自由滑动 free to slide跨度 span对中心；找正 alignment切割使适合 cut to suit修饰使适合 trim to suit伸出长度（指预埋螺栓） extrusion液压试验中，对试验液体要求是：试验液体一般采用水，需要时也可采用不会导致发生危险的其它液体。试验时液体的温度应低于其闪点或沸点。奥氏体不锈钢制容器用水进行液压试验后应将水渍去除干净。当无法达到这一要求时，应控制水的氯离子含量不超过25mmg/L.试验温度：1． 碳素钢、16MnR和正火15MnVR钢制压力容器液压试验时，液体温度不得低于5℃，其它低合金钢制容器液压试验时液体温度不得低于15℃。如果由于板厚等原因造成材料延性转变温度升高，则需相应提高试验液体温度。2． 其它钢种制容器液压试验温度按图样规定。
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
简单总结一下之前每个论点，再次陈述中心思想。比开头要深入，段落上可以比开头长一些。
摘要- Cobots是一类机器人的使用不断 无级变速发展高保真可编程 约束的表面。 Cobots消耗很少的电力 即使在提供高输出部队，其传输效率高众多的 传动比。 Cobotic变速箱也有能力 采取行动作为一个制动器或将成为完全免费。设计 和性能Cobotic手控制器，最近 发达国家六自由度触觉显示器，是审查。 这个装置表明，高动态范围和低功耗 消费实现的cobots 。彻底的比较 电源效率cobotic系统与传统的 机电系统提供。 三个关键要求机器人技术用于 假肢和康复是低体重，低功耗 消费和安全性。我们建议cobotic技术作为 传输架构，可以处理这些问题。 Cobots是机器人利用非完整约束 的指导车轮的相对速度有关的 机制的联系。阿cobotic传播是一个不断 无级变速器（无级变速器）之间的积极和消极 比率，可以涉及两个平移速度，两个 旋转速度，或旋转速度为平移 速度[ 1 ] 。我们最近推出了Cobotic手 控制器（图1 ） ，六自由度动力 合作机器人，并阐述其能力作为触觉界面[ 2 ， 3 ] 。通过本论文中，我们表明， 机械结构和传输中使用 Cobotic手控制器处理所有三个以上 上述要求的假肢和机器人 康复。
车削机床机床工具被广泛用于工业，以生产各类机械零件。有些是一般用途的机器，和其他人用来执行高度专业化的操作。使用最广泛的机床是普通车床，它提供了一个旋转轴的主要原则的议案，同时适当传授饲料动议的工具。的工件，必须牢牢掌握，经常在一个夹头。酒吧也可举行collets ，其中包含一个分裂套管推或拉对锥面。工件形状的尴尬往往是由螺栓的面板。包含的启闭机制的驱动器，通常将改变齿轮和变速驱动器。长期工件支持他们最后提出了中心举行尾座。这个工具本身是一个工具举行后，允许设置工具的角度（横向和纵向） 。该工具后是安装在一个马车，而这反过来又获得支持的方式加工的床，确保刚性和免受震动。悬垂部分，停机坪的运输，可从事与饲料棒给予连续进给运动，或与丝杠切割的线程。很长工件的担保反对过度偏转的两个手指中心稳步休息休息或螺栓的车床床;后续其余贴近马车。有时工具后坐在复合刀架其中包括幻灯片，可以设置在任何角度，因此，圆锥表面可以通过手喂养工具。参观双向工具后可旋转约竖井，并允许快速变化的工具，在预设的立场，从而加快连续行动示踪剂或重复车床的设计制造形状不规则零件自动。基本操作这一车床如下。模板的任何一个单位或三维形状是放置在一个时段。阿导或指针然后继续沿着这条形状和其运动控制的切削刀具。重复可能包括方形或锥形，肩膀，半径，沟槽，蜡烛，和轮廓，工作，如电机轴，主轴，价值茎，活塞，杆，汽车车轴，涡轮轴，以及各种其他的物体也可以打开使用这种类型的车床。转塔车床的生产车床是用来制造任何数量的相同件。 螺杆机类似的建设炮塔车床，但他们的头上旨在保持和饲料长期酒吧的股票。否则，没有什么区别。 有些地方不太通顺，自己修改一下就OK了。
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.
2.1 。种子质量评价2.1.1 。机械损伤3次重复的100个种子浸泡在1 ％的次氯酸钠溶液为10分钟左右。 种子种皮损伤肿胀visiblyand计数用一只手的镜头。分裂（ ％ ） 获得绕过200克种子通过4.00毫米圆孔筛。材料通过筛被称为''分裂''然后权衡（无名氏， 1985年） 。 2.1.2 。发芽试验发芽abilitywas决心根据该协会的官方种子分析家（无名氏， 1981年） 。 3次重复的100种被安置在presoaked发芽纸然后被放置在一个种子萌发在251c为7天。后7天内，这个比率的种子发芽normallywas记录。 2.1.3 。种子活力种子活力，进行测试，按照国际种子检验协会（土改）方法（无名氏， 1985年） 。张纸毛巾3 50种子被保存在一个种子萌发在251c为7天。经过7天内的长度树苗发芽测定厘米。活力指数计算公式为活力指数¼一日nxgermination -％ þ幼苗长度ð cmþ; 其中n是多少种子发芽。 2.1.4 。加速老化这项测试是用来预测贮存潜力的种子。它结合了讲所致高温高压humidityto其中种子也许暴露出来。我们预计这种子地段纪录更高层次的萌发，在加速老化试验可以储存一一段较长的时间内，比别人。两个复制的50个种子则留在穿孔塑料盒等。 这些箱子存放在401c和100 ％相对湿度（比R ： H ：已）为每小时96发芽这些地段被记录为概述撞土改（无名氏， 1985年） 。 2.2 。测定水分含量标准烤箱法概述由土改（无名氏， 1985年）被聘用。三复制的10克种子被保存在一个热风烘箱，在1021c为24小时在这一时期结束时， 样品被转移到干燥器中冷却。样品，然后权衡和水分内容计算，就drymass基础。 2.3 。评估损害的，由于自由下落以确定影响身高的下降对种子质量， 3次重复的100个种子， 从每一次治疗，分别下降了，从高处的0.5 ， 1.0 ， 1.5 ，或2.0米就以一个水泥厂地板或镀锌铁楼。掉落的种子进行了萌发及活力作为前。 2.4 。数据的统计分析收集到的数据，在实验进行了分析用方差分析（无名氏， 1992年） studythe影响男： C组： ;进程的阶段和高度自由下落对参数的种子质量。 差异是指检验用tukeytest的意义。
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1. 随着经济的繁荣 with the booming of the economy2. 随着人民生活水平的显著提高 with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard3. 先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology 4. 为我们日常生活增添了情趣 add much spice / flavor to our daily life 5. 人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed that… 6. 我同意前者(后者)观点 I give my vote to the former / latter opinion. 7. 引起了广泛的公众关注 Sth. has aroused wide public concern. / Sth has drawn great public attention. 8. 不可否认 It is undeniable that… 9. 热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion / debate 10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 11. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 12. 有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 13. 双方的论点 argument on both sides 14. 发挥日益重要作用 play an increasingly important role in… 15. 对…必不可少 be indispensable to … 16. 正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 17. 对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive / negative effects on… 18. 利远远大于弊 The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 19. 导致，引起 lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in 20. 复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon 21. 责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility / achievement 22. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 23. 开阔眼界 widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision 24. 学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills 25. 经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 26. 考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into consideration 27. 从另一个角度 from another perspective 28. 做出共同努力 make joint efforts 29. 对…有益 be beneficial to / be conducive to… 30. 为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society 31. 打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for… 32. 综合素质 comprehensive quality 33. 致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to… 34. 应当承认 Admittedly, 35. 不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty 36. 满足需求 satisfy / meet the needs of... 37. 可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 38. 宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources 39. 因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写) 40. 方便快捷 convenient and efficient 41. 在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 42. 环保的材料 environmentally friendly materials 43. 社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress 44. 大大方便了人们的生活 Sth has greatly facilitated people's lives. 45. 对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 46. 在一定程度上 to some extent 47. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice 48. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of… 49. 日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly keen social competition 50. 眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 51. 长远利益 long-tem interest 52. …有其自身的优缺点 … has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons 53. 对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to 54. 交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information 55. 跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of… 56. …的健康发展 the healthy development of…57. 重视 attach great importance to… 58. 社会地位 social status 59. 把时间和精力放在…上 focus one's time and energy on… 60. 扩大知识面 expand one's scope of knowledge 61. 身心两方面 both physically and mentally 62. 有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to… 63. 导致很多问题 give rise to / lead to / spell various problems 64. 可以替代think的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that 65. 缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress / burden 66. 优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth. 67. 与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with 68. 可降解的/可分解的材料 degradable / decomposable material 69. 代替 replace / substitute / take the place of 70. 提供就业机会 offer job opportunities 71. 反映了社会进步的 mirror the social progress/advance 72. 增进相互了解 enhance / promote mutual understanding 73. 充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of 74. 承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure 75. 保障社会稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 76. 更多地强调 put more emphasis on… 77. 适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the social development 78. 实现梦想 realize one's dream 79. 主要理由列举如下 The main / leading reasons are listed as follows: 80. 我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go.
高考英语作文10大模板，高考英语作文十大模板!值得收藏!
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
英语作文模板：议论文的框架
(1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic
varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude
as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.
Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no
doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一
或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more
_______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. G英语作文模板：说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个
角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）
1． 说明事物现状
2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）
3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life.
Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(A的优点之一). Besides -------------------（A的优点之二）.
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of
the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)．
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the
negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)．
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we
should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.
Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．
英语写作是一种创作性的学习过程。启动知识信息储存，构思立意，谋篇布局，遣词造句，对语言表达的正确性和准确性、思维的逻辑性和文章的条理性都比口语要求更高。
高考英语写作有以下几个特点：紧扣教学大纲对考生书面表达的要求;以有指导的写作为主，便于考生在短时间内构思成文;突出试题的交际性，考查考生在特定的情景中运用语言的能力;增强试题的实用性，所选话题贴近学生学习生活，为学生所熟悉;看图作文主要考查考生运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力。
英语写作注意两点
一、先审题，弄清写作要求审题是写好作文的前提，也是书面表达的基础。如果写偏了题，语言表达再好也很难得高分。审题时要注意两个方面：
1.认真地看两遍题目，包括提示，全面了解写作要求。
2.理清思路，确定体裁、框架结构和内容。
二、用英语进行思维英语写作时必须排除汉语思维的干扰。从现在起应逐渐加大阅读量和听的输入量，将阅读、听力训练与书面表达有机地结合起来。经常体会和领悟作者传递信息和表达思想的方式。在话题讨论和写作中经常运用所学到的表达方式就会有所创造。还要尽量做到“五多”：多看、多听、多思考、多用心体验和感悟身边的人和事、多用英语说和写自己的体验和感受。
最后一个月如何训练英语写作
1.重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一。
目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand,however,furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。
2.在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练。
练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。
英文写作“四步走”
由于时间限制，高考时一般在15分钟左右必须完成英语作文。高考的英语作文步骤如下：
1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。
2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。
3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。
4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。
主要体裁作文写作技巧
(一)写提示议论文应考虑的几点：1.文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。
1.会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。
2.归纳总结，首尾呼应。
(二)看图作文应考虑的几点：1.看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。
1.确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。
2.确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。
3.根据图片或图表大意议论。
广东卷
第一节 基础写作(共1小题，满分15分)
你很荣幸地成为2008北京奥运会的一名志愿者，负责编写奥运比赛项目的英语介绍。
写作内容
请根据以下中文提纲，编写射击项目的英语介绍：
背景：射击最初只是生存工具，19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。
1896：第一次成为奥运项目
1904：中断
1928：中断
1932：重回奥运会
1968：第一次允许妇女参加奥运射击比赛
现状：稳步发展，1896奥运会只有三项射击项目，现今有17项。
写作要求
只能使用5个句子表达全部内容
评分标准
句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。
第二节 读写任务(共1小题，满分25分)
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my first year of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment. I went to a very small high school where my mom was a teacher and she did practically everything for me. But at the college I needed to know some basic life skills, such as balancing a check-book, laundry, and the things you have to be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was really tough for me at first and I got badly homesick.
Once that first semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it---good facilities, helpful instructors, and a good library. The Students' Union organizes various parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spend Saturday nights in pubs and clubs.
One thing I think is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance team in college and met a ton of people that way… it was so much easier to make friends when you had a common ground.
写作内容
学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的"大学校园生活"讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是"Preparing Myself for College Life"，内容要点包括：
1、以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点;
2、然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：
(1)对中学生活的感受;
(2)理想的大学生活;
(3)中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。
写作要求
1、在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子;
2、作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
评分标准
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
考研英语 看图作文范例点评：本分变“承诺”
看图作文在英语作文中是大家普遍缺乏练习的一种类型，一个提高的方式就是看范例和点评，针对其中的错误进行自我修正。
本分变承诺：
写作原文
AS Is(注意大小写) shown above, a funny hen claimed that her eggs with(that后面应该跟的是从句，从句中应包含谓语动词，建议将with改为have) no edge and the like which is the most fundamntional(拼写错误，改为fundamental).(作者这句话是要表达什么内容?)Simple as the drawing is, the symbolic meaning behind ti(改为it) is as deep as ocean(注意句末标点)Honesty is not only necessary, but also indepensible(拼写错误，改为indispensable).As the old Chinese proverb says:"Honesty is gold." However,in no country other than China, it has been said that, the problum(拼写错误，改为problem) of opposite the pormise(拼写错误，改为promise) more serious(句子逻辑关系不明确，改为the opposite of the original promise is more serious),and people fail to attach attention to the "gold". Inpiduals and organizations can make money, take porfits(拼写错误，改为profits) and even obtain wealth by attend promise.To be honest can also have added (改为add) benefit of increasing one's knowledge, giving us a new perspective of outside world. According to a survey conducted by China Acadmy(拼写错误，改为Academy)of Science(CAS),honesty can relieve not only pressure but also anxiety and such problums(拼写错误，改为problems)as depression, stress, isolation and solitude(注意句末标点)All in all,obtain(改为obtaining，一句话中只能有一个谓语动词)the promise plays a key role in our daily life.The unhonest(改为dishonest，表示“不诚实的”，没有unhonest一词), in view of the complexity of such issue,we must treat it socially,economically and culturally.with(首字母大写) a proper law, an up-to-date solution, a right perspective and alert public,it will be a matter of time before the problum(拼写错误，改为problem) becomes things of the past.(最后一段缺乏逻辑关系，建议重写)
总体点评
作文能够按照写作要求来写，写作格式基本符合要求。但是文中的问题较多，比如：单词的拼写问题、语法问题、句子的逻辑关系问题等。希望作者在后面的复习中，先不要急于写文章，从基本的入手，先积累词汇、学习基本语法、积累并模仿高分语言佳句;将重点放在语句模仿上，有空多读外文期刊，了解英语的地道表达，从而不断提高自己的写作水平。建议作者将每周的时间做一个合理的规划，一周练习一篇作文即可，在练习这篇作文时，可先积累此方面的词汇，之后两天可查找有关方面的经典表达及例文，然后再模仿佳句，等这些都做到位时，再组织文章。
参考分数(满分20分)：11
英语写作水平的提升需要不断地练习，在改正错误中不断取得进步，不怕犯错误，怕明知道犯错误却不面对。看了范文和点评，希望大家有思考，有提高。
开头句型
1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言
2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...
3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......
4.As the proverb says， 正如 谚语 所说的，
5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...
6.It's generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...
7.It's likely that ... 这可能是因为...
8.It's hardly that... 这是很难的......
9.It's hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…
10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是
11.There's no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认
12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…
13.what's far more important is that... 更重要的是…
衔接句型
1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...
2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...
3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述
4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……
5.But it's a pity that... 但遗憾的是…
6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......
7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...
8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…
9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...
10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是
11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势
12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…
13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说
14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …
结尾句型
1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…
2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…
3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......
4.Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…
5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…
6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....
7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论
8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好
举例句型
1.Let's take...to illustrate this.2.let's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3. Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of….
常用于引言段的句型
1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。
2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。
3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…
4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….
5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。
6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…
7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…
8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…
9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。
10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。
表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法
1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….
演绎法常用的句型
1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。
2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。
3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。
4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。
因果推理法常用句型
1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we've learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we've learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。
5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。
The bookstore must reduce the book suitably the price, for the customer some preferential benefits, the customer is then willing to patronize. the introduction new book, the good book, uses New China's pattern superiority fully. other, in view of the student, may ward off the audio and video special counter in addition again. Music magnetic tape, English magnetic tape can attract many students surely. other, ceases pirates, is advantageous to the various bookstores' fair competition. Certainly, is more advantageous in displaying the big bookstore's superiority. I proposed to the bookstore the following adjustment suggested: 1. Should be equipped with a message center 2. The inspection bookshelf submits a written statement frequently quantity, the attendance enters the book, the book not in much, is the high-quality goods is good 3. Conducts some active cancellation new book or the allowance secondhand book 4. Value book multiplicity 5. Through the network knowledge, enters buys student's popular suitable teaching assistant book 6. The reasonable price, the discount is moderate from this investigation, I has also learned many things. This is I to bookstore's report of investigation. 翻译完毕。
Taking exercise is good for our health.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.By taking exercise,we can relax our body and mind.At the same time,we can harden our muscle and have a good figure.If we don't take exercise for a long time,we may easily fall sick.
I enjoy several outdoor sports.Swimming in the sea is my favorite.Because there are too many people in a swimming pool and the water is always dirty,I prefer to swim in the sea.
Playing badminton is also fun.I can always find a place in the park for playing badminton.Besides,I enjoy jogging in the morning.Sometimes,I jog with my parents in the park.
运动对我们的健康有益.只工作不娱乐使人愚钝.借着做运动,我们可以放松我们的身体和心灵.与此同时,我们可以锻炼我们的肌肉,并具有良好的形象.如果我们很长一段时间没有锻炼,我们可以很容易生病.我很喜欢户外运动.在海里游泳是我最喜欢的.因为有太多的人在游泳池中,导致水总是脏兮兮的,所以我喜欢在海里游泳.打羽毛球也很有趣.我总是在公园打羽毛球.此外,我喜欢在早上跑步.有时,我和我的父母在公园慢跑.
My Friends in schoolI have many friends in school. We study in the same class and play together on the same playground. Being friends, we often help each other. When one of our friends is in financial difficulties, and he wanted to drop school, we all offered our help and donated some money to him. On the playground, when one of our friends fell off the single bar and broke his legs, we carried him to the school clinic for treatment. One day I lost my pair of glasses, and could not find it anywhere. Then all my friends helped me to look for it. Finally, I found the glasses in my home, but I'm grateful for their helps. We ourselves have never quarreled. We know with help from one another, we can make quick progress. We always remember the proverb, “A friend in need is a friend indeed”.
In recent years,Wechat is being increasingly popular.Many people express themselves,exchange ideas and deliver information by Wechat.There are a number of reasons for Wechat to be known.To begin with,Wechat is a relative cheap way of munication,which cuts down a great deal of the cost of making a phone call.Next,Wechat is to the taste of the majority of people.Its attractive interface and various functions are loved wildly.Furthermore,convenience also accounts for its popularity.It is available everywhere and at any time.However,problems exist meanwhile.Firstly,our identity can be revealed when we use Wechat.As a result,we can be in trouble.Moreover,it may make municating with others face to face less.To make the matter worse,relationship could break down.Last but not the least,our attention might be drawn too much to focus on study.That's all.There is no doubt that Wechat will improve as time goes by.
Our website has done a survey——＂The secrets of being happy＂Here are the results. Thirty percent of people are always *** iling whatever happens. They are always keeping a health state of mind and encourage themselves to be optimistic .Fifty percent are always do something meaning ,which will make them happy. Twenty percent are always thankful to their life, which makes them always feel content with their life and surely they will feel happy. I think we should find our own ways to keep ourselves happy because it is very important to our health and our life.
It is believed in mon that beauty exists everywhere on the campus as long as you have an eye for it. Some people hold that natural scenes, especially at dawn, are the most beautiful on the campus while others believe that it is in the afternoon when the playgrounds are flooded with students taking part in sports.In my opinion, the best scene on the campus is during the rush hour when thousands of students rush towards the canteen. At precisely the same time as the bell rings, some students dash from the chairs, rushing to the canteen. They set the prelude to the most attractive scene of the whole day. Within a few minutes, all the classrooms bee empty and everyone starts their journey for lunch, on foot or by bike. It gives people the impression that lunch is the most important thing in the world. Most of the students move at the same speed,with the exception of several excellent cyclists. They shuttle *** oothly in the crowds just like fish swimming freely in the sea. On the way to the canteen, everyone looks anxious. But once inside, a look of pride and triumph takes over. Sometimes,it bubbles up in my mind that the rush hour hustle and bustle is the epitome of the intense petition in real life. If you want to realize your expectations, you must be armed with skills and knowledge, use time and resources efficiently and the most importantly, have a healthy body.
1、好的文章源于生活，写你的所见、所闻；写你的亲身体会；写出你的真情实感，这样的文章，才会生动感人。
2、写作并非一朝一夕就能成功之事。
但面对当今的应试教育，你不妨学会一些技巧。
比如，平时多背一些好的段落、好的开头及结尾。
以备考试用之。
3、多读书，用心读，学会借鉴。
好的文章、好词、好句，学会积累。
4、确立新颖、独特的文章标题。
有时能起到事半功倍的效果。
5、坚持写日记，既能练笔，又积累了素材。
6、学会引用名人名言，引用仙人的诗词歌赋，使你的文章更加有说服力。
7、好词好句的用法，好词好句用在文章中，能给你的文章增添色彩，并使文章得以升华。
但要恰到好处，不宜过多，过多会显得华而不实。
8、学会套用，即变通的能力，以不变应万变 。
9、接近大自然，节假期走出去，见多才能识广。
10、接近大自然还能使您收集的素材更加丰富多彩。
Current situation: Residential area: 30 blocks of apartments, about 1000 units with about 4000 residents;Services support: Hospital, post office, and bankRecreational facilities/park: there are flowers, trees, shrubs and bushes, the greenery occupupies more than 40 percent of the park, the vicinty is great.Current issues: there are lack of cultural activities and the eco concept is not strong.
Every philosophical and religious system has offered its pathway to happiness for the individual and the group.Happiness has been related to pleasure,refuge from pain,intellectual contemplation,union with God,friendship,children,wealth,honor,successful activity,and even state burial with statues!If happiness is activity in accordance with excellence,it is reasonable that it should be in accordance with the highest excellence.– Aristotle The concept of happiness--while difficult to define-- is obviously here to stay.But the desire for happiness can set up expectations that are often hard to fulfill.
调查结果中可以看出，喜欢小说的学生占大多数，是中学生课外阅读的主流，有着其他各种读物所无法取代的地位和优势，但进一步的调查却发现，这些喜欢小说的同学，绝大部分喜欢的是武侠、言情之类的作品，他们仅凭自己的喜好和直觉来选择，阅读存在很大的盲目性.而阅读的原因则是作为消遣，或是欣赏琼瑶的文笔和金庸武侠小说惊险离奇的情节.从表中我们也可以看出，仅管很多学生不喜欢政治历史、诗歌甚至是科普作品，认为它们太枯燥乏味，或是过于老化过于偏激，科普读物过于深奥，缺乏形象性和通俗性，但我们也不能忽视，随着改革开放的持久和深入，特别是随着21世纪的到来，学生开始关注的面越来越广，所涉猎的点也越来越多，他们已把目光的触角伸到了社会、人生这部百科全书，有了多方面了解社会的要求.The survey results can be seen in the novel,like students accounted for the majority of students,is the mainstream of extra-curricular reading,there are various other readings are irreplaceable status and advantage,but further investigation found that these novels,love students,most like martial arts,romance is like work,they only by their own preferences and intuition to select,read a lot of blindness.And the reason is reading as a pastime,or enjoy the beautiful jade writing and Jin Yong's martial arts novels thrilling strange plot.From the table we can see that the only pipe,many students doesn't like political history,poetry and even popular works,think they are too boring,or too aging too extreme,popular science books too esoteric,lack of vividness and popularity,but we also can not be ignored,with the opening and reform lasting and deep,especially along with the arrival of 21st Century,students began to pay close attention to more and more broad,covered by the point more and more,they have to look to reach the social,the life of this encyclopedia,there are many aspects to understand the social requirements.
Taking exercise is good for our health.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.By taking exercise,we can relax our body and mind.At the same time,we can harden our muscle and have a good figure.If we don't take exercise for a long time,we may easily fall sick.I enjoy several outdoor sports.Swimming in the sea is my favorite.Because there are too many people in a swimming pool and the water is always dirty,I prefer to swim in the sea.Playing badminton is also fun.I can always find a place in the park for playing badminton.Besides,I enjoy jogging in the morning.Sometimes,I jog with my parents in the park.运动对我们的健康有益.只工作不娱乐使人愚钝.借着做运动，我们可以放松我们的身体和心灵.与此同时，我们可以锻炼我们的肌肉，并具有良好的形象.如果我们很长一段时间没有锻炼，我们可以很容易生病.我很喜欢户外运动.在海里游泳是我最喜欢的.因为有太多的人在游泳池中，导致水总是脏兮兮的，所以我喜欢在海里游泳.打羽毛球也很有趣.我总是在公园打羽毛球.此外，我喜欢在早上跑步.有时，我和我的父母在公园慢跑.
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