语用学论文模板

谈语用能力\语言能力与交际能力综述论文关键词: 语用能力交际能力语言能力论文摘要: 随着语用学的发展,人们提出了语用能力的概念,而发展语用能力是语言学习的重要目标。语用能力、语言能力、交际能力,以及三者之间的关系一直是众多语言学家关注的对象。本文就此进行了阐述。一、语言能力与交际能力之间的关系 “能力”(competence)一词首次是由乔姆斯基(Chomsky,1965:3-4)在语言研究中与“表现”(performance)一起提出来的。Chomsky认为,“能力”是指说话人、听话人的内在语言知识,或称内有语法;“表现”则指具体情景中语言的实际运用。可见,Chomsky的“能力”是抽象的语法,不涉及语言在实际中的使用(黄国文,1991:35)。乔氏的“能力”概念也称作“语言能力”(linguistic competence)。“交际能力”(communicative competence)一词自从被Hymes首次提出后,在语言学与应用语言学界引起了强烈的反应。在对交际能力经过系统的研究之后,卡纳尔(Canale)与斯温(Swain)归纳出其四个组成部分:语法能力(grammatical competence)、社会语言能(sociolinguistic competence)、策略能力(strategic competence)和话语能力(discourse competence)。二、语用能力、语言能力、交际能力之间的关系语用能力是随着语用学研究的兴起与发展而产生的一个概念,所以,它必定与语用学研究的范围相关。语用学研究的是指示、话语含意、预设、言语行为、话语结构(Levinson:27),所以,语用能力也与这些要素相关,在外语教学中得到大力提倡,但是对于它的确切定义与具体范围至今尚无定论。语用能力、交际能力、语言能力之间的关系又是如何呢?我们先来看一些观点。第一种观点:生成语法学家们认为,人们在内化语法规则的同时,也内化一套恰当地使用语言的规则,但是,语法能力(即语言能力)与语用能力是两个独立的概念。Widdowson认为,Hymes的交际能力的第一个成分,相当于Chomsky的语言能力,而其它三个要素相当于Chomsky所说的语用能力(黄国文,1991)。第二种观点:刘绍忠(1997)认为,“语用能力指听话人对语境的认识能力和在对语境认识的基础上理解别人的意思和意图,能够准确表达自己的意思和意图的能力。语用能力……属于语言能力(linguistic competence)的一部分,与语法能力或语言形式能力(grammatical competence)相对”。Chomsky的语言能力是抽象的语法,不涉及语言的运用,而语用能力却正与语言的运用相关,因此语用能力不可能成为语言能力的一部分。第三种观点是基于语用语言学(pragmalinguistics)和社交语用学(sociopragmatics)的分类。Leech(1983)认为语用能力可以分为语用语言能力和社交语用能力。前者包括在一定的语境中正确使用语言形式以实施交际功能的能力,后者是指遵循语言使用的社会规则进行得体交际的能力,是更高层次上的语用能力。第四种观点:Bialystok(Kasper &Blum Kulka:43)认为:语用能力是在语境中使用并理解语言的各种能力,它包括:(1)说话人使用语言实现不同目的的能力,如请求、命令等(相当于本文第五种观点中提出的illocutionary competence);(2)听话人超出字面含义理解说话人真实意图的能力(第二种点也有类似看法);(3)使用一定规则将话语连接起来的能力,如话语轮换、合作、粘连等。她强调,语用能力主要指使用与理解非字面语言形式(nonliteral forms)的能力。该定义包含了语言运用的双方——说话人与听话人,也涉及了语言的使用与理解两个阶段,这些也是交际能力所涉及的。语言的综合运用能力也简称为语用能力,这是广义的语用能力,而狭义的语用能力是语用学上的.语用能力。从以上观点我们大致可以看出,语用能力是指交际的双方在具体的语境中,能正确表达自己和理解别人意图的能力。它与语法能力相对应,是语言能力的一个组成部分,与交际能力既有相同点又有不同点。在语用能力、交际能力、语言能力之间的关系上,杨文秀(2002)认为:语言能力是交际能力的一个组成部分,它与语用能力之间相互独立。语用能力与交际能力既存在共同点又存在区别。共同点: (1)两者都涉及交际的双方。 (2)语言的产生与理解两个阶段。 (3)两者都强调在具体的语境中使用和理解语言的能力。 (4)按规则将话语组织成话语或篇章的能力,即话语能力或语篇能力。不同点: (1)交际能力中包含语言能力,而语用能力则不然。 (2)从交际方式看,交际能力可以蕴含在语言与非语言交际中,而语用能力只能在言语交际中体现。 (3)语用能力强调说话人要善于根据语境表达多种语言功能,听话人也必须根据语境理解对方的真实意图。而这一点,在交际能力中未得到强调。 (4)策略能力是交际能力的一个组成部分,但它不包含在语用能力之中,因为在Levinson对语用学研究范围的界定中,没有发现与策略能力相关的研究对象。三、结论 Chomsky的“语言能力”更具有动态性。Hymms认为乔姆斯基的“语言能力”涵盖范围较窄,从而提出更具内涵的“交际能力”,把语用、心理等因素也包括在语言能力之中。而目前更有学者从语言的功能层面上、从人与人的关系、人与世界的关系、人与文化的关系上研究语言能力。我们可以看出,尽管不同的学者研究语言能力的出发点不同,但无疑他们的研究的深入,将加深人们对语言能力本质的进一步的认识和理解。参考文献: [1]Chomsky, of the Theory of Syntax[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1965. [2]Rod Study of Second Language Acquisition.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999. [3]黄国文.Chomsky的“能力”与Hymes的“交际能力”[J].外语教学与研究,1991,(2). [4]刘绍忠.语境与语用能力[J].外国语,1997,(3).查阅更多相关论文范文：电子商务毕业致谢信范文、调研报告毕业论文范文、大学生创业心理素质的培养 ;

语用学视角下的广告语言研究从语用学的角度研究英汉互译英国的语用学研究中国语用学研究概观浅析语用学与英语教学修辞学与语用学国外关于语用学的探索语用学与英国泛读教学浅谈语境在语用学研究中的作用语用学视角下的广告语言研究【摘要】：本文从语用学的视角对广告语言展开研究,结合语用学的相关理论和广告语言的各种特征,把语言理论和语言事实两方面结合起来进行具体研究。作为语言学中新崛起的一门学科,语用学在过去的三十年中迅速发展;广告语言作为人类语言的一个重要组成部分,是语言中最活跃、最具影响力的东西,具有时代烙印,在现实生活中无处不在,能够折射出社会的方方面面。本文以作者收集的语料为基础,结合国内外相关广告,从语用学的两大系列,即英美学派的微观语用学和欧洲大陆学派的宏观语用学的视角进行实证研究。一方面从指示语,语用含义, 语用预设,言语行为和礼貌原则等方面分析研究广告语言;另一方面从文化因素,语码混用,语码转换,经济原则和语用失误等探讨广告语言的方方面面。无庸置疑,广告语言具有丰富的内容和一定的语用功能,是社会文化的写照。我国对广告语言的词汇、句法及修辞方面的研究不少,但把语用学理论与广告语言结合起来的研究严重不足,而这种研究可以使人们对语用学的有关知识和最新发展情况,以及广告语言的各种特点和优劣性质有一个全面、多视角的了解,同时,对我国经济、社会、文化等方面却有着巨大价值。这种理论结合实例的分析研究无疑会培养我们的语用能力,最终提高我们的语言水平。本文着重从宏观语用学的方面来探讨研究广告语言,研究语言在现实社会中的使用,包括广告语言中的文化因素,语码混用,语码转换,经济原则和语用失误等问题。这方面的研究不仅有利于广告商和生产厂家,也有助于促使普通百姓更加注重语言使用。对广告语言的语用方面进行语言事实分析,观察社会中的语言使用情况,探讨语言使用的最佳效益的获取,具有实用价值和现实意义。这种研究还有助于广告语言的健康发展和语言建设,并最终促进全社会的政治,经济和文化的发展。【关键词】：语用学微观语用学宏观语用学广告语言语用能力

1.先列提纲不列提纲，上来就写，是坏习惯。几百字没问题，几千字勉强，几万字就难了。必须列出写作提纲，再充实完善，以保证思路的连贯和字数的均衡。2.平时多写及时总结阶段性的工作，多写文章多投稿。到最后阶段，把这些文字有机地组合起来，就是一篇很好的毕业论文。3.不要罗列所有数据为了保证毕业论文的分量，研究生往往会观测较多的指标。但毕业论文并非数据越多越好。一定要舍弃那些与主旨关系不大的数据。否则，要么显得累赘松散，要么成为破绽。4.打印修改在电脑上直接修改，会遗漏很多错误。要尽可能地减少任何错误，一定要打印出来修改。5.让别人指出错误自己修改，仍然受个人习惯的局限。错误摆在那里，却熟视无睹。让别人给你指出错误吧，不管他与你是不是同一专业。我有参考文章，可以发你。

英语论文引用模板

无须加括号，写书名，要加双引号

MLA 是一种常用的引用格式，由于MLA 格式很严谨，在文章中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用。下面我给大家分享一些mla英语论文引用格式要求，希望能对大家有所帮助。mla英语论文引用格式要求 Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则 1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2. What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch( centimeters)on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。页边距为厘米，16开A4白色纸打印，英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3. How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉?Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉，将你的姓和页码标注在右上角，姓和页码之间有一个空格，不用标点符号;上面边距是厘米，右边与正文部分对齐。) 4. How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: . 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角，纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年，中间不用标点符号，月份也不用缩写，如：29 December 2011) 5. How to write a title?(如何写标题?)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中，用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体，下划线或斜体，如果标题中有已出版的文章，文章部分用双引号，如果是书籍，书籍部分用斜体。如：Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.” 或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。 6. How to write an outline? 如何写提纲?((You are not required to write an outline this time).注意：这次没有要求写提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲：A级：用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级：用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级：用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等;D级：用小写英文字母a，b, c 等; E级：用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级：用小写英文字母加括号，如：(a), (b), (c).) 7. (如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体，其余用10号字体，大写锁定键键入，如：主标题是：Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中)，B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.(左对齐)，然后用两倍行距分行，开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母，用斜体格式，不分行，直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题 Symblic Meaning of the Forest 8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph . Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸(厘米)，用Tab键。 9. How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10. How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的故事情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍，也不是作品的故事情节介绍，而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调，告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束，中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点，指导和控制全文，使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11. How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长，在引言之后接下来一段，你可以介绍你论文的结构，便于读者理解你的观点。) 12. What are the elements for the body paragraphs? (正文段落的有哪些要素?)Body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始，要注意用过渡段的连接词，词组或句子，把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句，接下来用列子证明，句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词，词组，最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13. How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献?)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The author’s/authors’ name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. . “A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on to quote the same work, put the page number in a bracket only. . “She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面，句号前面，作者姓空格页码，中间没有逗号)，如果同一页引用同一作品，则只标页码。 14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The citation information (the author’s name and the page number) follow. (如果被引用的部分超过三行，则引用整段。整段引用另起一行，双倍行距，自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(厘米)，不用引号，末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。 15. If you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词，用省略号(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。 16. If a source has more than three authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” . (Barker et al. 23) (如果文献作者是三位以上，文中引用只用第一位作者的姓，后面是空格加“et al." 再空格加页码) from a website: A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the . B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.( author's surname). C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(The first word of the title with a quotation mark:. "Automatically") 17. Conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分总结论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题，第一段不缩进。) 18. How to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注?) Use endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and indent each entry inch from the margin.(如果有和本段不相吻合，可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁，避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页，置于文献引用页之前，用双行距，左对齐，页边距是半英寸，即厘米。 19. . How to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式) The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, CD-Rom, interview，classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.(“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍，期刊，报刊，网络，电影，光盘，访谈，课堂笔记，博客，电子邮件，日记等) The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后，另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中，不加下划线，不加斜体。如果只引用一项，则用单数“Work Cited." List the entries in the alphebetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。 MLA now requires all sources to have a publication marker. For example, books receive the marker “print” after the citation. Online sources have the marker of "Web." CD-Rom, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-Rom, E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志." 比如，书藉后用"Print.," 网络信息用"Web" ,光盘用CD-Rom，博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。) If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in brackets.(如果原文没有出版社，但你能够猜到出版商是谁，可以用括号把出版商括起来。 Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s publication marker. ' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息，MLA 不再要求给出详细网址，但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如：作者姓，名. “文章名”. 网站，最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年. Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式：小说作者姓，名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,. "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th. ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 注意： 1. 现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线，而是用斜体字。 2. 现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征，包括书，杂志，报纸。 3. 现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址，但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。以下信息来自网络，稍作改动。 1. 独著姓，名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, . 2. 两至三名作者姓，名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., . Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, . 3. 四名或以上作者姓，名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, . 4. 机构作者机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, . 5. 匿名作者书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. Print. 6. 同一作者两本以上著作以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后，作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前，第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, . ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, . 7. 编著一名编者: 姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, . 两名编者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of Georgia Press, . 三名以上的编者: 第一编者姓, 名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, . 8. 译著原作者姓, 名. 书名. Trans. 译者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, !. 9. 再版著作姓，名. 书名. 版别序号 ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print. 10. 论文集中的文章文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. . Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42. Print. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式：小说作者姓，名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,., "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. . 5th York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 11. 多卷、多册或再版著作书名后注明第几册或第几卷.(带翻译) 姓, 名. 书名. 卷目 vols. Trans.译者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print. 12. 前言，后记前言作者姓，名. “Introduction (或Forewords 或 Preface).” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始页码.Print. 后记作者姓，名. “Afterwords.” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后记起始页码.Print. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. . 13. 期刊文章文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称卷号. 期号 (出版年代): 起始页码.Print. Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): . Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal12. 1 (1988): . 14. 周刊或双周刊文章文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称出版日月年: 起始页码..Print. Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: . 15. 月刊或双月刊文章文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称出版月年: 起始页码..Print. Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s January 1994: . 16. 报纸文章文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 报纸名称出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码..Print. Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page . 如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为: “文章标题.” 报纸名称出版日月年: 页码..Print. “Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: . 17. Multimedia sources: (多媒体资料) MLA format for multimedia Sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referrenced. MLA格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒体形式：如电影，DVD，收音机，网络，电子邮件，演讲等。 ⑴ 网络著作 l General Format: Author(corporations, governments): Title of Site. Sponsor. Date Created (use . if not given) medium. Date accessed. 基本格式：作者(机构，政府)：网页标题。网站，网页制作日月年(若无，用n. d.)媒介. 访问日月年。 l 整个网站：如：United States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006. l 网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章： Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006 l 网上著作作者姓, 名. 书名出版年代. 检索日月年.Web Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Feb. 1997. Web. l 网络文章作者姓, 名. 文章名称. 来源名称. 最后编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words for the Day.” 21 November . 8 May 2007 19. l 博客：作者姓, 名. 博客名称. 来源名称最近编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年：Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng Peng. , 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. ⑵电邮：作者. 主题. 电邮大意. 发邮件日月年. E-mail. . Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main Characters in ‘Flowering Judas’”. Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011. E-mail. ⑶光盘：作者姓, 名. “条目标题.” 光盘名称. (其他信息). CD-ROM. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. “Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. ⑷ 视频: 作者. “视频标题.” 视频用途. 网站上传日月年. Web. 访问视频日月年.

英语论文参考文献格式如下：

1、引用中的省略。原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出……，中文用6个若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出‥‥，中文用6个……。

2、大段落引用。当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进。

3、基本格式。同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。

4、单一作者，英文文献：姓氏出版或发表年代或姓氏，出版或发表年代。例如：Porter 2001…或…Porter，2001。

格式如下：

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码（可选）

其中参考文献类型：专著[M]，论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集中的析出文献[A]

电子文献类型：数据库[DB]，计算机[CP]，电子公告[EB]

电子文献的载体类型：互联网[OL]，光盘[CD]，磁带[MT]，磁盘[DK]

扩展资料：

其他类型参考文献写法：

1、期刊文章

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码

例：[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究，1998,(3):167-173.

[2]OU J P，SOONG T T，et advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.

2、论文集中的析出文献

[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者（可选）.原文献题名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码

例：[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，.

3、报纸文章

[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）

例：[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报，1998-12-25（10）.

4、电子文献

[文献类型/载体类型标识]：[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、[M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库

[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址，发表更新日期/引用日期

例：[12]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].

[8]万锦.中国大学学报文摘（1983-1993）.英文版[DB/CD].北京：中国大百科全书出版社，19

参考资料：

百度百科-参考文献

实用英语get论文模板

议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实，讲道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体。接下来给大家分享英语议论文模板及范文，供参考。

Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)

Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)

However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)

Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)

Nowadays,there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive

aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To

begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same

time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

Shall we send children to study abroad?

With more and more people becoming rich in recent years, it is a new tendency for them to send their children to study abroad. But I don’t think it is a good idea. First of all, children are too young to look after themselves. Second, the language barrier is a serious problem. Many children are not proficient in the foreign language before going abroad. As a result, they have difficulty in understanding what the native speakers are talking about. Third, they may get into trouble when dealing with various situations for lack of knowledge of the customs in the strange land. Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, which might cause a heavy burden to the family. #p#分页标题#e#

In conclusion, there are more disadvantages in sending children to study abroad. So, we’d better not do it.

万能的英语作文模板，可以让我们写作的速度加快。下面是我给大家整理的万能英语作文范文模板，供大家参阅!

开头部分：

How nice to hear from you again.

Let me tell you something about the activity.

I’m glad to have received your letter of .

I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit.

I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

结尾部分：

With best wishes.

I’m looking forward to your reply.

I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

1.正反观点式议论文模板

导入：

第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should...(导入话题)

Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)

正文：

第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)

Here are the ...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)

第3段：However,the others are strongly against it.(反方观点)

Their reasons are as the first place...What’s more...In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)

结论：

第4段：Personally speaking,the advantages overweigh the disadvantages,for it will do us more harm than good,so I support it.(个人观点) オ

呼语及开场白部分：

Ladies and gentlemen,May I have your attention,please?I have an announcement to make.

正文部分：

All the teachers and students are required to attend it.

Please take your notebooks and make notes.

Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups.

Please come on time and don’t be late.

结束语部分：

Please come and join in it.

Everybody is welcome to attend it.

I hope you’ll have a nice time here.

That’s you.

导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题

As a student,I am strongly in favour of the decision.(亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows.(过渡句,承上启下)

正文：

第2段：First of all...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)

结论：

第3段：In conclusion,I believe that...(照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)

4."How to"类议论文模板：

导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题

正文：

第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem,but the following may be most of all...Another way to solve the problem is ...Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)

结论：

第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

导入：

第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many that B is much would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：

第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer main reason is that ...Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)

第3段:Of course,B also has advantages to some extent...(列出1~2个B的优势)

结论：

第4段:But if all these factors are considered,A is much better than what has been discussed above,we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ

The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题.

The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 .

This means that as (进一步说明).

We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 .

After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化,

the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) .

The figures also tell us that图表细节二 .

In the column,we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).

Judging from these figures,we can draw the conclusion that (结论).

The reason for this,as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因).

It is high time that we (发出倡议).

图画类写作模板：

1.开头

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture,we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

2.衔接句

As we all know,.../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

3.结尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated..

写英语议论文时，有么有万能的写作模板可以套用?下面是我给大家整理的议论文英语作文模板，供大家参阅!

导入：

第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：

第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)

第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论：

第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ

导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题

正文：

第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)

结论：

第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题

As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对) The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下)

正文：

第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)

结论：

第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总-分-总"结构)

导入：

第1段：Recently we've had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)

正文：

第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) The reasons are listed as follows. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)

第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)

Here are the reasons. In the first place... What's more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)

结论：

第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点) オ

Dear Editor:

[引出话题] I’m a senior three student. I’m writing to tell you my opinion on whethermiddle school students can go to school with mobile phones. [赞成]I think they can do that. Because students can keep in touch with their friends and family wherever they are. Besides, the mobile phone is a way to have fun.

[反对] However, every coin has 2 sides. There are some problems with using mobile phones. The ring of phones can disturb teachers and students in the classroom. Another students is that some students can spend too much time and money on phone calls and sending messages.

[个人观点] In conclusion, I suggest students not use phones in the classroom. Also, as it is expensive, the owner should take good care of it.

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

论文结束语通用模板

论文结束语如下写：

写作思路及要点：围绕要感谢的人事物展开详细描写，接着表达自己的感想收获。

正文：

最后要感谢在整个论文写作过程中帮忙过我的每一位人。首先，也是最主要感谢的是我的指导老师，XXX老师。在整个过程中他给了我很大的帮忙，在论文题目制定时，他首先肯定了我的题目大方向，但是同时又帮我具体分析使我最后选取失地农民的养老保险这个具体目标，让我在写作时有了具体方向。

在论文提纲制定时，我的思路不是很清晰，经过老师的帮忙，让我具体写作时思路顿时清晰。在完成初稿后，老师认真查看了我的文章，指出了我存在的很多问题。在此十分感谢李老师的细心指导，才能让我顺利完成毕业论文。

其次，要感谢帮我查资料的张超同学，后期因为实习的关系，不能随时去学校的图书馆查阅资料，在此也十分感谢他能抽出时间帮我找的一些外文资料。

论文结束语写法：

方法一：总的感慨＋感谢自己的知道老师＋在我的毕业论文上帮我解决了什么问题＋感谢其他的老师＋感谢审阅毕业论文的老师和参加论文答辩的老师。

具体：在这个毕业论文完成之际，我首先要感谢的就是我的论文指导老师XXX,他是一位怎样的老师，在我写论文的时候帮助我解决了什么问题，我要对XXX老师表示衷心的感谢。与此同时，我还要感谢辅导员还有其它的黛珂老师，在我的大学四年里，给予了我很大的鼓励和帮助。

最后，我感谢的就是毕业论文审阅老师和能够参加我毕业论文答辩的老师，感谢您们不辞辛苦，为了我们能够顺利的毕业。

方法二：我的写作感想＋我的写作经历＋在写作论文的过程中学到了些什么＋反省自己在写作中的一些不知之处＋感谢老师。具体：伴随着毕业论文的收笔，我的毕业设计也接近了尾声。

在20XX年X月我一直为了毕业论文付出了怎样的努力，在写作的过程中我经历了很多，比如XXX,我学会了XXX.此外，在写作的过程当中，我也发现了XX有一些不足之处，即使如此，在完成毕业设计的整个过程都让我受益匪浅。

我要在此感谢XXX教授或老师，在我写作的过程中出现问题或者写作困难的时候，提供给我一些既专业又具思考的答案，在我写作的过程中给了我很大帮助，真让我……

英语议论文常用模板

对于中考生来说，英语作文想要得高分，就要在平时多积累一些素材。下面整理了英语议论文作文模板，供大家参考。

Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)

Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)

However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)

Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)

There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ...毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。

Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that...显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是……

Only in this way can we... 只有这样,我们才能...

is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（就我所知…）

the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）

lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）

the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）

may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）

由于英语作文考查的是学生词汇、语法、句式等各种知识的掌握情况,因此学生要写好英语作文,就必须全面掌握英语知识。下面，是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文模板，希望对你有帮助!

第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)

Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧) 正文：

第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)

Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)

第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)

Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由) 结论：

第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)

第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文：

第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is

that...(赞同A的原因)

第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论：

第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文：

第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：

第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构)

4."How to"类议论文模板：

导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：

第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文：

第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：

第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构) 4."How to"类议论文模板：