广告语翻译论文文献综述

摘要]本文从思维方式、价值观念、审美情趣、传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌等层面探讨了广告翻译策略。广告翻译质量的关键在于能否使译入语文化背景下的受众产生原文在源语文化背景中的相应效果在于能否准确把握两种文化异同。本文拟从中西思维方式差异、文化背景与价值观念差异、审美情趣差异、从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面等层面阐述广告翻译策略。[关键词]广告文化心理翻译一、文化与广告语言语言是文化的载体它反映一个民族的特征不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法及其生活方式和思维方式。广告是一门艺术广告作品要有艺术感染力不仅要吸引观众还要触动其情感使其对企业及商品产生好感进而引导购买行为(胡屹1999)。为达到攻心目的国际广告中语言文字的翻译一定要精心求善求美。广告本身也蕴含着丰富的文化内涵它从一个侧面揭示了一个民族的心理特征、信仰和价值观念。因此译者对广告的理解也不能只限于字面还要了解其引申意义及丰富的文化蕴涵。所以商品的译名应该是好读、好听、好看做到音、形、义的完美统一。在翻译英语广告文字时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，绝不能满足于字面上的翻译，做“表面文章”。必须要使语言翻译得既准确又地道，尤其是要把原文中的“潜台词”(message)或言外之意传达出来，做到达意、传神和表形，收到意似、神似和形似三统一的效果。二、广告翻译策略分析王佐良先生曾指出“翻译中最大的困难就是两种文化的不同……翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人。”作为跨文化交际的重要组成部分，广告翻译也同样受到文化因素的制约。广告文化具有明显的大众性、商业性、民族性和时代性的特点所以文化传统、信仰、价值观念在很大程度上影响广告活动。本文拟从中西思维方式差异、文化背景与价值观念差异、审美情趣差异、从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面等层面阐述广告翻译策略。1.从中西思维方式差异层面审视广告翻译策略语言是思维的工具，而文化的构成又离不开思维(心理文化就是思维的直接产物)人的语言表达是受思维方式支配的思维又影响和制约着语言。东、西方文化的思维方式有着很大的差异。东方人主张“天人合一”、“物我交融”追求和谐与对称平衡重综合、重归纳、重暗示。西方人则主张“人天分立”、“物我分明”崇尚个体思维、个性展示重形式论证重分析、细微、曲折挖掘惟恐不尽描写惟恐不周。例如在西方国家里妇女解放是人们关注的一个焦点。在一则题为“Why can't a woman be like a woman”的香水广告中列举了妇女形象、地位变化以及这些变化带来的矛盾和困惑广告最后写道:Cabriole is full of delicuous like the woman who'clever enough to rnjoy being awoman.香水作为一种女性化的商品在这里成为妇女“To befeminist and feminine”的中介。这则广告的创意充分利用了妇女对自身形象的关注细致地分析了妇女解放带给人们的心理困惑强调女性思维博得了广大女性对商品的好感达到了很好的广告效果。译者如果不了解受众的思维方式，广告商所做的广告不仅难以达到促销的目的反而会带来一些意想不到的麻烦。如在英语广告中unique是一个使用频率很高的词汇这在一定程度上反映了西方社会强调个性的思维方式。然而由于中华民族特有的文化心理对于unique的强调难以在汉语广告中达到相应的效果。与之相反在汉语广告中“大宝”牌化妆品的广告语:“儿子一瓶，我一瓶，再给老爸来一瓶，我给老婆买一瓶”迎合了注重家庭亲情的大众心理。可见不同的民族有着不同的思维方式。迎合人们的思维方式以唤起认同感准确生动地传达商品信息刺激广告受众的购买欲对于成功的广告翻译是十分重要的。2.从文化背景与价值观念差异层面审视广告翻译策略美国人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》一书中把“文化”作为一个中心概念提出来提出文化是一个复合的整体其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习惯文化的内容如此丰富，是一个民族经过几千年的沉淀、发展和承袭而形成一定社会和社会群体的共同意识和共同规范。不同的民族文化深受其背景的影响，形成其不同的价值观念。语言反映文化文化的核心是传统的价值观念。广告商正是利用这一点竭力迎合人们的价值观念以谋求最大的商业利益。同样是航空广告由于价值观念不同美国航空公司的广告是“Bigthrillsmall bills”(大刺激小价钱)强调刺激、新奇价格便宜这是美国人所崇尚的价值观。又如在美国的主流文化中追求成功是压倒一切的主旋律而成功与否乃至成功的大小往往是用金钱来衡量的。基于此一家证券公司打出这样的广告标语: Want To Succeed Not Just Survive;2 The Will ToSucceed Is Part Of Americans Spirit最后的点睛之笔为The SuccessYou Want We Help You不难想象这则广告将会给成功欲极强的美国人留下深刻的印象。又如“:Carefour”是外商投资的超市译为“家乐福”取“家家都快乐和幸福”之意。的确它为都市人提供了衣、食、用等方面的商品成了人们喜爱的购物场所。无独有偶“安而乐”卫生巾同样迎合了国人“平安幸福”的人生价值观让女性感到安全、快乐。又如“可口可乐”和百事可乐”译文和中文谐音而且具有美好的含义。如“乐凯”彩色胶卷的商标音译为“Luck”为“幸福”之意“;Stone”寓意是“坚如磐石”作为“四通”电脑的英文商标充分体现了“四通人”甘做中国电脑的铺路石创世界名牌坚韧不拔的精神。类似的译名还有上海补品来福(Life)果奶“乐百士”(Robust)等等。而法国某公司在中国某地区曾推出“鸦片”牌男用香水本想用鸦片的诱惑力使中国的男人使用“鸦片”牌香水像鸦片一样上瘾。但由于该公司不了解中国人对鸦片二字的感觉不是诱人而是痛恨此广告严重挫伤了我国民众的民族自尊心。结果此品牌香水上市后受到消费者的猛烈抨击。鉴于此广告的翻译工作最好由广告受众国的译者去做因为只有受众国的译者才能熟知本国的价值观念才能译出符合本国受众思维方式和文化习惯因而为他们所喜欢的广告语。3.从审美情趣差异层面审视广告翻译策略大众的审美心理与广告的翻译之间存在着非常密切的关系。审美心理是一种综合的文化意识涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、生活方式和风俗习惯等各个方面。中国国民稳固的心里结构以“仁”、“务实”、“忍耐”为基本内容。形成特有的审美取向这里有很大成分是受儒家的“中庸”之道思想方法影响。审美要求“内敛”且有美善统一的自觉要求与西方审美观中的张扬的唯心主义片段性的思维相比更客观一些。西方的审美心理强调主体感情、想象、直觉产生的美、美感受康德美学思想中人的主体能力的影响形成全力张扬的现代主义的审美观这种审美观是非理性的具有意志、直觉、潜意识等方面把握美之本身的唯美化倾向。这种审美心理差异形成了中西广告文化的不同心理。中国人在文化上表现为大一统观念例如重权威、轻事实还有从众心理；有小农意识重实惠轻意念且人格至上。西方人的文化心理结构较为复杂以“人本”、“认知”、“行为”为基本内容。审美情趣是一种综合的文化意识涉及生活方式、风俗习惯等方面。而广告又是面对大众的一种重要的商品宣传手段它要迎合大众的审美心理。广告的翻译没有固定的模式应采用灵活多变的方法最大限度地再现原广告的神韵和风格提倡吸引力、诱惑力和表达方式的大众化同时要尊重普通人的审美情趣。因此广告商要深入了解商品出口国的文化背景了解异域广告受众的审美情趣这一点在出口商品的名称翻译中尤为重要。如我国有种叫“芳芳”的口红国人看到“芳芳”二字心中会产生美好的联想仿佛看到一位美丽善良的少女又好像闻到了她周身袭来的香气。而此商标音译成“Fang Fang”英语国家的消费者听了心中不禁生起一种恐怖之情因为Fang恰好是一个英文单词其义是a snake'spoison tooth(蛇的毒牙)。因此他们联想到的并不是一位涂口红的美丽少女而是毒汁四溅的毒蛇。翻译出现了这一败笔口红的销路便可想而知了。Whisper卫生巾音译为“护舒宝”。Whisper的英文意思是耳语、密谈富含女性用品的形象性和女性味。而翻译为中文时则传达给中国女性消费者的是该产品的功能和优良的品质给人以舒爽、安全、美妙的感觉从而达到了名牌效应。再如宝洁公司的洗发用品Head＆Shoulder如果仅根据原文直译为“头和肩”或像我国台湾地区一样翻译为“海伦仙杜丝”消费者会感到茫然不知所云而译为“海飞丝”高雅的词义迎合了广告受众的审美情趣使人联想到怡人的大海以及青春美少女飘逸柔顺的秀发随风飞扬的画面自然会激发消费者强烈的购买欲望。优雅的名称对商品来说是一种“包装”对消费者而言是一种“诱惑”。翻译广告时要符合大众的审美情趣只有当一个译名在人的心目中产生与本国消费者相似的美感时该产品才会被接受。4.从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面审视广告翻译策略一个国家、民族都有千百年来形成的风俗文化及审美习惯。因此译者应充分考虑到商品所销国家和地区的文化、历史和风俗尽量避免带有文化禁忌色彩的词语和形象这样才不会影响商品的销路。例如:中国有一种电扇商标为“蝙蝠”是因为“蝠”和“福”同音蝙蝠被认为是吉祥的动物。在日本韩国蝙蝠也象征幸福。但是如果翻译为Bat会引起西方人反感。类似的还有Dragon(龙)在我国历史上龙是一个图腾形象而在西方文化中;Dragon却代表罪恶、邪恶。英国人不喜欢Magpie(喜鹊)、大象。伊斯兰教国家对Panda(熊猫)很反感。数字在中西方喜好也有区别。日本不喜欢“4”认为与“死”同音。“7”在欧美国家有积极意义。“13”则象征不幸。出口英国的商标最好不用“666”因为它在圣经里象征魔鬼。还有对花类的青睐禁忌也有区别。如日本人忌讳荷花喜欢樱花意大利人偏爱玫瑰讨厌菊花。翻译时颜色的广告词也不可忽视。如:美国人大都不喜欢紫色;法国人讨厌墨绿色而偏爱蓝色;比利时人最忌蓝色;西方国家以白色象征纯洁把黑色当作死亡。总之各种禁忌无奇不有广告翻译者应大力研究。广告语言承载丰富的文化蕴涵。如MercedesBenz的中译“平治”这两个字马上使人联想到《大学》里所说的“齐家、治国、平天下”。平治汽车是身份的象征车主非富则贵即使不是国家、天下的领导者至少在治、平两方面有些参与。与平治同为名车的BMW译为“宝马”是取B与M的发音。现代的名车就是古代的宝马这两种汽车的翻译就很体现中国的文化内涵迎合了消费者的心理。不熟悉外族文化不了解异域人民的审美心理就会在商标翻译中出现败笔。还有一种出口干电池的商标叫“白象”英译成“WhiteElephant”应该是百分之百的正确。殊不知awhiteelephant这条固定的英文短语意为“沉重的负担”或“无用而累赘的东西”。由于翻译中的这一败笔商品的销路可想而知。为了向译者忠实地转达原文的信息和实现广告语的艺术性有时要做适当的文化转换。如“玉兔”这一商标英译成“MoonRabbit”而不译成“JadeRabbit”。原因是“玉兔”乃是我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫桂花树下的兔子因此它又成为月的代称。将它译成MoonRabbit体现了我国东方文化的风采使英文不易产生异解不会误以为是玉做成的兔子。三、结束语广告语言本身充满着丰富的想象力和极大的创造性。促销是它惟一的目的而把一国的广告语译成另一国广告语时由于社会文化、语言、民族心理等多方面的原因这种翻译绝非只是一种一一对应的语码转换。要求译者要具备语言、社会文化、民俗、心理学等、经济市场学、广告原理等方面的知识。二、参考文献：三、[1]王秉钦:文化翻译学[M].天津:南开大学出版社1995四、[2][美]萨丕尔:语言论[M].北京:商务印书馆1985五、[3]王佐良:翻译:思考与试笔[M]．北京:外语教学与研究出版社1989

相关范文：广告英语中词汇歧义的语用价值及其翻译方法摘要：词汇层面上的歧义是广告英语中一种较为常见的现象。从同音异义词、一词多义词（同形异义词）、词类转化和英、美英语用法不同引起的歧义等方面对词汇层面上歧义构成以及其语用价值进行了探讨；在考虑词汇歧义的多重含义及广告英语翻译的目的基础上，从契合译法、拆译法、套译法、变通译法和补偿译法等方面对广告英语词汇歧义的翻译作了进一步的分析。关键词：广告英语；词汇歧义；价值；翻译“广告”一词的含义，并不是从开始就一成不变的。在英文中“广告”一词是“advertising”。这个英文单词又来源于拉丁文的“advertete”一词，意思是“唤起大众对某种事物的注意，并诱导于一定的方向所使用的一种手段”。1932年，美国专业广告杂志《广告时代》（Advertising Age）公开向社会征求广告的定义，得票最多的人选定义是：“由广告主支付费用，通过印刷、书写、口述或图画等，公开表现有关个人、商品、劳务或运动等信息，用以达到影响并促进销售、使用、投票或赞同的目的。”〔1〕。广告是社会生活中不可缺少的一部分，除了传播产品消息，广告还是我们的经济系统和社会文化的一种主要的交流工具。〔2〕广告作为社会或者经济中的一种机制，其主要功能有：（1）广告能为顾客做了什么。一个成功的广告必须把消费者的需求放在首要的位置。（2）广告能为商业做了什么。广告可以使新产品就以足够快的速度引起消费者的注意，从而有效地弥补厂商在研究、开发、生产以及分销这种产品时的成本。（3）广告能为社会做了什么。广告除了在销售商品和服务方面的作用，它还在经济上支撑着一个多元化的、独立的新闻系统，这个系统被政府或者其他特殊的利益团体所控制。〔2〕因此，改革开放以来，由于扩大对外交流，外国的商品不断涌入中国。外国的厂商对其产品的宣传，以引起中国消费者的密切关注。由于中外语言存在着差异，因而就有必要对广告英语的翻译进行研究。本文将阐述和研究有关广告英语中词汇歧义存在的形式及其语用价值以及如何翻译等问题。一广告英语中词汇层面上的歧义存在的形式“歧义(ambiguity)”在英语中的释义是:“An ambiguous sentence is usually of doubtful meaning because it can be interpreted in more than one way or many other ways.”即：歧义是结构上遵循语法规则，语义上符合逻辑常理的语句，其深层却包含两种或两种以上的释义。严格说来，歧义并不是修辞手段，而是一种在语言使用中所产生的语义理解分歧现象。〔3〕我们知道，歧义是自然语言中普遍存在的语言现象，从其类型上看，歧义可以分为词汇层面上的歧义、句法层面上的歧义和语用层面上的歧义。而词汇层面上的歧义又可以分为四类：第一类是同音异义词；第二类是一词多义词（或同形异义词）；第三类是词类转化而引起的歧义；最后一类是英、美英语用法不同而引起的歧义。1 同音异义词同音异义词指的是两个发音相同，拼写不同，所表达的意义也不相同的词。如：Make your every hello a real good-buy.(An Telephone Advertisement)这条广告可谓用心良苦，它利用good-bye与good-buy的同音异义，吸引顾客注意，推销产品。又如：关于的一则食品广告：With so many carrot, I’ll be a real gem。“有这么多的克拉(胡萝卜)，我是颗真宝石(发糕)。”此广告中的“carrot”和carat同音异义，此处假借其义。Muffin是Betty Croker食品公司的产品之一，是带胡萝卜味的发糕，该广告是宣传其用料实在，份量充足，营养丰富。2 一词多义词（或同形异义词）一词多义在英语中是一个常见的现象，除了少数专业术语之外，大多数英语词汇都有几种意义，有的甚至多达到十种以上的意义。在特定的上下文中，经过语境的过滤，通常只有唯一的意义被保留下来了，其他的意义被排除在外，但是却有些特殊的情形。如英国劳埃德银行所做的户外路牌广告：Money doesn’t grow on it blossoms at our branches.——LIoyd Bank这则广告里的branch是一词两义：字面意义，即树枝，而另一深层含义指银行的各个分行。这样我们就能领会该广告的真正含义是：只要顾客把钱存到劳埃德银行，他们的钱就会不断地增加。3 词类转化而引起的歧义在广告中有时利用词语的词汇意义与临时的转义引起的歧义以达到广告目的：即要吸引广大群众的注意力。而使用一个具有双重含义的短语便加大了解码难度，延长了解码时间，增添了解码乐趣，其商业效应自然不言而喻。〔4〕，如：Give your family a treat with Beefy-the tenderest,juiciest steak that ever got inside a chunks of prime meat in rich,rich gravy to give you satisfaction every time.“Beefy”:Beef (鲜嫩多汁的牛排罐头)，这是广告中有意错误拼写单词。“give you satisfaction”有两层意思：You will be pleased with the quality of the meat./You will be physically satisfied by eating the meat.“give you satisfaction”是有歧义的，其目的就是为了更好地吸引读者或听众的注意力，迫使他们去观看、购买，以至达到商业目的。4 英、美英语用法不同而引起的歧义英国人和美国人所用英语基本上是一致的。不过，在发音、拼写、某些词语和习惯用法方面有些不同。就词语来看，由于某些词语的涵义和用法上存在着差异，因此歧义会产生。如：NO GAS TODAY。这句话是一个告示牌，而美国人和英国人对此句所表达的意思理解是不同的，主要是因为：对美国人来说“gas”(=gasoline) 通常指“汽油”，但也可以指“煤气”。在美国，如果加油站暂时没有汽油供应，就拿出这个告示牌表明“今天没有汽油供应。”而对英国人来说,“gas”通常指“煤气”，而“汽油”称为“petrol” (或“petroleum”)。所以英国人理解告示牌的意思为“今天没有煤气供应”。二广告英语中词汇层面上的歧义的语用价值一般情况下，我们应当尽可能避免歧义的出现，以免影响内容的表达。然而，由于歧义的特殊性(在同一上下文中有不同的解释或在不同的上下文中有不同的解释)，它又可以作为一种很好的修辞手段，经过巧妙的运用，实现绝妙的表达效果。〔5〕1 趣味性在广告英语中如果恰当地使用具有歧义的词汇，能够增添其趣味和吸引力，达到妙趣横生的幽默效果，并给人留下深刻的印象。如：Seven days without 7-up make one weak。这是为一种畅销全美的饮料“7-up”的广告词，中国市场上称之为“七喜”。“7days”对应“7-up”，而“7days”正是一周。句中“weak”与week为同音异义关系。而“one”既可以作不定代词解释，表示“任何一个人”，又是一个数词，表示“一周”。该广告语给消费者传递了这样的信息：一天不喝“七喜”，身体就会变虚；每天一支“七喜”，才能充满生气。读来妙趣横生，让人回味，体现了词汇歧义在广告用语中的所表达的修辞效果。2 诱惑性广告语言中的诱惑性在许多成功广告中表现得淋漓尽致。好的广告词具有强大的诱惑力，它能引人联想，刺激购物欲望，以此达到推销产品或服务的目的。同时，由于广告费用的昂贵，广告主选用广告词时不得不字斟句酌，惜墨如金，以求产生最大的经济效益。歧义是一种语言形式，有两种或多种的理解，这也正是它倍受广告主青睐的原因。一方面,它具有“一字千金”的巨大优越性，满足了现代社会人们追求高效、快捷的需求，同时更使广告主收到了经济、省时省力之效果；另一方面，含歧义的语言使广告一明一暗，一真一假，既引人注目，又使人产生联想，从而增加了广告语言的解码难度，延长了解码时间，从而达到了广告的宣传目的。〔6〕如：More sun and air for your son and heir.这是一句旅行社为招揽游客之广告语：父母们应带上子女去海边度假，因为那里有新鲜的空气和明媚的阳光。句中用了两组同音异形异义词“sun/son”，“air/heir”(继承人)。该广告语构思精妙，具有很强的说服力和相当高的语言艺术，因为它能唤起父母对子女的关爱。计划旅游的人似乎听到了这样的召唤：我们这儿(海边)有充足的光照和新鲜的空气，这对于你们事业和财富的继承者-儿子的健康大有好处。这样的广告词岂能不让游客为之心动?3 语言艺术性一句好的广告语必须既是文学，又是艺术。在广告中要在传达商品信息的同时倾注对读者的感情或激发读者与商品或服务有关的美好情感，以达到心理的沟通，使读者产生对所推销的产品与服务的神往，从而产生强烈的购买、消费欲望。〔7〕为了使消费者听到或读到广告后能产生购买产品的欲望，广告必须善用文字与意象，能使语言言简意赅，引人入胜。词汇积极歧义能产生这种效果，因而被广泛地应用到广告文体之中。如：Coca Cola的一则饮料广告：Coke refreshes you like no other can.在这则广告中，can可以被看作是装各种饮料啤酒的易拉罐，亦可被理解为省略的从句中的情态动词。若为前者，此句为：Coke refreshes you like no other can (can refreshes you).这个“can”借代罐装饮料。若为后者，此句则为： Coke refreshes you like no other (drinks)can (refreshes you). 这个“can”为情态动词。这则广告富于文字情趣、诙谐机智，给人留下了深刻印象。三广告英语中词汇歧义的一些翻译方法广告是一种具有特定目标的商业活动，它受到营销战略、商业规律、商业法规和文化障碍的制约。广告作为一种特殊的文体，其用词特点表现在广告中使用具有模糊性的词语，以增强吸引力，并具有很强的说服力来激起消费者的购买力。广告翻译是一种语言转换，也是一种商业性行为，其目的在于追求市场效益和商业利润，尽最大可能争取消费者，投消费者之所好，供消费者之所需，打动他们，促成其购买行动。这是广告的唯一目的,也是广告翻译的唯一目的。〔8〕英国翻译理论家纽马克(Peter Newmark,)在他的《翻译方法》(Approaches to Translation)一书中，根据文本不同的内容、文体和功能，把文本分为三种文本类型：信息文本、表达文本、呼唤性文本(vocative text)。〔9〕广告被列入呼唤性文本，其文本特点主要表现为它在内容和形式上的超语言效果。因此，在进行广告翻译时为达到同样的效果，译者可以在一定程度上改变原文的内容和形式以完成跨文化交际。〔8〕广告语言是一种精炼、含蓄、富有表现力和鼓动性的语言，而歧义具有双重意义的表达，在语言结构和表达上存在着难以逾越的可译性障碍。广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译应根据广告的内容和特点，选用适当的汉语表达方式，既要充分照顾到原文的语体风格，又要尽量传达出原文的信息；采用恰当的翻译方法，尽可能减少歧义的词语在翻译中信息量的流失，以增强广告语体特征。广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译通常采用以下的几种方法：1 契合译法契合译法是指在译语找到与原文相对应或基本对应的歧义语。契合译法的基础是双语耦合。由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异，双语耦合的情况比较少，但还是存在。〔10〕契合译法在双语偶合的基础上，兼顾了广告歧义语的形式和内容，是广告双歧义翻译的最高境界。如：Easier dusting by a str-e-etch.在这则广告中，“stretch”一词除了作为除尘布的品牌名称"拉长"外，其拼写还被别出心裁地拉长，传达出该词的本意“延伸”。让人很容易感到除尘布能延长人手臂的功能，真切而形象地渲染了“拉拉拉长，除尘力强”的功效。译文中“拉”字的重复再现了原文中“stretch”一词被拉长的效果，形成感觉上的延伸。〔11〕2 拆译法如果把歧义语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中，除了在双语偶合的情况下，采用契合译法外，也可以采取变通手法，将歧义语义剥开，拆成两层来表达。如：The Unique Spirit of Canada。这则推销加拿大威士忌酒广告也是妙用了“spirit”一词的双重含义:既指“精神”，又可指“烈性酒”，构成一词多义。翻译时使用拆开的方法：别具风味的加拿大酒，独特的加拿大民族精神。又如：Ask for more（再来一支烟，还要吸摩尔。）在这则摩尔(More)牌香烟的广告中，“more”一词是多义。“more”是一个副词，表示“更加、更多、又、再”的意思。同时它大写后就成了这种香烟的品牌。再如：Trust US,Over 5000 ears of experience(相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验,有着5000多年的经验。) 这是一则助听器宣传广告，从字面看，它说明了该产品已经受了众多消费者的考验，但同时“ears”又是“years”的谐音词，因此它还暗示了该产品具有悠久的历史。〔10〕3 套译法由于英汉两种语言文化的交流，英语语言、文化在汉语中的传播，逐渐形成了某些固定模式或习惯表达方式。在英汉翻译时，套用这些固定模式或习惯表达方式就是套译法。〔10〕套译法的长处在于它能传递广告原文的文化内涵，同时又基本能保证原文简洁、凝炼的语言特征。如：All is well that ends well.这则广告实际是一条英语成语，意思是“结局好，全都好”。但广告制作者把它用于香烟广告中，“ends”就具有了双重意义：动词“结束”和名词“香烟蒂”。这句香烟广告词可以套用原来成语的翻译模式，译成“烟蒂好，烟就好”。又如：We take no pride in prejudice.这是《泰晤士报》为自己做广告时用的一句妙语，它源于奥斯汀的一部传世名著“Pride and Prejudice（《傲慢与偏见》）”，报社援引该书名作广告，以标榜自己不偏不倚，主持公道。这则广告可译为：“对于您的偏见，我们没有傲慢”。对于知道《傲慢与偏见》这部作品的人来说，这种译法的内涵便不言自明了。〔11〕4 变通译法由于文化的差异，英汉语言的表达方式不尽相同，在翻译时要依照译语习惯，根据不同的上下文进行不同变通。由于原文中有些语言特色如歧义，要想在译文中充分体现，难度极大。因此，译者应充分发挥自己的主观能动性，从广告的全篇入手，整体把握并进行适当的变通和调整。如一则净水器广告:It changed our well water to wonderful water.可以看出，这则广告使用了头韵。如果译成“变井水为美妙的水”，虽然意思出来了，但却埋没了原作者的创意。而如果将它译为“变井水为纯净水”，则与原文更加神似，因为“井水”与“净水”谐音。〔12〕5 补偿译法大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是，有时双关语的一层意义译出后，另外一层意义也很重要，却无法同时译出，这时，可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。对于广告来说，这些补偿手段主要指承载广告的媒体，如电视的图像、广播的声音及报纸的版式设计等。〔11〕如：CUTTY SARKSCOTS WHISKYSome people wear trendy clothes to attack drive flashy glass of Cutty Sark won’t turn any if you insist on creating a can always ask the bartender for one of WhiskyUncommonly Smooth〔13〕这则威士忌酒类广告中，广告制作人运用了三个歧义词：“turn one’s head”既可表示“使某人头脑发热；飘飘然”又可理解为“(喝酒)上头”；“create a stir”意为“引起轰动”又表示“引人注意和自我享受,陶醉一番”；“smooth”既指“(酒)醇和的、温和的”又有“平平安安，和谐，顺利”之意，还表示“绝妙的，吸引人的”。广告中多重歧义的运用给人们留下了深刻的印象:该酒能给人们带来美的感受跃然而出。译文采用了补偿法：卡特思苏格兰威士忌有些人穿着艳丽时装引人注目，有些人驾着漂亮新车惹人羡慕。卡特思酒绝不上头，不会让你飘飘然。但君想尽显风流，还是卡特思酒。苏格兰威士忌，非凡的享受。四结束语综上所述，词汇歧义是广告英语中的一种十分常见的现象，如果恰当地使用它，不仅能使广告语言简练、丰富、诙谐，而且还能使广告引人注意，便于记忆。但是广告英语中词汇歧义的翻译问题还值得进一步地研究。这里只是讨论了广告英语翻译的目的以及关于词汇歧义翻译的几种常用的方法，在实践中还要真正地做到译文和原文最大限度地等值，我们不可能在任何时候都只使用某一种或两种方法，必须从具体情况出发，辨证地选择最合适的方法来传达原文的意义，从而达到产品广告的真正意义。参考文献:〔1〕丁俊杰广告学导论〔M〕长沙:中南大学出版社,2003〔2〕（美）莱恩，拉塞尔著，朱学宝，翟艳玲译广告学〔M〕北京:清华大学出版社, 2003〔3〕倪景亚英语歧义现象与英语双关语〔J〕湖州师范学院学报,2001 (5)〔4〕何玉敏英语中歧义现象的妙用〔J〕河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001 (3)〔5〕韩仲谦.歧义在语言中的积极运用〔J〕山东师大外国语学院学报,2000 (4)〔6〕黎清群.论歧义的语用价值〔J〕长沙电力学院学报(社会科学版),2002 (1)〔7〕朱诗花.广告语言的诗化:意境与修辞〔J〕邵阳学院学报(社会科学版),2004(2)〔8〕张景华.广告翻译的目的论〔J〕湘潭工学院学报(社会科学版),2003 (3)〔9〕 Newmark, to Translation〔M〕Oxford:pergamon Press,1981〔10〕刘荣征.浅谈广告英语中双关语、杜撰词、仿拟、明喻和暗喻的翻译〔J〕中国地质大学学报(社会科学版), 2002 (4)〔11〕孟琳，詹晶辉英语广告中双关语的运用技巧及翻译〔J〕中国翻译,2001 (5)〔12〕朱光.广告英语的修辞特点和翻译方法〔J〕长春师范学院学报,2003 (1)〔13〕钟馥兰.广告英语中的修辞格与翻译〔J〕黎明职业大学学报,2003 (1)仅供参考，请自借鉴希望对您有帮助

英语广告的语言论文参考文献参考文献 [1] English TV Ads Collection[M].Nanchang: Hong Xing Electric Sound Press,1998. [2] Hu Zhuanglin,Linguistics. A Course Book[M].Beijing: Beijing University Press,2001. [3] Wang Shouyuan. Essentials of English Stylistics[M].Jinan: Shandong University Press,2000. [4] 杨志松.一句话打动你我[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1993. [5] 肖颖.浅析英语广告的语言特点、修辞手法以及对广告英译的启示[J].吉林省学院学报,2010(5). [6] 卞瑞晨.广告英语中的押韵修辞及其翻译对策[J].山西财经大学学报,2006(2).请继续阅读相关推荐：毕业论文应届生求职毕业论文范文查看下载查看的论文开题报告查阅参考论文提纲查阅更多的毕业论文致谢

建议你先找找案例。而且你给你内容也太宽泛了，西方国家之间的文化也有很大的差异，建议你给出一个特定的国家和地区再搜索结果。而且作为毕业论文，引文要20篇以上才够说话。如果你有特定需要，可以留言联系我，本人在美国读MBA

日语论文翻译文献综述

两个解释都正确要根据论文。理解意思。日本人喜欢暧昧的表达方式。

前人有哪些观点（极简略说几句，因为具体的要在本文中说）及你为什么要选这个题目作为论文标题我们学校是这样不知道对你有没有帮助

毕业论文还是自己写比较好。如果你写出来日文我很愿意帮你修改，一起探讨

文献のクラスの

广告语言翻译论文

我的毕业论文也是广告英语不过不是翻译这边的是语言学方面的...

对英文广告中的典故翻译，方法应不拘一格，灵活多样。参考文献: [1]李靖舒:英语广告翻译中的跨文化、跨语言因素[J].沈阳师范大学学报，第17卷第5期，2005年10月 [2]王莉莉:言语美策略在英文广告语中的运用[J].聊城大学学报(社会科...

我觉得你上网搜索中文肯定能搜到然后到google上翻译一下就好了

原文太长，我给你的是节选，你需要全文的话，文后我给你附上网址。 Abstract At present, with the rapid pace of economy’s development, advertising tends to be a main way to, so it is natural that international Ads translation becomes decisive for the products’ successful launching to the world market. Advertisements’ translation is a cross-cultural communication. Cultural differences determine that it would be far from easy for Ad to reach its function for the world market. The cultural connotation reflected in translation must win receptors’ acceptance. Just like the idiom says “when in Rome do as Romans do”. Advertising language should be kept in corresponding with cultural background of the target language, whenever this is done, it becomes possible for advertisements to exert its function to attract the receptors. Combining with translation practices this paper will analyze how the cultural differences influence Ad function in six aspects, including cultural habits, social political constitution, courteous principle, reasoning, aesthetic thought and language structure, Ad translation will not reach its function if such cultural differences are neglected, and how much importance should be attached to the cultural identity, which plays a positive role in Ad translation Key Words: Ad Translation, Cultural Differences,摘要: 广告语言作为一种特殊的实用文体,有其独有的特点,并蕴含一定的文化内涵。广告语言的翻译,是跨文化的交流活动,它不仅仅是将一种语言文字转换成另一种语言文字,而且使读者自然而然地认同广告的深层文化内涵,通过被吸引而产生广告的效应。广告翻译必须注重目的语的文化背景,高质量的翻译不仅可以准确传达信息,还能引发读者的文化联想和审美想象,产生良好的广告效应,同时也宣传了本民族的文化,起到了对外交流的作用。为能灵活、有效和得体地表达出原语中的文化内涵以及广告信息,这就要求译者必须了解原语言和译语言的文化,确保信息准确传递。本文结合广告翻译成功和失败的案例,从风俗习惯、社会政治制度、礼貌原则、推理模式、审美思想、语言结构六个方面文化差异对广告翻译的影响，忽视文化的差异，必将一定程度上影响广告信息的传递，产生误解，使广告翻译难以实现信息的等效交流，而进一步探讨应如何注重文化认同,分析其对广告功能、目的产生的影响。关键词：广告翻译、文化差异Contents Introduction Chapter 1:Introduction of Cultural Differences Chapter 2: Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding Different Social Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure Different Reasoning May Cause Misunderstanding Different Aesthetic Thought Result in Different Appreciation View Different Language Structure May Make Information Depart from the Original Meaning Chapter 3: Role of Cultural Identity Conclusion References Introduction Advertisement should express a certain expectation. It is a special pragmatic type of writing with a unique feature, and it also contains a certain cultural connotation. It should not as easy as a word-to-word exchange, but much of a flexible work. Cultural background of the target language is significant to Ad translation; much impotence should be attached. A good translated version will not only convey the information in accuracy, reaching a good advertising effect, but also stimulate receptor’s cultural and appreciating association, which will be of much help to the cultrural communication, thus it also is a impulse in cultural diffusion. Cultural differences as the main factor give much hindrance to the translation work. Misunderstandings will come about if it is ignored, the advertisement may consequently fail to meet its goal. How the cultural differences influence the advertisement’s function and target and how to make the cultural differences optimized when translating? What kind of role does culture identity play in this course? All these questions are the main discussions in this paper. Chapter 1 Cultural Differences As the product of culture, advertisement can show the close relationship between language and culture. Advertisement is a comprehensive art with commercial identity, which persuades people for a certain publicity goal. On some extent, it is a special pragmatic type of writing with unique feature, which contains a certain cultural connotation; only when put into the same or a similar social culture can its function and efficiency be completely explored. However, Ad translation is an across-cultural communication, which determines that it is not as easy as word-to-word exchange. It must win the receptor’s acceptance on the cultural connotation reflected in the Ads, then receptors are attracted and be willing to follow the Ad’s guide. Thus only by knowing the grammar, lexical and relating capabilities of listening, writing and speaking about the two languages is far from enough to ensure cultural connotation of the source language is properly and effectively expressed. The translator is required to know both cultures of the source language and target language to guarantee the best convey of the original information. For instance, “延年益寿”, “宫廷秘方”, “百年陈酿”,etc. These advertising language always turn up in domestic Ads, which are difficult to be translated, even though translated, target receptors would not understand the original cultural connotation, and a doubt to the quality of the product may arises in their minds. Different culture leads to different cultural identity. Domestic receptors are deeply influenced by the traditional culture. They like following the public, showing great awe to the authoritative people, this psychological phenomenon results in the existence of much advertising language with Chinese specialty, like “……,用了都说好”, “我们都喝……,今天你喝了没有”, “……时尚内衣”, “部优”, “省优”, “中国消费者协会推荐产品”, etc. While in western countries, people pursue independence. Everyone tends to be independent. Everyone is unique (why should I do the same as others? They always think in this way). So Advertisements there never advocate people to follow the public, rather to arise admiration to the so-called authoritative people. What reflects in the advertisement are “individuality”, “independence” and “privacy”. Different cultures determine that the product’s promotion will turn out failure if the Ad succeed inland is translated literally. Severe research must be done on the cultural differences, or a bad impression of irresponsible or muddling through might arise, a certain doubt about the quality might strike the consumer. Ad’s natural duty will end up with a failure. Thus, when conducting international propagation it is very important to study the differences between Chinese culture and western culture, and make sure not too much exaggeration is contained in the Ad. Cultural differences make their existence in many aspects, political, language, religion, custom, habits, etc. They have much importance to Ad translation. Once they were neglected, misunderstandings must turns up. Chapter 2 Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences Advertising language is a special art form, which has profound cultural background and can be influenced by the tendency of the day. Ad translation is a motion of cultural communication. To avoid misunderstanding, comprehensibility of different cultural background should be strengthened in the translation. When translating, not only the exact meaning of the advertisement should be clear, but also the extended meaning namely the cultural connotation involved should be agreed on. Due to the differences in language, culture, politic, and custom, different understanding and cognition will form; the translation must go in line with the target cultural habits by which the communication shall reach an ideal effect. Mr. Wang zuoliang have said, “what translators deal with are some particular words, but what they face are two completely different cultures.” Another famous translation theorist Eugene A. Nida (1993) said, “Translating means communicating, what important is the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text.” Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding Cultural differences and conflicts make their existence wherever and whenever, they influence people’s perspectives and their ways of generalization. Although people of different cultural backgrounds may have different tastes, their psychological inclination has much in common, that is to say, all human should pursue elegance and luck, but avoiding cynic and ominous, thereby translator should respect the cultural customs and be cautious in choosing words to avoid misunderstanding. For example, a pen product of Shanghai named “白翎”, the trade mark is translated as white feather. Unfortunately there is a saying in English, to show the white feather, which means escaping from the forefront. White feather is the symbol of cowardness in English. As a result, this pen got a bad selling in western countries. Another example, “金鸡鞋油，颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝等.” It is translated into Golden Cock shoe-polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue. In China, Golden has a meaning of valuable and of high quality, as well as “Cock” always leads to a positive association, then the translation of “金鸡” naturally comes to Golden Cock, which seriously mislead receptor’s association, because in English cock is a usual indication of male genital. Some words containing good cultural connotation in Chinese would mean the opposite in western world. Take Fang Fang a lip-stick as an example , “芳芳” in Chinese is a very nice word , usually it is used to describe beautiful things with flowerlike smell. It might make people imagine a pretty girl with fragrant smell. There is no doubt it is an excellent originality for Chinese consumers, but in English Fang Fang may arise a horror feeling because fang in English means poison fang that causing danger. Another instance Bees scented soap is literal translated from “蜜蜂”, Bee in China history is a very lovely insect as a symbol of diligence, its cultural association should be a flowerlike smell that appealing to bees, certainly this soap may attract a large number of Chinese consumers. On the contrary, westerners would not follow suit, the association of bee gives them an uncomfortable feeling caused by the thinking of fuzz on bee’s body. Different Social and Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information Due to the differences on social politics, words reflecting social specialties may hinder people know little about the reality from understanding. For instance, “某公司自1981年成立以来,在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下,以强烈的竞争意识,勇于开拓,积极进取,出口额逐年上升与世界80多个国家和地区的120多家厂商建立了良好的业务关系。” “ABC Corporation has built up excellent business relations with more than 120 companies and manufacturers in over 80 countries and regions since it was founded in 1981. We make progress actively with a strong sense of competition. Our exports have been increasing year after year.” Compare the two versions, “在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下”was neglected, since it will be difficult for foreigners to know about Chinese enterprise’s historical and moral background of management mechanisms shifting, it is not necessary to add some information that should not be helpful to foreigners understanding. In some circumstances, the information about political or that cause difficulty to understanding can be omitted, this omission is reasonable and it makes no influence for the company promotion. Another example, a pencil sharpener with “大鹏” as its trade mark, and it is translated as “ROC hardeners”. Hardener is the biggest bird in Han’s national myth, having a positive meaning of ambitious and prosperous. While in westerners’ minds, “ROC” stands for “Republic of China”, certainly this will lead to a misunderstanding and unnecessary association, consequently this trademark will be neither helpful to create good impression of the products nor to defend national dignity. Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure Courtesy is the common conducting norm followed by people when they get to communicate. A mild tone is publicly welcome. Improper wording or harsh tone might result in failure for communication. Here is an example, in china, public good Ads always get “禁止……”, public take this natural, no one think it is amiss, but as you weigh about its commanding tone, a slight domineering must be felt. “禁止” in English should be “Do not”, which is not mild but a word of harsh, . “Do not pick the flower!” “Do not make noise!”……, since such a stiff tone will unavoidably raise a sense of distance, it won’t help to create a happy and sweet public atmosphere, foreign friends might feel uncomfortable; they think their personalities are not fully respected. Changing into a much milder tone the translation should be “keep away from the flower!” “Take care of the flower, please!” which will certainly inspire people love flowers and take care of flowers. 怎样？满足你的要求吗？

缩略语翻译论文文献综述

1. 什么是文献综述？文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的。文献综述是研究者在研究报告中对选题领域的研究状况和主要问题做出的综合阐述与评价，以说明本研究的背景和基础。文献综述特点是“综”，“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。 2. 文献综述怎么写？写文献综述时，不能一味告诉别人，我读了什么，反对述而不评。必须说明研究者对研究状况的见解，为不同研究的结论提供某些说明，并合乎逻辑和顺畅地从一个问题上转到另一个问题上，并使之成为自己更广泛或深入研究的导引。要清楚地表明这样一种事实：所考察领域的研究还不够充分，有待扩展，这样就给该领域的进一步研究提出了需求。文献综述应表明有深入进行描述性研究的必要，或许某一现象尚未用定性方法加以研究，而事实上对其进行定性研究是合适的、有用的。尽管要适当地引用文献资料，但不要把文献综述搞成引证材料的罗列；围绕和问题相关的关键点来组织文献综述，不要勉强地以年代顺序来组织，该部分末尾要有结论，要对前面的考察加以概括，对重点内容加以综合。

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文献综述是在对文献进行阅读、选择、比较、分类、分析和综合的基础上，研究者用自己的语言对某一问题的研究状况进行综合叙述的情报研究成果。文献的搜集、整理、分析都为文献综述的撰写奠定了基础。文献综述格式一般包括：引言；正文；结论；参考文献

论文的文献综述怎么写

在平平淡淡的日常中，大家都有写论文的经历，对论文很是熟悉吧，借助论文可以达到探讨问题进行学术研究的目的。相信许多人会觉得论文很难写吧，以下是我为大家整理的论文的文献综述怎么写，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

文献综述是在确定了选题后，在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该研究领域的研究现状(包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等)、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述，还要根据自己的理解和认识，对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。

文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。

检索和阅读文献是撰写综述的重要前提工作。一篇综述的质量如何，很大程度上取决于作者对本题相关的最新文献的掌握程度。如果没有做好文献检索和阅读工作，就去撰写综述，是决不会写出高水平的综述的。

好的文献综述，不但可以为下一步的学位论文写作奠定一个坚实的理论基础和提供某种延伸的契机，而且能表明写本综述的作者对既有研究文献的归纳分析和梳理整合的综合能力，从而有助于提高对学位论文水平的总体评价。

在《怎样做文献综述——六步走向成功》中，劳伦斯·马奇和布伦达·麦克伊沃提出了文献综述的六步模型，将文献综述的过程分为六步：选择主题、文献搜索、展开论证、文献研究、文献批评和综述撰写。

文献综述根据研究的目的不同，可分为基本文献综述和高级文献综述两种。基本文献综述是对有关研究课题的现有知识进行总结和评价，以陈述现有知识的状况;高级文献综述则是在选择研究兴趣和主题之后，对相关文献进行回顾，确立研究论题，再提出进一步的研究，从而建立一个研究项目。

毕业论文广告语翻译

原文太长，我给你的是节选，你需要全文的话，文后我给你附上网址。 Abstract At present, with the rapid pace of economy’s development, advertising tends to be a main way to, so it is natural that international Ads translation becomes decisive for the products’ successful launching to the world market. Advertisements’ translation is a cross-cultural communication. Cultural differences determine that it would be far from easy for Ad to reach its function for the world market. The cultural connotation reflected in translation must win receptors’ acceptance. Just like the idiom says “when in Rome do as Romans do”. Advertising language should be kept in corresponding with cultural background of the target language, whenever this is done, it becomes possible for advertisements to exert its function to attract the receptors. Combining with translation practices this paper will analyze how the cultural differences influence Ad function in six aspects, including cultural habits, social political constitution, courteous principle, reasoning, aesthetic thought and language structure, Ad translation will not reach its function if such cultural differences are neglected, and how much importance should be attached to the cultural identity, which plays a positive role in Ad translation Key Words: Ad Translation, Cultural Differences,摘要: 广告语言作为一种特殊的实用文体,有其独有的特点,并蕴含一定的文化内涵。广告语言的翻译,是跨文化的交流活动,它不仅仅是将一种语言文字转换成另一种语言文字,而且使读者自然而然地认同广告的深层文化内涵,通过被吸引而产生广告的效应。广告翻译必须注重目的语的文化背景,高质量的翻译不仅可以准确传达信息,还能引发读者的文化联想和审美想象,产生良好的广告效应,同时也宣传了本民族的文化,起到了对外交流的作用。为能灵活、有效和得体地表达出原语中的文化内涵以及广告信息,这就要求译者必须了解原语言和译语言的文化,确保信息准确传递。本文结合广告翻译成功和失败的案例,从风俗习惯、社会政治制度、礼貌原则、推理模式、审美思想、语言结构六个方面文化差异对广告翻译的影响，忽视文化的差异，必将一定程度上影响广告信息的传递，产生误解，使广告翻译难以实现信息的等效交流，而进一步探讨应如何注重文化认同,分析其对广告功能、目的产生的影响。关键词：广告翻译、文化差异Contents Introduction Chapter 1:Introduction of Cultural Differences Chapter 2: Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding Different Social Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure Different Reasoning May Cause Misunderstanding Different Aesthetic Thought Result in Different Appreciation View Different Language Structure May Make Information Depart from the Original Meaning Chapter 3: Role of Cultural Identity Conclusion References Introduction Advertisement should express a certain expectation. It is a special pragmatic type of writing with a unique feature, and it also contains a certain cultural connotation. It should not as easy as a word-to-word exchange, but much of a flexible work. Cultural background of the target language is significant to Ad translation; much impotence should be attached. A good translated version will not only convey the information in accuracy, reaching a good advertising effect, but also stimulate receptor’s cultural and appreciating association, which will be of much help to the cultrural communication, thus it also is a impulse in cultural diffusion. Cultural differences as the main factor give much hindrance to the translation work. Misunderstandings will come about if it is ignored, the advertisement may consequently fail to meet its goal. How the cultural differences influence the advertisement’s function and target and how to make the cultural differences optimized when translating? What kind of role does culture identity play in this course? All these questions are the main discussions in this paper. Chapter 1 Cultural Differences As the product of culture, advertisement can show the close relationship between language and culture. Advertisement is a comprehensive art with commercial identity, which persuades people for a certain publicity goal. On some extent, it is a special pragmatic type of writing with unique feature, which contains a certain cultural connotation; only when put into the same or a similar social culture can its function and efficiency be completely explored. However, Ad translation is an across-cultural communication, which determines that it is not as easy as word-to-word exchange. It must win the receptor’s acceptance on the cultural connotation reflected in the Ads, then receptors are attracted and be willing to follow the Ad’s guide. Thus only by knowing the grammar, lexical and relating capabilities of listening, writing and speaking about the two languages is far from enough to ensure cultural connotation of the source language is properly and effectively expressed. The translator is required to know both cultures of the source language and target language to guarantee the best convey of the original information. For instance, “延年益寿”, “宫廷秘方”, “百年陈酿”,etc. These advertising language always turn up in domestic Ads, which are difficult to be translated, even though translated, target receptors would not understand the original cultural connotation, and a doubt to the quality of the product may arises in their minds. Different culture leads to different cultural identity. Domestic receptors are deeply influenced by the traditional culture. They like following the public, showing great awe to the authoritative people, this psychological phenomenon results in the existence of much advertising language with Chinese specialty, like “……,用了都说好”, “我们都喝……,今天你喝了没有”, “……时尚内衣”, “部优”, “省优”, “中国消费者协会推荐产品”, etc. While in western countries, people pursue independence. Everyone tends to be independent. Everyone is unique (why should I do the same as others? They always think in this way). So Advertisements there never advocate people to follow the public, rather to arise admiration to the so-called authoritative people. What reflects in the advertisement are “individuality”, “independence” and “privacy”. Different cultures determine that the product’s promotion will turn out failure if the Ad succeed inland is translated literally. Severe research must be done on the cultural differences, or a bad impression of irresponsible or muddling through might arise, a certain doubt about the quality might strike the consumer. Ad’s natural duty will end up with a failure. Thus, when conducting international propagation it is very important to study the differences between Chinese culture and western culture, and make sure not too much exaggeration is contained in the Ad. Cultural differences make their existence in many aspects, political, language, religion, custom, habits, etc. They have much importance to Ad translation. Once they were neglected, misunderstandings must turns up. Chapter 2 Misunderstandings Caused by Cultural Differences Advertising language is a special art form, which has profound cultural background and can be influenced by the tendency of the day. Ad translation is a motion of cultural communication. To avoid misunderstanding, comprehensibility of different cultural background should be strengthened in the translation. When translating, not only the exact meaning of the advertisement should be clear, but also the extended meaning namely the cultural connotation involved should be agreed on. Due to the differences in language, culture, politic, and custom, different understanding and cognition will form; the translation must go in line with the target cultural habits by which the communication shall reach an ideal effect. Mr. Wang zuoliang have said, “what translators deal with are some particular words, but what they face are two completely different cultures.” Another famous translation theorist Eugene A. Nida (1993) said, “Translating means communicating, what important is the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text.” Different Cultural Habits Cause Misunderstanding Cultural differences and conflicts make their existence wherever and whenever, they influence people’s perspectives and their ways of generalization. Although people of different cultural backgrounds may have different tastes, their psychological inclination has much in common, that is to say, all human should pursue elegance and luck, but avoiding cynic and ominous, thereby translator should respect the cultural customs and be cautious in choosing words to avoid misunderstanding. For example, a pen product of Shanghai named “白翎”, the trade mark is translated as white feather. Unfortunately there is a saying in English, to show the white feather, which means escaping from the forefront. White feather is the symbol of cowardness in English. As a result, this pen got a bad selling in western countries. Another example, “金鸡鞋油，颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝等.” It is translated into Golden Cock shoe-polish comes in black, brown, white, red, yellow and blue. In China, Golden has a meaning of valuable and of high quality, as well as “Cock” always leads to a positive association, then the translation of “金鸡” naturally comes to Golden Cock, which seriously mislead receptor’s association, because in English cock is a usual indication of male genital. Some words containing good cultural connotation in Chinese would mean the opposite in western world. Take Fang Fang a lip-stick as an example , “芳芳” in Chinese is a very nice word , usually it is used to describe beautiful things with flowerlike smell. It might make people imagine a pretty girl with fragrant smell. There is no doubt it is an excellent originality for Chinese consumers, but in English Fang Fang may arise a horror feeling because fang in English means poison fang that causing danger. Another instance Bees scented soap is literal translated from “蜜蜂”, Bee in China history is a very lovely insect as a symbol of diligence, its cultural association should be a flowerlike smell that appealing to bees, certainly this soap may attract a large number of Chinese consumers. On the contrary, westerners would not follow suit, the association of bee gives them an uncomfortable feeling caused by the thinking of fuzz on bee’s body. Different Social and Political Constitution May Hinder the Convey of Information Due to the differences on social politics, words reflecting social specialties may hinder people know little about the reality from understanding. For instance, “某公司自1981年成立以来,在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下,以强烈的竞争意识,勇于开拓,积极进取,出口额逐年上升与世界80多个国家和地区的120多家厂商建立了良好的业务关系。” “ABC Corporation has built up excellent business relations with more than 120 companies and manufacturers in over 80 countries and regions since it was founded in 1981. We make progress actively with a strong sense of competition. Our exports have been increasing year after year.” Compare the two versions, “在改革开放,加快企业转换机制方针指引下”was neglected, since it will be difficult for foreigners to know about Chinese enterprise’s historical and moral background of management mechanisms shifting, it is not necessary to add some information that should not be helpful to foreigners understanding. In some circumstances, the information about political or that cause difficulty to understanding can be omitted, this omission is reasonable and it makes no influence for the company promotion. Another example, a pencil sharpener with “大鹏” as its trade mark, and it is translated as “ROC hardeners”. Hardener is the biggest bird in Han’s national myth, having a positive meaning of ambitious and prosperous. While in westerners’ minds, “ROC” stands for “Republic of China”, certainly this will lead to a misunderstanding and unnecessary association, consequently this trademark will be neither helpful to create good impression of the products nor to defend national dignity. Different Courteous Principle May Lead to Communication Failure Courtesy is the common conducting norm followed by people when they get to communicate. A mild tone is publicly welcome. Improper wording or harsh tone might result in failure for communication. Here is an example, in china, public good Ads always get “禁止……”, public take this natural, no one think it is amiss, but as you weigh about its commanding tone, a slight domineering must be felt. “禁止” in English should be “Do not”, which is not mild but a word of harsh, . “Do not pick the flower!” “Do not make noise!”……, since such a stiff tone will unavoidably raise a sense of distance, it won’t help to create a happy and sweet public atmosphere, foreign friends might feel uncomfortable; they think their personalities are not fully respected. Changing into a much milder tone the translation should be “keep away from the flower!” “Take care of the flower, please!” which will certainly inspire people love flowers and take care of flowers. 怎样？满足你的要求吗？

不知道这里生产商利用其商标WEAR-EVER一词多义的特点，大力推销其产品：一方面WEAR-EVER为其品牌名称，另一方面该词又另有含义：既为wear forever（体现产品结实耐用），又为wherever（说明到处受人欢迎）。该广告从多角度推销其产品，能够激起顾客的购买欲望，具有一定的劝说作用

Advertising English vocabulary characteristicsIn order to make readers to understand information, English advertisement must be very careful choice of property and skills. Advertisement producers want by an impressive vocabulary to attract customers attention. English advertising language has many unique features such as: the words of vocabulary, concise, Just use the popularization of oral and informal words, The use of proper nouns, Adjectives and comparison, the highest use, Repeat the words, The pronoun of magical function, Advertising English vocabulary of word-formation flexible way. Below this brief analysis , concise wordingAdvertising needs in the limited space and time, most of the benefits of concise advertising, let a person be clear at a glance, neither have caused the attention of readers and interest, and foil, emphasize the key themes. Therefore, some monosyllabic words or letters less often used. Such as: eat more crashes, this one is car sales advertisements, and get two sorts of simple one-syllable verbs, flatly between consumers and advertisers will show the bilateral activity. Both reflects the sincerity of advertisers, and consumer produce simple, quick, affordable, thus adding business relationship feeling of credibility. The car in its scale-up. How VILLAGER (1993). The car crashes pair one AD copy, Get one (ads) above two glasses words advertisement is not more than six letters length, its meaning is each person can understand, embodies The characteristics of simple English the popularization of 2, just oral and informal wordsMany advertisements using the popularization of oral and informal words, make advertisement appears very kindness, and attract their attention, make its produce purchasing desire. And the popularization of oral English, informal language for people to understand and memory. Such as: Yes! The researches, now! This is the very simple words advertising agency, oral sex is extremely strong, with very infectious YES to stimulate the self-identity of consumer psychology, and NOW to consumers for action.

我的论文就是这个题目，和你的是一样的先给个目录吧，内容太多。有兴趣就留个emailContents摘要 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iAbstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiContents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiI. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1II. The Overview of Advertising and Advertisement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Development of Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functions of Advertisements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Types of Advertisements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4III. Language Features of English and Chinese Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lexical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple and Concise Vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequent Use of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exact Use of Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syntactical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Affirmative Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imperatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interrogatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ellipsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Popularized and Colloquial Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhetorical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simile and Metaphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hyperbole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repetition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13IV. Translation Techniques of Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literal Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creative Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abridgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplementary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19V. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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