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就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文，供大家参考。
英语翻译论文 范文 一：中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性
一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性
(一)地理环境因素
“一方山水养一方人”，不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国，这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一，故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关，如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国，其四面被海水环绕，故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位，这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系，如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候，会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此，只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性，才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。
(二)宗教信仰因素
宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式，其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多，但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义，如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神，其法力无边，这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主，他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰，其无所不能，这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人，成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此，为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的，我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。
二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略
(一)导入异国文化
中西翻译的差异性。因此，为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度，教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是，教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外，教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外，还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如，英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语，这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”，但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”，这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ，传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛)，但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解，则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。
(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性
英语结构区别于汉语结构，其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用，并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系，这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外，英语表述中特别忌讳重复，如果出现重复的问题，通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示，但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。
(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧
在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后，教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧，从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先，词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段，其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次，英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同，只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。
三、结语
总之，中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力，教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统，从而使学生做到“知己知彼”，然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧，从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。
英语翻译论文范文二：生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则
1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性
“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵，不大好把握，运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量，离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境，就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条，那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则，都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确，认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段，即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等，这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致，即得语体之“体”，才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动，翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程，即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此，得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题，归根到底，强调的是语言信息所采取的形式，必须由使用该语言的环境来决定，其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]
2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵
从广义上来说，得体性语用原则适用于一切译作，但是，根据原作的文体不同，在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律，其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确，技术术语正确，修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点，科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实，就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容，同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务，就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作，但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作，决不可自作主张，对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺，对科技翻译来说，虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生，也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙，但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯，文从字顺、明白流畅，而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句，或对原作拘泥太过，以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中，若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者，即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思，因为科学的灵魂是“真”，科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中，一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中，一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此，“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提，而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]
3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用
要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体，就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择，选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外，还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体，得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。
词的得体
表达规范
《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性，要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall，temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式，且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆，符合科技英语的特征。
用词准确
例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism，.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”，但根据生物学知识判断，这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思，所以译成“扩增”更准确。
词组得体
精炼、符合汉语表达习惯
例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb)，treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized，immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力，且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大，所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下，既要充分表达原意，又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组，如asshowninfigure(如图所示)，withoutlossoftime(不失时机)，convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组，能起到精确紧凑，简洁明晰的效果，为译文增色不少。
专业规范
例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液，以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液，以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中，“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范，而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统，所指不明。所以译2更得体。
句子得体
句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心，也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求，适应行文递接，切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译，应该做到:
体现信息中心
每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出，以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点，了解其着意传输的信息，此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心，使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid，originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871，wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成，这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法，虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了，但是把信息中心置于句中，未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心，译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出，自然流畅，符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同，许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾，来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首，以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus)，其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要，译者要反复推敲，甚至可以跳出原文的框框，合理使用翻译技巧，对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整，按照汉语的习惯组织译文。
体现逻辑关系
例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系，读来有句子堆砌之感，而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。
语段得体
语段是比句子高一级的语法单位，通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征，衔接的优劣，关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10]，译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系，就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA，calledtran-scription，proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again，asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete，theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉，首先獉獉，DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，同时獉獉，DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程，较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。
4结束语
生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上，在修辞手段的选择上，是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显，感情色彩较强，翻译时多注重形象思维，讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少，感情色彩罕见，翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ，讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确，在选择译文语言时，译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则，但在不同文体中侧重不同，生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格，同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样，是一种既具艺术性，又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点，只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索，别无捷径可走。
英语翻译论文范文相关 文章 ：
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2. 大专商务英语论文范文
3. 科技英语论文范文:中国地名英译的注意事项
4. 新闻词汇翻译方法研究论文
5. 初中英语教学论文
6. 有关计算机英语论文
英语翻译论文写作方法
随着翻译学科的发展,翻译研究在横向的广度与纵向的深度上都有了很大的变化,怎样写英语翻译论文呢?
1、选题及资料查阅
对任何一项学术研究活动来讲，选择合适的课题都是至关重要的，尤其对研究成果具有决定性意义。在攻读博士研究生期间，笔者以翻译研究为主要研修方向，经过广泛阅读该领域的学术期刊论文和专著，较为熟悉国内外翻译研究的现状。加之入学伊始便在导师指引下从事中国典籍翻译研究，随着大量阅读和学习有关典籍英译及其研究的著述，自己对该领域尤其儒家经典《论语》的英译现象产生了兴趣，并逐渐进行较为深入的了解。
一般情况下，资料查阅在选题之前就已展开，因为资料是确定论文选题的重要依据，但其后的文献查阅工作更具重要意义。围绕《论语》英译这一现象，自己开始进一步的资料搜集和研读。初步调查和梳理发现，儒经《论语》的外译，始于意大利传教士利玛窦完成于1594年(一说1593年)的拉丁文译本(马祖毅、任荣珍，2003：34)，至今已逾四百年。而第一个《论语》英语全译本为柯大卫(David Collie)所译，作为《四书》(The Chinese Classical Work Commonly Called the Four Books)的一部分于1828年在马六甲出版，距今也近乎两个世纪。近年来，国内学者对《论语》英译本的关注和研究越来越多，除了较为集中于理雅各、翟林奈、韦利等所译的早期经典译本，也开始着手庞德、刘殿爵、安乐哲和罗思文(合译)等现当代译本的探讨。从手头掌握的资料来看，海外《论语》英语全译本已超过三十个。调查还发现，作为早期主要海外英语全译本之一，20世纪初就已出现的Leonard A. Lyall的《论语》英译本迄今鲜有研究，比如利用“中国期刊全文数据库”(CNKI)未能搜寻到专门研讨该英译本的文章翻译学的论文写作技巧翻译学的论文写作技巧。由于材料新本身是学术创新的重要表现之一，因此有理由初步将该译本作为自己撰写一篇翻译研究论文的研究对象。
通过对更多资料爬梳剔抉，笔者掌握了译者Leonard A. Lyall及其《论语》英语本的基本情况。譬如，Leonard Arthur Lyall中文名叫赖发洛，是英国汉学家。1886 年以海关洋员的身份来华，在华40余年。赖发洛《论语》英译本书名为The Sayings of Confucius, 由位于伦敦的朗曼斯·格林公司(Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.)在1909年9月初版刊行，并先后于1925年10月和1935年9月印行第2版和第3版。这里所采用的研究对象是第3版，全书不足130页(其中正文共计102页)，是篇幅较为简短的《论语》英语全译本之一除了英译《论语》之外，他还分别翻译《中庸》(1927)和《孟子》(1932)两书并数次再版。1934年，他编著的现代世界丛书《中国》在伦敦出版，向西方介绍中国。然而，由于有关赖发洛《论语》英译本专门研究的学术论文迄今付诸阙如，因此决定将对该译本的文本细读作为自己进一步研究的基础，希望有所发现，或许为当下中华典籍外译及其相关研究提供些微借鉴和思考。
2、提纲构建
在研读赖发洛《论语》英译本过程中，笔者发现译者所贯彻始终的翻译基本策略和具体翻译操作方法与其对汉语特点的认识、翻译理念的追求等息息相关，而这些又充分体现在该译本的“前言”(Preface)和“导语”(Introduction)中。例如，第3版“前言”(1935)仅一句话，告诉读者再次修订译文旨在使其“更接近于汉语原文”(bring it nearer to the Chinese)(Lyall，1935：vi)。值得一提的是，第2版“前言”(1925)不仅强调该版译文“比初版更加接近字词对应”(more nearly word for word than it
was in the first)，而且指出汉语原文的两个特点：难懂(hard to understand)和多义(more than one interpretation)，并认为在这种情况下总是易读的译文绝非“真实翻译”(true translation)(同上：v)。而篇幅稍长的“导语”写于1909年，一定意义上亦可看作初版的“前言”。这部分内容十分丰富，既包括孔子生平、《论语》的形成过程以及时代背景和社会状况，又有春秋之前中国古代史简介，并谈到道家、墨家等思想。这些很大程度上也表明译者对中国传统文化的广泛认知和深入了解。
经过细读赖氏《论语》英译本发现，为了使译文与原文“更加接近字词对应”，译者尤其注重原文的遣词造句和形式结构，比如原文较为突出的数字小句的行文特点，译文往往采用类似排比的洗练短语、清晰而果断的语势，使原文的字词概念和句式语序尽可能在译文中再现翻译学的论文写作技巧概而言之，赖发洛通过运用多种具体翻译操作方法，贯彻以“字词对应”为基础的、倾向直译的翻译策略，较为有效地践行了以质直求真为特色的“真实翻译”思想。赖氏追求的“真实翻译”尽管不同于几乎同时出现的、本杰明所倡导的旨在再现“纯语言”(pure language)的“真正翻译”(real translation)思想，但两者又似乎至少在一点上是相似的：因为后者为了实现译文的透明性，也强调直译原文(literal rendering)的必要性(Benjamin，2004：21)。
基于以上对赖译本的研读和思考，笔者着手构建论文的基本框架，初步拟订如下一个写作提纲。论文大致分为五个部分，包括引言、赖发洛及其《论语》英译本、翻译基本策略和具体方法、译本存在的不足及其原因分析和结语。其中，翻译基本策略为倾向直译且以“字词对应”为基础，具体翻译方法分为为四种，即字词对应、语序一致，字词对应、语序变换，字词调整、语序一致和字词调整、语序变换;译本的不足以翻译目的论为参照分为三类：悖离目的性法则的翻译失误、悖离连贯性法则的翻译失误和悖离忠实性法则的翻译失误，对每类译误又根据译本的具体情况加以细分，便于更好的例证和评析。
3、撰写与修改
论文撰写是整个论文工作的最重要阶段，也是需要付出时间和精力最多的阶段。论文初稿的撰写主要是基于以上拟订的提纲，虽然在写作过程中也碰到一些困难，但通过适当运用学习有关专业课程所掌握的知识，最终得到有效的解决。譬如，细读赖发洛《论语》英译本时，笔者做了大量的笔记，众多的例子和不同的想法着实令人难以取舍。根据所学专业知识及研究需要，决定围绕主题和材料价值来加以分类和取舍。此处通过一个具体的做法加以说明。基于四种具体翻译方法，自己首先为每一种方法挑选出典型的例句(暂不考虑译文的准确与否)，然后抽样统计各类译文所占的大体比例，进而评判译文的整体风格特点。例如：
1. 字词对应语序一致：
子曰：“巧言令色，鲜矣仁!”(“学而第一”)
The Master said, Smooth words and fawning looks are seldom found with love.
2. 字词对应语序变换：
子曰：“弑父与君，亦不从也。”(“先进第十一”)
Nor would they follow, said the Master, if told to kill their lord or father.
3. 字词调整语序一致：
子温而厉，威而不猛，恭而安。(“述而第七”)
The Master’s manner was warm yet dignified. He was stern, but not fierce;humble, yet easy.
4. 字词调整语序变换：
子曰：“吾不如老农。”(“子路第十三”)
The Master said, An old husbandman knows more than I do.
根据笔者的粗略统计，这四类译文所占整个译文的比例大致为：第一类超过五分之三，第二类比第三类略多，但两者皆不足五分之一，而第四类最少，远低于十分之一。这一结果较为有力地支持了笔者对赖译本的判断，即译者贯彻“字词对应”为基础的、倾向直译的翻译策略，旨在诠释“真实翻译”的理念。
再如，囿于极为有限的参考文献，且线索难觅，自己想到专业课程所学的“滚雪球”文献检索法，运用后发现助益很大，效果颇佳。这里仅以查询译者Leonard A. Lyall的汉语名字为例加以说明。最初从掌握的资料来看，译者英文名字叫Leonard A. Lyall，然后通过“中国期刊全文数据库”(CNKI)在一篇关于《论语》英译史的文章中发现其汉语音译名为莱尔;接下来，通过利用该汉语音译名及其原名查得一篇论文谈及此人曾为海关洋员，进而在《全球化视野：中国海关洋员与中西文化传播(1854-1950年)》一书中找到其更为常用的中文名：赖发洛，以及更多有价值的信息。同时，还发现了译者的另一个中文名：兰雅。这样，通过对相关数据库再次就译者英文名和三个汉语名字进行逐一搜索，结果更为充分地表明赖发洛《论语》英译本的研究迄今尚付阙如。
关于修改文章，清梁章钜说：“百工冶器，必几经转换而后器成;我辈作文，亦必几经删润而后文成，其理一也。”(梁章钜，1973：1000)的确，要想写好论文，一个人必须在论文修改上下功夫。随着更多文献资料的查阅，笔者对论文初稿无论从遣词造句还是到篇章结构都进行了反复修改，既涉及到文中论点和论据的修正，也包括对所运用理论的调整翻译学的论文写作技巧翻译学的论文写作技巧。比如，论文初稿第四部分“译本存在的不足及其原因分析”有段补充说明赖氏译本特色的文字，包括“淡化译语(英语)形合之法，如用‘，’代替‘;’或连接词以贴近源语(汉语);用词基本不用缩略形式”等内容。后经反复斟酌，尤其考虑到论文内容和观点之间的相关性，最后决定将该文字移至第二部分“赖发洛及其《论语》英译本”，用以说明赖译本的特色。
关于文中的理论运用，笔者借鉴专业课程所学知识，如理论的'工具性、理论运用和学术价值的关系等，通过比较不同翻译流派理论的特点，结合论文研究的内容和目的，最终决定选用翻译目的论来分类评鉴赖译本，并有效地揭示赖氏译本追求英语译文“更接近于汉语原文”、最大限度地实现以理想化“真实翻译”为标志的翻译目的。
4、文体和引用之规范
翻译研究论文属于学术论文的范畴，既需要体现学术论文的基本性质，又应当符合学术论文的规范要求。其中，符合文体和引用的规范是对一篇合格的学术论文所提出的必然要求。关于学术论文的文体，要求十分丰富，包括从语态到语气，从术语的运用到避免歧视用语等内容。如关于术语，不仅要意识到使用专业术语的必要性，也要注意语言精炼，尽量少用术语，更要避免歧义。鉴于此，笔者在撰写尤其修改赖译本研究论文时都进行了仔细参照和认真检验，对那些欠妥如口语化的表达甚至讹误之处，如对翻译目的论个别术语的误用，都逐一加以修正和改善。
引用的规范对撰写合格的翻译研究论文同样具有重要意义。就引用而言，文章切忌断章取义，并应关注引用的核实及可靠性。为了避免引用的断章取义，熟悉引用文字的上下文十分关键。自己清楚记得老师曾在专业课上要求学生课后做引用查证练习，其中就有查阅“学而优则仕”的上下文。通过查阅，自己发现该语源自《论语》的“子张第十九”篇，上文是“仕而优则学”，并惊奇地发现该语为子夏所说，而非孔子所言。显然，这样的查证很有利于对该语的全面理解和准确使用。在修改关于赖译本研究的论文时，笔者努力查实引文，确保引用的可靠性。比如，为了更好地理解赖发洛所追求的“真实翻译”的涵义，文中引入了本杰明的“真正翻译”思想翻译学的论文写作技巧
为了查得“真正翻译”的出处，笔者在不同数据库中找到许多涉及该思想的论文，但基本上都是给出较为笼统的汉语解读，甚至还存在抵牾之处。为了更好地把握该思想，自己通过追根溯源，最终找到其原文具体出处，并发现本杰明这一思想与其“纯语言”哲学观密不可分，加深了对该思想的认识和理解。
其实，为了引用的规范，本篇论文也是如此。譬如，上文引用了清朝学者梁章钜有关作文修改之语，最初找到的出处有二：《退庵论文》和《退庵随笔》，且没有出版社、具体页码等信息。通过多次搜索和查阅，笔者最终在《退庵随笔》第十九卷“学文”中查得原文，并通过阅读下文——有关欧阳修对《昼锦堂记》原稿起首两句的修改，更好地理解了引文，尤其是修改之于作文的重要性。
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段，只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
探析英汉翻译陷阱
【摘 要】英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，常常是句子或词语的表层结构与其要表达的真实含义相反。为了避免落入英语陷阱，学习者对英语的某些词句、语义应克服表面化的理解，也不能简单照搬辞典上的释义，更不能望文生义;对中西文化差异也必须有深刻的了解。只要对英语陷阱多注意、多分析、多体会，便可避免误入一些似是而非的“陷阱”。
【关键词】英汉翻译;陷阱;表层结构;深层含义
英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，对学习者来说的确是一个必须要注意的问题。在英汉翻译中，初学者往往从语法角度对英汉两种语言做机械对比，有时还下意识地将词典释义不加斟酌，拿来就用。在审查译文表达是否准确时，又习惯于将自己的母语思维定势用作衡量正误的标准。这些做法实际上都很容易造成释义与原文真实含义的脱节，甚至南辕北辙，落入英语“陷阱”。
一、短语翻译中的陷阱
例子如下：
1、confidence man
误译：值得信赖的人
正译：
2、sleep late
误译：睡觉很晚
正译：起床很晚
3、black tea
误译：黑茶
正译：红茶
4、gas mask
误译：赌气面具
正译：防毒面具
5、mad-doctor
误译：发疯的医生
正译：精神病医师
6、lightning rod
误译：闪电针
正译：避雷针
7、trouble man
误译：制造麻烦的人
正译：故障检修员
8、be in control
误译：被控制
正译：掌控……，控制……
9、flu mask
误译：流感口罩
正译：卫生器具
10、fire engine
误译：点火机器
正译：救火车、消防车
11、fire wall
误译：着火的墙
正译：防火墙
对这些短语均须准确理解，否则便会落入陷阱之中。
二、习语翻译中的陷阱
在翻译英语习语时，初学者有时总想找一个汉语的习语或成语，使之与英语习语相对应。虽然这种对应在某种程度上可以做到，但却不一定在所有情况下都能成功。英语陷阱的特点就是其表层意思和深层含义常常貌合神离，甚至南辕北辙，若抛开语言文化差异而不顾，盲目追求“形似”，就难免会落入英语陷阱。如：
1、Gild(或Paint)the lily
该习语似乎与“锦上添花”意思相近，但实际上却相差甚远。在汉语中，“锦上添花”比喻使美好的事物更加美好，而这个习语的意思是指对已经很完美的东西做不恰当甚至过分的修饰，结果是破坏了原来的美。这有点近似于汉语的“画蛇添足”。
2、Strange bedfellows
这个习语不等于“同床异梦”。“Strange bedfellows”指走到一起的不同类型的人，萍水相逢的人;或有些人性格、兴趣、习惯等都不相同，本来不会碰到一起，而现在却成了伙伴。“同床异梦”指的是虽然共同生活或共同从事某项活动，但各有各的打算，面和心不合。可见“strange bedfellows”和“同床异梦”所指很不一样。
3、Turn the table
这个习语很容易被误译为“把桌子掀翻”，而且好像还带有气愤至极的味道。其实，这种理解是不对的，“turn the table”在含义上并不带有这种激动的成分。譬如，一对夫妻吵架、闹离婚，经过调解之后，终于化干戈为玉帛。丈夫的一位美国朋友打来电话，询问情况，当知道是这么一种结果时，便说:“Oh，thank God!You turned the table.”这位男士听后很不理解：朋友是不是以为自己对妻子动粗了?其实，这个习语的意思和掀翻桌子一点关系也没有，也不带有什么负面的感情色彩，它的意思是“扭转了局面”。
4、The last straw
如：The service in this shop has been bad before，but this is the last straw.
误译：这家商店的服务一向不好，这可是救命稻草。
学习者对这句英文容易误译的原因就是在阅读时容易忽略中西方文化因素，望文生义。因为在我们的文化中，很容易把“the last straw”和“最后一根稻草(救命稻草)”联系起来。可是在英语中，“the last straw”指的是“the last in a series of bad events， makes it impossible for somebody to accept a situation any longer(令人忍无可忍之事;终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事或一个因素等)”。该习语源于谚语“It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”。(最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼脊背。)可见，它的指称意义与汉语的“救命稻草”大相径庭。所以，“The service in this shop has been bad before，but this is the last straw.”应该译为：这家商店的服务一向不好，这一次更是叫人受不了。
三、句型翻译中的陷阱
释义与原义南辕北辙，这种现象在某些英语句型和特殊结构的翻译中也很常见。当然，之所以出现“南辕北辙”的现象，归根到底还是由于没有掌握英语陷阱的规律。由于英语中一些固定结构的深层含义与表层含义相反，所以，若仅仅按照句子的表层结构进行翻译，那就很容易会落入英语陷阱之中。
1、For all 结构
如：For all I care，you can throw it away.
误译：你把它丢了，我很在乎。
正译：你把它丢了，我也不在乎。
2、It + be + adj.+ n.+ that 结构
著名翻译家钱歌川教授认为像这一类的句型应从反面理解，以适应英语语言的独特意境。
如：It is a good workman that never blunders.
误译：一个好的技工从来不会犯错。
正译：智者千虑，必有一失。
It is a wise father that knows his own child.
误译：聪明的爸爸会了解自己的孩子。
正译：聪明的爸爸也未必了解自己的孩子。
3、being + a.
如：They are being friendly.
误译：他们现在很友好。
正译：他们装出一副友好的样子。
“being friendly”之所以是“装出一副友好的样子(或姿态)”，是因为从深层结构看，“being”表示的意思是“目前”或“现在”，其含义短暂。它说明这是主语有意识的一个动作，因而在这类句子里面就隐含着一个意思：他们平时并不这么友善，现在是故意作秀。在这个句型里，“being”的含义相当于“故意地”。
4、形式否定，实为肯定
(1)….cannot…….too
如：You cannot be too careful when driving.
误译：你开车的时候不能太小心了。
正译：你开车的时候越小心越好。
此结构在形式上是否定的，但意义却是肯定的。表示一个人“无论怎么…..也不过分”，“越……越好”。
(2)……never……but……
如：I never go to that city but I want to eat the characteristic food there.
误译：我从来不去那个城市，但是我想吃那里的特色食品。
正译：我每次去那个城市都要吃那里的特色食品。
在“……never……but……”这个结构中，never和but是用来加强语气的，实表肯定的意思，可译为“每次……都/必……”。
(3)……nothing if not……
如：The book is nothing if not interesting.
误译：这本书没有什么意思。
正译：这本书相当有意思。
在这里，“nothing if not”是一个双重否定，实际上它是一个强调肯定意义的结构。“nothing if not”相当于“extremely”、“very”，意思是“极其……”，“非常……”。
5、形式肯定，实为否定
(1)……the last…… + 不定式短语/定语从句
如：This is the last thing I expect him to do.
误译：这是我希望他做的最后一件事。
正译：这是我最不希望他做的事。
在这个句型中，“last”应理解为“最不可能的”。
(2)……anything but……
如：This math text is anything but easy.
误译：这次数学考试很容易。
正译：这次数学考试一点也不容易。
“……anything but……”应理解为never，意思是“决不”。
6、貌似全部否定，实为部分否定
如：All of the students did not turn up.
误译：所有的学生都没有出席。
正译：并非所有的学生都出席了。
Both of us are not teachers.
误译：我们俩都不是教师。
正译：我们俩并不都是教师。
英语中，当all，both，every，each等表示整体意义的代词与否定词not连用时，一般只表示部分否定，而不是全部否定。
7、否定转移
如：He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.
误译：他不会相信此事，因为亚里士多德这样说过。
正译：他并不会因为亚里士多德说过如何如何就轻信此事。
否定转移结构往往貌似一般否定结构，not的位置与一般否定结构中的not完全相同，但实际上却是一种部分否定，not由一部分转移到了另一部分。
英汉翻译中稍不留意就会出现意思南辕北辙的现象还有很多，例子不胜枚举，限于篇幅，这里不再赘述。
四、如何避免落入陷阱
从上面所举的这些例子不难看出，英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样，学习者可谓一不留神就会落入陷阱。如何避免这种情况的发生呢?
首先，学习者对英语的词句、语义应努力克服机械理解，不能简单照搬辞典上的释义，更不能想当然。在翻译时，望文生义是最要不得的。
第二，学习者对中西文化差异必须要有深刻的了解。
语言是文化的载体，是折射不同民族文化的一面镜子。有时，英汉翻译之所以会掉入陷阱，一个很重要的原因就是学习者忽视对中西文化差异的学习和掌握，这种忽视势必会使学习者误入歧途，掉入文化的“陷阱”。只有在文化中去探寻词语或某些特殊表达方式的真实内涵，才会有效地避免翻译中的“南辕北辙”;只有了解不同国度的文化差异，在英汉翻译过程中才不会落入陷阱。正如王佐良先生所指出的：“在寻找与原文相对的‘对等词’的过程中，就要做一番比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等各个方面都相当。这当中，陷阱是不少的，如果我们望文生义就会出毛病……译者做的文化比较远比一般人细致、深入。他处理的是个别的词;他面对的则是两大片文化。”由此可见，学习者对中西文化的了解何其重要。
第三，对英语陷阱的规律要多注意、多分析、多体会。
英译汉有时可以做到形式结构上的对等，但并不是每个英文习语、短语都能在汉语中找到意义对等且形式结构也相当的习语或惯用法。在这种情况下，译者可采用音译加注、意译、增译等其他技巧来表达某些英语特殊结构或词语的真正含义，这样才能避免误入一些似是而非的“盲区”或“陷阱”。
参考文献：
[1]孙海运.英语成语来龙去脉[M].中国对外翻译出版社,1989.
[2]鲁迅.准风月谈[M].人民文学出版社,2006.
[3].牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第七版)[M].牛津大学出版社,2010.
[4]董乐山.英译汉理论与实例[M].北京出版社,2005.
[5]王佐良.翻译中的文化比较[J].中国翻译,1984(01).
英汉翻译的词序差异
摘要：本文主要研究英汉翻译中经常出现但又不被重视的词序问题。通过以词序中的副词、形容词为研究对象来体现在英汉翻译中词序使用正确的价值与意义，从而促进英汉翻译技能的成熟与完整。
关键词：词序渊源;副词词序;形容词词序
在平时的练习中我们不难发现英译汉的过程中词序的一些变化，这种差异值得学习的人研究和琢磨。因此，在英汉翻译中应首先了解这种差异中的一种，即词序的变化对翻译者而言是有价值的。价值何在?通过以下的比较研究，让我们来认识这一点，并且让这一点服务于翻译。
一、练习
妇女要求同工同酬。他们终于找到了一个能应付这种局面的人。译者的对应结构式：“Woman demands equal pay for equal work.”这句话没有问题。但对第二句话的词序就犯了愁，怎么写呢?“They finally found a man equal to the they found an equal man to the occasion.”前一句的翻译正好是在说汉语原句的意思，这句是对的，而后一句会产生歧义。看的人会认为意思是：他们终于找了一个公平公正的人去应付这种局面。这些经常出现的问题体现了译者的基础薄弱。对词序的不甚了解而导致了问题的出现。这种问题在翻译中会带来一些不必要的甚至是负面的影响，好在初学者大多是在练习中而已。试想，对于一个翻译工作者来讲，掌握且精通词序是有意义的。
这便给我们提了个醒。要怎样才能掌握好副词在句中的词序呢?“diligently”，“characteristically”等置于动词之前时，仅修饰动词本身。而置于句末时，其修饰对象及句意均有变化。对比以下句子可以看出这种特点。The people in the show their capacity on settling the diligently complex problems，for instance，the colleague ，Lillian showed Parent Zhang all around Beijing City，who comes from Shanghai.
二、给出的例句
The kitty nearly touched the back of herself as she would be the greatest painter around Town Sony.翻译成：这可爱的猫咪一伸手就能摸到自己个儿的背，看起来像是索尼镇上最了不起的画家。这显示猫咪并不真的是画家，只是有一种能显示出猫咪妖娆的色彩，让人觉得她是灵活的、聪明可爱的。我们也能感受到，似我们在其他情绪中如“蕴酿”一般，没有体现一个什么过程，只是有一种“身临其境”的感受，没多想就写出来了。
从以上的比较中我们可以看出这两句中的副词“nearly”与“too”是相反的。置于不同的词之前，会产生不同的句意。而“too”只是强调所紧跟的词，无论该词是人称代词还是地点名词。如：I，too，brushed the yellow 此处强调主语I。而My grandpa and I brushed the yellow shoes，too.该处仔细读来是在强调“爷爷也刷了他的黄色的鞋子”这件事情。
因为副词在语法上的功能是做状语使用，所修饰的是一个完整的句子，或是某个形容词，使语言本身更富色彩。在词序的学习研究中，副词的研究很具代表性。
下面我们来研究一下形容词在词序上的位置给句子带来的变化。例句：Young Chairman Mao，proper pioneer of the Chinese Communist Party(which put him involved into the liberation of whole China)had gained the support from the bosom friends as in his student year.(作为身兼解放全中国伟大事业及带领中国共产党的合适的领袖，年轻的毛主席以自己学生时代的志同道合者们作为开展工作的基石。)They failed to trust the matter to a responsible man.(他们未能将此事委托给一个负责任的人.)The man responsible was at last punished.(应负责任的当事人最终受到了处罚。)三个形容词proper，bosom，responsible在两组句子里不同的位置可以看出形容词作前置定语与后置定语所产生的在汉语上的效果。“合适的领袖、志同道合的朋友、一个负责任的人、应负责任的人”，这些理解把形容词带给语言的修饰功能已经带出来了。让语言本身拥有多变的外貌，统一的思想，即：实现语言所表达的色彩。
三、除了以动词、副词和形容词的例句来研究词序外，还涉及到的内容
这些包括连贯(Coherence)、强调(Emphasis)、悬念(Suspense)，分别来了解一下。
In the inn the Kuomintang set for the so-called Hot Red liberators，Yuan Juemin kneed on the cold looked like that he would say no other words from now a slim light put on his white and skinny face as a shower that made him feel so smiled then，no other words，just smile that also covered the roommates from the front corner to the back roommates also said no other words knew clearly what waited before them.
如果翻译只达到“信”，这让人觉得这橡皮筋被拉扯得太过费劲，且那么不自然，让业内人士一看就觉得动力火候欠缺，不够专业。那要如何处理呢?我们不妨来剖析剖析这个句子。主人翁是袁觉民，一个被国民党当成赤色分子关在监狱里的革命人。当我们看到因为长久没见到阳光，而现在哪怕见到从窗户里挤进来的一丝阳光就满足得心甘情愿接受折磨也不透漏出卖同志的一个字。他跪在冰冷的地上时，我们按一般的思维会产生一个悬念：接下来他要哭还是难受还是怎样。待全句读完，这个悬念才待释。原来他不难受不伤心，而是很满足，很知道从这一刻起生命、人生对他来讲的意义是什么。一个大转折，让读者读完也产生一种“生的伟大，死的光荣”的豪情壮志。一瞬间那种所谓的民族豪情便油然而生。而且全句都是连贯且有强调的，强调袁觉民的表现。译句中体现出悬念再加上深具节奏，读来抑扬顿挫，语句丰润有泽，所以佳句便呈现出来了。
四、我们来检验检验词序在翻译上的作用与之服务的意义
The young sisters told their teacher all their young sisters told all their troubles to their teacher.从前译者认为这两句话所说的是一个意思，译作同一个句子便可。便直接译为：这对姐妹把他们的烦恼全都告诉了他们的老师。这样看似是对的。但严格的放到词序这个问题上来分析，前一句的信息核心是all their troubles——告诉了老师什么?后一句的信息核心是to their teacher——告诉谁?因此，该译文只适合后一句，而前一句当译成：这对姐妹对老师讲了他们所有的烦恼。
仅以本文的陈述、论述和例证来让译文在对待英汉翻译上从大局出发，从小节着手，如词序问题，从而译出叫人拍手称好、张嘴叫绝的文字，从理论上更上一个研究的新台阶。从实践中印证英汉翻译的细节讲究，为英汉翻译积累更多更好的原始佐证材料，促使译文的发展和完整。
参考文献：
[1]郑立信，王菊泉.英汉语言文化对比研究[M].北京：上海外语教育出版社，2004.
[2]从莱庭，徐鲁亚.西方修辞学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2007.
英语翻译毕业论文可以写某个电影或者某本书的翻译，开始也不太会，也是莫文网的高手帮忙的，很靠谱的说应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻国内商务英语翻译研究综述顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译试论旅游英语翻译中的创造性论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译教学任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略商务英语翻译教学存在的问题与改革商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨商务英语翻译中的文化与语用因素研究Advanced Systematic Golf高尔夫技术英语翻译项目的实践报告
英语专业的毕业论文提纲模板2017
英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板是怎样的呢?英语专业的毕业论文提纲的目的和意义是什么呢?下面是我分享的英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板，欢迎阅读!
一、目的和意义
英语专业的毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语语言知识、经贸英语知识以及其他相关学科知识、全面素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。
二、选题原则
毕业论文选题应从本专业培养目标的要求出发，结合学科发展的动态和研究现状，尽可能使其具有发展与创新的空间，从而有利于巩固和拓宽学生的知识面，有利于对学生进行科研能力基本训练以及独立工作能力的培养。
毕业论文属于研究性论文，讲求一定的学术性，但其要求与目的有别于刊于学术杂志的学术论文，因而为确保学生在教学计划规定的时间内，在教师指导下完成所要求的工作，选题应遵循如下基本原则：
1、选题须符合教学大纲的基本要求和人才培养的基本规格，须体现专业训练的基本内容，须与所学的专业知识相衔接。
2、选题须充分考虑学生的语言能力、知识构成和专业兴趣。
3、选题的类型应多种多样，力求有益于学生综合运用多学科的理论知识与技能，有利于培养学生独立工作的能力。
4、选题须考虑完成的工作量与所需的时间应符合教学计划的要求，内容既要有探索、钻研的余地，又要考虑完成的可能性。工作量原则上应控制在经过努力能够在规定的时间内完成规定任务的范围内，以保证教学任务的完成。
三、类型及基本要求
英语专业毕业论文依据学术性质和类型不同应符合如下要求：
1、语言及语言学研究类论文
就本科毕业论文而言，纯语言研究无论在理论知识的储备上，还是在语料的收集上都有很大难度，不宜提倡。此类论文可以在语言结构(语音、语法、词汇、语篇等)，语言运用(独特的语言现象、语言手段、语言变化等)，语言文化(文化对语言理解、使用和学习的影响等)，两种语言对比等领域进行应用性的研究。应用性研究的重点在于如何运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，做出有参考或应用价值的结论。
2、文学评论类论文
此类论文应建立在对所评述的对象，尤其是文学文本的正确理解、解读的基础上，通过具体、细致、深入的分析与研究提出令人信服的、言之成理的结论。论文的形式可以是作家论、文学思潮或流派论、断代文学史论、文学批评介绍等。文学评论可采用不同的方法进行，如社会历史学的、美学与诗学的，也可以是比较的、文化学的方法。无论哪一种方法，都要求学生运用唯物主义与历史唯物主义的学术思想，要求以中国读者的评论视角与立场，进行具有一定新意的'探讨。
3、翻译研究类论文
此类论文可以是纯理论的研究，或具体翻译技巧的研究，或翻译与文化的关系(或与其他学科的关系)的研究，也可以由学生对名家名译做对比性研究，另加对作品本身的评述，对某一翻译理论或技巧进行阐述。
4、语言教学研究类论文
此类研究属交叉学科的研究，涉及语言学、心理语言学、社会语言学、教育学及教学法等，是一个十分广泛的研究领域。其研究范围包括语言研究(教师语言及学习者语言研究)，教学方法与技巧研究，课堂教学管理策略研究，学生个体差异研究，影响教学效果的外部条件研究，教育技术的使用与开发研究，教材的分析与评估研究，测试与评估研究，素质教育与外语教学等。此类研究无论从选题，还是方法，或是研究的过程以及结论都应具有应用的意义和价值，突出对语言教学的指导意义和作用。
5、经贸方向研究类论文
此类论文可以是经济、金融、财会、国际贸易、贸易法规、现代管理学等相关领域的纯理论或实证性研究，可结合所学相关经贸及管理类课程，运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，作出有参考或应用价值的结论。
四、任务及深度要求
毕业论文的主要内容包括：选题、开题报告、论文提纲、论文撰写、论文答辩等，其具体要求遵照《南京工程学院外语系毕业论文实施方法(试行)》相关规定;论文工作与所学专业知识相关，工作量饱满，满足学生一人一题的要求。论文用英文撰写，具有一定的创新性和应用性，正文篇幅在5，000词以上，参考文献8篇(种)以上。指导教师与学生定期见面，并填写《毕业论文指导记录》。
五、考核办法
毕业论文考核及成绩评定由三部分组成：
1、根据毕业论文撰写过程中学生分析、解决问题能力的表现，论文观点的新颖性，论文结构的合理性，论文论证的逻辑性，英语表达的正确性和地道性，以及学生的工作态度，指导教师给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
2、根据毕业论文的指导思想与方案制订的科学性，论文论据的充分性，论文的创见与突破性，论文的结构、文字表达情况，评阅老师给予满分为20分的成绩评定。
3、根据学生本人对论文工作的总体介绍，毕业论文的质量，答辩中回答问题的正确程度，英语语音、语调的规范性和流畅性，答辩小组给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
六、毕业论文时间分配
序号 内 容 时间(周)
1 完成开题报告及相关参考文献的选定工作 4
2 完成论文初稿的撰写 5
3 完成论文二稿的撰写 2
4 完成论文三稿的撰写并定稿 2
5 毕业论文答辩 1
合 计 14
七、其它说明
外语系毕业论文实行“末位淘汰制”，即综合评定成绩倒数1-3名的学生论文将被判定为不合格，学生无权获得学士学位。
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
common historical background……………………………………1
international………………………………………………………1
national…………………………………………………………1
common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
beats in literature………………………………………………2
rockers in music circles………………………………………3
ideologies in between……………………………………………4
beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
their same destiny……………………………………………4
beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
bohemian…………………………………………………………7
beats…………………………………………………………7
rockers………………………………………………………7
madness…………………………………………………………8
the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
drugs…………………………………………………………9
homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
Why should we write the thesis?
To write a thesis before graduation is a must for every university graduate.
By writing a thesis, we may get some experience and some basic methods for further theoretical study and research and the ability to solve problems.
It is the reflection of a student’s study in college.
Whether a student has such an ability to write a thesis or to solve problems in his/her field is one basis for a unit to accept him/her or not.
How long should we prepare for writing a thesis?One year or so
What do we need when we write a thesis?
Firstly, for English major, most important of all, it is English knowledge and ability that based on your language skills, especially writing skill and grammar knowledge.
Secondly, the way of writing is also important.
A good title, some good ideas to support thesis statement, right language and standard format are what we need.
The language style is something that we should pay much attention to, for example:
Wording: we prefer big word to small one;
Sentence: Long sentences are quite expectable.
How do we write a thesis? How many steps should we follow?
Generally speaking, when we write a thesis, we follow 10 steps:
1. Choose a subject: that is, what you are going to write about. For English major, we may apply:
2. Choose a title/Title a paper;
3. Collect materials for reference in writing;
4. Analyze the collected materials;
5. Sort out the data and arguments;
6. List references;
7. Make up an outline;
8. 1—3 drafts;
9. Proofread;
10. The last version.
What subjects may we choose to write?
English and American Literature
The Practice and Theory of Translation
English Language
English Linguistics
English Grammar
English Phonetics
English Lexicology
English Rhetoric
Language and Culture
ELT Methodology
Teaching English in Middle School
English Teaching Research and Survey
The History of… (All mentioned above)
毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
你可以用翻译软件直接翻译啊!
虽然推荐的网站能高效地解决翻译问题，但如果时间充裕和追求高质量论文的话，推荐配套论文润色网站，比如Quillbot。我会专门写一篇润色网站的文章，需要可看。1、搜狗翻译网址：首推首推首推，学术人必知道。一般博主首推的是deepl，但翻着翻着突然崩掉就很抓马（听说被墙了，可以将定位改为香港获日本能解决）。搜狗翻译支持三个领域的翻译，金融财经、医学、通用领域。如果在参考商科论文，可以在翻译时选择金融。有博主亲身体会到同样的原文搜狗翻译出来的更专业。我是学环境专业的，所以写论文用的专业名称都选择生物医学选项，确实体验感超级好。（翻译质量比deepl好，而且还有修改语句的功能，将句子升级，非常非常非常值得推荐。）亲身经历：本来我个人是喜欢Medpeer的，但是medpeer只支持七天免费。我用过搜狗翻译配套quillbot润色英文论文，最后老师跟我说论文文章用句进步很大，十分有成就感嘻嘻嘻。2、Atman网址： 成立于 2016 年,专注于医学领域的人工智能技术和产品的研发。此网站是一个宝藏，翻译的质量要高于deepl，但每日翻译限额为万字。这个网站也很多博主都推荐，就是字数有限制我不太喜欢，一般我翻译一篇论文是一万多中文一起翻译，对我来说字数还是太少。3、MedPeer网址：（需要vip了，请看第一个推荐：搜狗翻译）MedPeer是基于人工智能技术的医学科研创新平台，为医学科研工作者提供全方位的科研服务,包括科技情报、药学数据、文献库、科研绘图等。主打医学领域，翻译质量比deepl好很多，但相比deepl没有在线同义替换的功能。亲身经历：第一次写论文用的deepl，导师说句子过于直译，但之后我用MedPeer翻译配套Quillbot润色获得老师夸奖。但是七天免费，之后就需要VIP了，我放弃了，感谢那位提醒我的小伙伴。4、Deepl网址：亲测，虽然总是崩，但大多数情况下翻译还是可用的。但有时是中式英语，比较符合国人说话的语境，一些细节翻译怪怪的，特别是在线同义替换过度修改后简直是灾难，但这确实有我自己的原因。不过在线替换也是它的优点，翻译和润色功能同时使用，这是其他网站所欠缺的功能。5、有道翻译网址：留学生几乎人手必备的翻译网站和软件，尤其适合长句翻译。最重要的是没有卡顿，你完完全全不会出现其他网站需要等待结果的焦急心理。有分人工翻译，虽然质量高但是要钱，个人感觉有点贵。有问题可以评论区回复，有错误我会更改，对你有帮助的话就点个喜欢、收藏或者赞同吧，我会继续更新的。
问题一：国内毕业答辩的“答辩”，英文怎么表达 动词用 defend，名词用 defence。 问题二：通过论文答辩用英语怎么说 通过论文答辩 Through the thesis reply 通过论文答辩 Through the thesis reply 问题三：“如顺利通过论文答辩”用英文怎么说？ 如顺利通过论文答辩 If the oral defense goes *** ooth, If I can pass the oral defense successfully, 问题四：毕业答辩，用英语怎么翻译？谢谢 Graduation defence oral defence of Ph绩 口语的话常说viva 问题五：论文答辩用英文怎么说啊 (Ph D) oral defence viva (voce) (口语) 问题六：博士学位答辩或论文答辩英语怎么说？ plea to Doctor's degree 或者 oral defense of Doctor's degree oral defense of thesis 问题七：“论文答辩”，“答辩论文”英语怎么说？ the oral defense for a thes贰s the defensed thesis 问题八：“论文答辩”英语怎么说？ 5分 oral defense 或者说thesis defense 问题九：硕士毕业论文答辩用英语怎么说 Master's thesis test
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
我的英语论文就是翻译方面的但是得看具体的题目是什么大概的纲应该是这样的contentsintroductioni.主要阐述一下你的题目以下再分三点具体来说……（参考）可以写关于这个命题理论方面的支持某某曾提出过的某某理论……（参考）可以写关于这个命题实践方面的支持实际中的应用会有许多例子可以举内容也许会有不同但是大纲和步骤一定就是这样的。写的差不多就可以找老师帮忙修改了！！
大致上有两种思路：1. 对同一作品（比如一本小说）的不同译文进行对比。然后给出自己的评析。2. 选取某种类型的翻译（比方说商标翻译，化妆品翻译等等）作为研究对象。此种类型，一般的思路是先介绍适用的翻译理论，然后给出该种类型翻译的正确方法论；最后是要用实例来证明方法论的可行性。、 当然你也可以写口译方面的论文。不过这需要你采集一定的数据来进行分析，相比之下可能比写笔译要花更多的功夫。建议你去看看翻译类的期刊，图书馆应该有的，比如说《中国翻译》，《上海翻译》，里面的文章很有借鉴的意义。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
Acknowledge First and foremost, I appreciate my college which gives me a comfortable learning atmosphere. Second, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Miss Zhang, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her illuminating instruction and patience, this thesis could not have reached its present form. I am also greatly indebted to all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to all my classmates, who are my proud of my life. Last but not least, I want to thank all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.
英语论文致谢词模板（精选5篇）
论文致谢是很多毕业生都必须要撰写的，用于感谢在论文写作过程中帮助过自己的所有老师、同学、家长及朋友，让我们坐下来好好写写论文致谢吧。你知道写论文致谢需要注意哪些问题吗？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文致谢词模板，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
This thesis would not have been completed without much assistance,encouragement and support from many people. I want sincerely to avail thisopportunity to express my cordial thanks to those who have granted me invaluableinstructions during the process of thesis writing.
First and foremost, I extend my greatest gratitude to Professor Hongbo Song,myadvisor and supervisor, for his insightful guidance and earnest help. He advised me tothink over the selection of the subject and to carry out a series of relevant research at avery early time; and during the process of writing,he spent a lot of time guiding me ina right direction and provided many useful suggestions. It is under his strenuous helpthat I could complete this thesis in time.
Moreover, my sincere thanks go to my teachers in the School of ForeignLanguages at Zhejiang Gongshang University. They provide me with a wonderfullearning environment where I learn and grow up for their tireless instructions that willdefinitely exert a deep influence on my later life.
Besides, I express my gratitude to my friends and fellow classmates. They sharetheir knowledge with me and help me out when I am faced with any difficulties aboutthe thesis. They have tried their best to give me their precious suggestions during theprocess of writing the thesis.
Last but not least, I am deeply in debt to my beloved parents for theirencouragement, understanding and endless love during my life. They have created thebest environment for me to focus on the thesis writing during the winter holiday, andall this could not be possible without their selfless sacrifice and persistent support.
Based on the CET 4 and CET6 compositions extracted from the CLEC，the study aimsto reveal the relationship between the linguistic features and the writing quality by meansof the advanced software，namely Lexical Frequency Profile, and L2Syntactic Complexity Analyzer for the analysis of vocabulary, syntax and textual cohesion.
This study will be of great value mainly for the following two aspects:Firstly, theoretically speaking, the study is going to offer guidance and reference forthe teaching methodology of L2 writing. The study reveals the contribution of lexicaldiversity, syntactic complexity, textual cohesion to writing quality, reflects the mostdecisive factor of the writing quality and analyzes the mutual relationship between thelexical diversity and quality of writing, the syntactic complexity and quality of writing aswell as the textual cohesion and quality of writing. Hopefully, this research will shedsome light on the instruction of CET 4 and 6 writing and provide practical , practically speaking, the study demonstrates a new direction for thedevelopment of automatic assessment of the writing.
The study is to be carried out bothby means of software and labor work to comprehensively examine more than 28variables that might have an impact on writing quality and build the relation modelbetween these related variables and writing scores.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ******, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.
Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor *******, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: ********who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.
Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
Time is a bird forever on the wing. For the past two years' post-graduate study, Ireally had a fulfilling life here. Not only have I met many knowledgeable teachers, butalso truthful friends. I would like to give my deep gratitude to many of them.
First of all, Iam most grateful to Professor Zhang Ruwen, my supervisor, who offers me invaluableguidance and help both in my study and my life. Without her enlightening suggestions andinstructions, it would be a tough task for me to finish my thesis.
Besides, I also appreciatemany other teachers who have offered their useful suggestions and inspire me a lot. Mythanks also go to my parents, grandparents, my classmates and my loving friends. Their company is a great consolation to me. I wish everyone could live in peace and happiness.
英文毕业论文的Acknowledgement范本
First and foremost, I appreciate my college which gives me a comfortable learning atmosphere. Second, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Miss Zhang, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her illuminating instruction and patience, this thesis could not have reached its present form.
I am also greatly indebted to all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to all my classmates, who are my proud of my life. Last but not least, I want to thank all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.
范本翻译
首先，我很欣赏我的大学，它给了我一个舒适的学习环境。第二，我想对我的导师张小姐表示最深切的感谢，她陪我走过了这篇论文写作的所有阶段。
如果没有她富有启发性的指导和耐心，这篇论文就不可能达到现在的形式。我也非常感谢我所有的老师，他们帮助我发展了基本的和必要的学术能力。我真诚地感谢我所有的同学，他们是我生命的骄傲。最后，我要感谢我所有的朋友，特别是我那三个可爱的室友，感谢他们的鼓励和支持。
找篇硕士论文，后面都有的，你可以参考一下