英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下:
模板范文一:
1、选题目的及意义。
演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握,能让演员更好的掌握角色,帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心,从而更生活,更直观,更真实的创造角色,从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动,这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感,激起正确的体验。
演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的,之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性,一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”,另外一方面,演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题,能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。
2、选题背景。
3、选题的研究现状。
4、结语。
5、可行性分析。
6、重点与难点分析。
7、时间进度安排。
模板范文二:
1、课题背景及现状。
项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段,占地11.4公顷,建成已50多年,是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题,同时适应全国农运会.宜居城市对景观环境的需要,要求对其进行重新规划设计,通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。
2、目标。
通过本课题的学习,培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识,专业设计技能,专业调查与实践方法,在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力,理论分析应用能力,组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力,充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。
通过本方案的各个环节的训练,掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规,进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究,培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。
3、任务及途径。
学生根据提供的课题任务书,结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计,平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流,课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集,前期注意详细分析基地情况,收集相关资料,综合加以分析,提出自己的方案构思,并根据构思进行方案的设计,最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。
4、时间安排。
寒假期间完成实习及调研工作,还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。
第1~2周:收集相关文献资料;调研资料整理(文字、图纸),完成开题报告。
第3~4周:功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解,完成方案一草。
模板范文三:
有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视,尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域,发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位,积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作,以各种创新型制度安排,共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。
本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界,旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆,提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架,以图书馆治理模式为研究对象,突出比较研究方法。
1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。
2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模,所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。
3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终,在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆,以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。
本项研究系应用性基础研究,研究价值体现在:
相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆,作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。
拓宽治理理论的应用范围,形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系,促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。
论文的开题 报告 是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料,论文的开题报告的字体以及各式等方面都有一定的要求的。下面是我为大家整理的论文开题报告的字体格式要求的内容,希望能对大家有所帮助。
1.论文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用A4纸单面打印,页面设置:左边距、右边距、下边距均为2.5厘米;上边距为2.8厘米。页眉、页脚均为2厘米。论文(含任务书)及附件装订成一册,一式两份。
2.页眉从正文开始。页眉左端顶格为论文标题,论文标题用宋体五号字。若为开题报告或文献翻译则在标题后面加上“/开题报告或/文献翻译”。右端右对齐为页码,用五号阿拉伯数字。
3.正文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用宋体小四号,应当达到15000个字左右。非汉字均用Times New Roman体。字间距设置为“标准”,段落设置为“单倍行距”,所有段落开头均缩进2个字。数学公式用斜体,按章节编号,如第2章第3个公式为(2-3),并与段落右边线对齐。
4.每一章另起一页,章节采用三级标题,用阿拉伯数字连续编号,(例:1,1.1,1.1.1)。章名为一级标题,位于一页的首行居中,用黑体小二号,段前距为0磅,与紧接其后的文字或二级标题间距为12磅。二级标题用宋体四号,左对齐,断前距12磅,段后距0磅。三级标题用黑体小四号,左对齐,段前距12磅,段后距0磅。
5.图表要有名称,表名位于表的正上方,用宋体小五号粗体。图名位于图的正下方,用宋体小五号粗体;图表按章节编号。例如:表2.7为第2章第7个图表;图3-1为第3章第1个图。图表不要跨页。凡引用的图表,需在图表名后用相应的中括号〔 〕加以标注,(如:〔1〕)。这里的标注号应与参考文献的序号为同一个号。
6.封面及任务书等由学生到(校图书馆一楼)装订处购买,封面不得复印。并在装订处装订论文。
7.除封面外,第一页是任务书,任务书下达时间是:按申请写作时间。
第二页是中文摘要(至少150字)。“摘要” 两字为黑体小二号,居中,设置段前为102磅,段后为12磅。内容用宋体五号字。 “关键词”三个字用黑体小五号,缩进2个字,后面的内容用宋体五号,一般用3-5个词组即可,中间用逗号分隔,结束时不用标点符号。关键词与摘要相距12磅(即设置段前12磅)。中文摘要用罗马数字编制页码,位于页面下方居中。
第三页是Abstract(至少500印刷字符),“Abstract” (用Times New Roman 粗体小二号),内容用Times New Roman 五号。Keywords用Times New Roman 粗体小五号,后面的内容用Times New Roman五号,与英文摘要内容同样相距12磅。英文摘要顺延“中文摘要”页用罗马数字编制页码,位于页面下方居中。
第四页为目录。“目录” 居中,用黑体小二号,段前设置为0磅,段后设置为12磅。目录页顺延“Abstract”页用罗马数字编制页码,位于页面下方居中。
目录依次为:摘要、Abstract、正文(要求列出一、二级标题,一级标题用黑体四号,二级标题用黑体小四号)、参考文献、致谢、附件1:开题报告、附件2:文献翻译(中、英文)。页码数字用小四号。
说明:中英文摘要和目录并非正文,不要设置页眉!
8.参考文献位于正文后另起一页,与正文连续编页码。“参考文献”居中,用黑体小二号,段前设置为0磅,段后设置为12磅。参考文献主要格式如下:
书籍:[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).书名.版本号(初版不写).出版社名,出版年,引用页码
提示:结束处不要加句号!
例:〔1〕胡玉明,高级管理会计,厦门大学出版社,2005年,第51页
期刊:[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).题名.刊名,出版年,卷号:(期号),起始页码~终止页码。
特别提示:凡论文中引用过的参考文献须按照顺序依次在正文引用处进行标注,标注 方法 :位于引用处最后一句话的句号内,具 体操 作:在工具栏打开格式-字体-上标。(例:如〔1〕)。
9.致谢页位于参考文献之后,与正文连续编页码,“致谢”居中,用黑体小二号,段前设置为0磅,段后设置为12磅。内容为宋体小四号字。
10.附件1:开题报告(包括研究背景、文献综述、技术路线、进度安排和参考文献五部分,各部分之间不需另起一页)
开题报告的标题居中,用黑体小二号粗体,段前距和段后距均为0磅。标题下为:专业、(准考证号)、姓名,均为黑体四号并居中。
论文开题报告的字体格式要求说明 :开题报告的标题应为论文题目,而不是开题报告四个字!
论文开题报告的字体格式要求: 开题报告中紧接着是摘要(只需中文)和关键词。“摘要”和“关键词”用黑体小四号,“摘要”内容用宋体小四号,“关键词”包含3至5个词组,中间用逗号分隔,结束时不用标点符号。这里摘要和关键词均不需要开头缩进。然后是正文,正文与关键词之间的距离为12磅。
论文开题报告的字体格式要求: 开题报告和文献翻译中,一级标题不需要另起页,一级标题设置段前、段后均为12磅,其余格式与正文同。
论文开题报告的字体格式应该注意 :开题报告和文献翻译的页码要根据正文的页码进行连续编码。
11.附件2:文献翻译(中、英文)25000个字符左右,先中文(可比照论文格式),标题应为所翻译 文章 的标题,用黑体小二号粗体,居中。这里文献翻译标题下面是原文作者的(英文)姓名,用小三号Times New Roman体加粗,居中。中文译稿结束后空两行注明外文资料来源,文字内容为“外文资料来源:书籍/期刊(按参考文献格式)”,资料来源结束处不要点句号!空2格写:某某译。字体用宋体小四号加粗(非汉字均用Times New Roman体加粗)右对齐。
摘要:音乐是舞蹈的灵魂,同时舞蹈和音乐又很好地统一在一起。优美的音乐可以激发舞蹈者的灵感和想象,同时跳动的音乐节奏又可以提示舞蹈者的动作。而在舞蹈中,舞蹈者的形象也是通过和谐一致的听觉和视觉才引起人们的欣赏美感的。如果没音乐,舞蹈也就失去了生命力。由古至今,音乐是舞蹈的声音,而舞蹈是音乐的表现形式,音乐和舞蹈是紧密相连的不同的艺术,都具有一定的美学价值,而音乐和舞蹈的完美配合,又可以带给人们一场盛大的听觉和视觉盛宴。
关键词:音乐 舞蹈 跳跃 和谐
音乐与舞蹈是紧密联系在一起的,舞蹈者优美的动作和音乐是分不开的。在不同音乐的刺激下,人的听觉通过中枢神经会做出相应的心理反应,从而引起联想。在编排舞蹈时是从音乐开始的,音乐和舞蹈结合在一起,是把舞蹈者的感情突破空间的穿透力而表现出来,让舞者身心交融进而会产生共鸣。因此,在二者的关系中,音乐是舞蹈里不可分割的一个重要部分,音乐以其多样的风格、鲜明轻快的节奏以及优美的旋律而赋予舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现。舞蹈者在优美的音乐中展开优美的舞蹈动作,不仅可以享受美丽,而且还能够陶冶精神。同时,舞蹈者对伴奏音乐的理解也影响着舞蹈的艺术表现,所以在实际中就需要把舞蹈和音乐和谐的结合在一起,促进二者的共同发展。
一、音乐在舞蹈中的重要地位
(一)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者表达情绪,烘托气氛
音乐的加入可以很好的激发强化舞蹈的表达,如果离开了音乐,舞蹈就不能够充分的表达出感情。由于音乐的一个直接的特点就是渗入人心,因而人们在欣赏时就会经常把音乐中表现出来的感情作为自己的内心感情来体验,而舞蹈在跳舞之前就会先对音乐进行深刻的体验,所以当这种对音乐的理解与感受激发起舞蹈者内心的感情时,这种感情就会通过丰富的舞蹈动作表现出来。这样,音乐的介入,就会首先打动大众观众的感情,也让观众对舞蹈有了更深的理解。另外,音乐的丰富情感也给了舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现,也拉近了观众和舞蹈的距离。
(二)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者组织动作
音乐和舞蹈具有相同的韵律、节奏以及情感内容,并且在展示时也是同步进行的,因此就要求二者必须做到高度的协调统一。在设计舞蹈动作之前是就必须有音乐的,而不是先有了舞蹈动作之后再配备的音乐。在舞蹈中运用的音乐主要有两种形式,首先可以是为既定的舞蹈情节与主题来创作相关的音乐,其次是可以利用现成的音乐。其中普遍采用的方法是按照音乐来编排舞蹈。例如古典芭蕾就是根据音乐的旋律灵魂来展开的动作技巧,这也称作是舞蹈音乐,主要是利用和谐匀称的音乐来展示舞蹈的动作,但是也要注意,舞蹈并不是仅仅服从于音乐的。这主要表现在,首先如果是为了专门构思的舞蹈来创作音乐,就需要根据舞蹈编导的要求来进行创作。其次舞蹈的配乐也要有选择,因为不是所有的音乐都适合于舞蹈。第三,舞蹈编导在具体编制可以根据舞蹈内容要求对音乐进行相应的修改。
(三)音乐有利于舞蹈的构思创作
由于音乐的丰富性作用,一听到音乐就很容易想起舞蹈,所以舞蹈构想也就产生了。在实际中却还面临着听到的音乐是否可以立即成为伴奏音乐。如果听见音乐就想跳舞,这是对听到的音乐触发的灵感,而这种灵感就推动去创作舞蹈动作。音乐是由时间、感情以及节奏组成的,所以就可以把音乐直接变成舞蹈来应用,所以音乐其实具有伴奏与创作的双重性特征。例如在实际中听到了贝多芬的《命运交响曲》,有人就想创作出和命运有关的舞蹈,于是就产生了《命运》舞蹈。在一定程度上,舞蹈是对音乐的形象化表现,二者是相互依存的,如果没有了音乐,舞蹈就是半成品。同时,所有的曲子都可以自由的跳,这就是根据现成的音乐对舞蹈进行的创作。
二、舞蹈对音乐的升华作用
(一)舞蹈需要音乐的节奏和旋律
音乐是一门单独的艺术形式,但是在舞蹈中的音乐,是舞蹈者对音乐的再创作,舞蹈者在听到音乐之后,根据自己的理解而进行的和音乐一致的肢体动作,就是舞蹈的音乐的诠释、表现。但是这种肢体展示并不是根据音乐中的每个音符用人体来表现出来,而是对音乐精神和情感的展现。另外,音乐与舞蹈的一个共同点就是相同的节奏,而节奏也是舞蹈与音乐相结合的重要基础。在实际中,舞蹈是需要通过音乐来加强动作的展示与情感的渲染的,在表演舞蹈时,也需要有一定的节奏伴奏。在舞蹈中肢体舞动的位移因素就是因为节奏的存在,而任何形式的肢体动作都是在经过节奏加工后才会形成比较优美的肢体动作,而这些是形成舞蹈动作的一个重要前提。音乐的变化比较快,音乐是一门时间艺术,而舞蹈却是空间与时间的艺术,舞蹈不是对音乐中每一个细微的变化做出的机械反映。舞蹈与音乐的另外一个共同点就是抒情。舞蹈与音乐都是对感情的直接表达,但是音乐的表达一般具有抽象性,因而不会对舞蹈具体的感情表达产生干扰或者是矛盾,而是可以和舞蹈有完美结合。由于人具有丰富的情感,任何一种对感情的表现都一个产生到逐渐变化的过程,尤其是把生活中的喜怒哀乐搬到舞台上,就更需要借助一定的表现形式才能把这些情感表达出来。舞蹈中产生的一切肢体动作,都需要围绕人的主体来进行,并根据自然界的规律,对肢体动作进行升华。舞蹈中的任何情绪都是编导者通过对舞蹈作品进行构思之后形成的,然后在进行一定的创编,由舞蹈演员来把握其中的感情,把要表达的情感在舞蹈中呈现、抒发出来。并在此基础上把舞蹈与音乐结合在一起,也把其中的情感结合在一起,因而在选择相应的舞蹈音乐时创作者也需要具备一定的审美能力。
(二)舞蹈中需要音乐的辅助作用
舞蹈艺术是利用肢体的运动形式来表现语言的方式,而对事物事件的发展过程也是通过肢体的移动来实现的,因而运用舞蹈语言也可以把整件事情来表达清楚,但是舞蹈艺术的表现形式却不能够把事件所处的时代背景与发生的环境表现出来。而这一点,却可以通过音乐来弥补。由于音乐具有一定的听觉特征,音乐的表现和创作形式也会留下鲜明的时代情感表现与音乐特征,同时这种时代感也会给欣赏者带来一定的时代感受,比如我们在听到《红星闪闪》、《黄河协奏曲》时就很容易联想到那一代的事情,因此音乐就很好的把舞蹈中表现的事件就做出了交代。在实际中舞蹈艺术是以音乐的节奏和比较夸张的气口来作为肢体动作切入点的。而舞蹈的韵味和感觉都是通过肢体语言来表现的,所以在舞蹈时舞蹈者就会完全释放自己的肢体,另外,舞蹈者还根据音乐的节奏来表现蕴含的情感,而根据明快的节奏舞蹈者在实际舞蹈时也会不停的变换肢体动作,利用强烈的情感张丽给观众一种舞台是空的、舞台上只存在一种情绪的感觉。同时,舞蹈又很好的结合了写意与写实,利用肢体的动态变换过程来传递信息,也通过一定的个性化肢体动作来体现情绪。
(三)舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一
音乐形象主要是由情绪音乐的形象体育主体音乐的形象相互结合而形成的。在舞蹈的艺术中音乐其实与舞蹈的文学形象具有同样重要的地位,益音乐形象也是舞蹈的一项主心骨,如果舞蹈没有了音乐,舞蹈就会失去色彩和灵魂,所以在舞蹈中离不开音乐的衬托。舞蹈中的舞蹈形象,首先则是舞蹈的主体音乐形象。在一部舞蹈作品里主体音乐形象一般是贯穿始终的一个主要线索,而舞蹈表现的现象也是在以这个线索为中心根据相应的文学形象支配来进行拓展创作的,舞蹈中主体音乐形象是对文学形象的一个很好的诠释,因此舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一集合就可以让观众通过看和听来欣赏舞蹈艺术,进而陶冶情操,形成美好的精神感受。另外,主体音乐形象与舞蹈音乐形象结合在一起,又可以使舞蹈的形象更加具有个性化与典型化,形成完美统一的舞蹈艺术效果。
三、结语
综上所述,舞蹈动作和音乐是紧密联系在一起的,音乐不仅可以对舞蹈的动作做出提示,还可以给舞蹈者一定的灵感启发。舞蹈中利用听觉与视觉的结合来引起艺术美感的,如果没有了音乐的配合,舞蹈表现也就失去了生命力。因而成功的舞蹈是需要音乐的配合的,有了音乐优美和谐的伴奏,就很容易点燃跳舞者的激情,把舞蹈的内涵完美的呈现出来。
参考文献:
[1]汤晓宁.舞蹈艺术与实践[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2009.
[2]宋小璐.音乐是舞蹈的灵魂——试论音乐在舞蹈中的重要性[J]. 文化 月刊,2009,(07).
[3]慕羽.当代舞蹈编导类群的价值定位——兼谈舞蹈编导的社会责任问题[J].北京蹈学院学报,2005,(04).
[4]陈佩玲.视觉艺术与听觉艺术-论舞蹈钢琴伴奏教学的特点[J].舞蹈,2009,(04).
[5]张娟.乐者舞之魂一舞蹈钢琴伴奏艺术探微[J].西安音乐学院学报,2010,(04).
1. 论文开题报告字体格式要求
2. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体的要求
3. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体
4. 毕业论文开题报告格式要求格式
5. 论文开题报告的打印格式要求
毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下:
模板范文一:
1、选题目的及意义。
演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握,能让演员更好的掌握角色,帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心,从而更生活,更直观,更真实的创造角色,从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动,这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感,激起正确的体验。
演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的,之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性,一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”,另外一方面,演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题,能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。
2、选题背景。
3、选题的研究现状。
4、结语。
5、可行性分析。
6、重点与难点分析。
7、时间进度安排。
模板范文二:
1、课题背景及现状。
项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段,占地11.4公顷,建成已50多年,是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题,同时适应全国农运会.宜居城市对景观环境的需要,要求对其进行重新规划设计,通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。
2、目标。
通过本课题的学习,培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识,专业设计技能,专业调查与实践方法,在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力,理论分析应用能力,组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力,充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。
通过本方案的各个环节的训练,掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规,进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究,培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。
3、任务及途径。
学生根据提供的课题任务书,结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计,平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流,课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集,前期注意详细分析基地情况,收集相关资料,综合加以分析,提出自己的方案构思,并根据构思进行方案的设计,最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。
4、时间安排。
寒假期间完成实习及调研工作,还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。
第1~2周:收集相关文献资料;调研资料整理(文字、图纸),完成开题报告。
第3~4周:功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解,完成方案一草。
模板范文三:
有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视,尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域,发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位,积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作,以各种创新型制度安排,共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。
本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界,旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆,提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架,以图书馆治理模式为研究对象,突出比较研究方法。
1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。
2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模,所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。
3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终,在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆,以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。
本项研究系应用性基础研究,研究价值体现在:
相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆,作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。
拓宽治理理论的应用范围,形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系,促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms3.1 The characteristics of English idioms(正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为:1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号)….In conclusion, ….3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.….3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》,1993,4:44。 冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》,1998,6:11。 李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》,2000,30:30。 (论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序:尾注:按照编号顺序。夹注:英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号;每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符;1.5倍行距;另外,与文中的夹注一一对应;不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容)
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊,省时省力,对接也方便。
你好,这个不是固定的,你可以和导师商量一下
英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义,下面是我为您带来的英语文学开题 报告 范文 ,欢迎阅读! 英语文学开题报告范文篇1 题 目 An Analysis of the Character Portia in the Merchant of Venice 一、本课题的研究目的及意义 (一)研究目的 莎士比亚作为英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的艺术大师,被马克思称之为“最伟大的戏剧天才”。透过似真似幻的舞台和匠心独具的 故事 ,莎翁塑造了一系列不朽的人物典型。尤其是塑造了众多而鲜明的人物形象。在莎士比亚的剧作中出场的女性人物有一百多人,在众多的女性人物中上至贵族,下至平民百姓,几乎是各不相同。而《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚更是被公认为莎士比亚笔下别具风采的女性形象。众多评论家认为莎士比亚戏剧中刻画的女性形象大都非常贴近生活,具有巨大的认识价值。。在这一讽刺喜剧《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚美丽、善良、机智、自信、富有才华和胆识,正体现了莎士比亚从男性的视觉自发塑造的理想中的新女性。作为新女性的鲍西亚,具有一定的判逆性格,不甘于被命运摆弄做逆来顺受的“家庭天使”,在一定程度上体现了莎士比亚对人文主义精神的追求。然而,从女性主义的视角来分析,在男性为中心的社会里,鲍西亚绝非真正具有女性的自我意识,而是甘于向父权社会妥协的不完美的新女性。本课题通过对《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚形象的分析,让读者了解鲍西亚思想上、性格上的先进性与局限性,对现代女性起到一定的启示作用。 (二)研究意义 莎士比亚通过对生活细致入微的观察,对人性深刻的剖析,创作出《威尼斯商人》这部极具讽刺性的喜剧。在莎士比亚的笔下,女性的感情与理智平分秋色,女性是以与男性平等的形象出现的。这在鲍西亚这一角色身上表现最为突出。鲍西亚美丽温柔、忠贞不渝、善良可爱、机智勇敢、足智多谋。她掌握着自己的命运,不仅在自主选择丈夫方面,而且在与夏洛克的斗争中起到了关键性的作用。在当今的现实生活中,鲍西亚光彩照人的女性形象也可以带给人们启迪和借鉴。鲍西亚在金钱和爱情的杠杆上,选择了爱情。在她的内心深处爱情价更高,是金钱、物质所无法取代的。她对于爱情忠贞不渝和执着,值得现代生活中个别只追求物质享受的女人去学习。在现实生活中,个别人不应该由于自己的优越条件而歧视别人,更要学会不用有色眼光去看待别人。在法庭上,讲义气、才智非凡的鲍西亚女扮男装以法律博士的身份出场,使剧情有了戏剧性的转折,使夏洛克一步步在不知不觉中陷入她的计策。她成功的妙计足以显示出其学问深厚,机智敏锐,有胆有识的特点,这种女性形象也是我们所认同和赞赏的。《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚人物形象具有生动鲜明,栩栩如生,有血有肉等特点。本文通过对《威尼斯商人》主要人物鲍西亚的分析,力图从新的视角去尝试发觉人物的真实性和人物的多面性,给现实生活中的人们以启迪和借鉴。 二、已了解的本课题国内外研究现状 (一)国外研究现状 欧洲的14到16世纪,是人类 文化 发展史上的一个重要时期。发源于意大利的强大的人文主义运动很快席卷欧洲各国。它从反对封建专制,教会权威和禁欲主义的历史要求出发,肯定人的价值,赞美人的理性和智慧,提倡人对现世幸福的追求和个性自由。这一时期的欧洲戏剧以英国和西班牙为主流,其中莎士比亚的许多剧作是世界戏剧宝库中珍品。从17世纪开始,莎士比亚戏剧渐次传入了德、法、意、俄、美等国,对各国戏剧产生了深远的影响。他虽说生活在400多年前,直到今天各国都有许多研究、评论莎士比亚和他作品的学者,评论家。17世纪有德莱登;18世纪有卜普、约翰生和莫尔根;19世纪有兰姆、柯勒律治;20世纪有道登和布雷德莱。世界各国许多著名的文学家和文艺评论家如德国的歌德,法国的伏尔泰、雨果,俄罗斯的普希金、托尔斯泰等人,都对莎士比亚作品有过精彩的评论。英国著名文学评论家萨缪尔.约翰逊认为莎士比亚的戏剧是生活的镜子,“谁要是被其他作家们捏造出来的荒.唐故事弄得头昏眼花,读一下莎士比亚用凡人的语言所表达的凡人思想感情就会医治好他的颠三倒四的狂想”。《威尼斯商人》的一大成就,就是在轻松的喜剧描写中不忘反映时代,并非只在台词里述说介绍,而是通过情节、人物和人物关系等几个方面,来显示时代风貌和生活要求。 (二)国内研究现状 莎士比亚的名字是由传教士在1856年介绍过来的。清末,我国思想界代表人物严复、梁启超等都在译著中提到莎士比亚的名字。而他的戏剧直到1919年五四运动以后,才用白话文和戏剧的形式翻译过来。新中国成立以后,特别是20世纪50年代,出现了许多新译本,其中就有方平译的《威尼斯商人》,也是在这一时期我国学者开始阐释并莎士比亚及其作品《威尼斯商人》中的____文化内涵,这不仅是我国莎学研究的进一步补充与完善,更是与国际学术接轨的重大举措,是理性沉思后的再审视。20世纪60年代方平先生在他的莎学研究中仍然突出了意识形态与阶级斗争。他认为,莎士比亚的喜剧《威尼斯商人》所表现的“积财就是积富”和“守财就是进财”,表明资本主义经济势力开始在历史舞台上露头,构成了它的互为补充的两套道德教条。而自1985年到2005年的20年来我国大陆的莎士比亚喜剧研究像《威尼斯商人》,发现大致可分为三个方面,喜剧本质研究、人物形象的研究和比较研究。对莎翁喜剧本质关注的角度主要在于探讨其喜剧体现出来的喜剧精神、喜剧艺术、喜剧美学。人物研究集中在对夏洛克和女性人物分析,主题定位于爱和友谊。 三、本课题的研究内容 摘要 (一) 本课题研究的目的及意义 (二)本课题相关的研究综述 (三)本课题研究的基本思路和主要内容 简单介绍《威尼斯商人》中的作者背景和历史背景 对《威尼斯商人》中女性人物鲍西亚的分析 鲍西亚的本质 鲍西亚的人文主义精神 鲍西亚的女性自我意识 三、《威尼斯商人》中女性局限性的表现 (一)父权社会对女性的控制 (二)以丈夫为中心 (三)社会对女性的忽视 四、威尼斯商人对现代女性的启示 (一)夫妻间的两性关系 (二)爱情独立性和平等性的探求 (三)社会对女性的压力 五、对课题《威尼斯商人》的 总结 四、本课题研究的步骤、 方法 及进度安排 研究的步骤:1.审理清楚课题的意思和研究方向 2.了解课题的研究现状和查找相关的资料 3.在图书馆和网络上收集相关的书籍和资料,整合资料并做好笔记 4.拟写开题报告 5.拟写大纲 6.着手写正文 7.论文修改与定稿 研究的方法:文献法、理论研究法(到图书馆查找纸质及电子资料) 讨论法(与同学讨论相关的研究内容) 实证研究法(通过相关的例子又发思考) 进度安排:2011.12 .12---2011.12.20 选题 2012.02.10 定题 2012.02.15--- 2012.03.10查找资料,初定提纲和开题报告 2012.03.15---2012.04.05 论文初稿并修改 2012.0.4.10---2012.04.30论文修改并定稿 五、主要参考文献 [1]Jameson. Shakespeare’s Heroines. London: Longman, 1961. [2]Wilson, John Dover. Shakespearian Comedies. Chicago: Northwest University Press, 1962. [3]方平. 和莎士比亚交个朋友吧[M]. 成都:四川人民出版社,1983. [4]郭元波, 唐爽. Humanistic Interpretation of the Merchant of Venice [J]. 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)2006(3):94—96. [5]胡健生,朱祖林. The Excel lent Use of “Abrupt Turn” and the Elaborate Construction of “Behind—the—Screen characters”—A Novel Interpretation of the Artistic Features of the Venice Merchant[J].宝鸡文理学院学报(社会科学报), 2000 (2):42-46 [6]黄必康. 莎士比亚名篇赏析[M]. 北京:北京出版社,2005. [7]栗沙. 亦喜亦悲两相宜-《威尼斯商人》解释[J].贵州师大学学报:1998(2). [8]黎会华. 从《威尼斯商人》的女性人物塑造看莎士比亚的女权主义倾向[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版),2003 (2):23-26. [9]欧华恩. 论夏洛克性格的多元组合[J]. 邵阳学院学报(社会科学版),2005(4):16-19. [10]王述文. On Images of Heroines in Shakespeare’s Four Greatest Comedies[J].四川外语学院学报, 2000(4):16. [11]王佐良,祝钰. European Culture An Introduction[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004. [12]温祖荫.世界名著介绍与欣赏[M].福州:福建 教育 出版社.1983. [13]肖四新.论莎士比亚的人性观[J].宁夏大学学报(社会科学版), 2006(2):12. [14]张祥和,杨菲翡. Function of Disguise in Shakespeare’s Comedies [J]. 南京工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2004 (3):27-29. [15]智量.外国文学名作自学手册[M]. 上海:上海艺术出版社,1985. 英语文学开题报告范文篇2 一、 选题的目的和意义: 当今世界高校的大学英语( 非英语专业的 英语学习 ) 都相继走上了ESP 教学的道路( 蔡基刚,20xx, 20xx),而我国大学英语却始终停留在General English( 普通英语) 上( 蔡基刚,20xx) ,我们河南理工大学地质工程的大学英语教学还处于普通英语教学时期,虽然开设了一门《地球科学》双语课程,但是没能实现大学英语教学与双语教学的融合,这方面没有老师进行专门用途英语教学的实践。 本篇论文首先对我国高校地质工程专业大学英语教学现状进行调研,并分析阻碍本专业大学英语由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移的因素。通过本次调研可以让我们更清晰的认识到我国地质工程专业的大学英语的教学现状,为本 专业英语 教学由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移提供参考数据。 《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》以获得上海市教育委员会批准,上海市专门用途英语( ESP)又向前迈进了一大步;地质是矿业的基础,作为我国矿业高等学校的发源地的河南理工大学,更要做矿业方面专门用途英语教学的开拓者甚至领头羊,我们学校应该加大这一学科的探索研究。河南理工大上学地质工程专业的《地球科学》双语课在20xx年已经建成为国家级双语教学示范课程,地质工程专业大学英语教学与双语教学融合为专门用途英语教学的探索可能是这一平台将来的发展方向。我呼吁我们学校外国语学院与资源环境学院尽快进行沟通合作,这也是我写这篇论文的目的。本篇论文的提出不仅对我校地质工程大学英语教学走向专门用途英语教学有促进意义,同时对其他专业也有借鉴参考作用。 二、 国内外研究综述: 我国大学英语教学大致分为三个阶段: 第一阶段是从建国后到七十年代末,起初我国的外语教育以俄语为主,62年开始推广英语教学,当时的英语教学是典型的传授式以传统系统知识为目的,后因“”刚刚开始的公共英语教学也就此折腰; 第二阶段是从改革开放初至世纪末,一批归国学者从国外引进了二语习得 、语言共核 、功能意念 、语言技能 、English for General Purposes (EGP ) 等当时的先进理论,形成以培养学生阅读能力为主的教学模式。 1986年末 ,国家教育部高等教育司开始筹备大学英语教学的评价系统一一大学英语四 、六级考试,并沿用至今。 第三阶段是从21世纪初至今,新世纪以来 ,随着国际国内形势的不断变化 、高科技的发展 、 网络技术 的普及 ,社会对大学生的英语 水平及语言应用能力又有了更高的要求 。明确了大学英语的教学目 标是:“培养学生的英语综合应用 能力 ,特别是听说 能力 ,能用英语有效地进行交际 ,同时增强其自主学 习能力”。大学英语四 、六级考试在20xx年和20xx年也进行了改革,以适应这一要求。 国际专门用途英语起源于第二次世界大战之后, 时间大致是二十世纪的六十年代, 其标志是年月于英国伦敦召开的一次关于二语教学作为影响亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲国家和地区发展的一个因素的国际性会议)。(周平。《山东农业大学学报(社会科学版)》20xx年02期)。国际专门用途在研究领域方面,不管是学术论文还是书评,占主导地位的研究方向是语篇分析。而在专门用途英语类别方面,还是以学术英语和经贸英语为主。在英语技能方面,大多数研究者主要关注写作方面的研究。(张维军。《中国ESP研究》20xx年01期) 我国专门用途英语 的教学研究起步较晚,直到20 世纪70 年代末才开始,大致经历了3 个发展阶段: 第一阶段是从20 世纪70 年代末至80 年代末。这一阶段国内的专门用途英语教学以科技英语为主。 第二阶段大致为20 世纪90 年代。这一阶段以介绍推广专门用途英语教学的理念为主。随着国内外经济交往的频繁,商务活动的增多,对 商务英语 的教学研究在这一时期逐渐取代科技英语研究成为主流。另外还产生了对金融、旅游和医学等领域英语教学的研究。 第三阶段从2000 年至今, 专门用途英语研究在中国全面扩大和深入。随着中国加入世贸组织,对外交流扩大到了整个社会,扩大到了科学技术经济的各个领域……一般的外语技能已很难满足市场需要,社会对专门用途英语教学的需求比以往任何时候都更迫切了。随着我国经济高速发展, 专门用途英语教学迎来了全新的发展时期。 地质工程专门用途英语是专门用途英语的一部分,其专门用途英语教学正处于起步发展阶段。地质工程专业英语教育发展较迅速,但是真正的地质工程专门用途英语教学的发展还处于萌芽阶段。 三、 毕业 设计(论文)所用的主要技术与方法: 图书馆查阅资料,网上下载论文,在河南理工大学、中国矿业大学和中国地质大学实地调研,通过整理调研资料对数据进行分析。网上下载本专业大学英语课程及双语课程视频。翻译地质工程《地球科学》双语教材,从翻译实践中总结理论。与学校老师及管教学的领导交谈,整理分析交谈笔记。 四、 主要参考文献与资料获得情况: [1] 郭剑晶。专门用途英语 . 北京:知识产权出版社,20xx.1. [2] 蔡基刚。我国第一份以学术英语为导向的大学英语教学指导文件的制定与说明[J]. 外语教学理论与实践,20xx(04)。 [3] 蔡基刚。误解与偏见:阻碍我国大学ESP教学发展的关键[J]. 外语教学,20xx(01)。 [4] 蔡基刚。高等教育国际化背景下的外语教学评价体系调整[J]. 外语电化教学, 20xx(01)。 [5] 蔡基刚。专业英语及其教材对我国高校ESP教学的影响[J]. 外语与外语教学, 20xx(02)。 [6] 蔡基刚。解读《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》[J]. 中国外语,20xx(02)。 [7] 申婷。大学英语教学发展历程[J]. 中国共产党贵州省委党校学报,20xx(02)。 [8] 张维军。 国际学术界ESP 研究历史与现状:《国际专门用途英语》期刊论文分析[J]. 外语教学理论与实践,20xx(03)。 [9] 严玲。 中国专门用途英语的教学发展趋势 [J]. 长江大学学报,20xx(04)。 五、 毕业设计(论文)进度安排(按周说明) 第一阶段:确定论文题目,收集资料,尽可能多的收集相关书籍、 文章 、期刊等; 第二阶段:20xx年3月7日(第二周)前完成选题,交论文开题报告; 第三阶段:20xx年4月18日(第八周)前完成初稿,交导师审阅; 第四阶段:20xx年5月9日(第十一周)前接受论文中期检查; 第五阶段:20xx年5月19日(第十二周)前 完成修订初稿,交导师审阅; 第六阶段:20xx年5月23日(第十三周)前完成论文终稿,交稿。 六、 指导教师审批意见: 指导教师: (签名) 年 月 日 英语文学开题报告范文篇3 the Application and Innovation 一、选题的意义和研究现状 1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的 想象力 , 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。 根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲) 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果(大纲): 1.A Survey of Gothic 1.1 Definition of Gothic 1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1.2.1 Historical Reasons 1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaissance 1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself 1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful 2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage 2.1 Theme 2.1.1 Good and Evil 2.1.2 Revenge 2.2 Characters Description 2.2.1 Villain-hero 2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl 2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot 2.3.1 Terror 2.3.2 Mystery 2.3.3 Supernatural 3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation 3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 3.1.1 Change of the Background 3.1.2 Use of Symbolism 3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness 3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness 3.2. Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件:纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料; 可能存在的问题:(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力,使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。 三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1.研究进度安排 (1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周):学生完成初稿。 (2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周):指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。 (3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周):学生交论文第二稿。 (4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周):指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。 (5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周):定稿 (6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。 (7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五,指导教师和评阅教师写评语,学生做好答辩准备。 (8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周):星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。 2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献 [1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20. [2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press. [3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. 1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83. [4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6. [5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页. [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11—12页. [7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期. 看过“英语文学开题报告范文”的人还看了: 1. 英语专业开题报告范文 2. 英语论文开题报告范文 3. 英语专业论文开题报告 4. 关于英语专业开题报告范文 5. 文学论文开题报告范文
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
陈述是论文答辩中的一个重要环节,时间在3——5分钟左右。为了避免忘词以及更清晰地展现论文内容,答辩者一般都需要写提前写好答辩陈述词,那么论文答辩陈述稿怎么写呢?写作的内容与重点有哪些呢?本文为大家整理了3份“答辩陈述稿模板”,以供参考。论文答辩陈述稿怎么写一、论文答辩陈述稿的写作内容在写作陈述稿时,需围绕以下问题进行思考和编写:1、为什么选择这个课题?2、写作的目的和要解决的问题,其学术价值与现实意义是什么?3、全文的基本框架、结构、行文逻辑关系如何?立论的主要依据是什么?4、研究过程中的发现5、论文在选题、观点、方法等方面的创新之处,这个是重点,要重点介绍6、论文的不足之处,有哪些问题还没有搞清楚或论述的不够透彻?二、论文答辩陈述稿怎么写——写作模板论文答辩陈述稿写作模板一:尊敬的各位评委老师:大家好!我是来自……的学生XX,文题目是《……》。我当时之所以选择研究……是因为……,主要表现在:……在着手准备论文写作的时候,我针对……这个命题,大量阅读相关方面的各种资料。对……的概况有了大致了解,缕清思路的基础上确定研究方向,然后与老师商讨,确定论文大致思路和研究方向。然后,为了完成论文,本人收集了大量的文献资料,其中主要来自网上的论文期刊、图书馆的书目、学习教材的理论资料。在……导师的耐心指导和帮助下,经过阅读主要参考资料,拟定提纲,写开题报告初稿,毕业论文初稿,修改等一系列程序,于XXXX年X月X日正式定稿。具体来说,我的论文分为以下四个部分:第一部分,主要概述了……,第二部分,是在对……进行了详细论述的基础上,运用……法对……的深入挖掘。第三部分,运用……法对……的深入挖掘。第四部分,……经过本次论文写作,我学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验。在这期间,我的论文指导老师……教授对我的论文进行了详细的修改和指正,并给予我许多宝贵的建议和意见。在这里,我对他表示我最真挚的感谢和敬意!以上就是我的答辩自述,希望各评委老师认真阅读论文并给予评价和指正。谢谢!论文答辩陈述稿写作模板二:各位老师下午好!
答辩前的准备,最重要的是答辩者的准备。要保证论文答辩的质量和效果,关键在答辩者一边。论文作者要顺序通过答辩,在提交了论文之后,不要有松一口气的思想,而应抓紧时间积极准备论文答辩。首先,要写好毕业论文的简介,主要内容应包括论文的题目,指导教师姓名,选择该题目的动机,论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会以及本议题的理论意义和实践意义。其次,要熟悉自己所写论文的全文,尤其是要熟悉主体部分和结论部分的内容,明确论文的基本观点和主论的基本依据;弄懂弄通论文中所使用的主要概念的确切涵义,所运用的基本原理的主要内容;同时还要仔细审查、反复推敲文章中有无自相矛盾、谬误、片面或模糊不清的地方,有无与党的政策方针相冲突之处等等。如发现有上述问题,就要作好充分准备——补充、修正、解说等。只要认真设防,堵死一切漏洞,这样在答辩过程中,就可以做列心中有数、临阵不慌、沉着应战。第三,要了解和掌握与自己所写论文相关联的知识和材料。如自己所研究的这个论题学术界的研究已经达到了什么程度?目前,存在着哪些争议?有几种代表性观点?各有哪些代表性著作和文章?自己倾向哪种观点及理由;重要引文的出处和版本;论证材料的来源渠道等等。这些方面的知识和材料都要在答辩前做到有比较好的了解和掌握。第四,论文还有哪些应该涉及或解决,但因力所不及而未能接触的问题,还有哪些在论文中未涉及到或涉及到很少,而研究过程中确已接触到了并有一定的见解,只是由于觉得与论文表述的中心关联不大而没有写入等等。第五,对于优秀论文的作者来说,还要搞清楚哪些观点是继承或借鉴了他人的研究成果,哪些是自己的创新观点,这些新观点、新见解是怎么形成的等等。
论文答辩稿子怎么写:PPT1:各位老师上午好!我叫XXX,是什么级XX学院XX专业的学生,我的论文题目是XXX。论文是在XXX导师的悉心指点下完成的,(在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意,同时也向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢。若时间紧迫,不用说。)下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报。PPT2:我将从以下四个方面介绍我的论文,分别是背景及意义、研究对象与方法、论文概述、结论与分析。PPT3:首先是第一部分,背景及意义。主要介绍了本论文的研究背景、研究目的和研究意义。(根据时间自决定如何展开说。)PPT4:近年来,由于XXX而XX,因此本文将视角选定在XX行业,展开研究,探究XXX。但是由于目前适用于XXX的模型尚少,因此在目前较为理想的XXX模型的基础上,构建更加适用于XXX行业的XXX模型,进行深入分析并得出结论。PPT5:接下来是研究目的和意义。研究目的主要由以下四点,分别从两方信息使用者的角度来谈。主要目的是给管理者和投资者建议及参考价值。PPT6:研究意义有以下两点,分别是理论意义和实践意义理论意义:XXX理论在我国发展不久,目前尚未研究出一个适用于XXX行业的XXX模型,因此理论上急需研究。实践意义:为管理者和投资者具有较强的实践意义,同时也给同行业的其他企业以参考。
尊敬的评委老师:早上好!我叫×××,XXXX级社会学专业学生。我的毕业论文题目是《社会学视野下金庸小说中的婚恋观》。我的指导老师是张红老师。从确定选题、拟定提纲、完成初稿,到最后定稿,我得到了张老师的精心细致指导,使我很快掌握了论文的写作方法,并在较短的时间里完成了论文的写作。不管今天答辩的结果如何,我都会由衷的感谢指导老师的辛勤劳动,感谢各位评委老师的批评指正。截至目前,在学术界有关金庸武侠小说的论著非常多,但尚无从社会学视野下对金庸小说中婚恋观的研究。选择金庸小说作为毕业论文的写作题材,一方面是因为我对金庸小说比较喜欢,包括由金庸小说改编而成的电视剧。的确,金庸小说不仅向我们展现了侠客的快意恩仇,还借用江湖这个社会,使人物摆脱传统社会的束缚或少受社会制度的束缚。男女侠客不问出身,不讲家庭地位、社会背景,只讲两性相悦、以情相许,能实现真正意义上的男女平等、恋爱自由。另一方面结合当今社会现实,许多现象与金庸小说中的情节有一些相似,揭示其中的联系,警示世人,以倡导和谐的、理想的婚姻。在这篇论文中,主要采用了内容分析和现实对比的写作手法,各部分安排按照先典型分析,具体对照现象,理论分析,再阐明现代性特征的层次进行。具体结构如下:第一部分为所归纳的金庸小说中的五种爱情类型;第二部分为金庸小说中与现实相对应的婚姻类型;第三部分为关于金庸小说中择偶的社会学分析,分为宏观和和微观两个方面分析。宏观方面的主要理论有:对于择偶的个人主义解释;择偶的社会文化解释;择偶梯度理论;同类匹配理论。微观方面的理论有:1、相似性理论;2、需求互补理论。从以上这些择偶理论我们可以做出如下推论:相似性原则是择偶的基本规律。无论从哪个理论角度这个结论总是成立的,虽做出如下推论:相似性原则是择偶的基本规律。无论从哪个理论角度这个结论总是成立的,虽然对具体是什么“相似”有些争议。在外在社会条件上符合“同类匹配”,内在条件上又符合“需求互补”,这似乎就是最完满的理想婚姻模式。第四部分为金庸小说中婚恋观的现代性特征;在金庸小说中,男女侠客不问出身,不讲家庭地位、社会背景,只讲两性相悦、以情相许,能实现真正意义上的恋爱自由,而这些观念无疑与现代人的恋爱观相合。第五部分:结论。社会是历史积淀的产物,小说是反映生活、憧憬生活、甚至能够改造生活、提升生活品质的艺术。在某些传统思想仍在侵蚀当代人的今天,在已经冲破封建罗网,人们获得充分的个性自由,能够勇于追求自我爱情的今天,回味金庸小说中具有现代性特征的爱情婚恋,对我们仍有启迪。金庸小说中的爱情不仅反映了作者心目中的爱情观,也折射出传统文化孕育下的“集体无意识”及现代人的情感困惑与矛盾境况,从而具有重要的认识价值。因此,我们应当超越以爱情为基础的内涵性婚姻和以现实利益为基础的功利性婚姻的简单对立,使工具理性与价值理性相结合来构建一种理想的婚姻模式——综合权衡模式。限于各种条件的制约,特别是本人理论水平所限,使得本论文对金庸小说中婚恋观的现实意义仅停留在比较粗浅的层面,尤其是理论方面,还有很多问题需要继续进行深入、细致的思考和探索。最后,再次感谢张红老师在我的毕业论文写作过程中所给予的悉心帮助与指导;其次我要感谢各位专业师在这四年来对我的教育与培养,没有你们的教导,也就没有我的今天;最后也要感谢本专老业同学这几年来对我的关心与支持,和你们生活在一起的日子我永远也不会忘记!恳请各位老师、同学进行批评指正,谢谢大家!