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汉英语言文化差异论文文献

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汉英语言文化差异论文文献

英汉习语中所反映的文化差异 朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说:“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……”,“它带有特殊的情感氛围,甚深广而微妙,在字典中无从找出,对文学却极要紧。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景,对于文字的这种意义就茫然,尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。”英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》(1871)一书中,首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来,并表述为:“文化是一种复杂,它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。”可见文化的覆盖面很广,它是一个复要的系统。语言作为文化的一个组成部分,反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。我们经过归纳总结认为, 论文网,英汉习语所反是非曲直的文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面: 1、生存环境的差异 习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国,历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍,人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费,大手大脚,英语是spend money like water,而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语,在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语,如to rest on one’s oars(暂时歇一歇),to keep one’s head above water(奋力图存),all at sea(不知所措)等等。 在汉语的文化氛围中,“东风”即是“春天的风”,夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起,“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球,北温带,海洋性气候,报告春天消息的却是西风,英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节,常与 “可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate。 2、习俗差异 英汉习俗差异是多方面的,最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意:“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等,尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加,狗的“地位”似乎有所改变,但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家,狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外,大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中,常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You are a lucky dog(你是一个幸运儿),Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日),Old dog will mot learn mew tricks(老人学不了新东西)等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog,“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反,中国人十分喜爱猫,用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴,常有亲呢的成份,而在西方文化中,“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。 3、宗教信仰方面 与宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史,人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切,与此有关的习语很多,如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香,临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家,特别是在英美,人们信奉基督教,相关的习语如Good helps those who help themselves(上帝帮助自助的人),也有Go to hell(下地狱去)这样的诅咒。 4、历史典故 英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语,这些习语结构简单,意义深远,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话,如Achilles’heel(唯一致命弱点)、meet one’s waterloo(一败涂地)、Penelope’s web(永远完不成的工作)、a Pandora’s box(潘多拉之盒枣灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源)等。 二、英汉习语翻译的具体原则和方法 关于翻译标准,中外翻译理论家们提出了不同的主张。从严复的“信、达、雅”,傅雷的“重神似不重形似”,到张培基先生提出的“忠实通顺”;从瞿秋白的“等同概念”,到美国著名的翻译理论家Eugene A·Nidar的“功能对等(functional equivalence)”或“动态对等(dynamic equivalence)”,我们可以看出,这些主张是相互影响、互为补充、不断完善的,虽然侧重点有所不同,但中心要结晶都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义,保持原作的风格,忠实反是非曲直原作的面貌。所谓忠实表达原文的意义,应指忠实表达原文的字面意义、形象意义和隐含意义三个方面。但是,并不是原文的每句话、每个习语、词汇都同时具备三种意义,有的可能只有字面意义,没有形象意义;有的可能兼有字面意义和形象意义,但没有隐含意义。尤其是,任何两处语言文化都不可能完相同。

试论中英问候语对比及跨文化交际策略的选择论文

[论文关键词] 问候语 礼貌原则 文化差异 跨文化交际策略

[论文摘要] 语言是文化的载体。问候语存在于所有语言之中。它们为恰当开始谈话并且为建立、维持和商定社会关系提供了手段。它们也是常规用语,构成了礼貌语言的一部分。本文对比了中英问候语内容、结构、人称代词使用上的差异,分析了中英问候语礼貌原则差异产生的深层文化原因,从而说明选择恰当的跨文化交际策略的重要性。

问候语作为人类社会一种普遍存在的现象,其主要功能就是运用礼貌的语言行为来维护社会秩序,建立和保持良好的人际关系,避免交际中不必要的误会与冲突,实现成功交流的目的。不同语言、不同文化习俗影响问候的不同表达形式。

一、中英问候语差异对比

(一)分类及内容差异

1.祝愿式问候。这类问候表达的是说话人一种良好祝愿,在中英两种语言中都有其表现形式。例如我们所熟悉的“您好”“新年好”、“Merry Christmas”等。但由于语言不同、文化习俗不同,不同语言中问候语也会有不同的表达形式。英文中有“Good morning”(早上好) 适用于早上起床后至午饭间这段时间,在正式、非正式场合均可使用,但它与中文的“您早”并不对应,“您早”在中国多用于起床后至早饭前这一短暂时间,“早睡早起”是中国人的养生之道,行为准则之一,因此“您早”在汉语中还蕴含有赞扬之意,如上午10 点见人还说“您早”,则多有挪揄之意了。

2.关心式问候。关心式问候一般体现说话人对对方身体或工作、生活等方面的关心。受文化差异的影响,关心式问候在不同语言中表达形式大不相同。我们常以中国普通老百姓日常问候语“吃了吗”、“去哪儿”、“忙不忙”为例,这是极为普通而又随便的问候语,问与答的双方都不把它当成正式的问题,纯打招呼而已。对外国人来说不是这样的,在英语中这两个问题都涉及个人的隐私,是不能这样发问的。

3.交谈式问候。有时候人们打招呼是以对方正在干着的事情为话题,通过提问的方式来进行的,这类问候形式在汉语中非常普通。我们日常生活中耳熟能详的“出去啊?”,“上班去?”“散步啊?”,诸如此类的问候话非常的多,一天中我们不知道会说多少次、听到多少次这样的话。同样的问题在英语中则不宜发问,这跟语言发展的传统密切相关的,中国人人情味浓,较关注他人的生活或工作状况,而西方人多把生活或工作的某些情况视为个人隐私,他们的习俗是避开这类话题。

英语和汉语问候语内容上的差异说明这两种语言的人在礼貌语言策略选择上的差异。人们习惯上认为,英语民族的人比较矜持,除了非常要好的朋友,他们不喜欢相互表现得很亲昵。而且,对他们大多数人来说,“Where are you going ?”或“ What are you doing?”这类听起来有干涉意味的话是不合适的,因此不能作为问候语接受。这一点也许可以说明为什么英语问候语内容具有中性特点,例如谈论天气或其他与个人没有直接关系的事物。另一方面,中国人一般高度重视社会关系,在相互问候的时候往往表现出对他人的关心。“你在忙什么?”这类询问用作问候语,英语民族的人听起来可能觉得奇怪,但在汉语中已经成为常规礼貌用语。

(二)句子结构上的差异

英语和汉语的问候语在句子结构上也有差别。例如,在问候过程中谈论天气时,说汉语的人往往使用“天气真好! ”和“天气真糟!”这类感叹句来表达对好天气的喜悦和对坏天气的诅咒,而说英语的人则比较喜欢用“Fine day,isn’tit?”这类附加问句。说汉语的人在问候的时候经常使用重复来增强亲切感,例如“ 你好你好”和“ 再见再见”,而说英语的人则喜欢在问候语中使用缓冲词语来减轻言外之力,例如“ Can I help you at all ?”

(三)人称代词使用上的`差异

英语和汉语问候语的差异也可见于人称代词的使用。首先,汉语第二人称代词有两种形式,即“ 你”和“您”,后者更为礼貌,而英语只有一种形式,即“you”。不过,在英语问候语中,人称代词比汉语用得广泛。试比较第二人称代词在这两种语言中的使用情况:   最近怎么样? 工作怎么样?

第一人称代词在汉语问候语用得比较少。例如:久仰久仰。上述比较表明,礼貌语言策略的表现形式在不同的语言中是有所变化的。如果不了解另一种语言的礼貌用语,就有可能引起误言、误解和猜疑。 "

二、中英问候语的礼貌原则对比

顾曰国提出了与汉语文化有关的五大礼貌准则为:贬己尊人准则,称呼准则,文雅准则,求同准则,德、言、行准则。礼貌准则揭示出英汉礼貌语用文化差异。中国的礼貌尤其表现在“贬己尊人”。以英语为母语的人很难理解中国“谦虚”的文化内涵。从跨文化交际的角度看,中国深受儒家文化影响,重视人际关系,群体观念和等级观念,是汉文化的重要特征。而以“个人本位” 和平等为主要取向的西方社会,言语主要用来作为显现平等关系的表达手段。在很大程度上,人们在交际时已经建立起一种认知的“ 平等关系”,或准备建立这种关系。

交际环境的依赖性。“ 文雅准则”作为一种礼貌现象是有普遍性的。然而,就文雅准则来说,汉语问候语多是内隐的、含蓄的,而英语问候语则多是直接的、外显的。在西方的弱交际环境的文化下,交际过程中产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载。这也意味着在弱交际环境中,人们习惯侧重用语言本身来交际。而在东方的强语境文化中,交际的信息量更多蕴涵在社会文化环境和交际情景中,人们对环境提示具有更大的依赖性和理解度。

三、跨文化交际的策略选择

由于汉英语言的负面迁移和不同语言理解和交际障碍,在跨文化交际中一定要综合考虑语言背后深层的文化差异,选择恰当的跨文化交际策略。英汉文化不同的价值观念对跨文化交际造成一定影响和障碍。西方文化体现的是个人价值观念,而集体价值是中国文化尤其是儒家文化的特点。西方社会中出于对个人价值的尊重,个人隐私权也得到宣扬和保护。在跨文化交际中涉及个人经济方面、婚姻状况、政治倾向、宗教信仰等方面的话题要回避。东方社会里,个人价值常常被淡化,集体价值或社会关系被重视和强化。因此在跨文化交际中一定要注意中西方不同的文化价值观念,注意社会身份和交际对象,文化环境等因素。由于历史变革、地理环境、宗教信仰等诸多方面原因,世界各民族形成了各自独特的文化传统,这些文化在它们的载体—语言中得到了清晰的反映。因此,说话人在跨文化交际中应“入乡随俗”,遵循所使用语言的语用规则和文化规范,最大限度地避免语用失误。

四、结语

随着经济的全球化和文化交流,在中英问候语中英语也吸收了一些汉语和中国文化。而近年来中国的问候语也在不断变化。虽然英汉问候语有互相接近的倾向,但差异仍然存在,今后也不可能完全消除。因此,研究英汉问候语差异,选择正确的交际策略才能更有效地进行跨文化交际。

跨文化交际中我们不能把文化作为一种独立于语言之外的东西。实际上,人类生活各个方面无不受文化影响,并随文化变化而变化,这就需要去探索研究不同的文化内涵,了解文化差异所在、树立文化差异的意识,从而获得一种跨文化交际的敏感性,求同存异,在交际中采取相应的适当策略,以保跨文化交际渠道的畅通。从而达到最理想的交际效果,以推动社会的发展和人类的进步。

参考文献:

[1] Brown,P.& S.Levinson.1978.“Universals inlanguage usage: Politeness phenomena”[A].Esther Goody (ed.): Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction [C].Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press.   [3] Leech,G.1983.Principles of Pragmatics[M].London: Longman.

[4] 李海琳.问候语与告别语英汉对比研究[J].湖南:邵阳学院学报,2008.

[5] 彭增安.语用、修辞、文化[M].上海:学林出版社,1998.

[6] 王福祯,徐达山.英语惯用法大词典[Z].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1995.

[7] 张群.从中、英、俄问候习俗和见面礼节论文化差异对跨文化交际的影响[J].阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2006,(3).

语言既是人类社会进行交际的重要工具,又是文化的重要组成部分,语言和文化密不可分。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言文化方面论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

解读酒店英语中的语言文化

摘 要: 酒店服务人员应从与饭店英语相关的中西方文化知识出发,领会文化差异和语言差异,以矫正由于中西文化差异而带来的语言偏差,从而达到学习语言、吸收文化和服务客人的目的。

关键词: 酒店英语 语言文化 文化差异

一、引言

语言与文化密切相关,不同文化习惯的语言不可避免地会发生冲突,而跨文化语言沟通存在于涉外高星酒店服务的各个环节。因此,酒店英语不仅是语言知识的学习,而且是语言文化和交际技能的培训。语言的本质属性不是语言知识而是思维。当一个人不了解该语言所蕴涵的文化时,那必然会发生语用错误。

二、具有本质特性的酒店英语

酒店英语属旅游专业英语范畴,具有专业英语的针对性(pertinence)和服务英语的得体性(decency)。语言标准应为:明晰、通畅、表意得当。如:

Waiter:How would you like with your steak?Rare,medium or well-done?(请问您牛排要几成熟?三成,五成还是七成?)

Guest:Rare,please.(三成。)

通常,rare是“稀少”的意思;medium是“中间”的意思;well-done是“干得好”的意思。而出现在服务员为客人点菜的流程中,它的意思就非常具有专业英语的针对性了。语言学家吕叔湘先生对言语得体有这样的描述:“此时此地此人说此事,这样的说法最好;对另外的人在另外的场合说的还是这件事,这样的说法就不一定最好,就应使用另一种说法。”请看下面这组酒店客人和服务员之间的对话:

Guest:Hi,waiter,you speak beautiful English.

Waiter: Thank you,sir. Welcome to Holiday Inn.

Waiter顺应英语习惯欣然接受,而非按中文习惯去拒绝,说“No,no,My English is not good.”以示谦虚,否则只会使顾客感到莫名其妙,不知所云。由此看出,服务语言的得体性在酒店英语的情境应用中显现得淋漓尽致。

三、文化差异(Cultural Difference)在酒店英语中的体现

文化影响着语言学习的思维方式,因此中英两种语言文化交汇时,必然会发生冲突。语言学家曾指出:“在与外族人交谈时,本族人对于他们在语音和语法方面的错误较宽容。与此相反,违反说话规则被认为是不够礼貌的。因为本族人不大可能认识到社会语言学的相对性。”这种情况又被称之为“社交语用失误”,它主要是指由于文化背景差异,交际时出现语用习惯错误。在酒店服务岗位的英语使用时,中英文化的差异将会给酒店服务中的语言交流带来不便。

(一)招呼(Greeting)用语

按照中国的文化习惯,问候和打招呼时,常爱涉及对方本身,询问的内容显得十分具体。中国人见面打招呼时最喜欢用的口头语如:

“吃饭了吗?”(Have you finished your dinner?)

“上哪儿去?”(Where have you been?)

如果将上面的招呼用语拿来用在老外身上,定会令他们感到丈二和尚摸不着头脑。例如:在酒店,初次见面对一位英美女客人说:“Did you have your lunch?”她会感到非常诧异。因为在他们的文化里,这样打招呼是暗示邀请的意思。这也是酒店英语服务中服务人员要引以为戒的。

与之不同,英语国家人打招呼,通常以天气(weather)、健康状况(health)、体育(sports)或兴趣爱好(interest/hobby)作为话题。如:

What a lovely day!(今天天气真好呀!)

I like hiking,and you?(我喜欢徒步旅行,你呢?)

(二)介绍(Introduction)用语

中国人小学第一节英语课便学了“What’s your name?”这句话。而这句话伴随许多人长大,考过了四、六级,TOEFL,IELTS,但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上,英语国家的人在第一次见面时一般先把自己的名字告诉对方,如“I am ...”,对方会自然地说出自己的姓名。因此“I’m ...”这里可以直接译成“请问贵姓?”。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时,一般也只说“Your name,please?”或“May I have your name?”如果使用“What’s your name?”会有一种被审问的感觉。一般只有海关人员、警察采用这种问讯句式。因此酒店员工在客人check-in(入住登记)或check-out(办理退房)的时候,一定要注意礼貌而得体的问询,以免冒犯客人。

(三)称赞(compliment)和接受赞扬

在人际交往中,谦虚和低调是中国人崇尚的表达方式,常会用“哪里哪里”、“不行,差远了”来回应别人的夸奖。而西方人则认为实话实说才能友好往来,而会欣然接受来自他人的赞扬。也常用赞美作为交谈的话题,如赞美对方出色的工作等。面对客人的赞美,员工的回答应是:“Thank you.”如:

Guest:You did a good job!

Waitress:Ah,thank you.

(四)关于隐私(privacy)

在中国,初次见面询问对方年龄、婚姻、收入是很自然随意的事情。而倾向自我、独立和自由的英语国家的人,会认为这些内容涉及个人隐私。如:

Are you married?(你结婚了吗?)

What’s your salary?(你的薪水是多少?)

以上内容涉及个人隐私,服务员切忌问及客人此类问题。因此,当酒店员工对入住客人的基本情况不甚了解时,“Is your husband/wife with you?”或“How many children do you have?”这样的问话是不得体的。

(五)搭配词语(phrase)表达

搭配词语指词与词的横向组合关系。搭配是民族文化中约定俗成的,不能用中文的搭配思维去套用到英语里面。在酒店用语中经常用到的如:“红茶”英语为“black tea”,而“black coffee”用汉语表示为“不加糖的咖啡”;“红酒”在英语中是“wine”(不是red wine);而white wine中文也不译成“白酒”。因此在搭配词语运用时,同样要注意词汇表达中的文化内涵。

四、尊重语言文化、提高饭店英语应用能力

世界各民族由于历史渊源、思想方式、生活习性、审美观念、价值理念、宗教信仰等不同,从而产生了文化上的差异。语用能力的提高离不开目标语国家的文化因素,因此要增强文化意识、主动自觉地吸收并融入他人文化环境中。

在培养文化意识(culture consciousness),理解语言内涵的同时,还应注重不同的文化有着不同的语用原则,注重词汇文化差异、句法文化差异及日常习俗文化差异来强化文化意识,为提高正确语用能力奠定基础。不能视酒店英语为简单的口语交流,必须增强对英语文化背景知识的学习,要树立英汉语言差异意识,懂得英语在不同语境中的应用,即掌握一些文化语用知识。

五、结语

综上所述,酒店服务人员应改掉以往只重视语言本身而忽视语言文化的不合理做法,把文化因素纳入语言之中,用英语进行有效得体的交际。努力培养文化习得意识并使文化的规范与语言技能的培养同步进行。不仅注意语言形式的正确,还要重视语言运用是否恰当。既要有母语和英语两种语言的对比语言学修养,又要有两国比较文化背景学方面的知识,这才是成为国际化酒店具有跨文化意识人才的首要条件。

参考文献:

[1]Denney 著.梁晓波,王才美,刘亚琴译.现代美国饭店经营与管理[M].湖南科技出版社,2001.

[2]鲍伯・里宾斯基著.李正喜译.专业酒水[M].大连理工大学出版社,2002.

[3]许元娜.提高大学生英语学习能力的研究[J].齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2009.

[4]刘燕婷.旅游英语情景体验式教学初探[J].淮北职业技术学院学报,2009,(2).

浅析美式英语语言文化特点分析

摘要:美国文化是崇尚自由、平等和自我的文化,其包容性十分强,具有多元化的民族融合性。其核心文化特征是追求人人平等和自我价值的实现。这些文化特征在美式英语文化中有着深刻的体现。文章结合美国文化的产生背景对其语言分析特点进行分析探讨。

关键词:美式英语;语言文化;特点

引言

美国文化是一种非常独特的民族文化。从世界文化的区域和类型来说,美国文化属于西方文化范畴。但与其他西方文化相比,美国文化有着许多迥然不同的地方,它不但有别于与其有着亲缘关系的英国文化。而且有别于它的邻国加拿大和其他欧洲国家的文化。语言与文化的关系是水乳交融、不可分割的。

首先,语言体现了文化。一方面,语言是文化的一部分。根据文化的狭义定义,文化是从社会习得的知识。而语言则是人类对客观事实的认识和感受的反应,属于人类文化的一部分。另一方面,语言是文化的载体。因为语言是人类思维和交流的工具,也是人类形成思想的中介。本文试图从美国英语所反映的移民文化、价值观念、新文化等方面来分析美式英语语言文化的形成特点。

一、美式英语的形成背景

美国英语的形成与发展与美国的移民历史所带来的文化大融合有着密切关系。17世纪初,英国开始在北美进行殖民活动,在北美建立多个殖民地,而在殖民地的通用语言就是英语。之后不断有欧洲人移民到这片大陆上。自殖民地时期,美国英语就在多民族的接触与融合中从异族的语言文化中吸取营养,充实内涵,加快语言的多元化发展,形成美国英语的独特的融合特征。德语、法语、西班牙语、荷兰语和印第安语、黑人语言等移民群体的语言词汇不断渗透到美国人使用的英语里。

另一方面,美国政治、经济、人口结构和社会生活的特殊性,推动了作为社会交际工具的语言美国英语的独立与发展。在词汇、语音和语法结构等方面有别于英国英语的民族语言,美国英语的形成关键在于这个民族在新的社会和生活环境中不拘一格地创造和使用新词。而美国英语中丰富的新词都是出现在普通大众的言谈之中。

由于美国新社会特有的力量和群众性语言占据优势,因此,在美国,语言影响的流程是由下而上发展的。在美国英语中,最贴近生活和最能反映平民要求与社会生活特征的是俚语,俚语是美国英语词汇的主要来源之一。方言和俚语一样分布广泛,来自社会各个阶层,是美国民族语言的生命源泉,既有浓厚的民族文化内涵,又有丰富的表现力和多样性,大量的方言和俚语使得美国英语在较短的时间内区别于英国英语而成为美利坚民族的民族语言。

二、美式英语的语言文化特点

1、个体主义价值观及其在美国英语中的表现

美国文化以个体为本位,个人主义在美国发展到登峰造极的地步,是美国价值观的核心。它的主要内容是通过自力更生达到自我实现。与它联系最紧密的是自由平等竞争。机会均等和个人自由是实现自我价值的基本保障,而竞争是实现个人价值的根本途径。美国人在创造自己文化的同时,也创造了许多表现个人主义的词汇。最有代表性的如:self-absorption(自我专注)、self-limitation(自我制约)、self-cultivate(自我修养)、self-conquest(自我战胜)、self-admiration(自我赞赏)、self-control(自我控制)、self-dependence(自立)、self-reliance(自我依靠)、self-responsibility(自我负责)、self-advancement(自我发展)、self-salesmanship(自我宣传)、self-fulfilling(自我实现)、self-protection(自我保护)等。个体主义价值观特别重视对个人空间和私生活的保护和尊重。"privacy"(隐私)一词在美国人的意识中占有异常重要的位置。无论是在生活空间还是在情感处理上,哪怕是对一个未成年的孩子,都会尊重对方的选择和隐私。

2、美国英语与印第安文化

土著印第安人是美洲大陆最早的定居者,他们的祖先是具有亚洲蒙古人血统的游牧狩猎者,他们于后冰川时代跨过白令海峡来到北美大陆。从美国英语中可以找出许多反映印第安文化的词语。如山川、河流、湖泊等。美国英语吸收了约有2000个左右的印第安词语。

印第安人善于狩猎并拥有种植的技艺,因此很多动物和植物的名称都来自印第安语。如mose(麋)、pecan(美洲核桃)等。美国各州的名称,有一半是来自印第安语。如密苏里州(Missouri)、俄勒冈州(Oregon)、密西根州(Michigan)、马萨诸塞州(Massachusetts)、犹他州(Utah)等。另外,许多与印第安人的部落关系、生活方式、宗教习俗、农作物以及社会机构有关的词也来自印第安语。

3、美国英语使用的通俗化和标新立异的意识

美国人在词语的使用上有通俗化的特点,他们不喜欢咬文嚼字,说话力求形象、易懂。最能体现美国人用词通俗化的是美国俚语。美国俚语是平民百姓的语言,虽通俗形象不矫揉造作,但有些也难免流于粗俗,这些粗俗的俚语不宜登大雅之堂。但有时为了避免语言单调和落入俗套,上流人物甚至总统也敢离径叛道。贵为总统,出言粗俗,无非是想表明自己敢于向常规与正统挑战,在语言表达上突出自己的粗犷个性和创新意识。

汽车文化是美国社会的显著特点,美国人经常借用汽车的商标来比喻其他产品的质量和等级。如,美国Ford汽车公司曾生产一种滞销的Edsel牌汽车,于是,Edlse就常被用来比喻为"彻底失败的产品或人"。

结语

美国英语丰富多彩,反映了美国文化的千姿百态。而且,美国英语的每一个演变都有其社会背景和文化内涵,是与美国社会的发展齐头并进的。它们真实地反映了美国社会的发展历程,是美国各个历史时期社会活动和文化思潮的折射。在美国英语中,不仅蕴藏着美利坚民族特有的传统文化、价值观念和性格特征,而且也突出地体现了语言的时代特征。

参考文献

[1]李正国.从美国地名浅析美式英语来源[J].内蒙古民族大学学报.2007(03)

[2]陈凌.美国文化在英语中的投影[J].广西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2001(02)

[3]张莉娟.美国英语所反映出的美国文化[J].陕西教育学院学报.2007(01)

英汉语言差异研究论文

A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms

(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)

(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)

【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New  Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times  New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)

【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese

(英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New  Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)

1. Introduction

(顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)

In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to

focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms

of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression

(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).

(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)

…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a),

(b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号)

Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following

examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):

(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.

(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose

it.

….

The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese

idioms

… (i) ….

….

(ii) ….

….

4. Conclusion

….

Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New

York: OUP, 1981.

常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》,1993,4:44。 冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》,1998,6:11。 李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》,2000,30:30。

(论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序:尾注:按照编号顺序。夹注:英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号;每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符;倍行距;另外,与文中的夹注一一对应;不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容)

英语论文的写作,主要用于参加国际学术研讨会,促进中外学术文化交流;在国际学术刊物上发表,在国际上共享科研成果,英语论文也是达到学术交流的目的;另外英语论文还包括英语相关专业人员必要地用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等等。不同的学科或专业领域、不同的刊物对英语论文的内容、格式等有不同的要求,不同领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上既有许多共性,也不乏各自特点。

格式:

York: OUP, 1981.

标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。

4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。

英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。

每个关键词使用四号字

正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

参考资料:百度百科-英语论文

语言是思维的表达方式,不同的语言特征往往反映着不同地域、民族的思维习惯差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉语言对比方面论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考!关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇1 浅探英汉委婉语对比 摘 要: 本文应用范畴和构造手段对英汉委婉语进行了对比,通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种社会 文化 现象。研究英汉委婉语的异同,有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化。 关键词: 英汉委婉语 应用范畴 构造手段 一、引言 委婉语euphemism源自希腊语,由词头“eu”(good)和词干“phemism”(speech)构成,意为吉利之语(words of good omen)或优雅的说法(good speech)。委婉语是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象。 通过对比英汉两种语言中的委婉语,我们可以了解委婉语不仅是一种语言现象,更是社会文化现象。委婉语的产生和发展是不同社会心理和语言因素共同作用的结果。委婉语反映了不同社会的发展、价值观、道德观和社会文化。 二、英汉委婉语应用范畴的对比 1.关于疾病的委婉语 生病是人们忌讳说的,因而东西方人常常用委婉语表达。在现代英语中,多用trouble婉指病,如heart trouble,lung trouble等。cancer的委婉语为“the Big C”或“long illness”,“terminally ill”。性病在英语里被称为“social disease”,“the French disease”,“certain disease”,“communicable disease”。汉语里人们把这种病称为“花柳病”、“富贵病”、“那种病”。汉语中,我们把“生病”称作“身体不好”、“身体欠安”,说“癌症”为“不治之症”。 而在身体缺陷方面,英语中婉称crippled(残疾)为physically handicapped(有生理缺陷的)或者用disabled,the inconvenienced表示crippled(瘸子),用imperfect hearing(听觉不完美)代替the deaf(聋子),用visually retarded(视力有障碍的)代替the blind(瞎子、盲人)。在汉语中,四肢残疾称“手脚不灵便、走路不便”,偏瘫称“半身不遂”等,秃顶婉称“谢顶”,耳朵聋称“耳背、耳朵不灵”。其他的还有“挨了一下子”、“划了个口子”等代称“受伤”。 2.关于性的委婉语 从古至今,各民族对性爱及与其相关的一些说法均持谨慎态度。随着人类的进步,也出现了一些开放性的说法,但其主流仍然采用回避、模糊、委婉的说法。英语中谈及性行为的委婉语有make love,to have sex with,to go to bed with etc.汉民族历来对性行为持封闭态度,谈及性行为时总是遮遮掩掩,含混模糊。汉语中表达性爱的委婉语有:同房、夫妻生活、房事、云雨之事、那种事等。在谈到性行为不检点时,英语中有free love,trial marriage,love companion,mixed singles等模糊与中性化的委婉语。汉语中则采用较严厉的贬义词抨击不检点的性行为。如男盗女娼、三者插足、寻花问柳、水性杨花等。对于妓女这一令人鄙弃的角色,西方社会给予了许多雅号,如,street walker,street girl,a woman of the town,pavement princess。谈到怀孕时,英汉两种语言均用委婉语,如英语很少直接说pregnancy(怀孕),而说be in the family way,in an interesting condition,in a delicate condition,knitting little bootees etc.汉语则说,有喜了、要当妈妈了、身怀六甲等。 3.关于死亡的委婉语 古今中外,无论东西方,“死亡”都是一个避讳莫深的话题。人们在语言交际中尽量回避“死亡”二字而尽可能用委婉语代替。虽然英汉语中都有很多表示“死亡”的委婉语,但其中的差异具体表现在: (1)英汉表达死的委婉语在体现社会地位上大相径庭。中国经历了几千年的封建社会,封建制度对中国文化影响颇深。天子死称“崩”,诸侯死称“薨”,大夫死曰“卒”,士死曰“不禄”。西方人笃信__,认为人都是上帝创造的,故生来人人平等。英语中有一条古老的格言:Popes,Kings,beggars,and thieves alike must die.头衔和地位并不能免人一死。在死神面前,卑贱者和高贵者一律平等。 (2)由不同的宗教文化带来的表达差异。英语中die的很多委婉语来自《圣经》,如to go to a better place/world(到一个更美好的地方、世界),to go to Heaven/Paradise(进入天国)。汉语中,入佛门的则说“迁化、圆寂、舍生”等;对信仰道教的则说“蝉脱、羽化、别驾、遁化”等。 (3)因价值观念的不同,英汉委婉语也不同。汉语中表“死亡”的委婉语还有褒贬之分,如壮烈牺牲、慷慨就义、为国捐躯等。英语国家的民族英雄常常受人敬仰,在英语里找到一些表示为国家或事业而捐躯的委婉词语,如bite the dust/the ground,fire one’s last shot,give one’s life,kiss the dust lay down one’s life。 4.有关“低微职业”的委婉语 在英汉这两种语言里,职业也是一个敏感的话题,因为它直接反映了一个人的社会和经济地位。为提高某些职业的社会地位,人们往往使用委婉语加以美化。这种现象在现代英语中俯拾皆是:把maid(女仆)或housekeeper(女管家)称为domestic help(家务助手)、day-help(白天帮工)或live-in help(住家帮手);一般服务员也升级为service manager(服务管理人员);butcher(屠夫)也改称为meat technologist(肉类技术专家);garbage collector(垃圾收集工)也称sanitation engineer(环境卫生工程师)。 现代汉语也有类似的职业委婉语,“理发师“成了“发型设计师”,理发店也随之改成了发型设计中心,“佣人”成了“家政人员”,“厨子”婉称为“大厨”、“大师傅”,用“服务员”代替“跟班、听差、跑堂”,“司机”代替“车夫”等。这些职业委婉语的使用一方面反映出人们文明程度的提高和追求高雅的心理趋势,另一方面体现出现代人的尊重意识和平等观念。 5.关于年龄上的委婉语 英语中有关老的委婉语很多,这与其文化密切相关。美国文化以个人主义为中心,讲究独立与隐私,子女成人后即与父母分居,老人生活孤单寂寞,于是老成了生活中的一大忌。因此,英语中有许多关于老的委婉语。如:senior citizen,advantage in the age,the mature,seasoned man等。 同时人们把晚年称为golden years(黄金年华),养老院并非理想去处,也被婉称为a home for adults(成人之家)、a rest home(休养所)等。然而在中国,情况却正好相反,因为中国历来有尊老敬老的传统观念和价值观。在中国,“老”字带敬意,是资历和地位的象征。人们有时还倚老卖老,以老为荣。 如什么“老板、老大、老总、老师、老师傅”等。汉语中类似“年老”的委婉语也很多,如:古稀之年、高龄、高寿、桑榆、夕阳红等。同时,中国人还常把老字放在姓氏的前面或者后面,来称呼那些德高望重的老年人,以表尊重,如:老赵、王老。这体现了中国重视老人的价值观,而这些在英美文化中是不可思议的。可见,在不同的文化背景中,人们对同一事物的态度可能截然相反。 三、英汉委婉语构造手段的对比 由于英汉民族的语言不同,两种语言在文化、语言形式和 思维方式 等方面存在较大的差异。英汉委婉语的差别正是由于两种语言的语言特点差异所造成的,主要体现在英汉委婉语各自的词汇形态特点、语义特点和语法特点等方面。英语是一种拼音文字,通过语音及语法手段构成委婉语,或拼写形式的变异,达到委婉的目的,汉语却侧重于词汇手段。 英语委婉语的构成方式: (1)缩略(Abbreviation):ladies代替ladies’ room,婉指女厕所。 (2)尾脱落(Apocopation):lav代替lavatory(厕所)。 (3)首字母缩略(Initiating):.代替body odor(狐臭)。 (4)逆生(Backforming):ecnop 代替ponce,婉指“拉皮条的人”。 (5)音节或字母重复(Reduplication)pee-pee=piss(小便)。 (6)音节扭曲(Phonetic Distortion)Cripes=Christ(基督)、God(上帝)。 (7)混合词(Blend word):gezunda=This object“goes under”the bed.(那东西放在床底下,即“夜壶”)。 (8)小词(Diminutive):heinie=hind end(后端,即“臀部”)。 汉语委婉语独特的构成方式: (1)拆字法。如:张俊氏道:“胡子老官,这事你作法便了,做成了,少不得言身寸。”(“谢”拆开后即“言”、“身”、“寸”)。(《儒林外史》第32回) (2) 歇后语 法。人们在做一些消极评论时,常会借助一些歇后语来缓冲过于直白的语气,以达到委婉的目的。比如骂人时说:茶壶里的水(滚开)。 (3)换字法。例如,北方话口语中常说“扯蛋”,书面语转写时,换成“扯淡”。 (4)符号替换法。例如:“×你妈!你怎么不说话,哑巴吗?” (5)反义法。所谓反义就是指与禁忌语的意义相反。如广州人把“气死我”说成“激生我”;把“笑死我”说成“笑生我”。显然,生与死是 反义词 ,这里用“生”避开了“死”。 三、结语 笔者对英语和汉语中的委婉语从应用范畴与构造手段两方面进行了比较,试图找到两种语言中的差异和相似之处。委婉语不仅仅是修辞现象、语言学现象,更蕴含浓厚文化内涵、民族特征。在各个国家的日常交往及工作中,委婉语的运用极为广泛,它可以润滑和协调人际关系,使交际活动顺利进行。充分认识其构造手段、形式特点、发展规律将有助于我们了解英语国家的社会风俗与文化,从而增强跨文化交际的能力。 参考文献: [1]邓志昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989. [2]束定芳,徐金元.委婉语研究:回顾与前瞻[J].外国语,1995(5). [3]王希杰.汉语修辞学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004. [4]刘瑞琴.英汉委婉语对比与翻译[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,2010. 关于英汉语言对比方面论文篇2 浅谈英汉词缀对比研究 【摘 要】英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,两者在构词法上有着巨大的差别。分析了这两种语言的词缀,通过前缀和后缀的词缀对比,会给英语教学以及英汉互译提供一些启发。 【关键词】词缀;前缀;后缀;对比 1 词缀的定义 词缀法是把词缀附加在词根上构造新词的 方法 (陈,1991),也叫做派生法。总的来说,前缀起着语义功能,而后缀有语法功能。在英语中,它是一种重要的构词法,自从第二次世界大战以来,它在新的 英语单词 中占。在汉语中,由词缀法构成的词非常少,然而词缀化是汉语本身发展的自然趋势(吴,2001)。 2 英汉前缀对比 英汉前缀的不同反映在英语比汉语有更多的前缀。英语前缀是构词主要的成分,仅次于词根。整体来说,英语派生过程比汉语更复杂、更多样化。 英语前缀的分类 英语前缀大多只是改变词义而不改变词性,所以英语单词是在意义的基础上分类的,英语前缀可以分为九类,列举如下: 汉语前缀的分类 汉语的前缀表示语法意义,其首要功能是改变词性,这种功能相当于英语的后缀,这是两种语言最大的区别。汉语的前缀可以分为两类,一类只是为了构词,如“老”,老婆、老大、老虎;“阿”,阿爹、阿婆。另外一类不全是语法的性质,可能会改变词性,汉语前缀根据意义可以划分为以下类型。 汉语前缀和其相对应的英语形式: 1)否定前缀 不人道 inhuman 非正式 informal 不科学 unscientific 非导体 nonconductor 无形 invisible 无条件 unconditional 2)态度前缀 反建议 counterproposal 亲美 pro-American 反常 abnormal 伪政府 pseudo-government 反社会 anti-social 3)程度或大小前缀 超自然 supernatural 泛非 pan-African 超音速 hypersonic 次大陆 subcontinent 准学者 quasi-scholar 4)数字前缀 半封建 semi-feudal 单边 unilateral 半人半神 demigod 单晶体 monocrystal 双音节 disyllabic 多中心 polycentric 双语 bilingual 多级 multipolar 英汉前缀的对比分析 通过上面的分析,可以推测出两种语言的大多数前缀都有对应关系。总体来说,英语前缀在不改变词性的基础上,对词根起着语义功能,而汉语前缀具有语法的功能,更倾向于语义分类。 然而,在两种语言中,由相对应的前缀构成的派生词并不是一一对应的关系。也就是说,一种语言中的派生词在另一种语言中有着相同意义也可能不是派生词。例如,“不毛”在汉语中是个派生词,由前缀“不”和名次“毛”组成。在英语中相对应的词是“barren”,是个单词素的词。同样,英语中派生名词“non-smoker”是由一个前缀“non-”和一个名词“smoker”组合起来的,在汉语中是个名词词组“不吸烟的人”。 许多前缀具有多种意义,这种现象是非常普遍的,即一种语言的前缀在另一种语言中具有几种意义,反之亦然。英语前缀“a-”有三种意思:a. 强调原来的意思,如await; b. 改变词性和意思,如awash; c. 非、不, atypical。在汉语中,前缀“不”可以用英语中不同的前缀来表示,如un-, il-, ir-, a-等。 3 英汉后缀对比 与英语相比,汉语中表示人的后缀比指示状态和动作等的后缀多。两种语言的后缀都是加在词根之后。 英语后缀的四种范畴 英语后缀是对原来的词的一种修饰,它改变了词原有的词性。英语后缀有四种类型:名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和动词后缀。当词根加上这些后缀后,分别形成名词、形容词、副词和动词。 汉语后缀的分类 与英语后缀不同,汉语后缀主要构成名词。加上后缀的词根几乎限于名词、动词和形容词,尤其是名词。下文选择了若干汉语后缀和所对应的英语后缀。 1)名词后缀 ①表示代理人和职业的后缀 专家 specialist 教员 teacher 银行家 banker 打字员 typist 发明家 inventor 技术员 technician 读者 reader 讲师 lecturer 逃亡者 escapee 工程师 engineer 马克思主义者 Marxist 魔术 师 magician 助手 assistant 积极分子 activist ②表示属性、状态和学说意义的后缀 灵活性 flexibility 创造性 creativity 正确性 correctness 湿度 humidity 长度 length 唯心论 idealism 相对论 relativity 社会主义 socialism 达尔文主义 Darwinism 电子学 electronics ③表示亲昵或轻蔑意味的后缀 胖子 fatty 酒鬼 drunkard 赌棍 gamester 电影迷 filmnik 2)动词后缀 人格化 personify 简化 simplify 深化 deepen 现代化 modernize 革命化 revolutionize 3)形容词后缀 男孩子气 manly 孩子气 childish 阔气 luxurious 傲气 cocky 井然 orderly 默然 speechless 4)副词后缀 油然 spontaneously 惨然 miserably 特地 specially 继而 afterwards 率尔 rashly 英汉后缀对比分析 如上所述,汉语在构成名词方面有丰富的后缀,尤其是指示人的名词。据估计汉语表示人的后缀在词缀中达到32%,在英语中只有13%。两种语言的后缀很明显的不同在于汉语后缀大多带有些许感情色彩,尤其是轻蔑意义;而英语后缀很少带有这种贬义的感情色彩。 汉语中一定量的后缀在英语中没有相对应的后缀,因此,在英语中由自由词来表达这些后缀的意思,例如桌子(desk)、杯子(cup)、石头(stone)、尾巴(tail)、泥巴(mud)。同样,当表示女性的后缀附加于对应的动词之上,整个词就代表了女性。然而,在汉语中单个词就代表了相同的意义,比如女演员(actor-actress) and母老虎 (tiger-tigress)。 后缀中有一种有趣的现象,加上后缀的英语派生词与加上前缀的汉语派生词相对应,比如,“lawless” 和 “fearless”分别译成“非法”和“无畏”。英语中带有指小意义名词后缀在汉语中经常译成前面加“小”的名词,如小鸭(duckling)、小猫(kitten)。有时,同时使用前缀“小”和后缀“儿”,如小罐儿(cannikin)。 4 结语 总之,科技全球化给英语和汉语提供了更多的接触机会,在此过程中相互学习、相互比较。英汉词缀既有相似处也有不同点,将两者相比不仅有益于 英语学习 者深刻认识两种语言,而且有益于他们丰富英汉词汇。 【参考文献】 [1]陈治安.英汉词缀法构词比较[J].四川外语学院学报,1991(1). [2]韩汉雄.英汉词缀比较及 其它 [J].杭州师范学院学报,1994(7). [3]胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006. [4]吴东英. 再论英语借词对现代汉语词法的影响[J].当代语言学,2001 (3). [5]萧立明.英汉比较研究与翻译[M].上海:上海外语 教育 出版社,2010. [6]张晗.英汉构词法对比[J].厦门大学外文学院,2010(3).

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英汉寒暄语差异研究论文

问候式寒暄语也称招呼语,通常是人们见面打招呼时所常用的语言,在汉语中比较常见的是 “你去哪?”、“吃了吗?”一类。而英语中常使用“hello”和“How are you”。一般情况下,经过时间沉淀的寒暄用语,有很强的通用性和传统的语言模式,相对简单明了是寒暄的特性。中国人寒暄主要有四个话题:对年龄的询问(例如,孩子们有多大了?),健康状况的关注(例如:最近身体如何啊?)对于行动的关注(例如:哟,忙吗?)和节日的问候(例:过年好啊。)据史书记载上古我们的祖先每天只吃两顿饭。即使这样,穷人也是吃了上顿没下顿,即所谓‘饔飧不继’。所以老百姓见面爱问 “吃了没?”。在改革开放初期,由于食品和服装的问题,是很长一段时间要解决的问题,中国人注意吃,爱谈论吃,所以,“你吃了吗?”,这句话也一直被沿用。产生这一现象的原因是中国人对他人的关注。其次,这句话也反映了中国人对于交际的积极性。

汉英寒暄语基本都可分为问候式、询问式、漫谈式和告别式,但是在汉英两种语言的日常使用中寒暄语存在着很多的差异。(一)问候式寒暄语[s1] 差异问候式寒暄语也称招呼语,通常是人们见面打招呼时所常用的语言,在汉语中比较常见的是 “你去哪?”、“吃了吗?”一类。而英语中常使用“hello”和“How are you”。一般情况下,经过时间沉淀的寒暄用语,有很强的通用性和传统的语言模式,相对简单明了是寒暄的特性。中国人寒暄主要有四个话题:对年龄的询问(例如,孩子们有多大了?),健康状况的关注(例如:最近身体如何啊?)对于行动的关注(例如:哟,忙吗?)和节日的问候(例:过年好啊。)据史书记载上古我们的祖先每天只吃两顿饭。即使这样,穷人也是吃了上顿没下顿,即所谓‘饔飧不继’。所以老百姓见面爱问 “吃了没?”。在改革开放初期,由于食品和服装的问题,是很长一段时间要解决的问题,中国人注意吃,爱谈论吃,所以,“你吃了吗?”,这句话也一直被沿用。产生这一现象的原因是中国人对他人的关注。其次,这句话也反映了中国人对于交际的积极性。而英语寒暄语在我们刚接触英语的时候就学习过:A: How are you?B: Fine, thank you, and you?A: I am fine too!在汉语寒暄语中,多数的“问句”不是去问对方到哪里去了,干什么了,最后有没有吃,目的只是为了得到一个简单的回应。回应可以是对方根据问题进行真实的回答,也可以是“好”的声音,微笑示意也可以,在这方面比较注意形式。英语寒暄语是简单明了的,类似于上面的例子的寒暄相对而言还是比较多的,基本上“Hello”和“Good morning”是主流。英汉寒暄语的差异,是指在汉语和英语中的寒暄语在语言问候语中互相问候时的差异。“最近怎么样啊?有些胖了。”这类寒暄在中国文化圈交流时比较常见,以英语为母语的人听到这句话,他首先想到的不是“过的不错”,而是惊奇自己长胖的速度,下一步就会开始健身减肥,很显然,他想多了。一位在中国工作的外籍教师有一次去礼堂看电影,在半路上碰到了自己的学生,学生依据中国寒暄的习惯,礼貌地说:“你要去看那部电影吗?”英语老师觉得很奇怪,认为你在大厅种清楚的看到我了,知道我是去看一部电影,为什么还要问这样一个问题?类似于这样的寒暄语很容易引起误解,给人的印象是中国人总是干扰别人:天那么冷,怎么穿这么少啊,别感冒了。会不舒服的,看过医生吗?你吃过药了吗?现在感觉怎么样?......英语国家的人对这一场景的对待会比较平静和冷漠:我能照顾自己!想象一下,如果在英语国家的人寒暄的时候会发生吗?后者当然会认为,中国人喜欢干涉,甚至安排其他人的生活,因为就算是他们的父母可能都不会如此,这是不能接受的。最坏的结果是:“I can handle it all,OK?”在英语中,问候式寒暄语都是比较简单直接,一个“Hello”或者“How are you?”就可以了。但在中国,“去看电影啊”、“去吃饭啊”这一类明知故问的“很奇怪的问题”是人们经常用来经常用来寒暄的。[s2] (二)询问式寒暄语[s3] 差异顾名思义,询问式寒暄语是用询问的方式对对方进行寒暄,对对方的近况进行询问,以此表达对对方的关心。可以询问的问题有很多种,在这方面两种语言的人会产生较大差异。在汉语中,问候式寒暄语与询问式寒暄语有部分重叠,“忙什么”和“xx怎么样”是比较常用的。而在英语国家中询问对方身体状况是最常用的话题:You looked tired, are you okay?You looked not well, what’s wrong with you?在中国的询问方式更多。你忙什么呢?身体还不错吗?家里还好吗?等等。据《广州日报》() 载,近几十年来日常询问式寒暄语主要经历了以下几个发展阶段:上世纪80年代:“下海了吗?”“在哪发财啊?”;上世纪90年代:“有工作吗?”“跳槽了吗?”;前几年:“最近忙什么啊?”“工作怎么样?还在那个单位吗?”“去哪玩了?”;今年:“涨几个点了?有什么好股推荐啊?”“买了什么基金?涨多少了?”“你的房子现在的价格是多少?”“准备买房吗?”“xx涨价没?”近一两年来,询问式寒暄也有新的元素的注入,现在人们见面常常会说:“今年到哪旅游了?”,“听说了吧?海南岛变成国际旅游岛了?”等。甚至在毕业生之间也流传着独有的寒暄语:“论文怎么样了?”汉语中询问式寒暄语在不断的变化着并且不断有新的元素注入,也体现出了汉语询问式寒暄语随时代发展而变化的特点。在这一方面对汉英两种寒暄语的要求是一样的,表示对对方的关注并导出后面的话题。如果对方不愿意顺着寒暄导出话题,可以随便应付,开始另一个新的话题。汉语和英语寒暄语是在交际中最有可能造成交流障碍的。一句“吃了吗”在中国的使用方向可以扩展到生活的方方面面。使用英语国家最常用的方法询问对方的身体状况。而在中国语言文化中,这方面的语言使用的范围很广泛,相比较于英语国家,更常见的是对职业和收入,年龄和婚姻等问题。一个英国教育家在中国讲课,曾说过一个案例,他有一次参加一个会议,在会议间隙,一个中国人当着所有人的面十分亲切地询问他的工资,当时感觉很尴尬,不回答的话又怕对方觉得他对自己不够尊重,最后只能很无奈的实话实说:I had a most bizarre day.在我们刚刚学习英语的时候,老师就提到过与外国人聊天的时候不能说“How old are you?”因为他们认为自己的年龄是隐私。而在中国人的交流中,对于年龄的问题则显得并不那么介意。“你今年得二十三四了吧?”这类寒暄则极为多见。有一位在中国工作了一年的新西兰女教师,回国之后对朋友说:“在中国至少有100个人问过我的年龄,但是我在新西兰的时候,从我18岁之后,不记得有谁问过我的年龄。”在中国文化中,婚姻问题也是一个经常被人们谈论的话题,在中国,朋友之间或者长辈与晚辈之间经常会问到这些问题,“有女朋友了吗?”“跟你女朋友什么时候结婚?”等等。而在英语国家,如果交谈中谈到这些话题,他们一定会很不自在,会认为自己的私生活受到了很严重的干涉。但是如果是很亲密的朋友,则不会产生尴尬,并非是英语国家的人不谈论婚姻问题,而是他们之间的谈论不涉及隐私。询问式寒暄语中,中英两种文化的人都会询问对方的身体状况,不同的是,中文中可询问的话题更多,范围也更广。例如婚姻和年龄问题,在中国任何人在寒暄时都可以询问,但在英语文化中,只有十分熟悉的人才可能会想要了解,被询问的人才可能会回答。(三)漫谈式寒暄语差异双方在问候之后,会随意的聊一些话题,这种对话十分随意,不涉及任何重要内容,目的只是与对方进行交流,以保持双方的亲密,这个过程所进行的对话内容,我们将之定义为漫谈式寒暄语。这种寒暄语是由询问式寒暄语所引出,一般是询问式寒暄语的延伸。除了天气,英语经常还谈论大家都感兴趣的话题,如橄榄球比赛的最后一场,明天将举行的乒乓球比赛,谁有一件漂亮的衣服,这个宴会的男主人或女主人。中国人也会就这些话题进行寒暄,但在讲英语的国家这类话题更容易被人们谈论,如服装的样式,购买的地点等。尤其是在餐桌上,这种差异会明显的突显出来。英语国家的人会一直称赞食物的美味。而中国人不太喜欢谈论这些话题,如果过多的对在场的某个人为话题进行谈论,则会使当事人觉得尴尬,所以他们更倾向于谈论身边发生的事情或者最近的一些新鲜事。在下面的对话中,这种赞美的寒暄很容易在人与人之间造成误解。A(teacher):Tom, your English is improving. I am pleased with your (student): Oh, no, my English is notvery : Why do you say that? You‘re really doingvery well in : No, I am not a good : Tom, you’re making progress in thisclass. You should be proud of your : No, it’s not true. You’re a goodteacher, but I’m not a good student.外籍老师使用自己英语环境下的寒暄语与中国学生交流,而中国学生使用中文语言背景下的习惯对他进行的回应并不能让他感到舒服,他们之间的交流都是符合自己的语言文化背景的,但是由于两种语言环境的差异,造成了交际的失败。所以,在漫谈式寒暄语中,最主要的差异存在于自身所习惯谈论的话题,如果别人提起的话题不是在听话人自身文化中经常谈论的,那么就会让听话人感到不适应,甚至会造成交际失败,引起对方的反感。(四)告别式寒暄语差异告别式寒暄语也有一些学者称之为复习寒暄语。这句寒暄语是谈话结束时,总结谈话或聊天性质的对话。最常见的就是“再见!”或是一句礼貌的讲话。A: I’d like to say goodbye to you all!B: What time are you going?A: My train leaves at 7:: Well, goodbye and have a good : Good-bye. Remember to look me up ifyou’re in Rome.两轮对话都是寒暄。在中文的语言环境中我们会觉得很正常,而且如果一方没有做到,我们会觉得很不舒服,甚至会觉得对方有一些失礼。除了说“再见”,中国的告别寒暄语也会加上许多亲切的话,或者会表示餐桌或餐桌上的感谢。甲:很抱歉打扰你,这是一个特别的经历。乙:这是我应该做的,您别客气。甲:那可不行,感谢您来请我吃饭。乙:别客气,您慢走。甲:哪天请您吃饭。乙:回见如果说这句话的对象是西方国家的人,他们会觉得麻烦,并期待着“哪天”的吃饭。 类似的还有“以后常联系”、“有事您说话”、“回头喊上XX咱们一块坐坐”等等,这些话的目的都只是表现出对对方的热情、客气或者是对分别的不舍,并不具有实际的意义。综上所述,汉语告别式寒暄语相比较于英语告别式寒暄语会显得更加繁琐,表示亲切的话语会更多,形式上会更加的“客气”,而在英文中则会更加的简单直接。 [s1]问候式寒暄语和询问式的你还是没有分清楚,参考我给你的资料,在进行修改,但是不能抄袭我给你的资料 [s2]这点感觉不是问候式寒暄语的内容 [s3]这块缺乏概括性语言,目前感觉还是有点乱,分开英语询问式和汉语询问式,并说出他们的不同的地方,主要落脚点应为“英语里面很注意个人隐私,而中文中什么都可以问,而且见什么问什么”源于网络分享。。。。。。

中国和英国的寒暄语的区别主要在于问候的时候问的内容不同。

中国和英国的寒暄语的方式及表达:

1、汉英寒暄语基本都可分为问候式、询问式、漫谈式和告别式。

2、中国人寒暄主要有四个话题:对年龄的询问(例如,孩子们有多大了?),健康状况的关注(例如:最近身体如何啊?)对于行动的关注(例如:哟,忙吗?)和节日的问候(例:过年好啊。)而英国人是先问对方怎么样怎么样,不会问一些这样的问题。

3、英语里面很注意个人隐私,而中文中什么都可以问,而且见什么问什么,这是最大的差别。

4、使用英语国家最常用的方法询问对方的身体状况。而在中国语言文化中,这方面的语言使用的范围很广泛,相比较于英语国家,更常见的是对职业和收入,年龄和婚姻等问题。

试论中英问候语对比及跨文化交际策略的选择论文

[论文关键词] 问候语 礼貌原则 文化差异 跨文化交际策略

[论文摘要] 语言是文化的载体。问候语存在于所有语言之中。它们为恰当开始谈话并且为建立、维持和商定社会关系提供了手段。它们也是常规用语,构成了礼貌语言的一部分。本文对比了中英问候语内容、结构、人称代词使用上的差异,分析了中英问候语礼貌原则差异产生的深层文化原因,从而说明选择恰当的跨文化交际策略的重要性。

问候语作为人类社会一种普遍存在的现象,其主要功能就是运用礼貌的语言行为来维护社会秩序,建立和保持良好的人际关系,避免交际中不必要的误会与冲突,实现成功交流的目的。不同语言、不同文化习俗影响问候的不同表达形式。

一、中英问候语差异对比

(一)分类及内容差异

1.祝愿式问候。这类问候表达的是说话人一种良好祝愿,在中英两种语言中都有其表现形式。例如我们所熟悉的“您好”“新年好”、“Merry Christmas”等。但由于语言不同、文化习俗不同,不同语言中问候语也会有不同的表达形式。英文中有“Good morning”(早上好) 适用于早上起床后至午饭间这段时间,在正式、非正式场合均可使用,但它与中文的“您早”并不对应,“您早”在中国多用于起床后至早饭前这一短暂时间,“早睡早起”是中国人的养生之道,行为准则之一,因此“您早”在汉语中还蕴含有赞扬之意,如上午10 点见人还说“您早”,则多有挪揄之意了。

2.关心式问候。关心式问候一般体现说话人对对方身体或工作、生活等方面的关心。受文化差异的影响,关心式问候在不同语言中表达形式大不相同。我们常以中国普通老百姓日常问候语“吃了吗”、“去哪儿”、“忙不忙”为例,这是极为普通而又随便的问候语,问与答的双方都不把它当成正式的问题,纯打招呼而已。对外国人来说不是这样的,在英语中这两个问题都涉及个人的隐私,是不能这样发问的。

3.交谈式问候。有时候人们打招呼是以对方正在干着的事情为话题,通过提问的方式来进行的,这类问候形式在汉语中非常普通。我们日常生活中耳熟能详的“出去啊?”,“上班去?”“散步啊?”,诸如此类的问候话非常的多,一天中我们不知道会说多少次、听到多少次这样的话。同样的问题在英语中则不宜发问,这跟语言发展的传统密切相关的,中国人人情味浓,较关注他人的生活或工作状况,而西方人多把生活或工作的某些情况视为个人隐私,他们的习俗是避开这类话题。

英语和汉语问候语内容上的差异说明这两种语言的人在礼貌语言策略选择上的差异。人们习惯上认为,英语民族的人比较矜持,除了非常要好的朋友,他们不喜欢相互表现得很亲昵。而且,对他们大多数人来说,“Where are you going ?”或“ What are you doing?”这类听起来有干涉意味的话是不合适的,因此不能作为问候语接受。这一点也许可以说明为什么英语问候语内容具有中性特点,例如谈论天气或其他与个人没有直接关系的事物。另一方面,中国人一般高度重视社会关系,在相互问候的时候往往表现出对他人的关心。“你在忙什么?”这类询问用作问候语,英语民族的人听起来可能觉得奇怪,但在汉语中已经成为常规礼貌用语。

(二)句子结构上的差异

英语和汉语的问候语在句子结构上也有差别。例如,在问候过程中谈论天气时,说汉语的人往往使用“天气真好! ”和“天气真糟!”这类感叹句来表达对好天气的喜悦和对坏天气的诅咒,而说英语的人则比较喜欢用“Fine day,isn’tit?”这类附加问句。说汉语的人在问候的时候经常使用重复来增强亲切感,例如“ 你好你好”和“ 再见再见”,而说英语的人则喜欢在问候语中使用缓冲词语来减轻言外之力,例如“ Can I help you at all ?”

(三)人称代词使用上的`差异

英语和汉语问候语的差异也可见于人称代词的使用。首先,汉语第二人称代词有两种形式,即“ 你”和“您”,后者更为礼貌,而英语只有一种形式,即“you”。不过,在英语问候语中,人称代词比汉语用得广泛。试比较第二人称代词在这两种语言中的使用情况:   最近怎么样? 工作怎么样?

第一人称代词在汉语问候语用得比较少。例如:久仰久仰。上述比较表明,礼貌语言策略的表现形式在不同的语言中是有所变化的。如果不了解另一种语言的礼貌用语,就有可能引起误言、误解和猜疑。 "

二、中英问候语的礼貌原则对比

顾曰国提出了与汉语文化有关的五大礼貌准则为:贬己尊人准则,称呼准则,文雅准则,求同准则,德、言、行准则。礼貌准则揭示出英汉礼貌语用文化差异。中国的礼貌尤其表现在“贬己尊人”。以英语为母语的人很难理解中国“谦虚”的文化内涵。从跨文化交际的角度看,中国深受儒家文化影响,重视人际关系,群体观念和等级观念,是汉文化的重要特征。而以“个人本位” 和平等为主要取向的西方社会,言语主要用来作为显现平等关系的表达手段。在很大程度上,人们在交际时已经建立起一种认知的“ 平等关系”,或准备建立这种关系。

交际环境的依赖性。“ 文雅准则”作为一种礼貌现象是有普遍性的。然而,就文雅准则来说,汉语问候语多是内隐的、含蓄的,而英语问候语则多是直接的、外显的。在西方的弱交际环境的文化下,交际过程中产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载。这也意味着在弱交际环境中,人们习惯侧重用语言本身来交际。而在东方的强语境文化中,交际的信息量更多蕴涵在社会文化环境和交际情景中,人们对环境提示具有更大的依赖性和理解度。

三、跨文化交际的策略选择

由于汉英语言的负面迁移和不同语言理解和交际障碍,在跨文化交际中一定要综合考虑语言背后深层的文化差异,选择恰当的跨文化交际策略。英汉文化不同的价值观念对跨文化交际造成一定影响和障碍。西方文化体现的是个人价值观念,而集体价值是中国文化尤其是儒家文化的特点。西方社会中出于对个人价值的尊重,个人隐私权也得到宣扬和保护。在跨文化交际中涉及个人经济方面、婚姻状况、政治倾向、宗教信仰等方面的话题要回避。东方社会里,个人价值常常被淡化,集体价值或社会关系被重视和强化。因此在跨文化交际中一定要注意中西方不同的文化价值观念,注意社会身份和交际对象,文化环境等因素。由于历史变革、地理环境、宗教信仰等诸多方面原因,世界各民族形成了各自独特的文化传统,这些文化在它们的载体—语言中得到了清晰的反映。因此,说话人在跨文化交际中应“入乡随俗”,遵循所使用语言的语用规则和文化规范,最大限度地避免语用失误。

四、结语

随着经济的全球化和文化交流,在中英问候语中英语也吸收了一些汉语和中国文化。而近年来中国的问候语也在不断变化。虽然英汉问候语有互相接近的倾向,但差异仍然存在,今后也不可能完全消除。因此,研究英汉问候语差异,选择正确的交际策略才能更有效地进行跨文化交际。

跨文化交际中我们不能把文化作为一种独立于语言之外的东西。实际上,人类生活各个方面无不受文化影响,并随文化变化而变化,这就需要去探索研究不同的文化内涵,了解文化差异所在、树立文化差异的意识,从而获得一种跨文化交际的敏感性,求同存异,在交际中采取相应的适当策略,以保跨文化交际渠道的畅通。从而达到最理想的交际效果,以推动社会的发展和人类的进步。

参考文献:

[1] Brown,P.& S.Levinson.1978.“Universals inlanguage usage: Politeness phenomena”[A].Esther Goody (ed.): Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction [C].Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press.   [3] Leech,G.1983.Principles of Pragmatics[M].London: Longman.

[4] 李海琳.问候语与告别语英汉对比研究[J].湖南:邵阳学院学报,2008.

[5] 彭增安.语用、修辞、文化[M].上海:学林出版社,1998.

[6] 王福祯,徐达山.英语惯用法大词典[Z].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1995.

[7] 张群.从中、英、俄问候习俗和见面礼节论文化差异对跨文化交际的影响[J].阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2006,(3).

研究语言文化差异论文正文

语言是文化的载体,是文化的主要表现形式。语言又是民族文化的一个重要组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、风俗习惯和风土人情等,各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。语言离不开文化,文化依靠语言,教学是语言教学,当然也离不开文化。 文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍 如,在,“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾,是吉祥和权力的象征,中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪,然而在西方人眼里,对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感,甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕的怪物。 文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键 。发展交际能力是英语教学的最终目的。语言能力是交际能力的基础,然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。试看几例: 1.称呼语 学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”,也就相应地把“王老师”称为Teacher Wang。 其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;汉语有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异,造成学生的简单理解:王老师=Teacher Wang。此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“张护士”称为 Nurse Zhang,英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr., Miss, Mrs.等。 2.赞美 在英语国家,赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。对别人的赞美,最普通的回答是:“Thank you.” 如: A:Your skirt looks nice. B:Thank you. 然而这个问题在我们中国的传统观念当中却是应该以谦虚的语言来回答的。 3.隐私 人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心,而外国人却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿?”(Where are you going?)和“你在干什么?”(What are you doing?)在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。 4.打招呼 中国人日常打招呼习惯于问:“你吃饭了吗?”(Have you had your dinner?)如果你跟英语国家的人这样说,他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。英语国家人打招呼通常以天气、健康状况、、以及兴趣爱好为话题。 5.节日 中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日(如New Year's Day)外,双方还各有自己独特的节日,中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Festival, Mid―Autumn Day等;英语国家有Valentine's Day(情人节),Easter(复活节), Thanks Giving Day(感恩节)和Christmas Day(圣诞节)等。在节日里,对于别人送来的礼物,中国人和英语国家的人也表现出不同的态度。中国人往往要推辞一番,表现得无可奈何地接受,接受后一般也当面不打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色,可能招致“ 贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中人们对别人送的礼品,一般都要当面打开称赞一番,并且欣然道谢。 因此教学中应该加强中西文化差异的比较,将中西文化的差异自觉自然地渗透到英语教学中。利用多种渠道、多种手段,吸收和体验异国文化。不能只单纯注意语言教学,而必须重视语言文化差异。只有这样,才能在实际中正确运用语言。

不同的文化传统,使得人们价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象,同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异:整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际,避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统,使中西方在思维方式,价值观念,行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中,儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位,对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典,接人待物,举止言谈以谦虚为荣,以虚心为本,反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此,中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征,这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义,宣扬个人主义至上,竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事,有才能的强者得到重用,缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此,西方文化体现出个体文化特征,这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词,中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念,如老祖宗,老爷爷,老先生,老张,老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时,年龄越大,资格越老,也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来,长者不仅是智慧的化身,也是威望的象征。然而,西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来,“old”是“不中用”的代名词,是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老,更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中,他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士,更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄,也要别人猜测其年龄,而此时,他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小,是多么年轻。又如,中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如:ambition一词,本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义,表示“野心勃勃”,而英美人则取其褒义,表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词,中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”,而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进,有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因,导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异,而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中,跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如,一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场,不仅需要优质的产品质量,而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化,使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如,在中国,“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾,是吉祥和权力的象征,中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪,然而在西方人眼中,对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感,甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解,将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场,试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以,克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时,特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力,将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面,在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问:“你吃饭了吗?”,如果你跟英语国家的人这样说,他们会产生误解,认为你是想请他们吃。,英语国家人打招呼通常以天气,健康状况,交通,体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如,中国人见到熟人习惯问:“去哪里?”,如果对西方人也这样问候,他们可能会很不高兴地回答:“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”,熟人间也可以说:“Hello”或“Hi”.

日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向,常用于非亲属之间:年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中,亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”,对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊重,西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,等。

感谢

一般来说,我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了,听起来会很怪,或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合,所有人之间,即使父母与子女,兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料,准备一桌美餐,对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合,不管别人帮你什么忙,你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

请客

在请客吃饭时,主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时,我们通常习惯于先客气一番,回答:“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说,对方就不会坚持再劝你,很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯,你若想要,就不必推辞,说声“Yes,please.”若不想要,只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄,婚姻,收入,表示关心,而英语国家却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私,因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻,对自己实际年龄秘而不宣,妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时,经常问“你在干什么?”,在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问,监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外,双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等,英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里,对于别人送来的礼物,中国人往往要推辞一番,表现得无可奈何地接受,接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色,可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中,人们对别人送的礼品,一般都要当面打开称赞一番,并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中,文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的,教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性,培养文化意识,例如:加强中西方文化差异的比较,将中西文化在称呼,招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之,中西方的文化存在着很多差异,在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学,而必须加强语言的文化导入,重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样,才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子,而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么,避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司,2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社,2009年3月.

[3]叶朗,朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社,2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社,1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社,1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异,旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时,要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”,的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭,也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒,以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志,必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情,意在血缘,则其方式礼仪,自然也就以和为贵了,因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中,面对陌生文化,因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同,交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较,以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为:东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同,和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木,南方多竹,祖先就地取材,竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为,刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法),更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时,应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好,尤其带汤汁的餐品,要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位,即男女穿插安排,以女主人的座位为准,主宾坐在女主人的右上方,主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方,讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士,都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪:最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时,坐姿端正,背挺直,脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异,中国餐桌上动,西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐,排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒,尽情的享受山珍海味,美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳,餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声,如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈,但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识,可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话,即使有人同你讲话,也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时,摆在桌上的菜花样繁多,至少有七、八道菜,如果是盛宴,主菜会更多,越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好,多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜,份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里,最好是吃完所有的菜,这样女主人会很高兴,认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席,主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理,很容易得出:中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观,在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事,会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet,如:“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外,在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙,甚至会出现误会。如在英国,你若问人吃饭没有,其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女,则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时,又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化,而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献:

[1]易中天,《餐桌上的文化》,《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津,《跨文化交际研究》,福建人民出版社,:92-127.

[3]李天民,《现代国际礼仪知识》,世界知识出版社出版,:109.

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如:红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

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中西方文化差异论文英语

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如:红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

My dream is to study abroad in the future. I amalways that kind of life can come true soon.

我的梦想是以后可以去留学。我总是希望那样的生活能早日成真。

But, before I realize my dream, I have to do somepreparation.

但是,在实现梦想之前,我得做一些准备工作。

I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there.

我想我首先需要做的是适应那里的生活。

It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture.

据说东西方文化是有差异的。

If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict.

如果我什么都不知道,很容易发生文化冲突。

It will put me into an embarrass place.

这会置我于一个尴尬的地方。

For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china.

例如,龙是在中国是万兽之王,有着无比神圣的意义。

But it means violence in the western country.

但是在西方国家则是暴力的象征。

I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.

我要尽量了解更多的文化冲突,这样我的留学生活才会变得更简单。

Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.

The passage mainly tells us the importance of protecting traditional Chinese culture, which is challenged or facing extinction because of the developing society and changing lifestyle. Besides, China is nationwide sparing no efforts to do it.

The protection of national and folk culture is of great significance to Chinese cultural diversity and also to the harmonious development between local economic and social development. It is reported that the Guangdong government pays special attention to protecting Chaoju(潮剧), a local drama born in Chaozhou in the eastern Guangdong province.

In my opinion, some measures should be taken to protect traditional culture effectively. To start with, we should make a law to regulate the society’s performance. Besides, we should draw more people’s attention to it, for the more they know about the importance of culture protection, the stronger the support we can get from the public.

In a word, it is high time for us to treasure and develop our own valuable culture.

这段主要告诉我们保护中国传统文化的重要性,这是挑战或面临灭绝,因为发展中社会和改变生活方式。此外,中国全国全力以赴去做。

保护国家和民间文化是中国文化的多样性具有十分重要的意义,也是地方经济和社会发展之间的和谐发展。据报道,广东省政府支付特别注意保护Chaoju(潮剧),一个当地的戏剧在潮州出生在广东省东部。

在我看来,应该采取一些措施来有效地保护传统文化。首先,我们应该做一个法律调节社会的表现。除此之外,我们应该吸引更多的人的关注,因为他们知道关于文化保护的重要性,更强的我们可以从公众的支持。

总之,是时候让我们珍惜和发展我们自己的有价值的文化。

Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so you finished yourself,you can return to you wonderful dinner can be in China,there are some different of you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”Im full”That means:I am full ,help then ,you can go out to have a rest or just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in we face it in the future ,don`t forget that!

Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography and culture . But the system of politics economy , especially family education can be decided by the individuals . As the main body of the education is parents’ child . Though each parent tries their best and strives to teach their children very well, there are still some problems in it . In order to tackle them, I’ll give some detailed analysis of the difference of family education between China and American.

Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

Today, I visited the temple of yue temple with my father, mother, two uncle, two aunt and sister. Many people ah, this is our original traditional dengfeng temple fair, people dare to come here near the temple fair, I with the crowded traffic into the zhongyue temple, I see theres four iron man, tai mountain, west of huashan, mount hengshan, hen, the songshan, there are many buildings, buildings can be spectacular! I was playing with my sister. Zhongyue temple there are lots of little temple, the temple has a monk, in tapping the holding it with a wooden stick or iron bowl, in the way of walking, I said to himself: "great! This is something to write diary finally!" We walked for a long time of the YueMiao unknowingly came to end, I remember zhong miao seems to be at the end of a long, long small channel, where the gods look like grow can be strange! Some even wear tiger leather shoes and tiger skin towel, the appearance is really funny! My sister and I will be laughed and silly! Its a joy. Finally, we came to a very high, very large building, and my sister and I immediately ran up, and we played there for a while, and my parents shouted, "lets go!" "Play again!" We played a while, they waited impatiently, my father came up to urge us to go, we did not go, and also played hide-and-seek with him! Finally, were ready to go! When we got in the car, we went back to our respective homes.

Today, we have fun! Not only play very happy, but also I also know the traditional culture of the temple, I am so happy!

Feng Jicai, born in Tianjin in 1942, is a highly accomplished writer, known for his depictions of intellectuals lives and the historical stories of Tianjin, where he has been living for more than 40 years. In recent years, while serving as executive chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and chairman of the Tianjin Writers Association, Feng has dedicated most of his time and energy to the preservation of China’s ethnic and folk culture, trying to save the countrys vanishing cultural memories.

Feng frequently published articles in newspapers, explaining his aims and beliefs to the local residents. He wrote, "Cultural relics are dead, but culture is living in the historical buildings. A city without culture is a city without root."

In December 1999, Guyi Street, one of the oldest streets in Tianjin, was in the process of being demolished. On this street, built during the Yuan Dynasty, there were many famous shops, such as Qianxiangyi, Ruifuxiang, Shanxi Guild House, and the General Chamber of Commerce of Tianjin. Again, Feng called for volunteers to record the street on videotapes, and collect oral history from local residents. In February 2000, a set of postcards was published with Guyi Street as the theme, attracting long lines of purchasers. With Fengs efforts, the destruction plan for the street was finally changed, saving some of the buildings there.

Acting on Fengs proposal, a nationwide heritage rescue program launched a general survey of Chinas folk cultures in 2003, aiming to catalog village-level art, songs, legends, dress and folk customs before they die off with their practitioners. A wide range of methods were adopted, including text, audio and video recording as well as photography.

Two severe problems in the rescue program were the lack of cultural workers and funds. Feng sold his own paintings twice to raise funds for the foundation to support the investigation of fine arts folk legacies in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Besides, he also calls for help from NGOs (非政府组织,非营利性组织) everywhere.

Feng was hired as a consultant of the State Council in 2008 for his outstanding contributions to the work of protecting cultural relics.

China is a cultural ancient country with a long history of more than 5,000 years. Chinas traditional culture is profound and profound, and we can see it everywhere in our life. The four treasures we use, the Chinese medicine we eat, the tea we drink; And the erhu, the flute that we played; The tang suit we wear, the porcelain we use, and so on. Our countrys traditional culture is numerous, can be seen everywhere.

Our country has a variety of traditional festivals, many things have various manners and customs, each place also has local and ethnic characteristics. And I like the traditional Chinese festivals best,

The Spring Festival can be a symbol of the blessings of peace and peace. We can worship relatives who have died in qingming festival. The Dragon Boat Festival can eat sweet and soft glutinous rice dumplings; The Mid-Autumn festival is the day when the whole family is reunited to eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon. The double ninth festival is a good day for climbing high and wearing dogwood... Of all the traditional festivals, I remember the Dragon Boat Festival most.

The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the great patriotic poet qu yuan, the legend qu yuan was insulted by the emperor, who was so sad that he was so sad that he threw himself into the river that night. When the news came, people rushed to the river, and the boat was ready to bring back the body of qu yuan, but it could not be recovered. People are afraid that the body of qu yuan was eaten by fish and shrimp, and they dropped zongzi and made them eat zongzi. From now on, people will call this day Dragon Boat Festival, on this day, every family will make zongzi to eat, to commemorate this great patriotic poet!

Every traditional culture in our country has a historical background or a classic story. The traditional culture in China is very profound and profound.

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