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你好 翻译如下Book: Notes ID. Author. Monograph. Title [M]. Press, Publication Year. Beginning and ending page number.Series: Notes ID. Author. Periodicals. Title [J]. Title, publication year (volume, issue): beginning and ending page number.Essays: Notes ID. Author. Thesis title: Essays name [C]. Published in: Publisher, publication year. Beginning and ending page number.Dissertation: Notes ID. Author. Title [D]. Save Location: preservation unit, writing the year.Patent Literature: Notes ID. Patent owner. Title [P]. Patent country: patent number, date of publication.
[1] Patterson, T. M.,Niccolucci V.,Marchettini N. Adaptive environmental management of tourism in the Province of Siena, Italy using the ecological footprint[J]. J Environ Manage. 2008, 86(2): 407-418. [2] Bruyere, B. L.,Beh A. W.,Lelengula G. Differences in perceptions of communication, tourism benefits, and management issues in a protected area of rural Kenya[J]. Environ Manage. 2009, 43(1): 49-59. [3] Phillip, R.,Hodgkinson G. The management of health and safety hazards in tourist resorts. World Tourism Organization[J]. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 1994, 7(3): 207-219. [4] Kozma, C. M. Medical tourism: a role disease management?[J]. Manag Care Interface. 2006, 19(11): 35-36.
Go a long learning, tourism itself is a cultural industries. Travel all the tourists, are the motives which have temporarily left the familiar surroundings, but are not familiar with or are not familiar with the environment to find a new experience to enrich their experience. However, the purpose of tourism projects and determine its cultural content, so in addition to conventional tourism, there are many special purpose to meet the tourist activities, such as: Poetry tourism, history, Galapagos travel, calligraphy learning tourism, go to exchange travel, celebrity find footprints of tourism, national customs and the many types of tourism can be described as -----,, culture, wine tourism activities such title for the Culture and Tourism, in fact, this title is not scientific, it should be said ** special cultural tourism. Characterized by a clear knowledge of the purpose of tourism destinations through a professional learning, the study found that the status quo of the profession, the value of the development and application of knowledge and so on, making participation in such tourism activities in this special areas have more information in order to better施展才干, improve skills, make a difference. Appreciation of cultural tourism to exotic remote refers to traditional culture, celebrity culture to trace the trail left behind, or to participate in local cultural activities organized for the purpose of tourism. Enjoy the pursuit of cultural tourists has now become a trend. Su-referred to as the "music capital" of Vienna, with the remains of many famous musicians famous European cultural tourism. Prague, Venice, Paris Louvre, the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes were also concerts, film festivals or art treasure-house of culture as a world-famous tourist destination. In the form of a variety of cultural tourism in order to experience the disappearance but has remained in people's memory of certain lifestyle tone for the theme of cultural tourism, is a popular topic in today's tour is one of the items. If located in the James River and York city Hejian Williamsburg United States, due to the preservation of the integrity of the British colonial rule in the 18th century character of the towns, so that visitors seemed to turn the clock back more than 200 years of time, thereby becoming America's most important historic sites One of: Ancient City in Asia Thailand, Hong Kong and Beijing Grand View Garden Sung Dynasty Village also to simulate the ancient way of life as a cultural tourist crowds. Neither is a cultural tourism products, tourism and culture very different from those of the so-called cultural tourism, the key lies in culture, tourism is just the form. Culture and Tourism of "culture" should be interpreted as the effectiveness of travel and tourism by the qualitative purposes. Therefore, The definition of cultural tourism: perception through tourism to achieve, understand, understand the human culture of the purpose of the specific content of the course of conduct. Cultural tourism, is only in recent years and a popular term, it appears tourists are closely related to changes in demand. Therefore, its current definition of the more popular is "human resources for those who travel the main contents of activities, including historical sites, architectural, ethnic and folk arts, religion and so on." Culture and Tourism said that there is a special tourism, is a political, economic, education, science and technology mean that one of the largest tourism. To sum up, cultural tourism is to tour operators to create ornamental objects and entertainment content for the consumer, so that tourists get rich cultural connotation and depth of experience involved in tourism a collection of tourist activities. China Culture and Tourism can be divided into the following four dimensions, that is, artifacts, Records of the Historian, sites, ancient buildings, such as history and culture represented by layer; to modern culture, art and technical achievements represented by modern cultural layer; practices in daily lives of the residents , festivals, worship, weddings, sports and clothing apparel, such as folk culture, represented by layer; to interpersonal communication as a moral and ethical representation of the cultural layer. In China, the development of tourism, cultural tourism is very important, not only can enhance the attractiveness of products to enhance economic efficiency, but also vigorously carry forward the Chinese culture, let the world understand China, but also to change more and more Chinese people do not understand Chinese culture and the situation. The core of cultural tourism: creative Clarity of the concept of cultural tourism, the "creative" is the core of cultural tourism would be a matter of course. Is to seek the essence of creative features and differences, consistent with the nature of tourism. General tourism, mainly from the point of view of resources to find the differences and characteristics, regardless of the excavation process to consider the relationship between market demand and competition, the focus is still not out of resources. Cultural tourism is to some extent from the shackles of resources, it can be a combination of factors, including resources, environment, markets, social background and many other aspects of creation, that is creative. From the creative and cultural tourism will be the loss of vitality. In fact, with the development of society, the creative industries has been the rise around the world. Which the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Korea and other countries is more typical, personally by the Government to promote the creative industries. Creative industries, involving a wide range of areas, including broadcasting, film, literature and art, journalism, publishing, printing, and many other aspects of architectural design. More closely with the Culture and Tourism of the creative industries, such as performing arts and entertainment, civil handicraft production and marketing, convention and exhibition, cultural festivals and so on. In this way, cultural tourism and creative industries are in fact covered in the review. Also known as the creative industries, cultural and creative industries or cultural industries. Cultural industries and tourism industry in the perspective of different names, it is not generally talk about the differences and links between the two. However, cultural tourism can be included in the scope of cultural industries, the reasons one is that they at the core with innovative; Second concept is that they are from the point of view of the operator defined. Cultural industries derived from the creativity and the creativity, innovation as the driving force is also the case with cultural tourism.
随着生活条件的改善和生活观念的转变,许多家长越来越重视节假日带孩子外出旅游。我整理了关于旅游英语作文，欢迎阅读! 关于旅游英语作文篇一 The Meaning of Travel I'm going to take a trip to Japan with my mum this week.To tell you the truth, I'm not really excited about this trip.After tiring 6-week internship, I find it hard for me to adjust to it.In addition, there're only a little time for me to have a mand of Japan before I go.However, I take it because I believe that travel can help us recognize ourselves in a new, strange environment.May my trip will be safe and sound! 关于旅游英语作文篇二 The Meaning of Travel Many people like traveling. They just feel happy when traveling. But not many people will think the meaning of travel. What is the meaning of travel? Actually, one of the meanings is to find happiness. Putting aside all the trouble to enjoy themselves usually makes people happy. There is another important meaning. It is to learn things. To go out for a visit can enlarge people’s vision. People can learn a lot from it. Therefore, sometimes we will find that some people will be different after they return home from travel. It is because they learn the true meaning of travel. 很多人都喜欢旅行。他们就觉得旅行的时候很开心。但并不是很多人会想旅行的意义。旅行的意义是什么呢?实际上，其中一个就是去寻找快乐。抛开所有的烦恼去享受通常都能让人开心起来。还有一个重要的意义。那就是学习。出去走走可以拓宽人们的视野。人们可以从中学到很多东西。所以，有时我们会发现有些人在旅游回来后会变得不太一样。这是因为他们了解了旅行的真谛。 关于旅游英语作文篇三 As for this essay, I want the person who likes travel to read. And, I also want the person who yearns to the solitary journey to read. I like travel very much. I often go to travel. It meets a lot of people when traveling. It can touch not only the person but also the region. Therefore, it es to want to go even times how many. I was traveling and all the people met had a very warm mind. It was very kind. There is a person who taught variety of land, too. I do not think meeting with two another degrees in the person. However, I do not think that I forget. Because, The reason is that there are a lot of very good memories. Therefore, travel is not stopped. It went to not only the country but also foreign countries. The munication of the intention can have been done with the person in the country though the word did not run well. However, I thought that the handicap of the word was large. I thought it was good if the word could be understood more many times. Therefore, I think that I should study the language study more. It can meet the one different according to the land when traveling. The tourist spot is, and there is a lot of one not so either. There are a lot of very good points of the place taught to the person in local. Therefore, it is always made to speak. I have not traveled still alone. I want to go out to travel alone sometimes. How about you? Traveling with someone is also good. However, I yearn to the solitary journey very much. It is not, and yearns for the destination to free travel. I want to go out to unrestrained travel some time. Finally, I yearn to the solitary journey. However, I do not hate tour travel. I think that there is a merit also in the tour. I think that traveling with the person who does not know also has the enjoyment. However, I like independent tour more. Which do you like?
每到假期的时候，很多人都喜欢去各处旅游，看看旅途的风景，洗涤自己的心灵，那关于旅游的 英语 作文 怎么写呢？下面我给大家带来关于旅游的英语作文优秀 范文 ，希望对你有帮助。
I love traveling. Traveling not only broadens my horizons but also opens my eyes to the world. What's more, it refreshes me. You can go to Disneyland and experience what it's like to be “a child again!” You can visit one of the “seven wonders of the world,” such as the Grand Canyon and feel the magnificence of nature! You can taste the “magicial” ice water on a glacier, which can help you become more beautiful and make you live longer. Just forget all trifles and burdens that you have in your mind. Experience is a type of living knowledge. You'll be sure to experience many new things when traveling. You don't even need a tour guide if you long for more freedom. Just don't forget to bring your backpack!
There are varied ways of defining tourism. Some people regard it as a pollution-free industry; others think of it an invisible school, Both are based on an accepted fact that tourism cannot only produce profits bearing no pollution along with, but help broaden knowledge and fortify healthy. Aside from the above there exists awidespread theory, claiming that whatever is of the ability to increase in capital belongs to productive industry. In this sense, tourism should hold a position in the scope and ought to be treated as such.
It is true that there is some sense in the theory, yet another equally or even more important aspect should be granted more publicity to. Tourism, in terms of its objective purposes, has a social function which contributes to human communication. Coming from vadous social backgrounds, having motives and goals of every kind, tourists get together, draw close and exchange ideas of their own, from which a fresh state of mind will be created. So what kind of production is it? To the question we should have good reason to give a proper answer: it is a spirit production, a reproduction of relations of production. And the more frequently such exchanges are made, the more good they will do to promoting social and economic development of the mutual. If it is the case that making money through tourism means a dent we have made, so it foretells a fortune to provide cultural service along with tourism. Therefore, to keep close eyes on the latter involves changing our minds first, that is, tourism is by no means a pure economic concept, but takes plenty of ideological activities as its content.
To sum up, unlike other economic forms, the profits from tourism economy cannot be measured completely by means of how much output value, profit, and foreign exchange it will produce. In addition to the reputation of pollution-free industry, its social and far-reaching profit should be probed more deeply. As such the existing scenic spots ought to be kept in good maintenance, and some new ones exploited. Moreover, constructing first-class soft and hard surroundings is desired to attract tourists, the foreign and the domestic。
Travel is a very good means of broadening a person39s perspective.Travel may relieve a person of boredom and gloom. Travelers can choose differentmodes of transportation which have advantage s and disadvantages. Travel is avery good means of broadening a person39s perspective. It makes you come intocontact with different cultures， meet people of different colors and go through peculiarrites and ceremonies. Travelling much， you will not on ly enrich your knowledge andexperiences， but also be aware of the vastness of nature. Travel may also relieve personof boredom and gloom. Travel brings you enjo yment and attraction. It gives you apleasant experience， which will disperse your boredom and make you forget whateverannoys you. Travel broadens your mind and leaves you good memories. Later， you maygo over these memories and enjoy your past experiences， thus keeping a fresh and sunnymind. 整理:The field39s his study， nature was his book. Travelers can choose different modes oftransportation which have advantage s and disadvantages. Airplanes are the fastest butalso the most expensive. Bus es and trains are less expensive， but they soon make youfeel cramped and unco mfortable. Ships provide you with comfort unless you get seasick.Most people c an afford traveling by bicycle， which， although slow， can limber upyour mus cles and get you closer to nature. I love traveling.Traveling not only broadens my horizons but also opens my eye s to the world.What39s more it refreshes me. You can go to Disneyland and expe rience whatit39s like to be “a child again” You can visit one of the “seven wonders of theworld” such as the Grand Canyon and feel the magnificence of n ature You can taste the“magicial” ice water on a glacier which can help yo u become more beautiful and makeyou live longer. Just forget all trifles and b urdens that you have in your mind. Experienceis a type of living knowledge. Yo u39ll be sure to experience many new things whentraveling. You don39t even need a tour guide if you long for more freedom. Justdon39t forget to bring your back pack
I went to three cities to play during last summer holidays. They are Beijing, Dalian and HuHehot.
I went to Beijing more than eight times. Beijing is the capital of China. It’s a big city. I am very familiar with Beijing. It takes an hour and forty minutes from Nantong to Beijing by plane. There are many tall buildings in Beijing. It’s a modern city. My family visited the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum, the Beihai Park, the Space Museum, etc. I went to the countryside of Beijing to go boating and fishing. It was very interesting. I went shopping in WangFuJing. I bought lots of souvenirs and other things. I like eating Beijing snacks. They are delicious. Don’t mithe Beijing Duck. It is really nice.
Dalian is a beautiful city. Dalian is close to Beijing. I spent 5o minutes on the plane. Dalian is near the sea. I smelled the salty taste in the air. The roads are clean. There are lots of trees and flowers near the roads. There are many esplanades and Japanese buildings. There are some fountains in one of the esplanades. Some people flew kites and walked on the esplanades. We went to see the beach and the sea. The sea is blue. There were many swimmers in the sea. I lay on the beach to see the sky.Dalian is a very nice place to live.
Huhehot is in Inner Mongol. There are lots of large grasslands. The grasslands are endless. The sky is bright blue. There were a lot of horses and sheep. They were running or eating grass. I rode a horse on the graland. I picked some colourful flowers. We drank the tea with milk. There is a small desert, it was very hot when I walked on it. The sand could sing.
These trips helped me open my eyes. I enjoyed my day.
In recent years, more and more citizens here would like to travel abroad. In 1995, the number of people who would like to travel abroad was 10000, which increased to nearly 40000 in 20__. And in 20__, the number further climbed above 12,000. there are several reasons for the shocking rise.
the improvement of the economic conditions is probably the main reason for it. People do not need to worry about their diet and various other necessities. After visiting famous scenic spots throughout our country, the citizens’ taste has changed, with support of enough finance.
Moreover, enhancement of personal capacity is becoming more and more a requirement for those who want to make GREater success.
With the development of economy and technology, citizens begin to take advantage of different foreign products as well as education. Since most citizens have got used to their life at home, traveling abroad becomes one of the easiest ways to have direct contact with exotic cultures.
Many advantages as traveling abroad may bring to us, it may also bring about many disadvantages. For instance, there are many elites who have ever traveled abroad may be attracted by the nicer living and researching conditions abroad and thus never return, which is really a pity to our nation.
Comparatively speaking, traveling abroad is a serious decision to make. Maybe, look before you leap is better.
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Book: Notes ID. Author. Monograph. Title [M]. Press, Publication Year. Beginning and ending page Series: Notes ID. Author. Periodicals. Title [J]. Title, publication year (volume, issue): beginning and ending page Essays: Notes ID. Author. Thesis title: Essays name [C]. Published in: Publisher, publication year. Beginning and ending page Dissertation: Notes ID. Author. Title [D]. Save Location: preservation unit, writing the year. Patent Literature: Notes ID. Patent owner. Title [P]. Patent country: patent number, date of publication
.关于本专业毕业论文的选题英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下：1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。（一）前置1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。（二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例：1．2．……2.12.2……2.2.12.2.22.2.3.…2.2.3.13．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。（1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。（2）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。（3）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空两字或五个英语字母。（4）将各文献的类型代号（即文献英文名的首字母）注明在文献之后：专著[M]学位论文[D]论文集〔C〕报纸文章〔N〕期刊文章〔J〕报告[R]专利[P]专著、论文集的析出文献[A]其他未说明文件〔Z〕电子文献中光盘图书[M／CD]（MONOGRAPHONCD）网上期刊〔J/OL〕（serialonline）5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quotedin字样。例：（王佐良，1982：38）（Newmark，8：26-33）6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。（三）附录部分附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料，如图表或照片等。SKII@LT3C回答采纳率:15.9%2008-12-0912:11
你好 翻译如下Book: Notes ID. Author. Monograph. Title [M]. Press, Publication Year. Beginning and ending page number.Series: Notes ID. Author. Periodicals. Title [J]. Title, publication year (volume, issue): beginning and ending page number.Essays: Notes ID. Author. Thesis title: Essays name [C]. Published in: Publisher, publication year. Beginning and ending page number.Dissertation: Notes ID. Author. Title [D]. Save Location: preservation unit, writing the year.Patent Literature: Notes ID. Patent owner. Title [P]. Patent country: patent number, date of publication.
近年来随着社会经济的不断发展，旅游产业也随之得到了不断的发展。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于旅游管理的论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
谈高校旅游管理专业人才的培养对策
摘要：随着我国社会经济的发展，人们不再仅仅局限于满足基本衣食住行，开始追求精神上的享受。旅游业的蓬勃发展，成为拉动国民经济新的增长点。我国各大高校审时度势，纷纷开设了旅游管理专业，致力于培养大量高素质、创新型、应用型的复合式旅游管理专业人才，旨在推动旅游业的迅速发展、满足旅游业岗位的用人需求。笔者从各大高校开设旅游管理专业的起点和层次各不相同的角度出发，探讨了以就业为导向的高校旅游管理专业人才培养策略。
关键词：就业;高校旅游管理专业;人才培养;策略
2009年，在国务院文件中第一次明确提出了旅游业在国民经济中的战略地位:“要把旅游业培育成国民经济的战略性支柱产业和人民群众更加满意的现代服务业。”目前，中国旅游业处于黄金发展期，对旅游管理专业人才需求量日趋旺盛，目前高校旅游人才培养教学模式与旅游业岗位需求严重脱节、旅游企业不平等的用人制度造成了高校旅游管理专业 毕业 生“有业不就”或“频繁跳槽”，解决旅游管理专业人才“供需失衡”的问题已经是刻不容缓。
一、高校旅游管理专业毕业生就业现状
(一)高校旅游专业毕业生就业前景良好
中国旅游研究院最新发表的蓝皮书表明：中国旅游业收入逐年创新高，旅游市场呈现出“两高一平”的局面，国内旅游和出境旅游保持快速增长的发展态势，入境旅游平稳增长。我国旅游业的增长使我国在不久的将来会成为世界第一客源国，以及较大的旅游目的地国。旅游业是一个综合性较强、服务范围较广的产业，就业门槛较低，能够吸纳大规模的毕业生。同时，我国各地区的酒店业管理人才缺口也非常大，就北京、上海来说，酒店业管理人才缺口均在55万以上，并且现在每年新增的旅游企业中，中、高级管理岗位就有一千多个。由此可见，旅游管理专业人才将会大大弥补岗位人才缺口的局面，应用型、技能型、素质型的旅游管理人才不愁将来会找不到对口的工作。
(二)旅游管理专业毕业生就业“潜流失”现象严重
由于家长和学生对旅游管理专业的就业方向不了解、高校旅游管理专业人才培养模式与岗位需求严重脱节、旅游业不合理的用人制度、社会各界对旅游行业的偏见等因素致使旅游管理专业毕业生普遍存在“有业不就”或“频繁跳槽”的“潜流失”现象，这直接导致了国内旅游管理专业人力资源的严重浪费。许多家长和学生对旅游管理专业就业有错误的认识，认为旅游管理专业一毕业就能担任管理层职务，这种眼高手低的择业观念，致使很多家长和学生对未来的职业发展很是失落。所以部分学生会选择转专业或者是修读双学位来达到将来不从事旅游管理岗位的目的，尤其是本科毕业生从事旅游业工作的占总学生规模的不到35%，许多毕业生都从事了不对口的职业，形成了“有业不就”或“频繁跳槽”的就业局面。
(三)旅游管理专业大学生就业亦有困境
一般按照理论上讲，旅游业的迅猛发展势必会为高校旅游管理专业学生带来广阔的就业前景。但是，情况不容乐观的是，旅游管理人才的供给质量无法满足旅游企业对人才的需求，旅游管理人才“供需”矛盾日趋明显。一方面，旅游管理专业作为“新兴专业”，高校紧跟社会岗位的需求，纷纷开设了旅游管理专业，每年报考旅游管理专业的学生数量呈现直线上升的趋势，远远超出了旅游企业可提供的岗位;另一方面，旅游管理专业又是“弱势专业”，许多考生在不了解旅游管理专业或者是“被调剂”的情况下误学了旅游管理专业，结果造成旅游管理专业大量流入其他行业，未入行，先转行的局面。由于教学模式的缺陷以及学生的个人态度造成了旅游企业在招聘旅游管理人才时迟迟招不到人或者是招不到合格的毕业生。这样给企业、学校、学生都带来的困惑，陷入了无尽的恶性循环中，这样旅游管理专业会给后来的学子和家长带来这样的影响：学习旅游管理专业难就业、就业面狭窄、找不到工作等等诸如此类对高校旅游管理专业发展极为不利的负面评价。
二、影响高校旅游管理专业应用型人才培养的因素
(一)现阶段旅游业用人单位用人制度不合理、不公平
旅游业用人单位在招聘毕业生时功利性较强，企图缩减用人成本，因此，招聘人员时过分强调毕业生是否具备丰富的旅游管理 经验 或旅游从业经验，完全忽视了毕业生的可塑性和再造性。旅游管理专业学生在不合理的教学模式的培养下缺乏一定的工作实践经验，但是如果就因为这个原因将旅游管理专业求职者拒之门外，是否会显得旅游企业不通情达理?旅游企业要充分考虑到毕业生的实际情况，建立起优胜劣汰的选拔机制，为广大旅游管理毕业生提供一个可以施展自身能力的平台，经过严格笔试、 面试 和考核后择优录取。另外，旅游业的现实情况：管理人员要从服务人员做起,要做好饭店管理者,必须具备基层服务人员和部门经理的经验。而且服务人员劳动强度大,收入水平和社会地位都较低，很多毕业生眼高手低，觉得自己高校毕业，可是毕业后还是照旧需要从基层干起，不甘于基层等服务客户的工作，毕业生从事旅游管理行业局限了个人的发展空间，造成人才流失现象严重。
(二)旅游管理专业学生自身方面的因素
1.缺乏合理有效的旅游 职业规划
旅游管理专业学生对旅游管理专业本身没有正确的认识，盲目的将旅游管理专业和旅游等同，忽视了毕业后所要从事的是旅游管理职业，而非是旅游本身;另外，旅游管理专业学生盲目跟风，在校期间只忙着报考旅游证、二级计算机证书以及教师资格证，证书缺乏针对性，对学生日后就业用处不大，忽视了对自身未来的职业奋斗目标的规划，学生在旅游行业就业的愿望不强烈。
2.缺乏必要的就业准备
部分大学生眼高手低，对于从事旅游管理的晋升行规无法坦然接受。在情理上也是可以理解的，大学生在家里被奉为“天之骄子”，可是如果从事旅游管理行业就要从基层服务员干起，大部分大学生心气高、碍于面子，不愿意从事较不体面的服务性行业，就业心理出现了严重的偏差。在校期间没有从事服务管理的实践经验，大学毕业后无经验之谈，更不要说可以在短期时间内提升为正式的管理部门高层干部。
(三)高校旅游专业人才培养模式不能适应旅游人才市场的需求
1.旅游管理专业人才培养目标不明确
旅游管理专业的开设与社会岗位需求严重脱节，部分高校只是生硬的培养学生，对学生未来的就业不负责任，沿袭落后的教学体制，没有摆脱“以知识为中心”的应试 教育 体系，导致学生理论能力较强而实践能力较差,无法满足旅游行业就业岗位的要求。
2.课程设置不合理
课程没有针对市场需求而设置，而且课程体系不够完善，缺乏针对性，无法满足外向型旅游行业的岗位需求。在实际教学中，尤其是在初级教学阶段，比如在大一、大二年级，以专业理论教学为主体，忽视了对实践应用类课程的设置，致使学生缺少了许多锻炼的机会。另外，教材内容太陈旧，缺乏系统新和创新性。课程设置的不合理严重影响了教学质量。
三、探讨以就业为导向的高校旅游管理专业人才培养策略
(一)以市场为导向，制定切实可行的人才培养目标，创新办学模式
各个高校在开设旅游管理专业之前，要明确并制定出人才培养目标，这样教学模式的创新也有紧紧围绕的中心，不至于盲目追求办学模式的创新，而与教学任务严重脱节。值得部分高校的借鉴的是，在国际较发达的地区对于旅游管理人才的培养目标相当明确，国内也有许多值得借鉴的高校，比如旅游教育领域世界排名第二的香港理工大学酒店及旅游业管理学院制定了旅游管理专业招生-在校学习-岗位实习等环节分阶段的人才培养方案;华东师范大学旅游管理学院的人才培养目标是“培养基础理论扎实、实践操作能力强、具有未来发展潜力的适合旅游业、旅游教育、旅游行政部门以及 其它 相关行业工作的德智体全面发展的大旅游管理人才”。那么，如何制定出切实可行的人才培养目标，笔者建议从以下几个方面入手：第一以社会主义市场经济为导向，立足于旅游业发展的岗位需求，为社会培养优秀的复合式创新型的旅游管理人才;第二以岗位实践能力为核心，建立应用型旅游管理专业人才专业知识、实践能力、思想意识协调发展的培养体系;第三更新教师教学观念，在旅游管理专业教师队伍中明确人才培养目标，创新人才培养模式，培养适应社会需求的外向型、复合型、创新型和应用型的高级旅游专门人才;第四延长旅游管理专业学生的实习时间，实现教学理论知识和实际管理技能的相辅相成。
(二)建议高考生理性报考，招录有行业内就业意愿与行业潜质的学生
部分考生在高考志愿填报中由于缺乏对旅游管理专业的认识以及“在服从调剂”情况下被调剂到旅游管理专业，这一部分学生在对旅游管理专业知识学习的时候，对这门专业感到很失落，甚至通过选修双学位或者是转专业来改变自身的未来职业选择。要想培养出综合型、创新型、外向型的旅游管理人才，学校要从招生源头做起：首先要宣传学习旅游管理专业人才需要具备什么样的个性特征，比如说酒店服务人员要具备外向型的性格特征，旅游资源管理专业的学习内容、未来就业方向等情况，让学生在充分了解旅游资源管理专业的基础上，做出自己的专业选择，防止考生错报专业，经过正式学习后才发现实际的旅游管理专业与自己想象中的大相径庭;其次，教育部和各大高校要加大对旅游管理专业的宣传力度，通过网络平台、报纸、白皮书等形式向广大高考学子具体介绍旅游管理专业，可以为学生报考志愿提供参考依据，便于考生作出理性的专业选择。这点，各大高校要借鉴旅游教育领域排名第二的香港理工大学酒店及旅游业管理学院的人才培养经验：第一，该学校在招生时不仅注重考生的成绩，而且会进行一定的笔试、面试或者电话交流，了解学生的喜好态度以及个人的性格特征和就业方向，反馈给学生专业评估 报告 ，招录有行业潜质与行业内就业意愿的学生;第二，努力加强专业建设，增强旅游管CENTURY理专业自身的影响力与吸引力，努力将该专业做大做强，打造世界一流旅游管理专业。
(三)构建全新的课程体系，科学设计课程设置
高校专业是否成功很大的一个影响因素便是课程的设置，其代表了学生对知识的掌握情况和知识的架构。目前旅游业外向型的发展模式对旅游管理专业人才提出了更高的素质要求，其要求学生具备专业的理论知识，并且还要具有熟练的专业技能，同时还需要外语、计算机互联网等综合运用能力，能够与客户进行顺畅的沟通，以及相关的法律专业知识。这对于高校的旅游管理专业课程设置来说需要作出合理的规划、设计：首先，要坚持课程设置与旅游行业的实践性特征相符合，又要具有专业综合性的原则;其次，课程的开设要注重理论的应用型，适当增加学生的实践环节;另外，学校要注重初级阶段实践教学课程体系的构建，旅游管理专业不同于学术性的课程，教学理论离不开与实践的结合，因此要克服以往旅游管理专业在大一、大二课程设置上缺少实践应用类课程，重视对学生初级阶段实践能力的培养;其他方面，要增加选修课程的范围，合理设置涉及人文知识、自然知识、地理知识、历史知识、国际服务贸易的规则和惯例等方面的课程，无论将来从事什么岗位，丰富的知识储备对于个人发展是百利而无一害的;除此之外，学校要不惜投入重金邀请旅游业资深专家学者参与课程设置，并根据课程教学需要招聘对口教师，以提高旅游管理专业课程的专业性、针对性与应用性，提升学校旅游管理专业人才在行业的竞争力。
(四)加强对旅游管理专业大学生的创业教育，鼓励学生自主创业
高校因素、社会因素、大学生自身因素影响了旅游管理专业大学生创业教育的发展，加强对旅游管理专业大学生的创业教育，有助于培养学生的创新精神和实干意识，为竞争激烈的旅游管理岗位降温。如何实现学生的自主创业，加强对旅游管理专业大学生的创业教育，笔者建议要从以下几个方面入手：完善旅游管理专业中的完善创业教育的系列课程，就业或者创业类的指导性课程不要仅仅局限于“就业指导”和“职业生涯规划”这两门选修课，要增加实战演练性的课程;营造良好的校园创业 文化 氛围，定期聘请校外专家、企业界人士或者校内创业成功人士来校做一些创业经验之谈，鼓励学生利用课余时间，在保障安全和不影响正常学业的情况下在旅游企业兼职，为日后走上工作岗位 总结 丰富的工作经验;教育部和高校要加大对旅游管理专业创业教育财政和政策的支持力度，积极筹备的创业基金，拓宽大学生开设特色旅行社、小型旅店筹集资金的 渠道 ;旅游管理专业的大学生要树立起正确的择业意识，不要企图毕业后自身的事业能够一蹴而就，要在兼职实践中踏实肯干、任劳任怨，要甘愿从基层做起，避免眼高手低，在兼职过程总结出旅游管理的新思路，为自身日后的创业提供了宝贵的经验财富;政府要引导旅游企业承担社会责任，增加寒暑假大学生实习岗位，维护大学生实习的劳动合法权益，保障大学生在实现期间的人身安全。
(五)对旅游管理专业实施校企合作办学，提供实习的平台
目前来讲，校企合作教学在各大高职院校中应用的较广泛，旅游管理专业带有自身的特性，其不需要进行实验研究，也不需要呕心沥血的撰写学术报告，唯一需要关注的是学生本身的实践演习能力，学生只有在亲身体会旅游管理专业的岗位要求的基础上，才能实现专业知识理论的学以致用。关于旅游管理专业的校企合作，目前在国际和国内取得卓有成效的形式有多种，笔者从校企合作的结合点出发，将校企合作的形式分为三大类：一是以校企股份合作模式联合办学、企业参与旅游院校办学、校办企业等为代表的以办学模式为校企合作的结合点;二是合作形式为校外实训基地、专业教学指导委员会、专业教学顾问委员会等以以实践教学体系为结合点;三是体现在理论教学体系上，表现为编写特色旅游教育教材、开展专题讲座、成立专业教学指导委员会等等。笔者建议从以下校企合作模式出发，实现旅游管理专业产学研一体化：一是旅游企业根据工作岗位需要与学校共同确定培养对象，签订用人订单，共同制定人才培养目标的“订单式”人才培养模式，这样学生毕业后可以直接到签订订单的用人单位就职，旅游企业也省去了不少人才招聘环节、节约用人成本，实现了校企双赢;二是企业积极参与到学校的建设和学生的培养过程中的校企股份制合作模式，企业不仅为旅游管理专业提供实习场地，还在教学领域开展合作。企业及时的向高校汇报国内外旅游饭店业发展的新动态、新信息，同时向学生提供就业信息;三是高校投入资金根据专业特点建立实训基地，集学校的主体地位和酒店的载体地位为一身。校办企业实现产教合一，既能实现人才培养效益，又能创造经济价值。
(六)借鉴以就业为导向的高校旅游管理专业阶梯式人才培养模式
以就业为导向的阶梯式人才培养模式是内蒙古 财经 大学旅游管理学院教学模式的重大突破。利用学生在校四年的学习时间，实现学生的自我认知、行业认知、专业知识的深化以及实操技能的锻炼四个方面逐级深入、环环相扣，培养学生的服务意识，帮助毕业生热爱、了解自己的专业，进而乐于走进旅游行业。高校旅游管理专业阶梯式人才培养模式在内蒙古财经大学旅游管理学院的实施，取得了良好的效果，因此，国内外有必要借鉴其成功经验：大一时通过职业生涯规划，综合分析学生自身兴趣、 爱好 、能力、特长、经历及不足等各方面，启发学生对职业做出初步的定位，并且为实现自身的职业目标制定出短期、长期的 学习计划 。通过职业生涯规划，使学生对自我个性、能力有了充分的认知;大二时。随着专业课程的逐步增多，再加上学生对工作岗位环境接触的机会较多，学校和教师要注重学生的专业认知实习，开设一些认知实习课程，促使学生形成对所要从事岗位的初级认知;大三时在课外要延伸实践教学，积极开展一些专业技能大赛，通过模拟工作环境，提供实践演习的机会，让学生在实践中学习业的理论知识，提高实践操作能力;对于即将毕业的学生还要建立与企业的合作，让学生走入企业岗位，在实际工作中了解酒店的工作流程，检验自己的学习成果，并尝试将理论应用于实践。
(七)建立产学研一体化的师资队伍建设模式
师资力量对于学生学习旅游管理专业的质量提升非常重要，要培养出应用型、创新型、素质型的旅游管理人才，首先就要建立“行业实践+研究平台+创新团队”的产学研一体化的旅游师资队伍建设模式。学校要定期对教师队伍展开培训，考核教师的专业知识水平;组织教师亲自去观摩旅游企业的运作方式、 市场营销 等机制，教师在亲身体验之后，不断更新教学内容，改进 教学 方法 ，在课堂上才能有机的将这些事例与课堂教学结合起来;学校建立区域旅游经济研究所，进行创新团队建设，为教师的科研提供可操作的平台;学校要重视教师与校外先进旅游管理师资队伍之间的交流合作，通过教师与教师之间的交流意识到自己教学的不足，借鉴其他教师的成功经验;学校从旅游企业中引进、聘请高水平的业务人员参与教学过程,改善师资队伍的知识结构与能力结构。
总而言之，教师在教学过程中要注重教学相长，在产研学一体化的教学体系中锻炼自身的实践能力，更新教学观念，为培养出应用型、技能型、素质型的旅游管理人才而努力奋斗。结语：基于以就业为导向的高校旅游管理专业人才培养策略的研究，是培养出应用型、创新型、技能型、素质型旅游管理专业人才的重中之重。各大高校和教师要高瞻远瞩，站在社会时代发展的浪尖上，打造出一批旅游管理精英队伍。
参考文献:
[1]范新宇.以就业为导向的高校旅游专业阶梯式人才培养模式研究[J].内蒙古财经大学学报，2013，(5).
[2]杨帆,朱定秀,程晓丽.旅游管理专业学生就业质量提升策略研究——基于高校A应用型人才培养的视角[J].池州学院学报，2014，(6).
>>>下页带来更多的旅游管理的论文
2012年02月13日 09时56分，《2011英语:英语论文：浅析跨文化交际下的旅游英语翻译[1]》由liuxue86.com英语我整理. 参观红楼大观园时，肯定会涉及到《红楼梦》中的人物，里面有几百号人，如果都采用音译的话，译名没有任何内涵，听者肯定是如一头雾水，大倒胃口。其情形正如我们读外国作品一样的感觉。这也可以解释我们小时候一看到外国影片就调台的缘故。实在是太多没有任何意义的姓名，纵然情节曲折，内容丰富，可由于一点都记不住纷繁复杂的人名，根本谈不上对文学作品的深层次欣赏了。因此作为译者，我们有义务帮助没有任何文化背景的读者来理解译文的内涵。 三潭印月是被誉为水上仙境一蓬莱仙岛之我们经常看到的译名是:Xiaoying Island,Xiaoyingzhou Island, Lesser Yingzhou等。其实这种译法是采用的最简单处理一音译法。但是这种处理使得外国游客根本无法领略西湖美景的绚丽，更不用说给人以“湖中有岛，岛中有湖”的意境了，只留下一堆拼音的拼凑。对旅游景点的翻译最终的目的是让外国游客看到译名不仅能产生出美妙的联想，而且对旅游境地更有向往的想法。其实我们可以按照这个构思，把它译成Fairy Is-let(海上小仙岛)。这里面就涉及到了意义对应问题。在翻译过程中，如果为了翻译简单，进行懒惰的处理，这样不仅是对外国游客的一种敷衍。使得译名没有任何内涵，而且对本国的旅游文化传播也极为不利。关于旅游景点翻译，不应该是逐字逐句地译，关键是要把它所包含的内涵显示出来。因此这类翻译是讲究活译，让读者能够领略到其中的意境之美。 2. 2对于诗词典故中的人物，尽t采取类比法 对于诗词典故中的人物，我们如何来诊释?其实，最重要的方法就是设法把我们文化中的内容类比成西方文化中的内容，这样外国游客可以一下子就懂得其中的深刻含义。如把梁山伯与祝英台比喻成中国的罗密欧与朱丽叶，孔夫子即希腊的亚里斯多德，济公为中国的罗宾汉，观音菩萨为中国的圣母玛利亚。这样，外国游客顿时感到很亲切，很容易接受眼前的中国古代文化。我们在进行此类旅游翻译时，要尽可能地考虑到这种情况的转变性。 2. 3在处理特殊情况的旅游翻译时要进行必须的删减和增添，和意义的联想 中国人在介绍名胜古迹的时候，大多数情况是有感而发，主要取决于自己的主观思想。一般它的脉络是景点的历史，历代名人和景点的关系。景点具有如此深厚的文化底蕴，才会吸引这么多的文人墨客争相一睹其风姿，当然此次游览也有所值，增添了游客对旅游景点的吸引力。如果把这些都翻译为英语的话，就显得拖沓冗长，不着重点，外国游客也不知我们到底想要表达什么概念。所以我们一定要采取相应的变通手法，删去汉语介绍中主观性比较浓的词汇，着重进行客观介绍，语言层次分明，结构严谨，主要是让外国游客体验异域的不同历史变化和风土人情。 两种文化背景下的人用语言进行交流时，一般来说，只有听懂或读懂对方所表达的内涵时这次交际的目的才能算达到，而且内涵中所具有的联想意义也是非常重要的。外国游客一听到北京，马上会联想起the Great Wall和the Forbid-den City等;一说到杭州，就会想起West Lake等;一听到少林寺，马上会摩拳擦掌地来比划几下。为什么他们会有如此反应呢?理由很简单，他们知道这些蕴含中国文化特色的专有名词所具有的意义。所以景点的翻译应尽可能地让对方知道它们的内涵意义，甚至是联想意义。让外国游客看了此类翻译能理解该名词的基本内涵，能产生出我们所希望达到的效果，这种跨文化交流应该是良性循环的。 论文论文参考网2. 4体现在中西方文化差异上的功能对等，从而引申出适宜原则和对等原则 我们根据当代翻译理论得知，由于两国语言和文化方面存在差异的原因，使得我们无法做到全方位的对等，但功能对等的提出应该是一种新思路。它要求译文尽可能的在多方面进行对等。因为世界.上没有两片完全相同的叶子，更何况我们人类语言的诊释呢? 中国古代许多思想家强调的是天人关系，天人合一，爱护自然，维持生态和谐。西方人所看重的是克服自然，战胜自然。同时中国比较重视人伦，我们每个人都应该遵守人伦的原则;西方重视个人，自由，强调个人独特性。这些都会在译文中碰到，我们怎样把这两种思想在不同文化中的出现演绎得真实自然。 当我们在看到松、竹、梅的时候，自然会联想起岁寒三友，斗霜熬雪、高风亮节的情感。可英语中的相应词语却不能使操这种语言的人引起联想，也没有类似的联想意义。这就涉及到了翻译中的适宜原则和对等原则。我们的译者一手要拉两个朋友，让他们进行默契的交流。因此必须深刻理解两种文化的差异，对这两种文化差异所持的态度，都会在旅游翻译文本中得到最真实的体现。因为我们在进行文本翻译时，肯定会无意识地对两种文化进行对比，这也是情理中的事。只要是具有不同文化
其实那个你学好了都行，这两种职业的人，普通水平的太笑清散多，缺就缺在高级人才上！建议你学市场营销，学它了你还可以在校考旅游专业的东西，而且和旅游专碰氏业得到的证书一样！我也是学经济的，应该比你大，我是学正指会计电算化的！
Many people prefer to travel by air. This is because air travel has some advantages. In the first place, airplane, the miracle created by man, is the fastest means of transport. It takes the least time for one to travel by air from one place to another. Secondly, traveling by air is convenient and comfortable. Friendly air hostesses are affectionate and considerate. They look after passengers all the way to their destinations. Moreover, on long distance flights there are films and music for people to entertain themselves.As a popular saying goes, "Everything has two sides." The same is true of air travel. It has some disadvantages, too. For one thing, air travel costs a great deal. The average Chinese are not rich enough to afford expensive air fares. So they prefer to take trains, which save a lot of money. For another, although passengers are assured of their safety, they are still worried about it during the journey because flying always involves more or less risk.As far I am concerned, the advantage mentioned above exceed the disadvantages. If I were given choice between traveling by train, I would certainly prefer the former. For me, time is money and it is the most important thing I have to take into consideration whatever I do. In recent years, more and more citizens here would like to travel abroad. In 1995, the number of people who would like to travel abroad was 10000, which increased to nearly 40000 in 2000. And in 2005, the number further climbed above 12,000. there are several reasons for the shocking rise. the improvement of the economic conditions is probably the main reason for it. People do not need to worry about their diet and various other necessities. After visiting famous scenic spots throughout our country, the citizens’ taste has changed, with support of enough finance. Moreover, enhancement of personal capacity is becoming more and more a requirement for those who want to make GREater success. With the development of economy and technology, citizens begin to take advantage of different foreign products as well as education. Since most citizens have got used to their life at home, traveling abroad becomes one of the easiest ways to have direct contact with exotic cultures. Many advantages as traveling abroad may bring to us, it may also bring about many disadvantages. For instance, there are many elites who have ever traveled abroad may be attracted by the nicer living and researching conditions abroad and thus never return, which is really a pity to our nation. Comparatively speaking, traveling abroad is a serious decision to make. Maybe, look before you leap is better.
先写中文的，翻译成英文
文献综述英文是literature review。
文献综述是对某一领域，某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料，然后通过阅读、分析、归纳、整理当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议，对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。
文献综述是在确定了选题后，在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该研究领域的研究现状、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。
它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述，还要根据自己的理解和认识，对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。
好的文献综述，不但可以为下一步的学位论文写作奠定一个坚实的理论基础和提供某种延伸的契机，而且能表明写本综述的作者对既有研究文献的归纳分析和梳理整合的综合能力，从而有助于提高对学位论文水平的总体评价。
我正好看到一篇有关旅游景点名称；归化；异化；直译；音译；意译的文章，里面大概阐述了有关旅游景点翻译时注意的一些事项，你可以借鉴一下。：） 复制下摘要： 摘要：旅游景点名称的翻译是旅游翻译的重要环节。但是由于景点名称所包含文化的多样性以及中英文之间的不对等性，使得在中文景点名称的英译过程中信息传递的不完全，存在有许多困难以及误区。本文分析了中文景点名称的特点，并对其进行分类；剖析了“归化”和“异化”这两种翻译策略的优缺点，并对现在用得较多的翻译方法：“音译”，“直译”和“意译”进行了比较、分析。从而对于旅游景点名称的翻译进行初步的探讨。 再给你补充一些中英文的景点介绍，供你参考。 1.城隍庙的英文介绍稿： Chenghuang Miao Temple 城隍庙 The Temple of the Town Deity is located south of Yuyuan Gardan. There used to be a temple to the local deity, whick the inhabitants believed would protect them, in every city. The city deities were frequently real persons to whom the town owed something. Today, an arts aand crafts store is in the temple. 2.Yuyuan Garden 豫园 Yuyuan Garden is northeast of the Old Town. A high official had it designed in the Suzhou style as a private garden and built from 1559-- 1577. Later, it was restored several times. In spite of its relatively small area of two hectares it seems considerably larger due to the skillful arrangement of 30 different landscape scenes. The garden consists of an inner and an outer section. The inner garden, neiyuan, is in the southern part and substantially smaller than the outer one, but then, it is more impressive and romantic, if it is possible to visit it in the early moring hours in order to enjoy it alone. An excellent calligrapher displays his work in one of the halls. the outer part is in the north and contains numberous halls, pavilions and lakes. In 1853, the Pavilion of Spring in the northeast was the seat of the Xiaodao Hui, the Society of Little Swords, tho led an uprishing against Qing rule and occupied Shanghai for 17 months. Today, weapons and coins made by the Xiaodao Hui society, among other objects, are exhibited in this hall. A man-made, 11-m-high hill bounds the garden in the northwest. Huxin Ting teahouse is a favorite with the citizens of Shanghai. It is in the southwest, outside of the garden grounds, a two-story building resting on posts in the middle of a pond and connected to the shore by a 'Zigzag Bridge' 3.张家界旅游景点介绍 4.马鞍山景点英文介绍 Anhui Tour - Colorful Stones Rock (Caishiji) Anhui Tour - Colorful Stones Rock Rising precipitously beside the rolling Yangtze River seven kilometers southwest of Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province, this rock used to be called Bull Islet Rock (Niuzhuji) because a legendary gold bull is said to have appeared here in ancient times. The present name was adopted during the period of the Three Kingdoms (220-280) because the area abounded in colorful stones. The rock occupies a position of strategic importance. Its scenery is dominated by pines, bamboos, and the steep cliffs of Cuiluo Hill. Caishiji is one of the three most famous such rocks along the banks of the Yangtze River, the other two are Chenglingji in Yueyang, and Yanziji in Nanjing. It was here that Li Bai wrote many immortal poems. There are such places of interest as Taibai Tower, the Memorial Hall to Li Bai, and the Tower to Catch the Moon. Add: Caishi Township, Ma'anshan, Anhui Anhui Tour - Tomb of Libai Lying at the foot of Mt. Qingshan southeast of Dangtu County, Ma'anshan, the Tomb of Li Bai (701-762), a great poet of the Tang Dynasty, covers an area of three hectares, in the shade of ancient pines and willow trees. Near the tomb there is a memorial hall named Taibai, which houses stone inscriptions of past dynasties and paintings and calligraphy by distinguished artists. Through the ages, numerous men of letters came to show their respect to Li Bai. Green Snail Hill (Cuiluoshan) This hill, which faces the Yangtze and the Niuzhu rivers seven kilometers southwest of the city, got its name because it is shaped like a snail. The huge Taibai Tower on the hill was dedicated to the memory of the famous Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai (701-762). It is said that after a drinking spree Li Bai plunged into the Yangtze in an attempt to catch the moon, only to drown. The terrace from which he leaped is called Catching the Moon Terrace (Zhuoyuetai). Fishermen fetched his cap and clothes from the river and buried them in a tomb on the hill. 采石风景区以诗人李白为灵魂，以"翠螺出大江"的壮丽景观和锁溪河风光为载体，含翠螺山、荷包山、小九华和采石镇、小黄洲在内的名胜。景区内的太白楼，四角飞翘，斗拱画梁，古色古香，与黄鹤楼、岳阳楼、腾王阁并称为“三楼一阁”。沿石级向上，有联璧台、燃犀亭、三元洞、三台阁、李白衣冠冢等，像一串串珍珠镶篏在翠螺山上下，五彩斑烂，美不胜收。人类和大自然的和谒，在这里得到充分的诠释。希望采纳