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The injustices suffered by victims of racial discrimination and related intolerance are well known: limited employment opportunities, segregation, and endemic poverty are only a few among these. The disadvantages faced by women in societies around the world are also familiar: lower pay for work of equal value, high illiteracy rates and poor access to health care. While race is one reason for inequality and gender is another, they are not mutually exclusive forms of discrimination. Indeed, too often they intersect, giving rise to compounded or double many women factors relating to their social identity such as race, color, ethnicity and national origin become "differences that make a difference." These factors can create problems that are unique to particular groups of women or that disproportionately affect some women relative to others.你自已改通俗易懂不就行了?
种族歧视产生于古罗马帝国时代。美国的黑人、大洋洲的土著民以及日本的部落民都曾深受其害。下面就是我给大家整理的种族歧视英文 文章 ，希望大家喜欢。种族歧视英文文章篇1：种族歧视 In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences,that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries wherethe black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder whathit us. Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other's problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk,” the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” It's rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possible, my lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.”Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve. 种族歧视英文文章篇2：种族歧视 According to the bourgeois racial and ethnic characteristics of people's social status and legal status of racial restrictions andviolations of other fundamental rights and freedoms of the phenomenon. In class society, racial discrimination is essentially class issues. The existence of racial discrimination in ancient times, but its modern form from the beginning of the primitive accumulation of capital, so far, a number of areas in the world, there is still racial discrimination. This phenomenon is by the reactionary rulingclass to take legislative, administrative and other measures to advocate and spread of racial superiority and racial hatred, such as the doctrine. The performance of racial discrimination are open to the public, legal, hidden, South Africa, highlighted the performance of racial discrimination to apartheid, the white racists this is the basic national policy, has been 300 yearsof history. In the last half-century, white racism Racial Discrimination Act promulgated by the authorities as many as 100. American blacks, Indians, the indigenous people of Oceania, Europe's former colonial immigrants, ethnic minorities and foreign workers in Asia, "tribal people" and caste groups, are today the victims of racial discrimination. Today, I say the United States of racial discrimination. Racial discrimination or colour issues, mainly in the United States and black-related issues, because they account for one-tenth of the total population of the United States. 种族歧视英文文章篇3：种族歧视 In America, the racial discrimination is everywhere, the racial conflict often happen, the black people are treated as slaves bywhite people, they often have the lowest salary, insurance and many unfair treatment. Nowadays, the racial discrimination isn’t just between the white and the black, many other races in American are discriminated by the local people and they don’t have right to protect themselves In 20XX ,a white peopleDoug Williams who hate the black people brought weapon to kill five black people then killed himself. why American racial discrimination is so serious? 种族歧视英文 作文 (3篇)种族歧视英文作文(3篇)1. The mind of the racial discrimination exist in many white people’s minds. They always treat the black people as slaves or think them as criminals. 2. Some of the black people in America become lazy and crazy, they don’t work and do harmfulthings to the society, such as robbing, stealing and killing people. 3. The government don’t pay more attentionon the racial discrimination, sometimes they maybe deprive the black people’srights to maintain the white people’s rights. 4. The conflict of history which the black people try to get fair treatment is too short, many person don’t realize their rights deprived. 5. A widening gap between rich and poor is a reason cause the racial discrimination. essence of the problem is that the competition between the race and other race, it likes the regional protectionism(地方保护主义). how to eliminate racial discrimination 1. A great leader 2. A responsible government 3. A justice international organization 4. A high quality people and an equal mind A great leader Dr. Martin Luther King, an American political activist, the most famous leader of the American civil rights movement, Considered a peacemaker throughout the world for his promotion of nonviolence and equal treatment for different races, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 20XX. His most influential and well-known speech is the "I Have A Dream" speech A responsible government Ensure black rights, especially employment, medical treatment, insurance and social welfare To strengthen national equality and harmony of the propaganda and education, stop the spread of racism A justice international organization the United Nations must take responsibility to control the racial discrimination, help to eliminate poverty in developing countries, narrow the gap between rich and poor, and strongly advocated ethnic equality, harmonious and the dialogue between differentcivilizations A high quality people and an equal mind Give every races an equal education and job chances, keep the equal mind to treat everyone, improve human rights consciousness The black people should improve their quality to win respect of the white people The white people should correct their attitude towards the black, and give hands to the black people who need help We have a long way to go But we must believe :love is color blind.
关于种族歧视的根源，我想，可能来源于人类的天性。人类诞生之初，解决生存问题的关键—食物问题，使用的方法莫过于采集和捕猎。当食物源充裕时，人类原始种群的竞争少，矛盾小；而当食物源匮乏时，竞争和矛盾就激化了。可以推知当时的多数情况下，食物是匮乏的，出于生存的本能，人类产生了占有欲，从而发展为土地和资源的保护欲。 种族是由种群发展而来的。种族歧视，当然是优势种族对于相对劣势种族的歧视。占有资源的过程本身，分化出了优势种族和劣势种族，而这种分化的形成又深刻地影响着资源的占有。当优势种族渐渐地掌握了占有资源的主动权时，出于保护欲的天性，就开始了对弱势种族的排挤。于是歧视产生了。 那么，国与国之间、意识形态与意识形态之间的种种争端和矛盾，是否也是出于同样的原因？有没有真正解决这些问题的方法？如果占有欲和保护欲是每个人类个体的天性，那么这个方法是否客观存在?假如一定要从根本上解决这些问题，是否要湮灭人类的天性，也就是通过改变人类现在的营养摄取方式？如果有朝一日，科学家能将叶绿体植入人类皮肤，资源的争夺是否可以告一段落直到光源危机的出现？而那期间的人类世界是否可以称之为"大同世界"呢？
Racial discrimination， or， the color problem， refers mainly to Negroes in the United States， as they constitute one tenth of the total population. The term "Negro" is applied to people descended or partly descended from slaves transported from Africa long ago. It is now avoided by many white Americans for fear of offending their "non-white" brothers. The old term "nigger" is now considered to be insulting， and is altogether avoided in decent usage. In official statistics the term "non-white" is used， and in ordinary situations it is acceptable to call non-white people "black"， although this term was once also somewhat insulting. 种族歧视或肤色问题，在美国主要指与黑人有关的问题，因为他们占美国总人口的十分之一。尼格罗（Negro）这一词，是指很久前从非洲运来的黑人奴隶的后裔或混血后裔。现在许多美国白种人避免使用尼格罗这一名称，以免引起"非白种"兄弟们的不快。旧的称呼黑崽（nigger）如今被认为是污蔑黑人的用语，在正规的习惯用语中已完全摒而不用。在官方统计中用的是"非白种"一词，在通常情况下，把非白种人称为黑种人（black）是行得通的，虽然该词一度也带有几分侮辱的意思。 Without some reference to historical back- ground， the Negro position today couldn't be understood. The black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were kept in legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced to abolish slavery and set the slaves free. But the southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. 不掌握些历史背景方面的材料，就无从了解黑人今天的地位问题。目前美国的黑人人口略多于三千万，其中百分九十的人，祖先是在十七和十八世纪被作为奴隶引进美洲的。他们的后裔，直到一八六五年在美国南方还全部处于法定的奴隶地位。在南北战争中。南方诸州战败，被迫废除奴隶制，释放了奴隶。但是南方人决心，除了在宪法上（意思是指仅在一纸虚文上），任何方面都不让黑人得到平等待遇。 The Federal Government has， gradually compelled the white majority in the South to allow Negroes to enjoy civic rights. But legal protection has been slow to develop and has not yet solved the social problem of inequality in voting， education， employment and housing. 联邦政府逐渐地迫使在南方占多数的白人允许黑人享有公民权利。但是有关的法律保障进展缓慢，至今未能解决在选举、教育、就业和住房方面不平等的社会问题。 The masses of the unemployed black and the mounting wrath against social injustice constitute an active volcano in society and are attracting more and more serious public concern. Those who worry about the future of the country have been seeking a way to the solution of the problem. So in 1954 ， the Supreme Court decided that the whole system of separate education in the South was denying the constitutional right of equal treatment to the Negroes. It ordered that the southern educational authorities should integrate their schools for the white with the schools for the black. In 1964 President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Acts， banning discrimination in public place based upon race or color. But if the Federal Government has been making some effort for a program of providing equal education opportunity to all minority people， the progress has been slow and difficult. 黑人失业群众以及社会不公平引起的日益增长的愤慨，构成了隐藏在社会里的一个活火山，愈来愈引起公众密切的关注。担心国家前途的人士一直在寻求解决问题的途径。于是在一九五四年，美国最高法院裁定，南方的整个隔离教育制度违反了宪法规定的黑人享受平等待遇的权利。最高法院命令南方教育当局将黑人儿童学校与白人儿童学校合并。一九六四年，约翰逊总统签署了民权法案，禁止在公共场所实行种族或肤色上的歧视。但是即便联邦政府曾进行过一定的努力，来实现向所有少数民族提供教育机会均等的计划，其进展也是缓慢而艰难的
选题时的注意事项：第一步，在写语言与文化专题的论文时,应首先结合自己的兴趣参考一下自己院校提供的毕业论文选题,从中可以得到一些启发。同时应主动征求导师的意见,导师一般有较丰富的研究经验和较高的。此外也可咨询以前的毕业生以获得一些宝贵的经验;第二步,要结合实际。学生应依据自身的专业水平、 研究能力、写作水平来选择合适的写作内容。当然也应考虑到时间限制、资料是否全面等因素。[5]切忌选取过于专业的内容。有的学生选取美国的外交政策、黑人的音乐文化、经济的全球化作为自己的写作内容,因为内容过于专业,自己对于这些领域的认识不够深刻,往往写出来的文章多是一些简单的介绍,很少有自己的分析和看法。应按照《英语教学大纲》的要求,在一些“社会文化课程”和“相关专业知识课程” 如英美国家概况、中西方文化等范围内选题。英语专业语言与文化方向论文参考题目： 1. 美国南方文化管窥——《献给爱米丽的玫瑰》个案分析 2. 从《麦田的守望者》看反正统文化的源起 3. 试析莫里森作品中的黑人传统文化——以《最蓝的眼睛》为例 4. 边缘人群话语权——《喜福会》中的少数族裔文化元素 5. 边缘人群话语权——《喜福会》中的女性视角 6. 《老人与海》：人与自然的关系演变 7. 论《了不起的盖茨比》掀起的美国梦 8. 外语课堂教学的中西方语境差异 9. 从构词法看中西方思维模式异同 10. 美国黑人英语的社会文化体现 11. 英语习语背后的西方文化支撑 12. 外来语对中国青年的行为方式影响研究 13. 从“门”的发展看语言与社会文化的互动性 14. 黑色幽默效果中的文化因素 15. 从历史文化的发展看某个英语词或短语的语义演变 16. 浅析马克吐温的艺术风格 17. 《看不见的人》中看得见的种族歧视 18. 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观一览 19. 影响言语交际的中西价值观对比 20. 《红字》中人物名称及其渊源探析 21. 论海明威的反战思想 22. 论弗吉尼亚伍尔夫的女权主义思想 23. 析含蓄行为模式在言语交际中的误导作用 24. 中西文化差异如何决定英语教学中的文化导入 25. 南北战争对美国文学创作的趋向性指导 26. 评英语学习过程中的非言语交际要素 27. 外化与内化——从文化角度考虑唐诗翻译 28. 小议香港英语中的殖民时期痕迹 29. 中英电影名称体现的不同文化背景 30. 网络时代的造词运动31.美国人的海洋情节 从大白鲸中看
师说题目太旧的不要 写论文带，真的不知道怎么选了，求指教
在知网上搜了几篇可能相关的，希望可以帮助到您。[1]谢剑玲. 美国电影中刻板化的华人形象[D].南昌大学,2012. [2]苏滨. 2013～2017年美国警察枪杀黑人事件的媒介呈现研究[D].兰州大学,2018. [3]谢晓霞.媒体视角下的美国种族现状——基于2016年下半年以来的典型事件[J].新闻传播,2018(02):13-16. [4]来莎莎.从《新闻文化》看媒体对性别问题和种族问题的呈现[J].商,2016(26):231+193. [5]樊云. 论种族主义阴影下黑人媒体地位的演变与美国媒体的实质[D].云南大学,2011.
在知网上搜了几篇可能相关的，希望可以帮助到您。[1]谢剑玲. 美国电影中刻板化的华人形象[D].南昌大学,2012. [2]苏滨. 2013～2017年美国警察枪杀黑人事件的媒介呈现研究[D].兰州大学,2018. [3]谢晓霞.媒体视角下的美国种族现状——基于2016年下半年以来的典型事件[J].新闻传播,2018(02):13-16. [4]来莎莎.从《新闻文化》看媒体对性别问题和种族问题的呈现[J].商,2016(26):231+193. [5]樊云. 论种族主义阴影下黑人媒体地位的演变与美国媒体的实质[D].云南大学,2011.
生物的本性是扩张与进化.高等物种歧视低等物种这是很正常的. 种族歧视在古代即已存在，但其现代形式是从资本原始积累时期开始的,至今,在世界上若干地区仍存在种族歧视现象。这种现象是由反动统治阶级采取立法、行政和其他措施，鼓吹和散布种族优越和种族仇恨学说等造成的。种族歧视的表现有公开的、合法的，有隐蔽的、实际的。在南非，种族歧视突出地表现为种族隔离，这是白人种族主义者的基本国策,至今已有300多年的历史。在最近半个多世纪里，白人种族主义当局颁布的种族歧视法令就多达100多项。美洲的黑人、印第安人,大洋洲的土著居民，欧洲的原殖民地移民、少数民族和外国工人，亚洲的“部落民”和种姓集团等，都是今天种族歧视的受害者。 种族歧视是对人类尊严的凌辱，受到了国际舆论和国际组织的一再谴责。1963年11月20日，《联合国消除一切形式种族歧视宣言》第一次宣告，要迅速消除世界上一切种族歧视。 1966年3月7日， 联合国大会通过的《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》规定：在政治、经济、社会、 文化或公共生活的各个方面 （如交通工具、旅馆、餐馆、咖啡馆、戏院、公园等），禁止一切种族歧视。缔约国承担义务，防止、禁止并消除各种种族歧视，特别是种族分离和种族隔离，保证不分种族和民族，人人有在法律上一律平等的权利。凡传播种族优越或仇恨思想，煽动种族歧视，对任何种族或民族煽动和实施强暴行为，概为犯罪,应依法惩处。1973年11月30日,联合国通过《禁止并惩治种族隔离罪行国际公约》，再次明确宣布,凡犯有种族隔离行为的组织、机构或个人,即为犯罪，应负国际罪责。
这~~~~~~
这个要追溯到欧洲的奴隶贸易时期
The injustices suffered by victims of racial discrimination and related intolerance are well known: limited employment opportunities, segregation, and endemic poverty are only a few among these. The disadvantages faced by women in societies around the world are also familiar: lower pay for work of equal value, high illiteracy rates and poor access to health care. While race is one reason for inequality and gender is another, they are not mutually exclusive forms of discrimination. Indeed, too often they intersect, giving rise to compounded or double many women factors relating to their social identity such as race, color, ethnicity and national origin become "differences that make a difference." These factors can create problems that are unique to particular groups of women or that disproportionately affect some women relative to others.你自已改通俗易懂不就行了?
Racial discrimination， or， the color problem， refers mainly to Negroes in the United States， as they constitute one tenth of the total population. The term "Negro" is applied to people descended or partly descended from slaves transported from Africa long ago. It is now avoided by many white Americans for fear of offending their "non-white" brothers. The old term "nigger" is now considered to be insulting， and is altogether avoided in decent usage. In official statistics the term "non-white" is used， and in ordinary situations it is acceptable to call non-white people "black"， although this term was once also somewhat insulting. 种族歧视或肤色问题，在美国主要指与黑人有关的问题，因为他们占美国总人口的十分之一。尼格罗（Negro）这一词，是指很久前从非洲运来的黑人奴隶的后裔或混血后裔。现在许多美国白种人避免使用尼格罗这一名称，以免引起"非白种"兄弟们的不快。旧的称呼黑崽（nigger）如今被认为是污蔑黑人的用语，在正规的习惯用语中已完全摒而不用。在官方统计中用的是"非白种"一词，在通常情况下，把非白种人称为黑种人（black）是行得通的，虽然该词一度也带有几分侮辱的意思。 Without some reference to historical back- ground， the Negro position today couldn't be understood. The black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were kept in legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced to abolish slavery and set the slaves free. But the southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. 不掌握些历史背景方面的材料，就无从了解黑人今天的地位问题。目前美国的黑人人口略多于三千万，其中百分九十的人，祖先是在十七和十八世纪被作为奴隶引进美洲的。他们的后裔，直到一八六五年在美国南方还全部处于法定的奴隶地位。在南北战争中。南方诸州战败，被迫废除奴隶制，释放了奴隶。但是南方人决心，除了在宪法上（意思是指仅在一纸虚文上），任何方面都不让黑人得到平等待遇。 The Federal Government has， gradually compelled the white majority in the South to allow Negroes to enjoy civic rights. But legal protection has been slow to develop and has not yet solved the social problem of inequality in voting， education， employment and housing. 联邦政府逐渐地迫使在南方占多数的白人允许黑人享有公民权利。但是有关的法律保障进展缓慢，至今未能解决在选举、教育、就业和住房方面不平等的社会问题。 The masses of the unemployed black and the mounting wrath against social injustice constitute an active volcano in society and are attracting more and more serious public concern. Those who worry about the future of the country have been seeking a way to the solution of the problem. So in 1954 ， the Supreme Court decided that the whole system of separate education in the South was denying the constitutional right of equal treatment to the Negroes. It ordered that the southern educational authorities should integrate their schools for the white with the schools for the black. In 1964 President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Acts， banning discrimination in public place based upon race or color. But if the Federal Government has been making some effort for a program of providing equal education opportunity to all minority people， the progress has been slow and difficult. 黑人失业群众以及社会不公平引起的日益增长的愤慨，构成了隐藏在社会里的一个活火山，愈来愈引起公众密切的关注。担心国家前途的人士一直在寻求解决问题的途径。于是在一九五四年，美国最高法院裁定，南方的整个隔离教育制度违反了宪法规定的黑人享受平等待遇的权利。最高法院命令南方教育当局将黑人儿童学校与白人儿童学校合并。一九六四年，约翰逊总统签署了民权法案，禁止在公共场所实行种族或肤色上的歧视。但是即便联邦政府曾进行过一定的努力，来实现向所有少数民族提供教育机会均等的计划，其进展也是缓慢而艰难的
关于种族歧视的根源，我想，可能来源于人类的天性。人类诞生之初，解决生存问题的关键—食物问题，使用的方法莫过于采集和捕猎。当食物源充裕时，人类原始种群的竞争少，矛盾小；而当食物源匮乏时，竞争和矛盾就激化了。可以推知当时的多数情况下，食物是匮乏的，出于生存的本能，人类产生了占有欲，从而发展为土地和资源的保护欲。 种族是由种群发展而来的。种族歧视，当然是优势种族对于相对劣势种族的歧视。占有资源的过程本身，分化出了优势种族和劣势种族，而这种分化的形成又深刻地影响着资源的占有。当优势种族渐渐地掌握了占有资源的主动权时，出于保护欲的天性，就开始了对弱势种族的排挤。于是歧视产生了。 那么，国与国之间、意识形态与意识形态之间的种种争端和矛盾，是否也是出于同样的原因？有没有真正解决这些问题的方法？如果占有欲和保护欲是每个人类个体的天性，那么这个方法是否客观存在?假如一定要从根本上解决这些问题，是否要湮灭人类的天性，也就是通过改变人类现在的营养摄取方式？如果有朝一日，科学家能将叶绿体植入人类皮肤，资源的争夺是否可以告一段落直到光源危机的出现？而那期间的人类世界是否可以称之为"大同世界"呢？
Love you mother who who who！！
写作思路：根据题目要求，以“不要种族歧视”作为主题，开头可以描写自己对种族歧视的看法，之后描写相关事件，最后进行总结，正文：
种族之间的歧视，阻碍着各国之间的文明传播，它让数不胜数的人们互相争斗，互相残杀，不能和睦相处，我认为它是一种奇耻大辱。
我在一本关于奥运的书上看到这样一个真实的故事：拳王阿里在拳击比赛中表现出色，获得了冠军，他高兴地到酒吧里去喝酒，庆祝自己的成功，可令他没想到的是，当他正准备进入酒吧时，却被酒吧的老板给拽住了，他用手指了指门口的牌子，上面写着“黑人禁止入内”，阿里对老板说：“可我是冠军！”
老板却说“冠军有什么了不起，快给我滚！”阿里只好无奈地走开了，但他却忍不住心中的怒火，一气之下，他将金牌扔入了水中，并大声喊叫：“可恶的种族歧视！”
看了这个故事，让我马上想起了第16任美国总统——林肯，他是一位卓越的政治家，出生于一个贫困的家庭，在南北战争中，出任美国总统，在他当总统期间，签署了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》，使黑人们得到了人身自由，但在1865年时被人刺杀了。
而就在今年，一个传奇人物创造了一个传奇故事，他就是美国第56任总统——奥ba马，一个真正的黑人总统，他改变了黑人低人一等的说法。
而且你们知道为什么奥运会站在领奖台上的多是黑人吗？因为他们的肌肉里含有较多的红色肌肉，与我们相比，他们的爆发力几乎是我们的两倍，所以每个种族都有自己的优势，我们应互相尊重，和睦相处。
Racial discrimination， or， the color problem， refers mainly to Negroes in the United States， as they constitute one tenth of the total population. The term "Negro" is applied to people descended or partly descended from slaves transported from Africa long ago. It is now avoided by many white Americans for fear of offending their "non-white" brothers. The old term "nigger" is now considered to be insulting， and is altogether avoided in decent usage. In official statistics the term "non-white" is used， and in ordinary situations it is acceptable to call non-white people "black"， although this term was once also somewhat insulting. 种族歧视或肤色问题，在美国主要指与黑人有关的问题，因为他们占美国总人口的十分之一。尼格罗（Negro）这一词，是指很久前从非洲运来的黑人奴隶的后裔或混血后裔。现在许多美国白种人避免使用尼格罗这一名称，以免引起"非白种"兄弟们的不快。旧的称呼黑崽（nigger）如今被认为是污蔑黑人的用语，在正规的习惯用语中已完全摒而不用。在官方统计中用的是"非白种"一词，在通常情况下，把非白种人称为黑种人（black）是行得通的，虽然该词一度也带有几分侮辱的意思。 Without some reference to historical back- ground， the Negro position today couldn't be understood. The black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were kept in legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced to abolish slavery and set the slaves free. But the southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. 不掌握些历史背景方面的材料，就无从了解黑人今天的地位问题。目前美国的黑人人口略多于三千万，其中百分九十的人，祖先是在十七和十八世纪被作为奴隶引进美洲的。他们的后裔，直到一八六五年在美国南方还全部处于法定的奴隶地位。在南北战争中。南方诸州战败，被迫废除奴隶制，释放了奴隶。但是南方人决心，除了在宪法上（意思是指仅在一纸虚文上），任何方面都不让黑人得到平等待遇。 The Federal Government has， gradually compelled the white majority in the South to allow Negroes to enjoy civic rights. But legal protection has been slow to develop and has not yet solved the social problem of inequality in voting， education， employment and housing. 联邦政府逐渐地迫使在南方占多数的白人允许黑人享有公民权利。但是有关的法律保障进展缓慢，至今未能解决在选举、教育、就业和住房方面不平等的社会问题。 The masses of the unemployed black and the mounting wrath against social injustice constitute an active volcano in society and are attracting more and more serious public concern. Those who worry about the future of the country have been seeking a way to the solution of the problem. So in 1954 ， the Supreme Court decided that the whole system of separate education in the South was denying the constitutional right of equal treatment to the Negroes. It ordered that the southern educational authorities should integrate their schools for the white with the schools for the black. In 1964 President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Acts， banning discrimination in public place based upon race or color. But if the Federal Government has been making some effort for a program of providing equal education opportunity to all minority people， the progress has been slow and difficult. 黑人失业群众以及社会不公平引起的日益增长的愤慨，构成了隐藏在社会里的一个活火山，愈来愈引起公众密切的关注。担心国家前途的人士一直在寻求解决问题的途径。于是在一九五四年，美国最高法院裁定，南方的整个隔离教育制度违反了宪法规定的黑人享受平等待遇的权利。最高法院命令南方教育当局将黑人儿童学校与白人儿童学校合并。一九六四年，约翰逊总统签署了民权法案，禁止在公共场所实行种族或肤色上的歧视。但是即便联邦政府曾进行过一定的努力，来实现向所有少数民族提供教育机会均等的计划，其进展也是缓慢而艰难的。
美国黑人,即美籍非裔人,是美国最大的少数民族,2006年以后人口数量已超越四千万,约占美国人口的。第一批黑人1619年作为奴隶被贩卖到北美洲来,以后的几十年内,大量的黑奴源源不断地被贩卖到北美洲。黑人主要被集中在以农业为主的北美洲南部从事种植棉花和烟草等农业生产。1776年7月,北美大陆正式通过了《独立宣言》,宣称“人人生而平等”,但这里的“人”并不包括黑人。南北战争后,虽然从法律上废除了奴隶制度,但黑人在很多方面仍受到种族歧视。二战以后,美国黑人开展了大量争取民族权利的斗争,斗争的主要目标是争取公民权和政治解放等基本人权。上世纪50年代至70年代美国政府通过了一系列法令:1954年种族隔离政策在学校中被废除;1965年的选举法案使黑人有了完全的选举权;在1973年美国最高法院又宣布废除在美国北部各州学校中事实存在的种族隔离等。[1]可见,通过长期的斗争和努力,美国黑人的人权状况得到了较大改善。美国黑人在美国历史和社会发展中具有重要的作用。他们积极参与美国独立战争和反法西斯战争,同时对美国的经济发展也作出了巨大贡献,他们一直是美国农业的主要力量;在钢铁工业中黑人工人约占工人总数的三分之一;特别是在音乐、体育等方面,黑人的贡献更为显著,蓝调、爵士乐、HIP POP等主要音乐形式,都起源于黑人音乐。可见黑人在美国社会发展中具有举足轻重的地位。在国际社会中,美国一直宣扬自己是“自由者的乐土”,自诩从法律上取缔了种族歧视,对其他国家人权问题指手画脚。那么在现实生活中,黑人是否具有与白人完全平等的权利,如在就业方面,雇主是否不考虑雇员的种族因素;在居住方面,白人和黑人的种族隔离樊篱是否被真正打破等等。本文试从种族歧视角度对美国黑人的人权状况进行分析研究。一、美国黑人基本人权方面受到的种族歧视1.司法领域中的种族歧视司法中的种族歧视相当严重,种族偏见根深蒂固。在美国,黑人犯罪往往受到比白人更重的刑罚。据美国城市联合会发表的题为《美国黑人状况》的报告,在美国黑人被捕后,被关进监狱的可能性比白人大3倍,黑人被判死刑的可能性比白人大4倍。据马里兰大学2005年12月的一项研究,杀了白人的罪犯比杀了非白人的罪犯被判死刑的可能性大2至3倍,黑人杀了白人被判死刑的可能性是白人杀了白人的倍,是黑人杀了黑人的倍。美国联邦调查局2005年10月发表报告称,2004年美国有9528人成为仇恨犯罪的受害者,其中有与种族偏见有关,是针对黑人的歧视,而犯仇恨罪的人中是白人。据统计,黑人成为仇恨犯罪受害者的可能性是白人的20倍。在洛杉矶市,56%的仇恨犯罪案是针对黑人的。[2]2.选举权和被选举权方面的种族偏见约翰逊总统《选举权法》规定:只要拥有美国国籍并进行选民登记即可参加投票,但“2004美国选举法案”却规定选民登记时必须提供身份、居住地等一系列证明。2004年总统大选期间,经常有人向黑人散发传单称:凡欠付电费、房费等的人将在投票站外遭到逮捕,以此恐吓黑人选民。还有人假扮警察要求选民出示身份证明,但可以拿出身份证明的黑人不及白人的1/5,因此许多黑人选民被拒之门外。另外美国许多州都否定了在服刑和服过刑人员的选举权,从而消减并剥夺了一部分黑人的公民权,也使大量的黑人丧失了投票权、争取福利、就业、教育等一系列机会。[3]在被选举权方面,黑人能否当选不是依靠平等选举,在美国北部城市黑人人口必须占70%以上,黑人才有可能当选市长。在美国82个黑人人口占绝大多数的县,只有21位黑人县长。政党提名候选人则更不利于黑人,民主党和共和党的大多数成员是白人,他们都不愿投票给黑人候选人。另外政党中的白人领袖一般都限制黑人作为该党的候选人。二、美国黑人在社会生活中受到的种族歧视1.黑人居住方面的种族隔离居住上的种族隔离对黑人的消极影响是巨大的。因为在美国,居
歧视－－一个刺眼的词语。从有人类开始发展到今天，繁华的世界、多姿的社貌却无法掩饰历史的悲哀，人类的本性。1960年3月21日，南非德兰士瓦省沙佩维尔镇 的非洲人举行大规模示威游行，反对南非当局推行种族歧视的《通行证法》。通行证法是南非当局颁布的几百项有关种族歧视的法令之一，规定年满16岁以上的非白人必须随身携带通行证，证件不全者随时会遭到逮捕。游行群众遭到南非当局的野蛮镇压，有70多人被枪杀，240多人被打伤，造成了震惊世界的惨案。反对种族主义和种族歧视一直是联合国优先关注的问题之一，联合国已制订并通过一系列反对种族主义、种族隔离的宣言和公约，并连续开展了两个反对种族主义、种族歧视的10年活动。每年3月21日，世界各国都将举行各种活动，联合国有关机构将发表公报或举行特别会议，以纪念“沙佩维尔惨案”事件，呼吁国际社会反对种族歧视。人类本来就应和睦相处，种族歧视只会导致战争，古代的中国有如蒙古帝国对汉人的歧视，还有清朝入关后对南明人的屠杀等。种族歧视是对人类尊严的凌辱，受到了国际舆论和国际组织的一再谴责。我们应该相信人人都是平等的，无论肤色种族，都存在于这个社会，同样需要用爱对待他们。