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自己想是一种锻炼
转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, J.C. Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.
语言学在英语教学中的角色探析内容摘要：英语教学的基本理论之1是:课程大纲的设计、教学材料的选择和编制、课堂教学过程的设计与实施以及教学结果的评价都要首先考虑语言的实际使用情况。因此，根据语言实际使用情况来决定向学生讲授什么语言和怎样讲授语言就显得格外重要。也因此，以研究语言发展和运用为饭依的现代英语语言学就成为指导英语教学科学实施的1个不可或缺的前提条件。关键词：英语教学；语言学 在英语教学中，学生主要是以获得知识(大都是间接知识)为主，并将知识储存起来，储存到1定程度，借助1定的语境，通过自己的模仿和实践，逐步将其转化为能力。在低年级英语教学阶段，教师的主要任务，是带领学生养成主动获取知识的习惯，拥有储存知识的方法，通过1定量的知识转化为能力的过程，体验这种转化的全部程序。这将有益于他们以后在其他课程的学习，自如地、高效地加速和加深知识向能力的新的转化。 要完成上述任务，离不开现代英语语言学的理论指导。有了语言学的科学指导，英语教师的教学工作会自觉起来，方法会多样性，程序也会日趋合理，效果的科学检验也会成为可能。1、教学实践中语官学理论的渗透目前英语教学教材都是以篇章为单位，篇章的载体是语言。英语教学是通过语言认知、语言传意和语言训练(书面语和口语)来提高人的思维、认识与表达能力和素养的。因此，英语教学势必在很大程度和很深的领域，接受现代语言学理论的指导。然而，目前英语教学对语言学的应用常常处于不自觉的状态，使得语言学宝贵理论财富和迫切学要改革的教学难以相融合。所以，有必要对两者的关系进1步讨论。首先，语料与语理的关系。语言学是阐述语理的，语理是从纷繁复杂的语料中归纳出来的。但是，语理1般是对语言材料进行分解性的梳理，如把语言分解为音素或者音位来确定研究对象的语音学和音位学，研究句子结构成分及其相互关系的句法学，以及研究语言变迁的事实、机制和结果的历史语言学等等。然而，英语教材的编写并不是采用分解以后的语料，而是采用表达完整、复杂思想情感的言语作品来做语料。现代英语语言学中相关学科研究领域的研究对象，如语音、词汇、句子等，在英语教材中，既没有有意汇集起来，也没有经过有序的排列。因此，在日常将语言学理论转化为语言教学实践过程中，就需要教师具备语言规律综合起来运用的能力，能够对无序出现的语料进行有序处理。 其次，成熟的语言学以总结语言现象的规律为己任，而英语教学面对的是现象，并非规律。在教学实践中，讲解模式化了的语言规律非常枯燥，而语言现象由于自身的无序性，富有无限的魅力。因此，如果教师不分析语言现象，直接将抽象的语言规律套用在言语作品中，简单地用构词法、语法规则去阐发英语篇章作品，不仅会破坏言语作品的有机整体，扼杀其深刻的人文思想内涵，而且还会背离语言学规律生成的方法论，结果将语言学退化成没有语言事实基础的、空洞、生涩的条文。只有通过适当途径，引导学生学会敏锐地观察并发现语言现象，进而归纳出规律，才能达到“授认以渔”，的目的。 再次,语言承载的是思想，但语言学研究的是抽象的语言形式。近年来，文化研究的不断深人，为发掘语言的文化内涵和经验性内涵提供了新的思路。在实践中，英语教学面对的是负载着具体思想和文化的语言，而非纯粹的语言形式。因此，语言形式的习得，语言规律的把握，离不开语言内容的领悟，即领悟言语作品的思想情感。2、英语语盲的现象与规律 言语作品体现的是作者的思想感情，具有1定的代表性，作品中的语料的出现却是无序的、任意的。对于学习者，把握语料的难易程度取决于两个方面的因素:1是语料是否常用;2是语料本身文化内涵的深度。尽管教材本身已经事先经过编者的加工，考虑到学生的学习水平，但是任何1篇言语作品都不可能按照语料的使用频率和文化意蕴积淀的厚薄来选择所有的词语和义项，可能的只是按照表达思想的实际需要来选词择意。因此，语言的难易无法成为选择和排列篇章的现实标准。再者，言语作品内容的深浅与语言的难易并不具有对等关系。然而，语言学的研究说明，语义是系统的，语义关系是有理可循的。无序的语料积累到1定程度，就完全有可能在语言学的指导下有理化。 如何将语料和语理结合起来，把课文中别人的言语成果化成自己学生的能力?常见途径有两个。其1采用感性的方式:熟读和背诵。目的是形成语感，贮存语料备用，但速度较慢，方法难以举1反3;其2采用理性的方式:支解课文，单独讲解语料，分析语法规律。结果可能导致学生“食理不化”，了解的只是抽象语理，失去的可能是说话的能力，完全背离英语教学的综合目的。 实际上，从饱含思想感情言语作品跨越到抽象的语言规律，需要借助于对语言现象的把握。英语教学中可以参验的语言现象，必须是带有规律的语言事实。因为语言的规律性，所以才能反复出现，举1反3。讲解课文，与现象结合分析规律是有趣的，与内容结合体会主旨是科学的。鉴于学生对语境知识了解甚少，教师可以通过以下程序将语言现象及其规律结合起来，达到感性和理性的融合。3、英语语盲的语感 语言感觉是英语教学最初的凭借，而语言修养是英语教学最终的目标。 语言感 觉 是1种不需要刻意组织就能自然运用语言和不需要来自外部的压力就能关注语言现象的习惯。语感本身就是1种能力，有时形成更高语言能力的基础— 良好的修养比能力更综合，也最难达到1定的高度。提高学生的语感程度和修养高度可以借助于以下几个参数来实施具体的步骤。 1.语言材料把握的数量和质量。由于学时的限制，教师要鼓励学生将课本和其他教辅资源如影视片断、电台录音、报刊文章等相结合。既可以扩充学生阅读材料的数量，也可以将英语文化的方方面面展现出来，能够激发学生的学习兴趣，丰富他们的文化认知。为了能够把握学生语言材料掌握的程度，可以发挥多媒体的优势，广泛使用自己研发的网上测试系统，这样可以让学生及时了解自己的学习成效，制定和调整学习方法、策略，提高准确度和自如程度。 2.语用能力。语用能力表现为两个层面，即内部能力和外部效果。前者指对语料选择的能力和与语用同步的思维强度;后者是指说话的流畅性、感染力、对不同语境的适应性和语言风度，以及通过语言吸收思想的数量和深度。 3.学习能力。这包括语感形成的快慢及优劣，对语言现象的敏锐程度，解释语言想象和总结语言规律的能力，以及学习语言的兴趣和习惯。 现代学生已经经过1定的英语语言训练，无论是书面还是口头，都会具有某种语言习惯。因此，英语课具体从什么程度开始，具有1定的难度:学生的起点不同，且原有的语言习惯对语言修养的更新提高会起到正负两个方面的作用。但是，只要教师将语言修养的训练看作是教学的最终1个目标来追求，那么所进行的语言修养教育就会体现出1定的自觉性，学生原有的良好语言习惯在得以发扬的同时，其不良习惯产生的可能副作用也1定能逐渐得以消除。语感是最基础的部分，关系到人的生存能力、发展能力、改造世界的能力。所以，过去和现在依旧存在的把英语教学的目的仅仅理解为狭隘的听、说、读、写、译等语言能力的培养的错误观点，必须得以纠正。要适应我国教育发展的新形势，满足新时期国家和社会对人才培养的需要，必须培养学生的“英语综合应用能力”。只有突破将学生语言能力的培养作为惟1教学目标的狭隘层面，运用现代英语语言学理论指导教学理念和改进教学方法，才能真正意义上提高学生包含情感理解和表达能力、思考能力、跨文化交际与社交能力、自主学习能力等多个层次的综合素质。
越来越多的学者正显示有兴趣在通过语言的方法翻译研究。与1949年和1989年，一个不完整的调查，作者发现，有大约只有30教科书通道的讨论之间的关系，语言学和翻译，包括方面的普通语言学，语用学，文体学，篇章语言学，修辞学和机器翻译。从1990年至1994年，有一个令人难以置信的数目增加了通道，看翻译，从语言学的角度来看。几乎160发表的文章中对这些五年关心的翻译和普通语言学，文体学，比较语言学，语义，语用学，社会语言学，文字语言学，修辞学等新的条款，如话语分析，诠释学，动态等值，深部结构和表面结构，背景，主题和述位，合作的原则，更遑论只是一个数，出现在翻译领域的研究。我们一定可以找出一个趋势，应用语言学理论翻译研究在这些年。 今天，我们在点质疑语言学是一个必要组成部分的翻译。近年来，一些学者，谁是在赞成的免费翻译，曾多次提出这个问题向公众，并呼吁结束了语言的方法翻译。一些坚信，翻译是一种艺术和语言学，因此，既不是有用的，亦无帮助。这种说法是错误的，如果我们看看翻译作为一个整体，包括科学的翻译那里的意思是僵化和限制，自由度是有限的。灵活性，在这种情况下，既不需要也不赞赏。 但是，即使是在文学翻译，语言学，是难以负担。王宗炎指出， «如果一看到语言学作为一个机构的规则，规范的语言，翻译，最可能会哈欠与无聊。如果它标志使用的字和locutions以适合的场合，是没有任何停止译员从概括性的语言学» （王1991年： 38 ） 。争议«字面»银两«免费»翻译有着悠久的历史，与有说服力的支持者，一边一国。举例来说，古代西方学者一样，伊拉斯谟，奥古斯丁，和其他人赞成，直译。其中中国早期翻译，鸠摩罗什是被视为免费的学校，而轩zuang似乎字面和灵活性。在当代中国，严复主张诠释学的翻译，而鲁迅的首选一拙劣的版本，一个是免费的，但不精确。有没有错，在上述任何立场。当这些译员强调，免费翻译，他们从不否认的可能性直译，反之亦然。问题只出现时，讨论，轮流相当于翻译。 问题的等价性已引起很大的争议。有些人认为有可能是一个等价语文元素，独立设置他们在其中的发生。在此基础上假设，一些«字面»翻译试图分解一个文本到单一元素，希望找到等值在目标语言。这是一个天真的想法。 jakobson （ 1971年： 262 ）指出， «等价在不同的是枢机主教的问题，语言和关键的关注语言学。 » ，他并不是指«等价» ，但«在等价的不同之处»为枢机主教的问题。奈达也误解了很多，他的概念«等价， »他走上表示«翻译组成，在复制，在受体的语言最接近自然相当于源语言讯息，首先是在条款的含义和在第二条款作风» （ 1969年： 12 ） 。他进一步得出结论认为， «绝对的等值翻译是绝不可能» （ 1984年： 14 ） 。德beaugrande和德雷斯勒认为，成功或失败，无论是免费或直译的方法是不确定的：一不适当«字面»翻译可能会尴尬，甚至费解的，而过分«免费»之一，可能会使原来的文本，分化和完全消失。对他们来说，等价之间的翻译和原创，只能在实现的经验，与会者（参见德beaugrande和德雷斯勒1981 ： 216-217 ） 。卡特福德（ 1965年： 27 ）表达了同样的关注，相等于翻译只是«实证的现象，通过比较发现， SL和铊的案文。 »在列举上述例子，我有绝对无意坚持对不可译。我的意思是，一个翻译者应该把他或她自己的经验和加工活动，到文本：解决问题，减少polyvalence解释，远离任何不一致或不连续性。语言知识可以帮助我们对待不同类型以不同的方式，始终与意识，有没有确切的等价但只有逼近。因此，功放和简化成为可以接受的。 如果我们同意的文本可以翻译，那么，以何种方式是否语言学的贡献翻译？要回答这个问题，我们必须看看在接受西方语言学在中国及其对翻译的影响。系统性，科学性的研究，中文应运而生年底才在上个世纪，当马建忠出版了一本书的语法马氏文通«马氏文通»于1898年，这是首次在中国了语法印支欧洲语言作为其模型。研究语言，反过来又影响，翻译研究在中国。在麻石wenton ，主要的重点是使用形态，这占用了6 - sevenths的这本书。影响占主导地位的趋势形态学研究，总之，被视为最低有意义的单位，和刑期，因此，合乎逻辑的组合的话，各种具体的类型。翻译，然后，主要是基于该单位的Word 。在西方，圣经的翻译提供了一个很好的例子，正如翻译佛经并在中国。 直到十九世纪末做了一些语言学家来认识到判刑，不只是总结了测序，换句话说，他们所载的。布拉格学派，创立于20世纪20年代，取得了相当大的贡献的研究语法。根据该分析方法的功能的角度来看，布拉格学派，一个句子可以分解成两部分：主题和述位。主题是反对述位在类似方式之间的区别的话题和评论，并定义为一个组成部分，句，至少这有助于推进的过程中的沟通。述位，另一方面，是一个组成部分，一句是增加最与时俱进的过程中的沟通和具有最高程度的交际动力。这两个名词，帮助启发的过程中中文翻译成英文。 在20世纪50年代中期，研究语法达到高峰，与乔姆斯基的建立转换-生成语法。这一理论的深部结构和表面结构的语言翻译的影响极大。奈达依赖于这一理论在发展中国家的他«分析- transfering -重建»模式的翻译。一些中国语言学家，在此期间，试图以提高语文研究，以更高的飞机。李进喜（ 1982年）扩大的作用句研究在他的书中一个新的汉语语法，其中三分之二是专门讨论句子的形成或语法。他写道， «没有的话，可以发现除语境中的一个句子。 »研究当时的改善，其他grammarians ，包括吕叔湘，王力。 与发展的语言学研究，翻译的基础上，单位的一句是所提出的一些学者。这是林语堂谁首先运用理论对翻译在他的文章«对翻译的。 »他声称«翻译应该做的事的基础上一句[...]什么翻译应忠实，是不是个别的话，但意思转达他们» （林1984年为： r 3 ） 。的重要性的背景下，在理解句子，因此强调。超yuanren ，一个中国学者和哈佛大学教授，学者的批评和笔译谁往往忘记这一点，并采取语言为一些独立和自给自足。事实上，这是显而易见的，当我们翻译句子，我们取决于它的背景;当我们解释1话语，我们依赖的背景下的讲话（参见超1967 ） 。当一个句子，是从文字，它通常变得含糊不清，由于缺乏背景。因此，翻译成为困难。 在20世纪60年代，人们开始认识到学习语文的基础上的刑罚甚至没有足够的。一个完整的研究应该作出的全文。一个简单的句子一样， «乔治通过»可能有不同的解释，在不同背景下。如果背景是一个考试，这意味着没有乔治，以及对测试;在一个卡片游戏，它会表明，乔治拒绝他的机会，出价;在体育这将意味着球达成的另一个球员。没有一个背景下，我们怎么能决定一个翻译？语言学家，因此他们的注意力转移到研究文本和话语分析。篇章语言学已成为越来越受欢迎的自那时起。范dijk是一个先驱在这一领域，和他的4卷版的手册，话语分析是具有极大的价值。哈利迪的凝聚力的中，英文介绍功能语法，帮助我们更好地了解英语语言对文字的水平。值得注意的是，德beaugrande和德雷斯勒（ 1981 ）提供了一个整体和系统的研究文本，这是有益的翻译研究。德beaugrande其实写了一本书所谓的因素，在一个理论的诗翻译在1978年。这本书并没有成为很受欢迎，因为它仅限于讨论诗歌的翻译。在同一时间内，书籍，语言学的方法，以翻译介绍到中国，如工程尤金奈达，彼得newmarks ， ， JC卡特福德，乔治mounin ，和其他人。这些书籍了很大的推动，应用语言学理论翻译研究在中国。 文本或discoursive的方式来研究翻译无法跟上发展的步伐篇章语言学。一些研究仍留在句法或语义层面上，虽然甚至有文本装置被聘用。在谈到翻译单位的Word和文字，奈达写道： ...一般人天真地认为，语言是换言之，共同默契的假设，结果翻译涉及更换一个字，语文与一个字，语文乙和更多«认真»这类翻译的是，更为尖锐。在其他换句话说，传统关注的焦点，在翻译上字。人们认识到，这不是一个足够大的单位，因此，重点转移到判刑。不过，专家，翻译和语言学家已能证明个人的句子，在反过来，是不够的。重点应放在该段，并在一定程度上总的话语。 （奈达和tabber 1969 ： 152 ） 从这个声明可以看出，奈达的问候话语，作为大于一个段落，作为一篇文章，与一个开始和结束。奈达自己从未申请篇章语言学翻译，可能会有一些混乱，如果我们用他的任期在我们的解释话语，因为话语分析不仅是研究的基础上，较大的语言结构。 一些中国学者没有作出努力申请文本语言学的理论和实践的翻译。王秉勤的文章（ 1987年）是第一学术论文这一类的。他说，他的目标是研究和发现规则的内部结构，文字在根据篇章语言学。他分析，许多例子使用的词句分析，但不幸的是，所有的样品，他收集到的描述，风景或报价从书籍的伟大学者-没有对话，没有言外或成事部队在该语言。他未能提供了各种例子。基于这个原因，他的研究结果，主要是限于修辞文本在中国古代（参见王1981 ;罗1994年） 。 学者一样，他自然适用于pragamatics翻译。他的文章（ 1992 ）提出了两个新的条款， « pragmalinguistics »和«社会经济语用学» ，在翻译，是指分别以«研究务实的武力或语言使用的观点，语言来源» ，并«务实的研究其中，研究条件对语言使用所产生的社会和文化情况。 »他讨论的可能性，运用务实的态度，翻译，以实现一个务实的等效之间的来源和目标文本，即是重现的讯息，进行源语言本身，以及含义进行了由源语言其背景和文化。在这方面的文章，他也试图区分«语用语言学»从«社会经济语用学» ，但最后也承认， «其实，一个清晰的线之间的语用语言学和社会经济语用学有时可能难以得出。 »他仍然坚持认为，应用该务实的态度，翻译是有益的，甚至是必要的。柯莉（ 1992 ）认为，语义，而在广义相结合的语义和语用学的，应加以研究，以帮助理解，解释和解决遇到的一些问题在翻译中。在这篇文章中，他审查了4语义条款-«意义和参考， » « h yponomy， » «变化的意义»和«背景» -让许多例子，i l lusrate的重要性，有一些一般性的知识和语义理解之间的关系和语义的翻译。这篇文章中明确写道，读者可以很容易吸取灵感来自它。 这些语言学的方法，棚灯，对新标准的«信，达，雅»所界定的严复。中国学者开始批评含糊不清，这三个标准和努力给他们具体的意义，通过理论的西方语言学。结果是内容，这三个传统标准已大大丰富了，尤其是影响等值理论，在广义上是指目标语言应相等于源语言从语义，务实和文体点查看。但我们仍无法评价翻译在一个非常科学的方法。因此，中国学者一样，范守，徐shenghuan和万亩鲤鱼走上了定量分析的翻译，用模糊集理论的数学在完成他们的分析。范发表的几篇文章，对这一领域的研究。他1987年至1990年的文章评价翻译根据的数值数量的忠诚。徐的文章«的数学模型，评价一个翻译的质量»提出了一种正常的数学模型。他说，是很难产生一个绝对准确的评价翻译与这个模式，因为不确定性和随机性的人的思考过程。作出这样的分析更准确和客观的，需要进一步研究。 该单位在翻译是很难啃的骨头。不解决这个问题，没有研究在翻译研究将以往任何时候都足够了。迄今为止，很少有人都集中在研究这方面的工作。奈达认为，股应判刑，并在一定意义上，话语。巴尔胡达罗夫（ 1993 ： 40 ） ，苏联的语言学家和翻译理论家，建议： 翻译是转变的过程中讲话的产品（或文字）产生的一种语言，成为一个讲话的产品（或文字）在另一种语言。 [ … … ]它如下认为，最重要的任务，译者谁进行的过程中转型，该理论家谁介绍或创建一个模型，这个过程中，是要建立最低限度的翻译单位，因为它是一般所谓，翻译单位，在源文本。 虽然他注意到的重要性，翻译单位在一个文本，并认为这个单位可以是一个单位，任何级别的语言，他没有指出是什么文字，是和它如何可能来衡量翻译。 Halliday的概念，条文可能会显着在这种情况下。他说，一个条款，是我国的一项基本单位。他区别的三项职能的条款：文本，人际和概念。据哈利迪，这些职能是不具备的词或短语。但他是不太成功的在分析之间的关系，第和文本（参见哈利迪1985年） 。在中国，有些人曾试图解决这个问题。王春（ 1987年： 10 ）更多或更少的股份bakhudarov的看法，认为翻译单位不能局限于只为服刑。在某些方面，音素，词，词组，句，段，或什至文本都可以充当一个单位。在这一点上，我们无法找到任何特殊的治疗文本翻译，除了有文本作为最高级别之间的翻译单位。这不是目的，篇章语言学或话语分析。如果我们想申请这些理论和实践的翻译，我们会要求考的做法。
英语写作 不仅涉及词汇、语法等基础知识的综合应用，而且还包括思维、想象、谋篇、行文等语言能力的训练和发挥。下面是我带来的翻译为中文的英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!翻译为中文的英语文章篇一 Modern Cavemen Cave exploration, or potholing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures men down to the depths of the earth. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives. For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood. Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler. Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave. Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the potholer. The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3723 feet. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks. The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphine Alps. As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French potholer, Berger. Since its discovery, it has become a sort of potholers' Everest. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored. A team of potholers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor. They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools. Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave. They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side. To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits. At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water. In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small water-spout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave. Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the potholers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall. After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites—some of them over forty feet high--rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof. Round about, piles of lime-stone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow. In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them. 洞穴勘查——或洞穴勘探——是一项比较新的体育活动。寻求独处的愿望或寻求意外发现的机会的欲望吸引人们来到地下深处。要想对洞穴探险者的动机作出满意的解释是不可能的。对洞穴探险者来说，洞穴有一种特殊的魅力，就像高山对登山者有特殊魅力一样。为什么洞空能引发人的那种探险本能，人们对此只能有一种模模糊糊的理解。 探测非常深的洞穴不是那些在星期日下午漫步的人所能胜任的。这种活动需要有军事行动般的周密布署和预见能力。有时需要花费整整8天时间来搭起绳梯，建立供应基地，然后才能到一个很深的洞穴里。作出这样的准备是必要的，因为无法预见到洞穴探险者究竟会遇到什么性质的困难。世界上最深的洞穴是格里诺布尔附近的高弗.伯杰洞，深达3,723英尺。这个深邃的洞穴是由一条地下暗泉冲刷岩石中的缝隙并使之慢慢变大而形成的。此洞的洞口在丹芬阿尔卑斯山的高原上，仅6英尺宽，很难被发现。若不是法国著名洞穴探险家伯杰由于偶然的机会发现了这个洞口的话，这个洞也许不会为人所知。自从被发现以后，这个洞成了洞穴探险者的珠穆朗玛峰，人们多次进入洞内探险，但至今尚有不少东西有待勘探。 最近，一队洞穴探险者下到了高弗.伯杰洞里。他们从高原上的窄缝进去，顺着笔直陡峭的洞壁往下爬。来到一条狭窄的走廊上。他们不得不侧着身子往前走，有时过浅溪，有时游过深潭。突然，他们来到一道瀑布前，那瀑布奔泻而下，注入洞底一处地下湖里。他们跳入湖中，把各种器具装上一只充气的橡皮艇，听任水流将他们带往对岸。湖水冰冷刺骨，他们必须穿上一种特制的橡皮服以保护自己。在湖的尽头，他们见到一大堆一大堆由湖水冲刷上岸的碎石。在这儿，他们可以听见一种连续不断的轰鸣声。后来他们发现这是由山洞顶部的一个小孔里喷出的水柱跌落到水潭中发出的声音。洞穴探险者从岩石缝里挤身过去，来到一个巨大的洞里，其大小相当于一个音乐厅。他们打开强力弧光灯，看见一株株巨大的石笋，有的高达40英尺，像树干似地向上长着，与洞顶悬挂下来的钟乳石相接。周围是一堆堆石灰石，像彩虹一样闪闪发光。洞里有一种可怕的寂静，唯一的可以听见的声响是高高的圆顶上不间断地滴水的嘀嗒声。 翻译为中文的英语文章篇二 Fully insured Insurance companies are normally willing to insure anything. Insuring public or private property is a standard practice in most countries in the world. If, however, you were holding an open air garden party or a fete it would be equally possible to insure yourself in the event of bad weather. Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay. It is not uncommon to hear that a ship-ping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a sunken ship. But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique. Admittedly it was an unusual pie dish, for it was eighteen feet long and six feet wide. It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair. The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip. Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate. At the same time, a number of teenagers climbed on to the dish and held a little party of their own. Modern dances proved to be more than the disk could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water. The pie committee telephoned a local garage owner who arrived in a recovery truck to salvage the pie dish. Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the water to locate the dish. They had little difficulty in finding it, but hauling it out of the water proved to be a serious problem. The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it. Eventually chains were fixed to one end of the dish and a powerful winch was put into operation. The dish rose to the surface and was gently drawn towards the canal bank. For one agonizing moment, the dish was perched precariously on the bank of the canal, but it suddenly overbalanced and slid back into the water. The men were now obliged to try once more. This time they fixed heavy metal clamps to both sides of the dish so that they could fasten the chains. The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal. The winch was again put into operation and one of the men started up the truck. Several minutes later, the dish was successfully hauled above the surface of the water. Water streamed in torrents over its sides with such force that it set up a huge wave in the canal. There was danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the dish plunging into the water again. By working at tremendous speed, the men managed to get the dish on to dry land before the wave returned. 保险 公司一般说来愿意承保一切东西。承办公共财产或私人财产保险是世界上大部分国家的正常业务。如果你要举办一次露天游园会或盛宴，为避免碰上不好的天气而遭受损失也同样可以保险，不用说，保险公司承担风险越大，你付的保险费也就越高。航运公司为打捞沉船而提出索赔，这是常有的事，但某地当局为打捞一只焙制馅饼的盘子提出索赔，倒是件新鲜的事儿。 这个馅饼盘子确实少见，有18英尺长，6英尺宽。某地方当局买下它用来焙制一个巨大的馅饼为一年一度交易会助兴。馅饼委员会确认运输这只盘子的最佳方案是通过运河水运。于是，他们对这只盘子的运输安全投了保。盘子下水后不久，馅饼委员会成员们来到当地一家小酒店庆贺。就在这个时候，许多十几岁的孩子爬盘子举行他们自己的集会。他们跳起了舞，盘子难以承受。舞会进行过程中，盘子倾覆，沉入了7英尺深的水中。 馅饼委员会给当地汽车 修理 库老板打电话，他闻讯后开着一辆急修车前来打捞盘子。那些孩子们穿着湿衣服哆嗦，看着3个工人轮潜入水中以确定盘子的位置。他们没费多大事儿就找到了盘子。可是把盘子捞出却是一个很大的难题。盘子四边十分光滑，要在盘边拴上绳索或链条而同时又不损坏它是很难办到的。不过，他们终于将链条固定在盘子的一端，一台大功率的绞车开动起来。盘子慢慢浮出水面，被轻轻地拽向运河岸边。在令人忐忑不安的瞬间，盘子晃晃悠悠地上了岸，但它突然失去了平衡，又跌回水中。工人们只得再来一次。这次，他们用沉重的金属夹子把盘子夹住，以便往盘子上安装铁链。这次，盘子必须垂直吊出水面，因为盘子的一边紧靠着运河河岸。绞盘机再次启动，一位工人发动了急修车的引擎。几分钟后，盘子被成功地拽出了水面。波浪从盘子两侧急涌而出，在运河里掀起一股大浪。但是当波浪从河对岸折回来时，就有再次把盘子拖进水里的危险。工人们动作迅速，终于赶在那股大浪返回之前把盘子拽到了岸上。 翻译为中文的英语文章篇三 Speed and comfort People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey. Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night, when you really wish to go to sleep, you rarely manage to do so. If you are lucky enough to get a couchette, you spend half the night staring at the small blue light in the ceiling, or fumbling to find your passport when you cross a frontier. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read. On motor-ways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on narrow, bumpy roads which are crowded with traffic. By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting people and enjoy good food--always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not, and you are likely to get sea-sick, no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of travelling on a ship. Aeroplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and even hardened travellers are intimidated by them. They also have the grave disadvantage of being the most expensive form of transport. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Travelling at a height of 30,000 feet, far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. You do not have to devise ways of taking your mind off the journey, for an aeroplane gets you to your destination rapidly. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden from view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled. You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey. 出远门的人常常需要决定是走旱路、水路，还是坐飞机。很少有人能够真正喜欢坐几个小时以上的火车。车厢很快就变得拥挤、闷热，想摆脱开旅途的困扰是很难的。看书只能解决部分问题。车轮与铁轨间单调的嘎喳声很快就会送你进入梦乡。白天是忽睡忽醒，到了夜晚，你真想睡了，却很难入睡。即使你走运弄到一个卧铺，夜间有一半时间你会盯着车顶那盏小蓝灯而睡不着觉;要不然就为查票摸索你的车票。一旦抵达目的地，你总是疲惫不堪。乘汽车作长途旅行则更加不舒服，因为连看书都几乎不可能。在公路上还好，你至少能以相当快的速度安全地向前行。但旅行的大部分时间都花在路上，而且只有很少的服务设施，交通也很拥挤。相比之下，坐船旅行或环游可以得到文明世界的各种享受。你可以在甲板上伸展四肢、做游戏，还能也很见到各种有趣的人，能享用各种美味佳肴——当然，这一切只有在大海风平浪静的情况下才有可能。如果大海肆虐起来，你就可能晕船，那种难受劲儿是任何一种别的旅行的方式都不会带来的。即使风平浪静，坐船旅行也要占用很长时间。没有多少人会为享受坐船旅行的乐趣而牺牲假期的时间。 飞机以危险而著称，连老资格的旅行者也怕飞机。飞机另一个缺点是昂贵。但就速度与舒适而言，飞机是无与伦比的。腾云驾雾，在30，000 英尺高空以500英里的时速旅行，这种经历令人心旷神怡。你不必想办法去摆脱旅途的困扰，因为飞机会迅速地把你送到目的地。几小时之内，你躺在扶手椅上，享受着旅途的欢乐。真正会享受的人还可以在某些航班上看一场电影和喝香槟。即使没有这些消遣条件，也总是有事可做。飞机上，你可以观察世界上非同寻常的奇妙的美景。你毫不费劲地飞越高山幽谷，你确能饱览大地的风貌。如果这种景色被遮住了，你可以观赏一下展现在你面前的、一望数英里的、连绵不断的云海，同时阳光灿烂，天空清澈明朗。旅途平稳，丝毫不妨碍你阅读或睡眠。不管你打算如何消磨时间，有件事是可以肯定的，即当你抵达目的地时，你感到精神焕发，毫无倦意，用不着因为漫长的旅途的辛苦而花几天时间休息来恢复精神。
付出与收获 Hard Work and Income
I always hear about my friends’ complaining, they say their income is such low that they can’t not make ends meet. At first, I would pity for them, but in the long run, I find their work is so easy, they just sit in the office from 9 am to 5 pm, they even don’t need to go out for business. While I see another friend, he works so hard, his working hour is very unstable, sometimes he even works until 9 pm. The fact is that he earns the most between my friends. It is true that no pain, no gain, if people want more, they need to pay out more. Comparing to be envy about other people’s great income, we’d better to work hard to realize what we want. There is not short-cut for people to get successful, working hard is the only way.
我总是听到朋友们的抱怨，他们说收入太少了，以至于无法收支平衡。刚开始，我会为他们感到遗憾，但是长期下来，我发现他们的工作很轻松，他们在办公室里朝九晚五地坐着，甚至不需要外出跑业务。然而我看到了另外一个朋友，他很努力工作，工作时间不稳定，有时候甚至于工作到晚上九点。事实上，他是我朋友之中赚得最多的。没有付出，就没有收获， 确实如此，如果人们想要更多，需要付出更多。与其羡慕别人的高收入，不如努力工作来实现我们想要的。成功没有捷径，努力工作是唯一的方法。
审美标准 The Standard of Beauty
It has been admitted that beautiful outlook can bring people a lot of attention, the beautiful person always win the chances to be successful. But what is the standard of a beauty, different times have different standard. In our parents’ generation, it was believed that a girl should be a little fatter, because it meant that she lived the better life, while the thin girl would be thought to be lacking of happiness. In today, the standard of beauty has changed, the most important standard of a beauty is to be thin, the thinner, the better. When we look at the commercial ads, all of the models are skinny, with the beautiful dress, they look so gorgeous. When I see my friends work so hard to lose weight, I feel worried about them. They don’t have to do it, the beauty’s standard will change any time. We should stay the way we are.
人们承认美丽的外表能给人们带来很多的吸引力，长得好看的人总是能赢得成功的机会。但是美丽的标准是什么呢，不同的时间有不同的标准。在我们父母那一代，人们认为女孩子应该胖点，因为那意味着她过得好，然而瘦的.女孩就会被认为缺少幸福。在今天，美丽的标准已经改变了，美丽的最重要标准就是瘦，越瘦越好。当我们看商业广告的时候，所有的模特都是很瘦的，加上华丽的服饰，他们看起来真美。看到我的朋友们那么努力的去减肥，我为他们担忧。他们可以不用减，美丽的标准会随时变。我们应该做自己。
国外学生不努力学习？Foreign Students Study Not Hard?
When people talk about the foreign education, they will be envious, because they think foreign students study in a very easy way, they don’t care much about study, they care about playing. When we take a look at our students, they need to put their minds on studying, they study so hard. The obvious difference makes people criticize our education. But the truth is that foreign students also need to study hard, when they go to college, they realize the pressure and start to focus their minds on study, for the purpose of making living. Foreign students play hard before they go to college. We only look at the foreign students before their campus life, so foreign students don’t play all the time.
当人们谈论国外的教育时，他们会很羡慕，因为他们认为国外的学生学习很轻松，无需放太多心思在学习上，国外学生只关心玩。当看看我们的学生时，他们需要全身心投入学习，很刻苦。明显的不同让人们批判我们的教育。但是事实上，国外的学生也需要努力学习，在他们上大学以后，意识到压力，开始投入学习，为了生存。国外学生在上大学前都爱玩。我们看外国学生只看他们大学前的生活，因此，外国学生并不总是在玩。
追求稳定还是创业 To Pursue Stability or Do Pioneering Work
When college students graduate, most of them will choose to join the civil servants exam or further study, these two choices become more and more popular, they have the common side, that is stability. The young people pay special attention to stability when they find a job, because in today’s society, the pressure is so heavy, they fear to lose job, working for the government is the best choice for them, they don’t have to worry about losing jobs. While they are so young, they should be energetic, they should do the pioneering work, they have nothing to lose, because they have nothing at the beginning. If the young people don’t dare to fight, they waste their youth, all their lives are insipid, when they are old, they look back on their youth, just nothing leaves. If the young people want to do pioneering work, just do it, take no hesitation.
当大学生毕业，很多人会选择参加公务员考试或者深造，这两个选择有一个共同点，那就是稳定。年轻人在找工作的时候很注重稳定，因为在今天的社会，压力是很大的，他们害怕失去工作，为政府工作对于他们来说是最好的选择，不用担心丢掉工作。然而他们是那么的年轻，应该充满活力，应该去创业，他们没有什么输不起，因为他们刚开始本来就一无所有。如果年轻人都害怕奋斗，浪费了青春，他们的一生都平淡无奇，当他们老了，回望青春，发现什么也没留下。如果年轻人想要创业，那就去吧，不要犹豫。
第一次上讲台 The First to Stand In Front of the Platform
I still remember the first time to stand in front of the platform, it was two years ago, I was arranged by my headmaster to get my internship, I would go to the countryside to be a teacher. When I arrived at the school, at first, I did not get used to the environment, but after a week, I got used to it. I was asked to teach the students English, I felt so never that night, I worried the students wouldn’t listen to me. In the morning, I had to start my class, my feet seemed to hard to move on. When I went to the platform, all the students looked at me, I was so nervous, then I introduced myself, as I went further in the class, I found myself felt much more ease, the students cooperate with me, I felt more and more confident. I learned so much from my first time to stand in front of the platform.
我仍然记得我第一次站在讲台上的情形，那是两年前，我被班主任安排实习，我要去乡村当教师。当我到达学校的时候，刚开始，我不适应那里的环境，但是一周后，我适应了。我要教学生英语，那晚，我感到很紧张，我害怕学生不听我的话。早上，我不得不开始我的课，我的脚似乎很难移动。当我走到讲台上，所有的学生都看着我，我觉得很紧张，然后我开始介绍自己，随着在课堂上展开课，我发现我不那么紧张了，学生也配合我，我感到越来越自信。我在第一次上讲台上学到了很多。
让梦想成真Make It Be
Don’t allow your troubles to get the best of you. Instead, allow those troubles to make the best of you.
不要被烦恼击败,相反,要让这些烦恼磨练出更优秀的你
Don’t tire yourself out fighting against the challenges. Instead, find new energy by embracing1 those challenges and working through them to create real value.
不要因与挑战作斗争而身心疲惫,相反,要在接受挑战、战胜挑战的过程中找到活力去创造真正的价值。
Always remind yourself that discour-agement is nothing more than a response you’ve chosen. When you find that you’ve chosen to let it be, you can just as surely choose to let it go.
时常提醒自己,气馁只不过是你自己的选择。当你发现是你选择了气馁,你当然也可以选择不这样。
Replace discouragement with determin-ation. It is your life’s energy, and you can point it in whatever direction you choose. Your most powerful response is not based only on what has already happened. Your most powerful response also takes into account what you wish to make happen next.
用决心消除气馁,这就是你生命的活力,是放之四海而皆准的。你最有力的反应不仅仅受所发生的事情的影响,而且与你期待发生的事情有一定关联。
Look forward, and envision in great detail the future you desire. Then gather all your energy, and step forward to make it be.
向前看,详尽地展望你所期盼的未来。然后集中你所有的精力,努力前进,让梦想成真
梦想,你心中永远的激情Dream,A Pas
英语励志短文带翻译:It’s December, so most of the year is now behind us. But there’s a new year coming up, which will give us time to live, to love, to give, and to make our dreams come true.
已经是十二月了,一年就快过完了。但新的一年即将到来,我们将会有更多的时间去生活,去爱,去付出,去实现我们的梦想。
Everyone in this world has a dream: a passion, duanwenw.com a vision in their life that pulls them and urges them to move forward in life. You, my friend have this vision with-in you. It "whispers" to you sometimes, but in some cases, it cries out. It cries out to be listened to and acted upon because this vision comes from your soul.
在这世界上,每个人都怀有自己的梦想:对生活的激情和梦想促使人们不断前进。朋友,你内心也怀有这样一种梦想,它有时会对你低语,但有时候,它也会大叫出来,这样你就会听见,并将其付诸于实践,因为这梦想来自你的灵魂深处。
Within this "Inner Vision" there lies the magic of living your life with passion, fulfillment and purpose. This means being true to who you really are —and living your life on purpose with all the passion and energy you are capable of living.
在这心灵深处的梦想中隐藏着一种魔力,它会促使你满怀激情地去生活,去实现自我,去追求生活的目标。这意味着你将会实现真正的自我——充满激情与活力地去过一种你能拥有的、有目标的生活。
When you live from your inner passions, duanwenw.com you’ll never have to seek agreement from others —you’ll be the master of your own destiny. More importantly, you’ll feel whole, connected and inspired.
当你怀着满腔激情去生活时,你永远不必寻求他人的认同,你将成为自己命运的主宰。更为重要的是,你会感觉到一个完整、不孤独、有激情的自我。
Find your inner fire, your sense of purpose; this fire will help you harness strengths you’re not even aware you have. Be connected with your inner passion and live that passion daily.
寻找你内心深处的火花——生活的目标;这火花会让你拥有你自己从未意识到的强大力量。拥抱你内心深处的激情,满怀激情地去迎接每天的生活吧!
英语短文写作是大学英语教学的重要组成部分,也是衡量学生英语综合水平和应用能力的标准。下面是我带来的英语短篇 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
英语短篇文章1
11 Body Hacks that You Should Know About
Have you got any tiny itchy issues with your body sometimes but don’t know how to deal with them? Say how to kill the brain freeze or what to do when your limbs fall asleep? The following 11 body hacks will help you get the issues fixed.
1. To lessen the pain when you have an injection from the doctor, cough!
Studies have shown that the act of a sudden cough cause less pain to a person while having the injection.
2. Push your tongue against the roof of your mouth and press a finger between your eyebrows if you want to clear a stuffy nose or relieve the sinus pressure.
This causes the vomer bone to rock and your congestion will be loosened.
3. Lay on your left side if you want to sleep after having a big full meal.
The stomach is higher than the oesophagus when you sleep on your right; thus allowing food and stomach acid to go up to your throat.
4. If you have a toothache, rub some ice on the on the webbed area between your thumb and index finger.
By numbing your hand, your pain intensity will be reduced.
5. When you have a nosebleed, put some cotton on your upper gums behind the small dent below your nose and press on it.
By giving pressure on the gums, the supply of the blood to the nose can be blocked.
6. If your throat is a little itchy, scratch your ear.
By doing so, you stimulate the nerves in the ear and create a reflex in the throat which causes a muscle spasm that kills the itchy feeling.
7. Use your right ear to listen to the phone or hear people talk at a party.
Your right ear picks up words better while your left ear picks up sounds/music better.
8. If you start to feel dizzy and drunk, put your hand on something hard and stable.
Putting your hand on a stable subject help you feel more balance.
9. Putting your tongue flat against your mouth’s roof can prevent brain freeze.
This is because brain freeze happens when the nerves in your mouth’s roof get too cold.
10. If your hand falls asleep, move your neck and head.
The compressing nerves in your neck causes your hand to fall asleep, so move it side to side can relieve that.
11. If you feel nervous, try to blow your thumb.
Blowing cool wind to your thumb can slow down its pulse and calm you down eventually.
英语短篇文章2
15 Things You Might Have Misunderstood About Introverts
Introverts are a misunderstood bunch. Compared to extroverts, they think differently, act differently, and even look differently when they interact with people. But there are a lot of misconceptions about what it means to be “introverted.” Here are 15 of them:
Misconception #1: Introverts are shy.
Being “shy” and “introverted” are two completely different things. Introverts are not necessarily shy or afraid of people. They don’t just don’t prefer talking for the sake of talking.
Misconception #2: Introverts are unemotional.
Introverts may not show emotion with their facial expressions and gestures, but this doesn’t mean they’re not interested in what you’re saying. Introverts prefer to control their emotions around others and internalize them. Although someone who’s introverted may not appear engaged, this is usually not the case.
Misconception #3: Introverts don’t like working in groups.
Introverts often do their best work alone, so co-workers may misunderstand them and think they don’t want to partake in group work. While introverts do have a tendency to shut down in larger groups of people when they feel like their voice isn’t being heard, introverts excel in small group situations and enjoy working in these types of environments, as long as their opinion is valued.
Misconception #4: Introverts don’t like talking.
It’s not that introverts don’t like to talk, it’s that they prefer to listen before they talk. Introverts choose their words carefully and they think small talk is a waste of time. But, they’re more than willing to engage you in a deep conversation about topics they’re passionate about.
Misconception #5: Introverts are scared to look you in the eye.
In general, introverts may not make eye contact with you as much as extroverts. This is because they don’t feel the need to partake in social norms and rituals as much as extroverts, not because they’re “scared.”
Misconception #6: All introverts are poor public speakers.
Some introverts may not like speaking in large group settings; however, many introverts are naturally gifted speakers. And, introverts generally spend more time preparing for speeches and presentations rather than “flying by the seat of their pants.”
Misconception #7: Introverts just want to be left alone.
While it’s true that introverts prefer to “re-charge” with some quiet time reading or reflecting, they also crave human interaction and enjoy the company of others.
Misconception #8: Introverts over-analyze everything.
Introverts like to analyze situations and consider all possible scenarios before making decisions. Sometimes this can lead to “analysis paralysis,” but in general, it’s a positive trait that allows them to make tough decisions with a rational stream of thought.
Misconception #8: Introverts don’t like to go out in public.
False. Introverts may not be comfortable in crowded spaces, but they love experiencing new places, people, and things.
Misconception #9: Introverts are high strung.
The opposite is actually true. Introverts tend to be much more even-keeled and level than extroverts. They are able to objectively view all scenarios, even during times of stress.
Misconception #10: Introverts are underachievers.
Because we have such an affinity for the charismatic, personable, extroverted leader, some people assume that introverts are underachievers compared to extroverts. However, there are millions of successful introverted scientists, artists, physicians, writers, and philosophers. Achievement is not necessarily related to personality type.
Misconception #11: Introverts can “break out of their shell” and become extroverts.
Introversion is an inborn personality type that you can’t change. Many people falsely believe that introverts can (or want to) “unlearn” their quiet, passive tendencies.
Misconception #12: Introverts are rude.
Introverts get a bad rap because they don’t show emotion like extroverts do. This causes people to misunderstand them and mistake their stone-face demeanor for rudeness, which isn’t the case.
Misconception #13: Introverts are no fun.
Introverts are all about having a good time–they just prefer environments that are quieter and more low-key. They don’t mind going to parties, but they prefer to spend time socializing in their inner circle of friends.
Misconception #14: Introverts don’t make good leaders.
Introverts can be quiet but confident leaders. They are particularly effective at managing extroverts because they’re good listeners and don’t compete with them.
Misconception #15: Extroverts are happier than introverts.
Happiness has nothing to do with one’s personality type. There are happy and unhappy extroverts just like introverts. Personality type does not pre-dispose you to be unhappy.
Have you ever been misunderstood because of your personality type? If so, I’d love to hear from you below!
英语短篇文章3
Introverts are a misunderstood bunch. Compared to extroverts, they think differently, act differently, and even look differently when they interact with people. But there are a lot of misconceptions about what it means to be “introverted.” Here are 15 of them:
Misconception #1: Introverts are shy.
Being “shy” and “introverted” are two completely different things. Introverts are not necessarily shy or afraid of people. They don’t just don’t prefer talking for the sake of talking.
Misconception #2: Introverts are unemotional.
Introverts may not show emotion with their facial expressions and gestures, but this doesn’t mean they’re not interested in what you’re saying. Introverts prefer to control their emotions around others and internalize them. Although someone who’s introverted may not appear engaged, this is usually not the case.
Misconception #3: Introverts don’t like working in groups.
Introverts often do their best work alone, so co-workers may misunderstand them and think they don’t want to partake in group work. While introverts do have a tendency to shut down in larger groups of people when they feel like their voice isn’t being heard, introverts excel in small group situations and enjoy working in these types of environments, as long as their opinion is valued.
Misconception #4: Introverts don’t like talking.
It’s not that introverts don’t like to talk, it’s that they prefer to listen before they talk. Introverts choose their words carefully and they think small talk is a waste of time. But, they’re more than willing to engage you in a deep conversation about topics they’re passionate about.
Misconception #5: Introverts are scared to look you in the eye.
In general, introverts may not make eye contact with you as much as extroverts. This is because they don’t feel the need to partake in social norms and rituals as much as extroverts, not because they’re “scared.”
Misconception #6: All introverts are poor public speakers.
Some introverts may not like speaking in large group settings; however, many introverts are naturally gifted speakers. And, introverts generally spend more time preparing for speeches and presentations rather than “flying by the seat of their pants.”
Misconception #7: Introverts just want to be left alone.
While it’s true that introverts prefer to “re-charge” with some quiet time reading or reflecting, they also crave human interaction and enjoy the company of others.
Misconception #8: Introverts over-analyze everything.
Introverts like to analyze situations and consider all possible scenarios before making decisions. Sometimes this can lead to “analysis paralysis,” but in general, it’s a positive trait that allows them to make tough decisions with a rational stream of thought.
Misconception #8: Introverts don’t like to go out in public.
False. Introverts may not be comfortable in crowded spaces, but they love experiencing new places, people, and things.
Misconception #9: Introverts are high strung.
The opposite is actually true. Introverts tend to be much more even-keeled and level than extroverts. They are able to objectively view all scenarios, even during times of stress.
Misconception #10: Introverts are underachievers.
Because we have such an affinity for the charismatic, personable, extroverted leader, some people assume that introverts are underachievers compared to extroverts. However, there are millions of successful introverted scientists, artists, physicians, writers, and philosophers. Achievement is not necessarily related to personality type.
Misconception #11: Introverts can “break out of their shell” and become extroverts.
Introversion is an inborn personality type that you can’t change. Many people falsely believe that introverts can (or want to) “unlearn” their quiet, passive tendencies.
Misconception #12: Introverts are rude.
Introverts get a bad rap because they don’t show emotion like extroverts do. This causes people to misunderstand them and mistake their stone-face demeanor for rudeness, which isn’t the case.
Misconception #13: Introverts are no fun.
Introverts are all about having a good time–they just prefer environments that are quieter and more low-key. They don’t mind going to parties, but they prefer to spend time socializing in their inner circle of friends.
Misconception #14: Introverts don’t make good leaders.
Introverts can be quiet but confident leaders. They are particularly effective at managing extroverts because they’re good listeners and don’t compete with them.
Misconception #15: Extroverts are happier than introverts.
Happiness has nothing to do with one’s personality type. There are happy and unhappy extroverts just like introverts. Personality type does not pre-dispose you to be unhappy.
Have you ever been misunderstood because of your personality type? If so, I’d love to hear from you below!
美文是新文学领域最亮丽的一方新土地,具有可意会难言说的韵味。本文是大学英语美文摘抄带翻译，希望对大家有帮助! 大学英语美文摘抄带翻译：生命就是小甜饼 One of my patients, a successful busines *** an, tells me that before his cancer he would bee depressed unless things went a certain way. Happiness was "having the cookie." If you had the cookie, things were good. 我有一位病人，他是一个成功的商人，告诉我，在他患癌症之前，凡事如果没有确定下来他就忧心忡忡。对他而言，幸福是“拥有小甜饼”。 If you didn't have the cookie, life wasn't worth a damn. Unfortunately, the cookie kept changing. 如果你拥有了小甜饼，一切都一帆风顺。如果你没有小甜饼，生活就一文不值。 Some of the time it was money, sometimes power, sometimes sex. At other times, it was the new car, the biggest contract, the most prestigious address. 不幸的是，小甜饼总是不断变换著，有时是金钱，有时是权力，有时是欲望。在其他时候，它是一辆新车、一份数额最大的合同、或者一个享有声望的通讯地址。 A year and a half after his diagnosis of prostate cancer he sits shaking his head ruefully. "It's like I stopped learning how to live after I was a kid. 在他被诊断出患有前列腺癌的一年半之后，他坐在那里，悲天悯人地摇著头，说：“长大以后，我好像就不知道怎样生活了。 When I give my son a cookie, he is happy. If I take the cookie away or it breaks, he is unhappy. 当我给我儿子一个小甜饼时，他心花怒放。如果我拿走甜饼或者是小甜饼碎了，他就闷闷不乐。 But he is two and a half and I am forty-three. It's taken me this long to understand that the cookie will never make me happy for long. 不同的是，他只有两岁半，而我已经 43 了。我花了这么长的时间才明白小甜饼并不能使我长久感到幸福。 The minute you have the cookie it starts to crumble or you start to worry about it crumbling or about someone trying to take it away from you. 从你拥有小甜饼的那一刻，它就开始破碎，或者你就开始担心它会破碎，抑或你开始担心别人拿走它。 You know, you have to give up a lot of things to take care of the cookie, to keep it from crumbling and be sure that no one takes it away from you. 为了守护你的小甜饼，为了防止它破碎或者确定别人不会从你手中夺走它，你不得不放弃许多东西。 You may not even get a chance to eat it because you are so busy just trying not to lose it. 你忙于不让自己失去它，甚至没有时间享受它。 Having the cookie is not what life is about." My patient laughs and says cancer has changed him. 拥有小甜饼并不是生活的全部内容。”我的病人笑着说癌症已经改变了他。 For the first time he is happy. No matter if his business is doing well or not, no matter if he wins or loses at golf. " 不论他的生意是否一帆风顺，不论他在打高尔夫球时是输是赢，他有生以来第一次感到幸福。 Two years ago, cancer asked me, 'Okay, what's important? What is really important?' Well, life is important. “两年前，癌症问我‘什么重要?什么才真正的重要?’对，生命重要。 Life. Life any way you can have it, life with the cookie, life without the cookie. Happiness does not have anything to do with the cookie; it has to do with being alive. Before, who made the time?" He pauses thoughtfully. "Damn, I guess life is the cookie." 生命。生命，无论如何你拥有生命。有小甜饼也罢，没有小甜饼也罢，幸福与小甜饼并非息息相关，而是与生命的存在有关。可是，时光一去不复返，谁又能让时光倒流呢?”他停顿了一下，若有所思，说：“该死，我觉得生命就是那块小甜饼”。 大学英语美文摘抄带翻译：人如孤岛 How wonderful are islands! Islands in space, like this one I have e to, ringed about by milesof water, linked by on bridges, no cables, no telephones. 岛屿是多么奇妙啊!它处在一望无际之中，四周海水围绕， 没有桥梁相通，没有电缆相连，更无电话可打。 An lsland from the world and the world's life. Islands is time, like this short vacation of mine. 我来的小岛就是 这样一个地方，它远离尘世，不见喧嚣。小岛是时间的孤岛，就 像我的这次短期假期。 The past and the future are cut off: only the present remains. 在这里，过去和未来都被隔断，只有现时 依然存在。 One lives like a child or a saint in the immediacy of here and now. 一个人，或是像个孩子：或是像个圣人，现在便实 实在在地在这里活着。 Every day, every act, is an island, washed by time and space, and has an island's pletion. 每一天、每一个动作其实都是一个小岛，经受着时间和空间的冲刷，像小岛一样完美。 People, too, bee like islands in such an atmosphere, self-contained, whole and serene;respecting other people's solitude, not intruding on their shores, standing back in reverncebefore the miracle of another individual. 人在这种环境下也变成了小岛，独立自主，完整安详，尊重他人的孤独，不践踏他 人的海岸半步，毕恭毕敬地在他人的奇迹面前靠后站。 "No man is an island," said John Donne. I feel we are all islands--in a mon sea. “没有人 会是小岛。”约翰?多恩说过。我却认为每个人都是公共海域的 小岛。 We are all, in the last *** ysis, alone. 归根结底，我们都是孤独的。 And this basic state of solitude is not something we have any choice about. 这种孤独的基本状态由不得 我们选择。 It is , as the poet Rilke says, "not something that one can take or leave". 奥地利诗人里尔克曾经说道：“由不得我们带走或是 放弃。” We are solitary. We may delude ourselves and act as though this were not so, yes, even tobegin by assuming it."Naturally," he goes on to say,"we will turn giddy." 虽然身心孤独，但是我们都欺自己，假装事实并非如 此。里尔克还说，“我们很自然就会弄得头晕目眩。” We seem so frightened today of being alone that we never let it happen. Even if family,friends, and movies should fail, there is still the radio or television to fill up the void. 今天的人们都非常害怕孤独，所以极力避免它。当与家人 和朋友相处或是看电影都无法消除孤独的时候，我们就用听广播 和看电视来填补空白。 Women, who used to plain of loneliness, need never be alone any more. 女人们曾经埋怨孤独，现在想孤独也办不 到。 We can do our housework with soap-opera heroes at our side. Even day-dreaming was morecreative than this; it demanded something of oneself and it fed the inner life. 她们可以一边做家务一边看肥皂剧。做白日梦都显得更有创 造力，它需要人们具有一些东西，而且能够丰富内心生活。 Now instead of planting our solitude with our dream bolssoms, we choke the space withcontinuous music, chatter and panionship to which we do not even listen. 我们 本该用白曰梦的似锦繁花来种下一片孤独，但却用连续不断的音 乐、喋喋不休、吵嚷的同伴来把孤独的空间堵死。 It is simply there to fill the vacuum. When the noise stops there is no inner music to take itsplace. We must relearn to be alone. 这其实仅仅是 _个填补空缺的问题，一旦暄闹消失，便不再有内心的音乐来填 补空缺。我们要重新学会孤独。 大学英语美文摘抄带翻译：一直走在阳光里 Years of storms had taken their toll on the old windmill. Its wheel, rusted and fallen, lay silent in the lush bluegrass. Its once animated silhouette was now a tall motionless steeple in the twilight sun. 多年的风雨毁坏了古老的风车。车轮已经锈了，倒了，静静地躺卧在茂盛的六月禾丛中。在落日的衬托下，曾经散发着生气的风车如今如耸立的尖塔般冰冷、生硬。 I hadn‘t walked across our old farm in fifteen years. Yet the sensations came flooding back. I could *** ell the freshness of new mown alfalfa. I could feel the ping of the ice cold summer rain, and the sun‘s sudden warmth on my wet shoulders when it reappeared after a brisk July thunderstorm. 我已经有十五年没有走过我们的农场了。然而，那些感觉又汹涌而至。我仿佛闻到了新割的苜蓿的清新气息，感觉到了冰冷夏雨敲打在身上，还有七月的雨后阳光照射在溼漉漉的身上骤然传来的暖意。 Rain or shine, I used to walk this path each day to see Greta. She always made me *** ile, even after Sis and I had just had a big squabble. I would help Greta with her chores. Then we would visit over a generous helping of her delicious homemade chocolate cookies and ice cream. Being confined to a wheel chair didn‘t stop Greta from being a fabulous cook. 无论雨天或晴天，我曾经天天沿着这条小径去探望葛丽塔。即使我刚和姐姐大吵了一场，她也总能使我舒怀微笑。我会帮葛丽塔做些家务。然后，我们会大快朵颐，品尝她亲手做的巧克力曲奇饼和冰淇淋。以轮椅代步并不妨碍她成为一名出色的厨师。 Greta gave me two of the greatest gifts I‘ve ever received. First, she taught me how to read. She also taught me that when I forgave Sis for our squabbles, it meant I wouldn‘t keep feeling like a victim. Instead, I would feel sunny. Mr. Dinking, the local banker, tried to foreclose on Greta‘s house and land after her hu *** and passed away. Thanks to Pa and Uncle Johan, Greta got to keep everything. Pa said that it was the least he could do for someone talented enough to teach me to read! 在葛丽塔的丈夫去世后，当地的银行家丁肯先生曾经要收取她抵押给了银行的房子。幸亏有爸爸和约翰叔叔的帮忙，葛丽塔才保住了一切。爸爸说，对一位聪明得能教会我认字的人，这只是他力所能及的一件小事! Soon folks were ing from miles around to buy Greta‘s homemade cakes, pies, breads, cookies, cider, and ice cream. Hank, the grocery store man, came each week to stock his shelves and bring Greta supplies. 很快，方圆数英里的人们都来买葛丽塔做的蛋糕、馅饼、面包、曲奇饼、苹果酒和冰淇淋。每周，杂货店老板汉克都会给她送来材料，并从她那里进货。 Greta even had me take a big apple pie to Mr. Dinking who became one of her best customers and friends. That‘s just how Greta was. She could turn anyone into a friend! 葛丽塔甚至让我给丁肯先生送去一个大苹果馅饼。他也成为了她的顾客和朋友。这就是葛丽塔。她可以把任何人都变成朋友! Greta always said, "Dear, keep walking in sunshine!" No matter how terrible my day started, I always felt sunny walking home from Greta‘s house-even beneath the winter starlight. 葛丽塔常说：“亲爱的，记得要走在阳光里!” 每天，不管一开始怎么糟糕，从葛丽塔的小屋走回家时，即使是披着冬夜的星光，我都会感觉心情舒畅。 I arrived at Greta‘s house today just after sunset. An ambulance had stopped a few feet from her door, it‘s red lights flashing. When I ran into the old house, Greta recognized me right away. 这天，太阳刚下山我就来到葛丽塔家了。她门前几尺外已然停著一辆救护车。车上的红灯闪烁不停。当我冲入那所旧房子时，葛丽塔立刻认出了我. She *** iled at me with her unforgettable twinkling blue eyes. She was almost out of breath when she reached out and softly touched my arm. Her last words to me were "Dear, keep walking in sunshine!" 她冲我微微一笑，令人难忘的那双蓝眼睛闪著光芒。当她伸手轻抚我的手臂时，她已经奄奄一息了。她最后对我说的话是：“亲爱的，记得要走在阳光里!” I‘m sure that Greta is walking in the brightest sunshine she‘s ever seen. And, I‘m sure that she heard every word I read at her memorial service. 我肯定葛丽塔此时正漫步在她所见过的最明媚的阳光里。我也肯定她听见了我在她的追悼仪式上所念的每一个字。 I chose a beautiful verse by Leo Buscaglia. It‘s one that Greta taught me to read many years ago… 我选了利奥·巴斯卡格里亚的一首优美的诗，正是那首葛丽塔多年前教我念的诗。 "Love can never grow old. Locks may lose their brown and gold. Cheeks may fade and hollow grow. But the hearts that love will know, never winter‘s frost and chill, summer‘s warmth is in them still." “爱能历久常新。华发或会失去原有的光彩。双颊或会日显消瘦黯淡。然而，有爱的心中，从无寒冬霜冰，只有夏之温热。”
这个你可以找其他的书，然后借鉴一下，就知道这么想
引言一般的写法如下：
（1）开门见山，不绕圈子。避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程。
（2）言简意赅，突出重点。不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容，确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时，只需以参考引文的形式标出即可。在引言中提示本文的工作和观点时，意思应明确，语言应简练。
（3）回顾历史要有重点，内容要紧扣文章标题，围绕标题介绍背景，用几句话概括即可；在提示所用的方法时，不要求写出方法、结果，不要展开讨论；虽可适当引用过去的文献内容，但不要长篇罗列，不能把前言写成该研究的历史发展；不要把前言写成文献小综述，更不要去重复说明那些教科书上已有，或本领域研究人员所共知的常识性内容。
（4）尊重科学，实事求是。在前言中，评价论文的价值要恰如其分、实事求是，用词要科学，对本文的创新性最好不要使用“本研究国内首创、首次报道”、“填补了国内空白”、“有很高的学术价值”、“本研究内容国内未见报道”或“本研究处于国内外领先水平”等不适当的自我评语。
（5）前言的内容不应与摘要雷同，注意不用客套话，如“才疏学浅”、“水平有限”、“恳请指正”、“抛砖引玉”之类的语言；前言最好不分段论述，不要插图、列表，不进行公式的推导与证明。
（6）前言的篇幅一般不要太长，太长可致读者乏味，太短则不易交待清楚，一篇3000-5000字的论文，引言字数一般掌握在200-250字为宜。
论文引言部分的主要内容：
（1）说明论文的主题、范围和目的。
（2）说明本研究的起因、背景及相关领域简要历史回顾（前人做了哪些工作？哪些尚未解决？目前进展到何种程度？）。
（3）预期结果或本研究意义。
（4）引言一般不分段，长短视论文内容而定，涉及基础研究的论文引言较长，临床病例分析宜短。国外大多论文引言较长，一般在千字左右，这可能与国外多数期刊严格限制论文字数有关。
以上内容参考：百度百科-论文引言
引言书写要点：
1、说明论文的主题、范围和目的。
2、预期结果或本研究意义。
3、引言一般不分段，长短视论文内容而定，涉及基础研究的引言较长，一般在千字左右，这可能与国外内数期刊严格限制论文字数有关。
所谓的引言就是为论文的写作立题，目的是引出下文。一篇论文只有命题成立，才有必要继续写下去，否则论文的写作就失去了意义。
而范文内容就是你所写主题的正文内容。通俗的说就是你要写的内容都在正文里。
引言应当包含的部分：
1、问题的提出：讲清所研究的问题“是什么”。
2、选题背景及意义：讲清为什么选择这个题目来研究，即阐述该研究对学科发展的贡献、对国计民生的理论与现实意义等。
3、文献综述：对本研究主题范围内的文献进行详尽的综合述评，“述”的同时一定要有“评”,指出现有研究成果的不足，讲出自己的改进思路。
4、研究方法：讲清论文所使用的科学研究方法。
5、论文结构安排。
论文引言写法如下：
1、提出疑问。在论文的开头，作者应该以尽可能简洁的语言简明扼要地描述他所发现或提出的疑问，并进一步指出这个问题在实际应用中的重要性。假如这不是一个新的问题，那么作者就有必要进一步讨论他再次提出这个疑问的原因。
2、解决困难的理论基础和基本途径。它也是论文的核心内容，在学位论文中，强调难题解决的理论基础和方法是否具有原创性。关于处理提问的新思路、新的方法，以及作者所使用的分析框架或模式，作者有权对这一点进行充分而简短的讨论。
3、参考资料。本论文的全部创作都是在前人的基础上创制而成的，作者有资格就这一领域的前人成就做一个回顾性的评述。本文既是对前人的敬重，同时也是借助于对比来论述本文的创新之处。
4、论文结构。论文最后部分需简要说明一下论文的结构分布，涉及到除了导言之外的各个章节及其主要内容。对这种信息的解释大部分都可以用几句话来概括。
5、前言的篇幅一般不要太长，太长可致读者乏味，太短则不易交待清楚，一篇3000-5000字的论文，引言字数一般掌握在200-250字为宜。
范文
目前，我国对撑杆跳高运动生物力学分析的主要研究成果集中在起跳时速度的变化、腾起角、杆弦角等方面。但是，这种研究方法的局限性是显而易见的：忽视了人与杆子的相互作用，没有合适的指标反映运动员利用杆子弹性能力。
国外已经使用能量分析法来解决这个问题，也就是分析人体机械能的变化来反映杆子与人之间的能力传递，所以，把能量分析法引入我国撑杆跳高的运动生物力学分析很有必要。但是，国外文献在能量分析时，只给出了一个简化公式，而没有说明具体的计算方法。
发挥经典美文的魅力,对提升英语课堂教学效果有着重要促进作用。我精心收集了1000字英语美文，供大家欣赏学习!
享受世间苦乐悲喜
Sometimes people come into your life and you know right away that they were meant to be there, they serve some sort of purpose, to teach you a lesson or help figure out who you are or who you want to become. You never know who these people may be - your roommate, neighbor, professor, long lost friend, lover or even a complete stranger who, when you lock eyes with them, you know that very moment that they will affect your life in some profound way.
有时，一些人一闯入你的生活你便知道他们本就想这么做，其中有着一定的目的——或给你一个教训，或帮助你明白你是谁或你要成为谁。你永远也不知道这些人会是谁，是你的舍友、邻居、教授、久违的朋友、爱人，甚或是一个完全的陌生人。当你与他们四目相对，你便知道他们会以某种深远的方式影响你的生活。
And sometimes things happen to you and at the time they may seem horrible, painful and unfair, but in reflection you realize that without overcoming those obstacles, you would have never realized your potential, strength, will power or heart. Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by chance or by means of good or bad luck. Illness, injury, love, lost moments of true greatness and sheer stupidity - all occur to test the limits of your soul. Without these small tests, if they be events, illnesses or relationships, life would be like a smoothly paved, straight, flat road to nowhere. Safe and comfortable but dull and utterly pointless.
有时，一些事情发生了，它们看上去是那么可怕、痛苦和不公;但细想一下你就会明白，如果没有去努力克服这些难题，你将永远也不会知道自己的潜能、力量、意志力和内心。任何事情的发生都是有原因的，没有一件事是偶然发生的或是因了某种好运或厄运发生的。疾病、伤害、爱、真正的伟大的消逝和完全的愚蠢――所有这一切的发生都是对你的精神极限的考验。不管这考验是一些事件、疾病或是某种关系，没有了它们，生活都将只剩下阳光大道，安稳、舒适，但却单调、没有意义，不会通往任何地方。
The people you meet who affect your life and the successes and downfalls you experience - they are the ones who create who you are. Even the bad experiences can be learned from. Those lessons are the hardest and probably the most important ones.
你遇到的那些影响你的生活的人和你所经历的成功或失败，都会让你看清自己。即使是不好的经历，也能让你从中得到教训。这些教训是最严酷的，但也可能是最重要的。
If someone hurts you, betrays you or breaks your heart, forgive them for they have helped you learn about trust and the importance of being cautious to whom you open your heart to. If someone loves you, love them back unconditionally, not only because they love you, but because they are teaching you to love and opening your heart and eyes to things you would have never seen or felt without them.
如果有人伤害了你、背叛了你、或让你心碎，原谅他们吧，因为他们帮助你懂得了什么是信任，也让你明白了对那些你敞开心扉交往的人保持谨慎的重要性。如果有人爱你，那么也无条件地爱他们吧，不光因为他们爱你，也因为他们教会了你如何去爱，如何打开心扉、张开眼睛去感受那些没有他们你便不能看到或感受到的世间的种种。
Make every day count. Appreciate every moment and take from it everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it again.
让每一天都过得有意义吧。享受生命中的每一刻，尽你所能从中汲取，因为以后你可能没有机会再有同样经历。
Talk to people you have never talked to before, and actually listen. Let yourself fall in love, break free and set your sights high. Hold your head up because you have every right to. Tell yourself you are a great individual and believe in yourself, for if you don't believe in yourself, no one else will believe in you either. You can make of your life anything you wish. Create your own life and then go out and live it.
与那些你从没打过招呼的人互相交谈聆听吧，让自己沐浴爱河吧，自由地冲破藩篱，让你的眼界更加高远吧。抬起你的头，因为你有权利这样做。相信自己，告诉自己你很了不起，因为如果连你自己都不相信自己，别人又怎能相信你?你能够按自己的意愿生活。去创造出自己的生活，然后走出来享受生活吧。
"People are like tea bags - you have to put them in hot water before you know how strong they are."
人就像茶叶袋，只有放到热水中，你才能知道他们有多强大。
妈妈的双手
俗语云：“子不嫌母丑”，你小时候有没有过这样的经历，假如是妈妈对你说你哪一点做得不好，你可能会记仇很长很长时间，甚至都不会忘记，而你嫌弃的说自己母亲的缺点后，母亲却很快的就忘记了，因为假如你对母亲的爱是从地球到月亮那么多，母亲的爱却是从地球到月亮再从月亮回到地球还要多，她会原谅你的一切。
Night after night, she came to tuck me in, even long after my childhood years.Following her longstanding custom, she'd lean down and push my long hair out of the way, then kiss my forehead.
夜复一夜，她总是来帮我来盖被子，即使我早已长大。这是妈妈的长期习惯，她总是弯下身来，拨开我的长发，在我的额上一吻。
I don't remember when it first started annoying me —— her hands pushing my hair that way. But it did annoy me, for they felt work-worn and rough against my young skin. Finally, one night, I lashed out at her:"Don't do that anymore —— your hands are too rough!" She didn't say anything in reply.But never again did my mother close out my day with that familiar expression of her love.Lying awake long afterward, my words haunted me.But pride stifled my conscience, and I didn't tell her I was sorry.
我不记得从何时起，她拨开我的头发令我非常不耐烦。但的确，我讨厌她长期操劳、粗糙的手摩擦我细嫩的皮肤。最后，一天晚上，我冲她叫： “别再这样了——你的手太粗糙了!”她什么也没说。但妈妈再也没有象这样对我表达她的爱。直到很久以后，我还是常想起我的那些话。但自尊占了上风，我没有告诉她我很后悔。
Time after time, with the passing years, my thoughts returned to that night.By then I missed my mother's hands, missed her goodnight kiss upon my forehead.Sometimes the incident seemed very close, sometimes far away.But always it lurked, hauntingly, in the back of my mind.
时光流逝，我又想到那个晚上。那时我想念我妈妈的手，想念她晚上在我额上的一吻。有时这幕情景似乎很近，有时又似乎很遥远。但它总是潜伏着，时常浮现，出现在我意识中。
Well, the years have passed, and I'm not a little girl anymore.Mom is in her mid-seventies, and those hands I once thought to be so rough are still doing things for me and my family.She's been our doctor, reaching into a medicine cabinet for the remedy to calm a young girl's stomach or soothe a boy's scraped knee. She cooks the best fried chicken in the world…… gets stains out of blue jeans like I never could……and still insists on dishing out ice cream at any hour of the day or night.
一年年过去，我也不再是一个小女孩，妈妈也有70多岁了。那双我认为很粗糙的手依然为我和我家庭做着事。她是我家的医生，为我女儿在药橱里找胃药或在我儿子擦伤的膝盖上敷药。她能烧出世界上最美味的鸡…… 将牛仔裤弄干净而我却永远不能……而且可以在任何时候盛出冰激凌。
Through the years, my mother's hands have put in countless hours of toil, and most of hers were before automatic washers!
这么多年来，妈妈的手做了多少家务!而且在自动洗衣机出现以前她已经操劳了绝大多数时间。
Now, my own children are grown and gone. Mom no longer has Dad, and on special occasions, I find myself drawn next door to spend the night with her. So it was that late on Thanksgiving Eve, as I drifted into sleep in the bedroom of my youth, a familiar hand hesitantly stole across my face to brush the hair from my forehead.Then a kiss, ever so gently, touched my brow.
现在，我的孩子都已经长大，离开了家。爸爸去世了，有些时候，我睡在妈妈的隔壁房间。一次感恩节前夕的深夜，我睡在年轻时的卧室里，一只熟悉的手有些犹豫地、悄悄地略过我的脸，从我额头上拨开头发，然后一个吻，轻轻地印在我的眉毛上。
In my memory, for the thousandth time, I recalled the night my surly young voice complained:"Don't do that anymore —— your hands are too rough!" Catching Mom's hand in hand, I blurted out how sorry I was for that night.I thought she'd remember, as I did.But Mom didn't know what I was talking about.She had forgotten —— and forgiven —— long ago.
在我的记忆中，无数次，想起那晚我粗暴、年青的声音：“别再这样了——你的手太粗糙了!”抓住妈妈的手，我冲口而出因为那晚，我是多么后悔。我以为她想起来了，象我一样。但妈妈不知道我在说些什么。她已经在很久以前就忘了这事，并早就原谅了我。
That night, I fell asleep with a new appreciation for my gentle mother and her caring hands.And the guilt I had carried around for so long was nowhere to be found.
那晚，我带着对温柔母亲和体贴双手的感激入睡。这许多年来我的负罪感已经消失无踪。
人生贵在糊涂
人一生，短短数载，不够时间计较，不够时间事事明细，不必在思前想后中耗磨时间，懂得享乐，人生贵在糊涂。
We all, at one time or another, have pretended to be a rock star, singing and dancing along to our favorite song. Most of us have done this in the privacy of our own room when we were kids and as adults, in the privacy of our homes. Me? I love to do that when I drive! I turn on the radio, find a song that I can sing along too and pretty soon my arms are in the air and I am moving along to the rhythm. Most of the time, I do this on my way to work.
我们每个人，在不同时期，都曾经像一个摇滚歌星那样，伴着我们最爱的那首歌又唱又跳.很多人在小时候，甚至是已长大成人，都曾在我们自己房间和家里这样的隐秘空间里这样做过。我呢?我喜欢在开车的时候这样!打开收音机，找一首会唱的歌，很快我就会张开双臂，随着节奏起舞。大部分时候，我在上班的路上这么做。
Yes, that is true. I will be in my nice work clothes, jamming while driving or stopped at a traffic light. I get weird looks from some people and others laugh. Personally, I love to get lost in the rhythm of a song which leads me to share with you the importance of being silly!
是的，那是真的。我会穿上我漂亮的工作服，在堵车和遇到交通灯时，有人就会用奇怪的眼神看着我，或者笑我。对我个人而言，我喜欢沉浸在一首歌的节奏中，由此我愿和你们分享：为人糊涂贵在何处。
The definition for the word silly, according to the dictionary is: stupid, foolish and nonsensical. I know many people do not want to look foolish. So they walk around all serious, which in all honesty, is foolish!
糊涂一词在字典中的定义是：愚蠢的，傻，荒谬的。我知道很多人都不想被人看作愚笨。所以他们在生活中始终一脸严肃，而这在本质上才是真正的愚笨。
No one is perfect, I repeat: no one is perfect. I don't care how educated, how thin, how beautiful, how simple, how frugal, how rich, and so on… No one is perfect! So why pretend to be something you are not?
人无完人，我重申一次：没有人是完美的。我不在乎一个人学识多深，身材多好，外表多美，思想多浅薄，生活多俭朴，多富有，等等……人无完人!那么，为什么要伪装成我们实际上本不是的呢?
Life is so short… You never know when this beautiful journey will be over, so why waste a single second on being so full of rigidity? Here is a quote by Souza, that I think says it all and is a great recipe for life:
人生何其短暂……你不会知道这美好的征程何时会结束，那么，为什么要浪费一分一秒，让自己变得棱角分明?这里引用索萨的话，我觉得她一语中的，是人生的一大秘方。
“Dance as though no one is watching you,
Love as though you have never been hurt before,
Sing as though no one can hear you,
Live as though heaven is on earth.“
跳舞吧，就像没有人欣赏一样，
去爱吧，就像没有受到伤害一样，
唱歌吧，就像没有人倾听一样，
生活吧，就像今天是最后一天一样。
When we were kids, we had no idea of what limitations were and we had no care in the world so we could do things without worrying about how we appeared to others. However, as we grew up, we lost that childlike innocence.
当我们还是孩子，我们天不怕，地不怕，无忧无虑，所以我们可以不在乎自己再别人眼中的形象去做事情。然而，当我们长大，我们失去了那种天真烂漫。
So don't lose the child that still lives within you. The next time you feel down, go turn on your favorite song, and sing and dance along like there is no tomorrow. Or watch something that makes you laugh. Laughter is the best medicine to whatever ails you and nothing is better than laughing so hard that your tummy hurts. Trust me, you will feel a whole lot better, and who doesn't want to feel good?
所以，不要丢失你心中那个小孩。下次你感到沮丧时，去打开你最爱的那首歌吧，随之歌唱起舞，就像没有明天一样。或者看点能让你笑的东西。笑声是除去任何烦恼良方，没有什么比笑到肚子疼更好的事了。相信我，你会好受很多，谁又不想让自己好受呢?
奥巴马全胜英文演讲Thank you so much.Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny, the task of perfecting our union moves forward.It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people.Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come.I want to thank every American who participated in this election, whether you voted for the very first time or waited in line for a very long time. By the way, we have to fix that. Whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone, whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney sign, you made your voice heard and you made a difference.I just spoke with Gov. Romney and I congratulated him and Paul Ryan on a hard-fought campaign. We may have battled fiercely, but it's only because we love this country deeply and we care so strongly about its future. From George to Lenore to their son Mitt, the Romney family has chosen to give back to America through public service and that is the legacy that we honor and applaud tonight. In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting down with Gov. Romney to talk about where we can work together to move this country forward.I want to thank my friend and partner of the last four years, America's happy warrior, the best vice president anybody could ever hope for, Joe Biden.And I wouldn't be the man I am today without the woman who agreed to marry me 20 years ago.Let me say this publicly: Michelle, I have never loved you more. I have never been prouder to watch the rest of America fall in love with you, too, as our nation's first lady. Sasha and Malia, before our very eyes you're growing up to become two strong, smart beautiful young women,just like your mom. And I'm so proud of you guys. But I will say that for now one dog's probably enough.