应收账款拖欠已是目前很多企业被拖垮的重要原因之一。因此,对应收账款风险应严加管理。 一、应收账款风险产生的原因 1、企业缺乏竞争意识。在现代社会激烈的竞争机制下,企业为了扩大市场占有率,不但要在成本、价格上下功夫,而且必须大量地运用商业信用促销。但是,某些企业的风险防范意识不强,为了扩销,在事先未对付款人资信情况作深入调查的情况下,盲目地采用赊销策略去争夺市场只重视账面的高利润,忽视了大量被客户拖欠占用的流动资金能否及时收回的问题。 2、企业内部控制不严。在某些实行职工工资总额与经济效益挂钩的企业中,销售人员为了个人利益,只关心销售任务的完成,采取赊销、回扣等手段强销商品,使应收账款大幅度上升,而对这部分应收账款,企业未要求相关部门和经销人员全权负责追款,导致应收账款大量沉积下来,给企业经营背上了沉重的包袱。 3、企业应收账款管理失当。企业信用政策制订不合理,日常控制不规范,追讨欠款工作不得力等因素都有可能导致自身蒙受风险和损失。 二、强化应收账款风险管理的措施 (一)制订合理的信用政策 所谓信用政策,是指企业对应收账款管理所采取的原则性规定,包括信用标准、信用条件和信用额度三方面。 1、确定正确的信用标准。信用标准是企业决定授予客户信用所要求的最低标准,也是企业对于可接受风险提供的一个基本判别标准。信用标准较严,可使企业遭受坏账损失的可能减小,但会不利于扩大销售。反之,如果信用标准较宽,虽然有利于刺激销售增长,但有可能使坏账损失增加,得不偿失。可见,信用标准合理与否,对企业的收益与风险有很大影响。企业确定信用标准时,一般采用比较分析法,分别计算不同信用标准下的销售利润、机会成本、管理成本及坏账成本,以利润最大或信用成本最低作为中选标准。 2、采用正确的信用条件。信用条件是指导企业赊销商品时给予客户延期付款的若干条件,主要包括信用期限和现金折扣等。信用期限是企业为客户规定的最长付款期限。适当地延长信用期限可以扩大销售量,但信用期限过长也会造成应收账款占用的机会成本增加,同时加大坏账损失的风险。为了促使客户早日付款,企业在规定信用期限的同时,往往附有现金折扣条件,即客户如能在规定的折扣期限内付款,则能享受相应的折扣优惠。但提供折扣应以取得的收益大于现金折扣的成本为标准。 3、建立恰当的信用额度。信用额度是企业根据客户的偿付能力给予客户的最大赊销限额,但它实际上也是企业愿意对某一客户承担的最大风险额,确定恰当的信用额度能有效地防止由于过度赊销超过客户的实际支付能力而使企业蒙受损失。在市场情况及客户信用情况变化的情况下,企业应对其进行必要调整使其始终保持在自身所能承受的风险范围之内。 (二)加强内部控制 1、认真作好赊销对象的资信调查。企业应广泛收集有关客户信用状况的资料,并据此采用定性分析及定时分析的方法评估客户的信用品质。客户资料可通过直接查阅客户财务报表或通过银行提供的客户信用资料取得,也可通过与该客户的其他往来单位交换有关信用资料取得。在实际中,通常采用“5C”评估法、信用评估法等方法对已获资料进行分析,取得分析结果后应注意或减少与信用差的客户发生赊账行为并对往来多、金额大或风险大的客户加强监督。
2、制订合理的赊销方针。企业可借鉴西方对商业信用的理解,制订适合自己的可防范风险的赊销方针。如:(1)有担保的赊销。企业可在合同中规定,客户要在赊欠期中提供担保,如果赊欠过期则承担相应的法律责任。(2)条件销售。赊欠期较长的应收账款发生坏账的风险一般比赊欠期较短的坏账风险要大,因此企业可与客户签定附带条件的销售合同,在赊欠期间货物所有权仍属销售方所有,客户只有在货款全部结清后才能取得所有权。若不能偿还欠款,企业则有权收回商品,弥补部分损失。 3、建立赊销审批制度。在企业内部应分别规定业务部、业务科长等各级人员可批准的赊销限额,限额以上须报经上级或经理审批。这种分级管理制度使赊销业务必须经过相关人员的授权批准,有利于将其控制在合理的限度内。 4、强化应收账款的单个客户管理和总额管理。企业对与自己有经常性业务往来的客户应进行单独管理,通过付款记录、账龄分析表及平均收款期判断个别账户是否存在账款拖欠问题。如果赊销业务繁忙,不可能对所有客户都单独管理,则可侧重于总额控制。信用管理人员应定期计算应收账款周转率、平均收款期、收款占销售额的比例以及坏账损失率,编制账龄分析表,按账龄分类估计潜在的风险损失,以便正确估量应收账款价值,并相应地调整信用政策。 5、建立销售回款一条龙责任制。为防止销售人员为了片面追求完成销售任务而强销盲销,企业应在内部明确追讨应收账款不是财务人员而是销售人员的责任。同时,制订严格的资金回款考核制度,以实际收到货款数作为销售部门的考核指标,每个销售人员必须对每一项销售业务从签订合同到回收资金铨过程负责。这样就可使销售人员明确风险意识,加强货款的回收。 三、应收账款风险的防范 企业为防范债务人无限期地拖欠货款,可采用以下措施: 1、将应收账款改为应收票据。由于应收票据具有更强的追索权,且到期前可以背书转让或贴现,在一定程度上能够降低坏账损失的风险,所以当客户到期不能偿还货款时企业可要求客户开出承兑汇票以抵销应收账款。 2、应收账款抵押与让售。企业可通过抵押或让售业务将应收账款变现。应收账款抵押是企业以应收账款为担保品,众金融机构预先取得货款,收到客户支付欠款时再如数转交给金融机构作为部分借款的归还。但一旦客户拒绝付款,金融机构有权向企业追索,企业必须清偿全部借款。应收账款让售是企业将应收账款出售给从事此项业务的代理机构以取得资金,售出的应收账款无追索权。客户还款时直接支付给代理机构,一旦发生坏账企业不须承担任何责任。这项业务可以使企业将全部风险转移。这在西方比较盛行。我国某些金融机构可以对资信好的企业逐步建立这样的金融业务,有利市场分工和健康发展。 3、进行信用保险。虽然信用保险仅限于非正常损失,保险公司通常把保险金融限制在一定的范围内,要求被保企业承担一部分坏账损失,但是这种方式仍然可以把企业所不能预料的重大损失的风险转移给保险公司,使应收账款的损失率降至最低。 四、加强收账管理与提高我国市场的信用机制 企业向逾期尚未付款的顾客应采用适当的收款政策收取应收账款。若收款政策较严,虽然可以减少坏账损失及应收账款拖欠资金被占用的机会成本,但同时也会增加收账费用;反之,可发生较少的收账费用,但却又会增加应收账款的机会成本及坏账损失。因此,企业应制订最佳的收款政策,在增加收账费用与减少坏账损失及机会成本之间权衡,使收账成本最低,企业效益最大。同时,要注意讲究收账技巧,对于无力偿付与故意拖欠,以及欠款期不同的企业要采取不同的收账策略进行收账,如:寄函,打电话,派人催收,双方协商解决,借助于有权威的第三者调解,由仲裁机关仲裁解决,上诉司法机关,加强司法机关执行的力度等。总之,应逐步建立和提高我国市场的信用机制。
你们老师给你说的都是核心期刊的论文文献资料来源,这些来源可以中国知网下载。
我给你一份,附件里都是核心期刊找到的文献资料
不懂可追问
合适请采纳
给你一份,更详细回答见下方的附件,手机可能看不到,得电脑上网看
供参考,免财富值下载
AppendixESTABLISH CREDIT SYSTEM INENTERPRISES TO STRENGTHEN THEMANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE1Hong MeiAbstract: The main point about account receivable management is enterprises is that makes a reasonable credit policy is a enterprise according to real running state of the enterprise and reputation state of a customer。It is an important component as well as guiding principle and policy which should be made reasonably in the enterprise to achieve the goal about management of accounts receivable. At present, an overall amount of accounts receivable increased progressively each year and never cut down on overdue accounts in our country. This has become one of chronic and stubborn problems in business activities ,In the paper. Problems and causes about accounts receivable in a enterprise is analyzed in our country .suggest that the firm want to change this kind of current state, it may start with the two aspects from establishment of accounts receivable ,mechanism on guard and handle of overdue accounts. As fallowing of exact measures: Establish a perfect credit management system, Enhance internal monitor and control against accounts receivable, Strengthen daily management on accounts receivable and integrate accounts receivable.Key words: account receivable, credit policy, debt reorganization, internal controlTARGET FOR ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE MANAGEMENTThe target is that a firm should make a sensible and scientific credit policy about accounts receivable and weigh marketing gains and due costs from the credit policy, The firm can not put into effect and pursue this kind of credit policy until the marketing .earnings go beyond the costs added ,meanwhile the management has included the prediction and judgment on market and investigation on security of accounts receivable, If it seems that the market promises better ,higher security of accounts receivable, the firm can introduce more flexible collection policies and expand the credit business to make more profits. Conversely ,the firm should adopt strict policies or adjust the credit line to different customers so as to achieve better economic results2. ANALYSIS ON THE STATUS QUO AND CAUSE OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR COUNTRY2.1 The status quo of accounts receivable in our countryAt present, many products are the buyers market. Supply exceed demand has already become the normality in all trades and professions Many firms introduce the way of credit business to develop markets and create more favorable competition environment. The current survey showed that about 80% firms have used the method of credit business in our country, the figure is about the same as developed countries, but results are widely divergent .The section concerned survey should that accounts receivable constitute over 50 per cent of flow cashes in our country’s firms, the proportion is higher above 20 percent than the developed countries.Firms especially, the state-owned firms, have fallen into arrears with their payment for goods mutually .This is a very very serious problem. According to analysis of a professional institute statistics, in general ,overdue accounts in a firm should be cower 10 percent of told accounts receivable in developed market economy, but the proportion has been higher up to over to percent.The success of recovery will be affected directly with aging of accounts receivable and the amount of the overdue days be good credit period.Accounts receivable cannot be controlled effectively, bad market environment and customers credit seem on the surface to lead the current state .Therefore ,it is the direct and foundational reason that an internal management has the greatest flaw ,the credit problems are very real problems having solved and prominent contradiction in the economic life so ,the firms development has been limited seriously with lack of credit management, we must strengthen credit management to face the challenges and opportunities after entrance of WTO.2.2 The cause of accounts receivable in our countryThe market economy necessarily produce accounts receivable ,this is normal phenomenon, its nature is credit economy. The way and relationship of credit is principal form in social economic life. It is difficult to recover accounts receivable, why? here is how:1st. Lack of risk consciousness. In cut-throat competition, at the beginning of entry market ,sone firms want to get into the market, under the circumstances (without a thoroughgoing investigation of a payers credit, without right evaluation risk of accounts receivable),they conclude a short-term ,given credit-sale line contract (or agreement)with customers to attract more customers and expand their market shares.After that, the firm have to pay such enormous amounts of VAT(because the credit receipt is business receipt)that there is danger of exhausted cash.2nd. Without vigorous internal control. A majority of firms put to use the link total payroll with economic performance in order to bring into play the initiation of the staff at present ,yet have ignored the probability of the bad debts .Since accounts receivable have not been thought into the check system .a business department just pays attention to business task ,but does not mind recovering on accounts receivable, results in accounts eceivable increasing constantly, Some of the firms have not asked for the department concerned and the staff to press for payment of accounts receivable vigorously with effective countermeasures, caused the shortage of the flow cash ,in fact, there is the phenomenon of ‘false surplus and real loss’. Sedimentation of enormous amounts of accounts receivable make the firm bear serious financial burden.3rd. Weak of law awareness. As we know, at present default costs are relative lower .Many of the firms have this kind of mental attitude you owed mine, I owed his. Few people couldn’t safeguard their own lawful rights and interests with law, and then vicious circle .3. COUNTERMEASURES ON MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE IN OUR COUNTRY3.1 Establish a perfect system of credit managementCredit policy is a vital component of credit management system, in duding credit standards, credit conditions, collection policies.Credit standard refers to when a firm agrees to credit-granting for customers, customers must have the lowest ability to pay, in general, it expresses with anticipatory percentage of damage on bad debts, when a firm will decide on credit standards, you have to consider mainly three factors a ,to realize your customers, knowing that your opponent and yourself ,The firm can introduce generous or strict credit standards according to different situation so as so take advantage, b, to consider the firm’s ability to bear default risk, c, to know about the customer’s credit status, on the basis of this to give him credit preference or not.Credit condition is an exact condition that a firm asks for a customer’s payment, mainly including credit period, discount period and cash discount.Collection policy refers to a firm adopt the collection tactics when the credit condition was run counter to .If the firm adopted positive collection policy, you might reduce the cost of accounts recitative and the damage of bad debts ,that add to the collection costs ,sensible credit policy is decided ,the firm must consider credit standard, credit condition and collection policy to improve percentage of accounts receivable.3.2 Establishment of guarding system of accounts receivableIt is necessary to establish guarding system ,in the purpose of providing against possible trouble. ①you’d better set up a professional credit management institute to manage credit sale; ②set up a dymatic management system of a customer’s resource; ③set up control system of accounts receivable.3.3 Integrate accounts receivableIn order to recover overdue accounts effectively ,a firm should adopt sensible and practical measures. ①set up special collecting group; ②regroup the debts; ③creditor’s rights on sale.3.4 strengthen everyday management of accounts receivable3.4.1. strengthen everyday management of accounts receivable①take basic notes well; ②check customer’s credit line; ③realize customers’debts beyond credit period; ④analyse turnover rate of accounts receivable and average collection period; ⑤inspect the status to refuse payment; ⑥make the aging schedule.3.4.2 Strengthen post management of accounts receivable.①use sensible collection program; ②make advantage of a reasonable debt-recovery way.3.4.3 Accounts receivable assessment method and management system①enhance the departments of managing and monitoring; ②improve methods of internal assessment; ③internal audit; ④set up system of internal control . The firm should establish a set of controlling system on accounts receivable.
Gilberto Montibellera,Valerie Beltonb and Marcus Vinicius A.Limac Supporting factoring transactions in Brazil using reasoning maps: a language-based DSS for evaluating Accounts Receivable Available online 13 January 2005. Ben J. Sopranzetti 《The Economics of Factoring Accounts Receivable》 Available online 18 August 2004
一、应收账款管理的相关研究二、信用风险测定的相关研究总 结[正文]前 言国内关于应收账款管理理论的研究不多,主要是在财务管理类书籍中,但作为一项专业研究并不多见。我们现在对应收账款管理的研究一般都是借鉴西方对应收账款管理研究的已有成果,结合具体的业务实际,形成了符合中国国情企业的应收账款管理特色。我国理论界与企业界对应收账款问题的研究介入的较晚,尤其计划经济时期,因为企业是公有制,无须研究企业信用问题,导致当时企业间三角债负担沉重。改革开放后,随着经济体制的改变,人们的观念也发生了深刻的变化。对应收账款管理的研究因市场的需要而逐渐多了起来,但我国学术界和实际工作部门对应收账款管理的研究和探讨都基本不涉及对信用风险的评级和防范问题。研究的应收账款的管理,是从企业应收账款管理存在的问题入手,分析企业自身存在的不足,结合企业自身经济实力、财务状况、财务人员水平、培训机制、财务规章、企业执行力强弱,以及客户财务实力、资信情况,来确定信用期限、信用额度、收款的风险、坏财损失等。最后找出解决办法,逐步完善公司应收账款管理制度。一、应收账款管理的相关研究国内外对应收账款管理方面的研究主要有三大方面:一是应收账款的分析,二是应收账款中不良资产的预测,三是应收账款价值的评定。 (1)应收账款分析[参考文献][1] 荆新、王化成.财务管理学,中国人民大学出版社,2002年6月第三版 [2] 注协考试委员会.财务成本管理,经济科学出版社,2007年4月版 [3] 汪晓莹.DLY公司应收账款管理系统研究.东北大学硕士学位论文,2005 [4] 袁园.关于企业应收账款管理问题的探讨,企业经济,2004年第 4期 [5] 孙铮.全泽,应收账款管理及其信息披露,上海会计,2003,4 [6] Robert Cole. Lon Mahler. Consumer and Business Credit Management. IrwinMcGraw-Hill companies, 1998 [7] Michael Dennis. Credit and Collection Handbook. Prentice Hall. 1999 ...[ 相关资料搜索 ]
2、制订合理的赊销方针。企业可借鉴西方对商业信用的理解,制订适合自己的可防范风险的赊销方针。如:(1)有担保的赊销。企业可在合同中规定,客户要在赊欠期中提供担保,如果赊欠过期则承担相应的法律责任。(2)条件销售。赊欠期较长的应收账款发生坏账的风险一般比赊欠期较短的坏账风险要大,因此企业可与客户签定附带条件的销售合同,在赊欠期间货物所有权仍属销售方所有,客户只有在货款全部结清后才能取得所有权。若不能偿还欠款,企业则有权收回商品,弥补部分损失。 3、建立赊销审批制度。在企业内部应分别规定业务部、业务科长等各级人员可批准的赊销限额,限额以上须报经上级或经理审批。这种分级管理制度使赊销业务必须经过相关人员的授权批准,有利于将其控制在合理的限度内。 4、强化应收账款的单个客户管理和总额管理。企业对与自己有经常性业务往来的客户应进行单独管理,通过付款记录、账龄分析表及平均收款期判断个别账户是否存在账款拖欠问题。如果赊销业务繁忙,不可能对所有客户都单独管理,则可侧重于总额控制。信用管理人员应定期计算应收账款周转率、平均收款期、收款占销售额的比例以及坏账损失率,编制账龄分析表,按账龄分类估计潜在的风险损失,以便正确估量应收账款价值,并相应地调整信用政策。 5、建立销售回款一条龙责任制。为防止销售人员为了片面追求完成销售任务而强销盲销,企业应在内部明确追讨应收账款不是财务人员而是销售人员的责任。同时,制订严格的资金回款考核制度,以实际收到货款数作为销售部门的考核指标,每个销售人员必须对每一项销售业务从签订合同到回收资金铨过程负责。这样就可使销售人员明确风险意识,加强货款的回收。 三、应收账款风险的防范 企业为防范债务人无限期地拖欠货款,可采用以下措施: 1、将应收账款改为应收票据。由于应收票据具有更强的追索权,且到期前可以背书转让或贴现,在一定程度上能够降低坏账损失的风险,所以当客户到期不能偿还货款时企业可要求客户开出承兑汇票以抵销应收账款。 2、应收账款抵押与让售。企业可通过抵押或让售业务将应收账款变现。应收账款抵押是企业以应收账款为担保品,众金融机构预先取得货款,收到客户支付欠款时再如数转交给金融机构作为部分借款的归还。但一旦客户拒绝付款,金融机构有权向企业追索,企业必须清偿全部借款。应收账款让售是企业将应收账款出售给从事此项业务的代理机构以取得资金,售出的应收账款无追索权。客户还款时直接支付给代理机构,一旦发生坏账企业不须承担任何责任。这项业务可以使企业将全部风险转移。这在西方比较盛行。我国某些金融机构可以对资信好的企业逐步建立这样的金融业务,有利市场分工和健康发展。 3、进行信用保险。虽然信用保险仅限于非正常损失,保险公司通常把保险金融限制在一定的范围内,要求被保企业承担一部分坏账损失,但是这种方式仍然可以把企业所不能预料的重大损失的风险转移给保险公司,使应收账款的损失率降至最低。 四、加强收账管理与提高我国市场的信用机制 企业向逾期尚未付款的顾客应采用适当的收款政策收取应收账款。若收款政策较严,虽然可以减少坏账损失及应收账款拖欠资金被占用的机会成本,但同时也会增加收账费用;反之,可发生较少的收账费用,但却又会增加应收账款的机会成本及坏账损失。因此,企业应制订最佳的收款政策,在增加收账费用与减少坏账损失及机会成本之间权衡,使收账成本最低,企业效益最大。同时,要注意讲究收账技巧,对于无力偿付与故意拖欠,以及欠款期不同的企业要采取不同的收账策略进行收账,如:寄函,打电话,派人催收,双方协商解决,借助于有权威的第三者调解,由仲裁机关仲裁解决,上诉司法机关,加强司法机关执行的力度等。总之,应逐步建立和提高我国市场的信用机制。
应收账款拖欠已是目前很多企业被拖垮的重要原因之一。因此,对应收账款风险应严加管理。 一、应收账款风险产生的原因 1、企业缺乏竞争意识。在现代社会激烈的竞争机制下,企业为了扩大市场占有率,不但要在成本、价格上下功夫,而且必须大量地运用商业信用促销。但是,某些企业的风险防范意识不强,为了扩销,在事先未对付款人资信情况作深入调查的情况下,盲目地采用赊销策略去争夺市场只重视账面的高利润,忽视了大量被客户拖欠占用的流动资金能否及时收回的问题。 2、企业内部控制不严。在某些实行职工工资总额与经济效益挂钩的企业中,销售人员为了个人利益,只关心销售任务的完成,采取赊销、回扣等手段强销商品,使应收账款大幅度上升,而对这部分应收账款,企业未要求相关部门和经销人员全权负责追款,导致应收账款大量沉积下来,给企业经营背上了沉重的包袱。 3、企业应收账款管理失当。企业信用政策制订不合理,日常控制不规范,追讨欠款工作不得力等因素都有可能导致自身蒙受风险和损失。 二、强化应收账款风险管理的措施 (一)制订合理的信用政策 所谓信用政策,是指企业对应收账款管理所采取的原则性规定,包括信用标准、信用条件和信用额度三方面。 1、确定正确的信用标准。信用标准是企业决定授予客户信用所要求的最低标准,也是企业对于可接受风险提供的一个基本判别标准。信用标准较严,可使企业遭受坏账损失的可能减小,但会不利于扩大销售。反之,如果信用标准较宽,虽然有利于刺激销售增长,但有可能使坏账损失增加,得不偿失。可见,信用标准合理与否,对企业的收益与风险有很大影响。企业确定信用标准时,一般采用比较分析法,分别计算不同信用标准下的销售利润、机会成本、管理成本及坏账成本,以利润最大或信用成本最低作为中选标准。 2、采用正确的信用条件。信用条件是指导企业赊销商品时给予客户延期付款的若干条件,主要包括信用期限和现金折扣等。信用期限是企业为客户规定的最长付款期限。适当地延长信用期限可以扩大销售量,但信用期限过长也会造成应收账款占用的机会成本增加,同时加大坏账损失的风险。为了促使客户早日付款,企业在规定信用期限的同时,往往附有现金折扣条件,即客户如能在规定的折扣期限内付款,则能享受相应的折扣优惠。但提供折扣应以取得的收益大于现金折扣的成本为标准。 3、建立恰当的信用额度。信用额度是企业根据客户的偿付能力给予客户的最大赊销限额,但它实际上也是企业愿意对某一客户承担的最大风险额,确定恰当的信用额度能有效地防止由于过度赊销超过客户的实际支付能力而使企业蒙受损失。在市场情况及客户信用情况变化的情况下,企业应对其进行必要调整使其始终保持在自身所能承受的风险范围之内。 (二)加强内部控制 1、认真作好赊销对象的资信调查。企业应广泛收集有关客户信用状况的资料,并据此采用定性分析及定时分析的方法评估客户的信用品质。客户资料可通过直接查阅客户财务报表或通过银行提供的客户信用资料取得,也可通过与该客户的其他往来单位交换有关信用资料取得。在实际中,通常采用“5C”评估法、信用评估法等方法对已获资料进行分析,取得分析结果后应注意或减少与信用差的客户发生赊账行为并对往来多、金额大或风险大的客户加强监督。
[1] 徐云红.《强化应收账款管理降低财务风险》2011年04期[2] 潘爱香.《财务报表分析》. 2011年9月.[3] 王仲兵.《会计制度设计》. 2011年5月.[4] 罗勇.《企业内部控制规范解读及案例精析析》.「J」2010年6月.[5] 范锋春.《企业会计工作中应收账款的内部管理》.2010年12月.[6] 陈颖.强化应收账款的日常管理[R].内江科技.2009年02期.
应收账款管理Management of Account Receivable receivable is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment terms.An example of a common payment term is Net30, meaning payment is due in the amount of the invoice 30 days from the date of invoice. Other common payment terms include Net45 & Net60 but could in reality be for any time period agreed upon by the vendor and client.While booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction, the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full time proposition. Depending on the industry in practice, accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 - 15 days after the due date has been reached. These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards, corporate policy, or because of the financial condition of the client.On a company's balance sheet, accounts receivable is the amount that customers owe to that company. Sometimes called trade receivables, they are classified as current assets. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is always debit.Business organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this task.Associated accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable.Accounts receivable departments use the sales ledger.Other types of accounting transactions include accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance.Since not all customer debts will be collected, businesses typically record an allowance for bad debts which is subtracted from total accounts receivable. When accounts receivable are not paid, some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans, settlement offers or legal action. Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivables : If a company gets an order from its customers with advance agreed in payment terms. Since no billing is being done to claim the advances several times this area of collectible is not reflected in Accounts Receivables. Ideally, since advance payment is mutually agreed term, it is the responsibility of the accounts department to take out periodically the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances. The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit Insurance.Companies can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan (Asset-based lending) or sell them through Factoring (finance). Pools or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in the capital markets through a Securitization.[edit] Bookkeeping for Accounts ReceivableCompanies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of account receivables, which is computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account. The first method is the allowance method, which establishes a contra asset account, allowance for doubtful accounts, or more simply, allowance, as the offset to accounts receivable. Allowance is a contra asset that offsets the accounts receivable account to derive the net accounts receivable depicted in the balance sheet. The amount of the allowance can be computed in two ways; through the analysis based on sales method and analysis based on accounts receivable method. The reason a contra asset receivable account is necessary is to adhere to the matching principle of accounting, which mandates that accrual basis companies match all revenues and expenses with the period in which expense, and crediting the allowance contra asset account. Once it has been deemed that a particular account is uncollectible, it would be necessary to take the account off a company's books by debiting allowance for doubtful accounts and crediting the associated accounts receivable account.The second method, known as the direct write off method, is simpler than the allowance method in that allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value. The entry would consist of debiting an uncollectible expense account and crediting the respective account receivable.For tax reporting purposes, the direct write-off method must be used; however, for financial reporting purposes, it is necessary to use the allowance method because it is a period's revenue with associated expenses-a fundamental concept of accounting known as the matching principle.应收帐款(Accounts receivable,又为应收账款)於会计原理上,专指因出售商品或劳务,进而对顾客所发生的债权,且该债权且尚未接受任何形式的书面承诺。该科目重点於对象为顾客,若非顾客,即撇开此科目适用。Factoring is a word often misused synonymously with accounts receivable financing. Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) at a discount. Factoring differs from a bank loan in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of the receivables, not the firm’s credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring is not a loan – it is the purchase of an asset (the receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves three.OBS: In Europe the term Factoring typically mean accounts receivable financing. Here the correct word for this article is: American factoring.The three parties directly involved are: the seller, debtor, and the factor. The seller is owed money (usually for work performed or goods sold) by the second party, the debtor. The seller then sells one or more of its invoices at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash. The debtor then directly pays the factor the full value of the invoice.ReasonA company sells its invoices, even at a discount to their face value, when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its "customer's bank." In other words, it figures that the return on the proceeds will exceed the income on the receivables.Differences from bank loansFactors make funds available, even when banks would not do so, because factors focus first on the credit worthiness of the debtor, the party who is obligated to pay the invoices for goods or services delivered by the seller. In contrast, the fundamental emphasis in a bank lending relationship is on the creditworthiness of the small firm, not that of its customers. While bank lending offers funds to small companies at a lower cost than factoring, the key terms and conditions under which the small firm must operate differ significantly. Bank relationships provide a more limited availability of funds and none of the bundle of services that factors offer.From a combined cost and availability of funds and services perspective, factoring creates wealth for some but not all small businesses. For small businesses, their choice is slowing their growth or the use of external funds beyond the banks. In choosing to use external funds beyond the banks the rapidly growing firm’s choice is between seeking angel investors (i.e., equity) or the lower cost of selling invoices to finance their growth.The latter is also easier to access and can be obtained in a matter of a week or two, versus the six months plus that securing funds from angel investment typically takes. Factoring is also used as bridge financing while the firm pursues angel investors and in conjunction with angel financing to provide a lower average cost of funds than would equity financing alone. Firms can also combine the three types of financing, angel/venture, factoring and bank line of credit to further reduce their total cost of funds. In this they can emulate larger firms.As with any technique, factoring solves some problems but not all. Businesses with a small spread between the revenue from a sale and the cost of a sale, should limit their use of factoring to sales above their breakeven sales level where the revenue less the direct cost of the sale plus the cost of factoring is positive.While factoring is an attractive alternative to raising equity for small innovative fast-growing firms, the same financial technique can be used to turn around a fundamentally good business whose management has encountered a perfect storm or made significant business mistakes which have made it impossible for the firm to work within the constraints of a bank line’s credit terms and conditions(i.e, covenants). The value of using factoring for this purpose is that it provides management time to implement the changes required to turn the business around. The firm is paying to have the option of a future the owners control. The association of factoring with troubled situations accounts for the half truth of it being labeled 'last resort' financing. However, use of the technique when there is only a modest spread between the revenue from a sale and its cost is not advisable for turnarounds. Nor are turnarounds usually able to recreate wealth for the owners in this situation.应收账款保理,指企业将应收账款按一定折扣卖给第三方(保理机构),获得相应的融资款,以利於现金的尽快取得。Abstract: Account receivable is the fund that should be received from the purchasing or labor hiring entity for an enterprise’s sale of its commodities or products as well as its providing of labor service. Under the circumstances of market economy, using its credit standing to exert the labor benefaction is an unavoidable business behavior, which may be treated as a major method for enterprises to enlarge its business and raise its market share. However, by the influences of marketplace economic system and project management as well as engineering construction, the Account receivable increases rapidly year by year, so as to make the difficulties in enterprise’s capital turnover. Those hard situations even made the employees can’t get their full pay of the salary. By analysis of the cause and the advantages and disadvantages of it, this article introduced some way of how to minimize the Account receivable. 关键词key words:应收账款Account receivable;工程施工Engineering construction;合同管理The management of contracts摘 要:应收账款是企业因销售商品、产品、提供劳务等,应向购货单位或劳务单位收取的款项。在市场经济条件下利用自身的商业信用,施舍劳务是不可避免的商业行为,通过先施舍劳务可使企业更多地承揽业务、扩大市场份额,是企业提高市场占有率的必要手段。但是近年来由于市场经济体制及工程管理和工程施工过程中的种种原因,造成应收账款迅速膨胀,逐年增加,致使企业资金周转困难,甚至连工资都难以正常发放。本文分析了应收账款形成的原因及利弊,提出了如何减少应收账款的途径。 关键词:应收账款;工程施工;合同管理
Gilberto Montibellera,Valerie Beltonb and Marcus Vinicius A.Limac Supporting factoring transactions in Brazil using reasoning maps: a language-based DSS for evaluating Accounts Receivable Available online 13 January 2005. Ben J. Sopranzetti 《The Economics of Factoring Accounts Receivable》 Available online 18 August 2004
hdgfdg
2、制订合理的赊销方针。企业可借鉴西方对商业信用的理解,制订适合自己的可防范风险的赊销方针。如:(1)有担保的赊销。企业可在合同中规定,客户要在赊欠期中提供担保,如果赊欠过期则承担相应的法律责任。(2)条件销售。赊欠期较长的应收账款发生坏账的风险一般比赊欠期较短的坏账风险要大,因此企业可与客户签定附带条件的销售合同,在赊欠期间货物所有权仍属销售方所有,客户只有在货款全部结清后才能取得所有权。若不能偿还欠款,企业则有权收回商品,弥补部分损失。 3、建立赊销审批制度。在企业内部应分别规定业务部、业务科长等各级人员可批准的赊销限额,限额以上须报经上级或经理审批。这种分级管理制度使赊销业务必须经过相关人员的授权批准,有利于将其控制在合理的限度内。 4、强化应收账款的单个客户管理和总额管理。企业对与自己有经常性业务往来的客户应进行单独管理,通过付款记录、账龄分析表及平均收款期判断个别账户是否存在账款拖欠问题。如果赊销业务繁忙,不可能对所有客户都单独管理,则可侧重于总额控制。信用管理人员应定期计算应收账款周转率、平均收款期、收款占销售额的比例以及坏账损失率,编制账龄分析表,按账龄分类估计潜在的风险损失,以便正确估量应收账款价值,并相应地调整信用政策。 5、建立销售回款一条龙责任制。为防止销售人员为了片面追求完成销售任务而强销盲销,企业应在内部明确追讨应收账款不是财务人员而是销售人员的责任。同时,制订严格的资金回款考核制度,以实际收到货款数作为销售部门的考核指标,每个销售人员必须对每一项销售业务从签订合同到回收资金铨过程负责。这样就可使销售人员明确风险意识,加强货款的回收。 三、应收账款风险的防范 企业为防范债务人无限期地拖欠货款,可采用以下措施: 1、将应收账款改为应收票据。由于应收票据具有更强的追索权,且到期前可以背书转让或贴现,在一定程度上能够降低坏账损失的风险,所以当客户到期不能偿还货款时企业可要求客户开出承兑汇票以抵销应收账款。 2、应收账款抵押与让售。企业可通过抵押或让售业务将应收账款变现。应收账款抵押是企业以应收账款为担保品,众金融机构预先取得货款,收到客户支付欠款时再如数转交给金融机构作为部分借款的归还。但一旦客户拒绝付款,金融机构有权向企业追索,企业必须清偿全部借款。应收账款让售是企业将应收账款出售给从事此项业务的代理机构以取得资金,售出的应收账款无追索权。客户还款时直接支付给代理机构,一旦发生坏账企业不须承担任何责任。这项业务可以使企业将全部风险转移。这在西方比较盛行。我国某些金融机构可以对资信好的企业逐步建立这样的金融业务,有利市场分工和健康发展。 3、进行信用保险。虽然信用保险仅限于非正常损失,保险公司通常把保险金融限制在一定的范围内,要求被保企业承担一部分坏账损失,但是这种方式仍然可以把企业所不能预料的重大损失的风险转移给保险公司,使应收账款的损失率降至最低。 四、加强收账管理与提高我国市场的信用机制 企业向逾期尚未付款的顾客应采用适当的收款政策收取应收账款。若收款政策较严,虽然可以减少坏账损失及应收账款拖欠资金被占用的机会成本,但同时也会增加收账费用;反之,可发生较少的收账费用,但却又会增加应收账款的机会成本及坏账损失。因此,企业应制订最佳的收款政策,在增加收账费用与减少坏账损失及机会成本之间权衡,使收账成本最低,企业效益最大。同时,要注意讲究收账技巧,对于无力偿付与故意拖欠,以及欠款期不同的企业要采取不同的收账策略进行收账,如:寄函,打电话,派人催收,双方协商解决,借助于有权威的第三者调解,由仲裁机关仲裁解决,上诉司法机关,加强司法机关执行的力度等。总之,应逐步建立和提高我国市场的信用机制。
应收账款(Accounting Receivable,简称 AR),该账户核算企业因销售商品、材料、提供劳务等,[1]应向购货单位收取的款项,以及代垫运杂费和承兑到期而未能收到款的商业承兑汇票。下面是我为大家整理的应收账款 论文 参考文献,希望对大家有帮助。 应收账款论文参考文献一: [1]夏天.资本结构理论发展历程述评[J].商业时代.2014(09) [2]黄正辉,谢智勇.上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证分析--以我国房地产业为例[J].上海管理科学.2013(03) [3]刘文海.我国 旅游 业发展研究[J].中国市场.2012(24) [4]袁旭.工程建设项目投资风险分析与防范 措施 研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [5]倪仁泉.中小房地产企业 融资 模式研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [6]马新晖.关于降低机械制造成本的方法研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [7]钟利红.新 会计 准则对 财务分析 影响的研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2007 [8]张慧.中国旅游上市公司经济效益分析[J].长春理工大学学报(社会科学版).2011(11) [9]高金霞,时学成,王道保.基于行业视角的我国上市公司资本结构影响因素分析[J].经济论坛.2010(07) [10]梁伟华.旅游业的资本结构分析[J].现代经济信息.2009(24) [11]叶蓓,袁建国.企业投资的行为公司财务研究综述[J]. 会计研究 .2007(12) [12]陈德萍,曾智海.资本结构与企业绩效的互动关系研究--基于 创业 板上市公司的实证检验[J].会计研究.2012(08) [13]张晓明,周春梅.我国旅游业上市公司现状分析及发展对策研究[J].西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2004(06) [14]霍守花,陆林.旅游上市公司资本结构与经营绩效关系的实证研究[J].安徽师范大学学报( 自然 科学版).2013(01) [15]宋卫俊.旅游企业劳资冲突的发生机制与对策研究[D].燕山大学2014 [16]孙洁.花卉旅游的游客感知价值及开发策略研究[D].新疆农业大学2014 [17]王元元.大数据背景下 旅行 社虚拟价值链模型研究[D].浙江 工商 大学2015 [18]富琳桦.基于非物质 文化 遗产传承的旅游纪念品开发[D].华东理工大学2015 [19]霍欣.我国旅游业上市公司资本结构影响因素的实证研究[D].对外经济贸易大学2014 [20]朱彦慧.杨家埠民间艺术大观园管理模式研究[D].西安石油大学2014 [21]李楠楠.中国旅游类上市公司对区域经济发展的效应分析[D].燕山大学2014 应收账款论文参考文献二: [1]高阳.非法集资的入罪及合法民间借贷的 法律 规制[D].华东政法大学2014 [2]张文江.独立担保制度法律分析[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版).2009(05) [3]李振.浅析独立担保在我国的发展[J].陕西青年职业学院学报.2009(03) [4]谢婧.金融危机背景下 国际 贸易结算方式的选择[J].现代金融.2009(03) [5]陈大艳.福费廷业务发展新趋势研究[J]. 科技 情报开发与经济.2008(17) [6]孙超.论未来应收账款的转让融资[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版).2008(02) [7]艾万泽.我国商业银行发展福费廷业务研究[D].西南 财经 大学2006 [8]李然.论福费廷业务在我国商业银行的发展[D].中国社会科学院研究生院2003 [9]刘桂丽.浅析承认独立担保国内效力的必要性[J].淮北煤炭师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版).2009(03) [10]王春华.福费廷业务研究[D].东北财经大学2003 [11]王慧.我国商业银行大力开展福费廷业务的对策[J].商场现代化.2008(02) [12]戴佳倩.福费廷业务的基本法律问题[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版).2007(04) [13]庄乐梅.在金融危机中看金融创新[J].金融博览.2009(07)[1]黄斌,着.国际保理[M].法律出版社,2006 [14]陈辞.商业银行非标准化债权融资业务立法基本问题[D].华东政法大学2014 [15]蒋军平.建设工程优先权的行使[D].华东政法大学2014 [16]刘海蓉.应收帐款转让制度之比较研究[J].洛阳师范学院学报.2006(06) [17](美)A.L.科宾(ArthurLintonCorbin)着,王卫国等译.科宾论合同[M].中国大 百科 全书出版社,1998 应收账款论文参考文献三: [1]莫大卫.上海通用 汽车 供应链绿色绩效评估与改进[D].东北大学2012 [2]姜家华.论企业客户关系管理[J].企业家天地下半月刊(理论版).2009(05) [3]郭军.加强客户关系管理增强企业竞争力[J].现代商业.2009(12) [4]李景然.我国商业银行个人客户分层管理研究[D].上海外国语大学2014 [5]孙妍.网上银行客户忠诚度影响因素研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学2009 [6]巨建辉.航天六院动力厂客户关系管理研究[D].天津大学2009 [7]伍劲峰.中小企业型客户关系管理[D].武汉大学2005 [8]李丛伟.基于知识管理的客户关系管理研究[D].华中师范大学2007 [9]戴智.唐山联通3G服务客户忠诚度的研究[D].吉林大学2012 [10]咸晓静,李乃和.客户关系 管理理论 与实践的演变:同步发展[J]. 市场营销 导刊.2008(04) [11]杨俐.客户沟通在客户关系管理中的应用[J].合作经济与科技.2009(08) [12]陈炯,谢凤华.企业客户关系管理现状及对策研究[J].经济研究导刊.2009(06) [13]袁杰,张佳.新时期下的客户关系管理[J].商场现代化.2009(04) [14]时潮.HH公司钢材进销存系统的设计与开发[D].东北大学2011 [15]李思聪,陈尚松,俞欢军.基于J2EE的客户关系管理系统的设计与实现[J].工业控制 计算机 .2008(11) [16]高妤.以财务为中心的NE物流信息系统设计与开发[D].东北大学2011 [17]扶明信.首钢ERP销售与分销子系统优化项目的管理研究[D].东北大学2012 [18]熊岩.高职院校人才培养成本研究[D].东北大学2009 [19]葛文明.宝钢南方区域工贸一体化软件项目开发进度管理[D].东北大学2011
外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文
在学习、工作生活中,大家总免不了要接触或使用论文吧,论文对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高有着重要的意义。你写论文时总是无从下笔?以下是我为大家收集的外贸企业应收账款管理的问题与策略论文,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
摘 要:
随着“一带一路”的发展,经济全球化,贸易自由化的深入与发展,我国的外贸企业面临着日益复杂的海外应收账款风险,内部控制也是外贸企业实现现代化管理的要求。文章对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行了分析,首先阐述了应收账款风险管理的意义,接着讨论了外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的四个问题,最后结合相应问题,提出了外贸企业应收账款风险管理的改进措施,以为有效防范外贸企业应收账款风险提供参考。
关键词 :
外贸企业,应收账款,风险管理;
引言:
随着我国的进出口贸易总额量每年大幅增加,外贸企业对经济发展起着巨大的推动作用。随着贸易总额的连年增长,外贸企业的数量也在递增,国外应收款的数额也在大幅度提高,国外客户应收账款问题已经成为了外贸企业所面临的一大难题。随着市场经济环境日趋复杂,针对目前的形式而言外贸企业需进一步改进应收账款风险管理措施,保障资金回笼,才能有效推动企业经营实现可持续发展。
一、外贸企业进行应收账款风险管理的背景意义
企业的应收账款其主要来源于企业的赊销行为。在竞争激烈的国际市场经济中,企业要想生存发展,要想扩大销售,提升公司的市场占有率,提高企业的综合竞争力,必然会带来应收账款的增加,应收账款形成后会给企业带来巨大的资金压力和机会成本,会给企业造成重要的影响。
然而,目前我国一些外贸企业规模小,管理制度不健全,风险意识淡薄,抗风险能力差,国际贸易经验不足等问题,往往容易造成重视订单而忽略应收账款的风险控制。而一味的追求扩大销售争取订单,盲目赊账,导致应收账款不能按时无法收回,将形成企业的坏账。中小型外贸企业的流动资金本来就很紧张,一旦发生较大金额的坏账,很可能导致资金链断裂,使企业无法正常经营。应收账款的风险主要体现在以下几个方面:第一:应收账款的汇率风险;第二,应收外汇款增加企业的机会成本和管理成本;第三,应收账款的坏账风险。
二、外贸企业应收账款管理中存在的问题
(一)出口信用风险管理意识淡薄
我国外贸企业为了扩大出口规模,提高市场占有率,往往采用商用信用的方式出口货物,但是由于缺乏信用风险内部管理机制和管理经验,导致我国企业逾期的应收账款大大增加。出口信用保险及社会中介机构提供的资信调查、评估及应收账款的追收等业务构成了我国外贸企业出口信用风险管理服务体系。但是有些网络信息并不真实,所以很大程度上难以满足外贸企业的实际需要。同时,好多企业并没有通过中国信保来投保,没有将信用风险转移,致使有些海外应收账款无法追回,仅凭自身实力无法规避应收账款的系统风险。企业海外的坏账损失使企业经营的现金流量减少,增加经营风险。
(二)缺乏国际结算风险意识
不同的国际贸易结算方式有不同的利弊,以我国目前最常用的信用证结算方式为例,信用证的结算方式主要是银行信贷为主,因此在中国,外贸结算则是最安全和使用相对较多的结算方式,但是信用证清算方式同时存在一定程度的风险,主要因为开证银行要求信用证以贸易为基础的信用证以书面形式进行认证,以及目前国内外贸企业在签署合同以及进出口货物信用清算方面经验不足等方面导致。
(三)客户信息不完善,信用信息收集流于形式
外贸企业针对有意向签署合同的客户,在签订合同之前,企业的信用管理部门需要对海外客户信用进行评估,以充分调查海外客户的实际规模及性质,确保合同达成,但在实际的执行过程当中许多外贸企业在信息收集和资料整合以及对客户的评价等方面都缺乏真实性和有效性的,相关工作人员对信息采集评估工作不重视导致信息收集工作缺乏使用价值,使得评估信息采集工作流于形式,一些外贸企业的相关销售人员为了完成和提升个人的销售业绩甚至提供客户的虚假信息,徇私舞弊的行为往往忽略了信息收集的可靠性和真实性。另外,从相关人员角度来讲,由于销售人员缺乏财务知识,在与客户沟通时往往存在对客户提供的信息不敏感,捕捉不到有效信息也会直接导致企业获取的信息不准确,从而导致信息评估困难,企业对客户信用的分析和评估失真等问题出现。
(四)各部门之间缺乏沟通
应收账款管理是一个全方位、全过程管理,涉及部门多,企业内部门与部门之间的协调和沟通就显得尤为重要,企业经营过程中任何一个环节出现披露都有可能直接导致应收款项无法收回的情况发生。在日常经营管理中,好多外贸企业上到管理部门,下到职能部门相互之间的协调和信息沟通一旦缺乏准确性和时效性,都有可能影响到企业的正常运行,更严重的会直接影响应收账款的收回。
三、加强应收账款管理的'策略
(一)增强企业信用管理风险管理意识
1. 加强对信用风险的管理
外贸企业要加强对信用风险的管理,增强企业信用风险管理的意识,建立完善的信用风险管理体制,能够清楚的认识到国际贸易的复杂性和信用风险管理的重要性。在金融危机时代,外贸企业树立以“现金为王”的财务管理理念,企业需要完善和改进现金流量管理体系,对企业现金流进行动态监测,避免企业出现资金流断裂的情况从而导致企业无法正常的运行和经营,另外,外贸企业要想增强企业资金流动性,需要进一步加强与海关和国家外汇管理局部门的沟通协调等基础工作,从中获取相关政策信息,从而能够充分利用国家进出口优惠政策对价格风险的管理政策,也能够有效降低企业的管理成本和经营费用。
2. 新金融工具的使用能够有效降低应收账款的风险
新金融工具的使用可以有效地降低企业应收账款的风险,例如投保出口信用保险,首先,出口信用保险作为规避经济损失的有效手段,在出口贸易收汇有安全保障,出口信用报销在企业出口贸易发生损失时给与经济上的补偿,避免呆坏账发生;第二,出口信用保险可以为企业获得出口信贷融资提供便利;第三,可以提高企业的风险管理水平,投保的过程就是一个防范和控制风险的过程。通过投信用保险来保障收汇的安全,规避收汇风险。
(二)国际结算方式多样化
对于不同国家的客户,采用不同的结算方式。出口企业在选择国际贸易结算方式时应从安全收汇、资金占用、手续繁简和银行费用等方面综合分析。除了要考虑结算方式本身特点,还要考虑结算方式之外诸如出口产品特点、市场供求状况、贸易对象资信、运输方式、交易金额、汇率波动、国家政策等因素,力求选择最合适恰当的结算方式。企业为了保障出口货物与收汇安全应该对存在的结算风险做出进一步的改善策略,比如开证银行方面,需要选择资信评级好的银行开立,还要根据不同的情况采取不同的措施来防范开证银行风险。其次,规范出口合同,保证所签的外贸合同合法、有效;出口外贸合同中的项目内容和仲裁条款,违约条款等必须明确,保证外汇收汇的及时和安全。再者,认真、仔细地审核信用证,严格按照信用证规定交单,以保证在信用证规定的时间内能够收汇。
(三)完善客户档案管理,加强对客户的资信调查
针对特殊重要客户,企业可针对内部人员配置情况进行信用调查工作落实,也可委托第三方收集客户信用信息,对特殊重要客户的信用评级不容忽视,需建立专门的档案管理部门,根据往来业务收付款情况,对客户的付款和信用状况进行信用等级的设立和评定,在交易中,针对信用等级低的客户需要采取措施进行有效的风险规避,首先,可以限制交易产品数量。其次,交易付款条件需要严格设立。最后,发货应分批次进行,在上一批次货款未结清的情况下,禁止发下一批,有效避免公司损失。
(四)加强各部门之间的相互协调与沟通
外贸企业在应收账款管理过程中,涉及部门、环节和人员众多,首先要细化各部门的岗位职责和权限,确保各部门之间职责和权责明确,分工合理,信息畅通。在应收账款风险管理上,首先外贸企业应设置专门的资金管理工作组,指定完善的信用政策,同时,针对客户资金评级、付款方式等,需要加强监控,从而有效辅助业务部门加强应收账款风险管理。建立健全应收账款的监控体系、预警机制。应收账款的监控体系应包括赊销的发生、收账、逾期风险预警等各个环节。财务部门对应收账款的分析管理,计提坏账准备金,计入当期费用。财务部和销售部门也要及时和客户进行账款核对,保证应收账款的准确性。另外还需要内部各部门之间的共同努力,在管理过程中,要注意各部门之间的协调。做好合同签订与审核,有效规范合同格式,完善合同内容,有效避免部分客户利用合同漏洞,出现欺诈等行为,降低应收款项管理风险。
四、结语
本文对外贸企业应收账款风险管理及改进措施进行分析,首先阐述了应收账款的概念,接着讨论了外贸企业在应收账款管理中存在的风险管理问题,最后结合相应问题,提出了一些针对性的外贸企业应收账款风险管理改进措施。应收账款在外贸企业经营管理工作中占领重要地位,有效的应收账款管理体系能够保障外贸企业资金的有效回笼,是企业稳定发展的重要基石,尤其是针对海外客户,一般海外业务涉及的金额巨大,具有风险较高、回收成本高、程序复杂等特点,如果应收账款出现问题,将会严重影响企业健康稳定的发展,外贸企业要不断地通过实践经验,发现应收账款管理中存在的一系列问题,及时采取有效的措施应对,才能保证企业健康和稳定发展。
参考文献
[1]殷璐滢后金融危机时期的外贸企业存货风险及防范措施[J] .中国市场2020(01):170-171.
[2]董家祺.企业应收账款风险管理研究[]现代经济信息,2019(11):313.
[3]高丹婷中小企业会计应收账款管理存在的问题及对策[J]现代经济信息,2019(10):293.
[4]毛金凤.加强应收账款管理的对策措施探讨[J]企业改革与管理2020(06)-:171-172.
[5]黄凤臣.企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策探析[J]现代商业,2020(04):139-140.