会计论文英文文献

提供两个外文链接。希望有用

经济环境下的财务会计.Financial accounting in an economic context = 原书第6版:(美)杰米·帕拉特(Jamie Pratt)著/来明佳，彭红英，徐虹等译财务会计北京;机械工业出版社:2009 978-7-111-24756-2 CNY78.00 12,545页共14章，分为五部分。第一部分是财务会计概述；第二部分介绍财务报表的计量、结构及其使用；第三部分详细地介绍与资产有关的事项；第四部分介绍负债和股东权益；第五部分介绍收益和现金流量表。管理会计.Management accounting = 第5版:安东尼·A. 阿特金森(Anthony A.Atkinson...[等]著/王立彦，陆勇，樊铮译管理会计北京;清华大学出版社:2009 978-7-302-18858-2 CNY59.00 20,523页包括：创造价值的信息、成本管理的概念与成本习性、传统的成本管理系统、作业成本系统、利用预算实现组织目标等。高级会计学.Advanced accounting = 第9版:(美)Joe B.Hoyle，(美)Thomas F.Schaefer，(美)Timothy S.Doupnik著/王鑫改编会计学高等学校英文北京;北京大学出版社:2009 978-7-301-14752-8 CNY56.00 490页实证会计理论.Positive Accounting Theory:罗斯·L. 瓦茨(Ross L. Watts)，杰罗尔德·L. 齐默尔曼(Jerold L. Zimmerman)著会计学英文北京;中国人民大学出版社:2009 978-7-300-10133-0 CNY49.00 22,381页内容包括：会计理论的作用、竞争性假说的辨识、会计与政治活动、会计选择的经验检验等。税务会计.TAX ACCOUNTING = 第七版 SEVENTH EDITION:盖地[主编] 税务会计上海;立信会计出版社:2009 978-7-5429-2240-3 CNY38.00 9,676页系统介绍税务会计有关基础知识，其内容包括纳税基础、增值税会计、消费税会计、关税会计、营业税会计、资源税会计、土地增殖税会计、出口货物免退税会计和税务筹划等。

你可以在Google上面搜，里面有免费的英文文献，还有一些付费的或者要账号密码的，可以求助别人，也可以获得~！如果你有同学在大学的或者研究所的，可以请求他们帮助，他们可以通过学校的数据库免费下载文章~！其实你附加的问题我不是明白，不过附在参考文献里的文章按理来说是要直接引用的，你是说你引用的话意思是和参考文献中的表述不一致，但是中心思想是差不多的~，是这个意思吗？如果是这样，我觉得你引用的文献也可以附在参考文献中~！希望我的解答对你有所帮助~！

环境会计产生的环境回顾环境会计产生和发展二十多年的历史，可以看出环境会计是在自然环境遭受严重破坏、生态环境严重恶化、经济发展的物质基础受到威胁的背景下，人们在分析了传统会计理论和方法的局限性基础上提出的。环境状况的恶化对经济活动主体提出新的要求。人类在生产和生活过程中，不断从自然界取得资源，同时又将生产和生活中产生的废物排放到环境中去。随着经济的发展和人口的增长，人类要求从自然界取得的资源越来越多，同时排放到自然界中的废物也越来越多，超过了自然界的承受能力，导致生态破坏、环境污染等一系列环境问题。目前，世界各国都不同程度的存在着环境污染和生态破坏问题，各国的环境问题又共同造成了全球性的环境问题。面对越来越严重的环境问题，各国提高了对环境问题的重视程度，在世界范围内寻求合作以解决治理环境的国际协调问题。1987年，联合国世界环境与发展委员会提出了可持续发展战略，作为指导各国环境与发展实践的共同战略。所谓可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要，以不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展模式，其实质在于限制、调整人类的各种活动特别是经济活动，在经济社会的发展过程中解决各种环境问题，使经济社会的发展建立在环境资源可以承受的基础上，并促使其充分、持久地发展，从而最大限度地满足当代人和后代人的需要。我国20年来的改革开放促进了经济发展和国民经济高速增长，创造了巨大的物质财富，人民生活有了较大提高，但由于对资源开发强度过大，造成环境污染，水土流失，耕地面积减少，资源耗竭速度提高，大量物种濒临灭绝等环境问题。98年特大洪水在一定程度上就是由于沿江植被遭到破坏，水土流失严重造成的。我国政府近年来加大了环境保护方面的法制建设和资金投入，取得了一定的效果，但也存在着投入总量不足、环保效益和经济效益差等问题。在总量上，发达国家环境保护投入平均占GNP的1％－2％，我国仅占0.7％，且由于我国环保历史欠帐较多，投入总量更显不足。在效益上，由于对环境资源的过度开发和浪费缺乏有效的监督和控制，现阶段仅仅从法律监督和行政管理方面对破坏环境的行为进行控制，而没有健全、系统的量化指标把企业的环保责任和经济效益联系起来，把保护环境变为企业的自觉行为。企业还没有把环境保护作为企业生存和发展的一个必要条件，没有把环境保护作为企业扩大市场占有率、提高经济效益的重要手段，认为进行环保投入和技改得不到切实的回报，积极性较差。为提高环保投入产出率，改善环保工作的效果，确保人类社会的可持续发展，利用会计手段对环境资源和环保责任进行计量和控制，研究专门的会计方法体系是十分必要的。 1. 企业适应环境要求，提高经济效益的必由之路。企业要实现长期生存和稳定发展，必须树立适应环境的观念，社会环境是企业生存和发展的制度基础，而自然环境则是企业生存和发展的物质基础。传统观点认为：企业必须尽可能地适应社会环境，寻求最佳投资环境、融资环境、市场环境和政策环境，才能求得长期生存和稳定发展。而从可持续发展观点看来：企业的生存和发展需要不断地从自然环境中取得资源，又要不断地将废物排放到环境中去，如果企业没有一个持续、稳定的自然环境作为物质基础，求得与自然环境的和谐共生，企业的长期生存和稳定发展只能是空谈。现实生活中，人们的环境保护意识不断增强，越来越要求企业提供更多的绿色产品，企业立足自身经济利益，也应增强环保意识，增大环保投入，降低能源消耗，细化环保投入和产出的计量，计量取得的环境资源、负有的环保责任和发生的环境费用，确认取得的环境收益或损失。这样才能全面的衡量企业的效益状况，为企业目标的实现提供真实、可靠的信息。 2. 传统会计模式的局限性传统会计的目标是借助会计对经济活动进行核算和监督，为经营管理提供财务信息，并考核经营责任，从而取得最大的经济效益。传统会计侧重于从人类经济活动的角度出发，着眼于对自然资源的开发利用，没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，表现为会计信息披露不充分和会计循环过程的不完整。传统会计没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，缺乏对企业环境资源、环境责任和环境费用的计量，缺乏对企业取得的环境收益或损失的确认。传统会计没有把企业视为与环境共生的经济体，没有认识到经济运转和自然环境循环是紧密联系在一起的。认为经济循环从企业从环境中取得资源开始，到企业实现其产品，取得经济收益结束。忽视了环境对企业的影响和企业对环境的影响，忽视了环境自身的物质补偿过程和企业环境中取得资源造成的企业对环境的补偿责任。具体而言，没有将环境资源确认为资产，没有将企业应承担的环保责任确认为负债，没有将环境资本确认为所有者权益，没有确认环境收入和费用以及环境利润。导致上述问题的原因是，传统会计认为没有凝结人类一般劳动的环境资源是没有价值的，不必对之进行确认和计量。应当看到，环境资源具有社会产品具有的有效用性和稀缺性，应当并可能对其进行确认和计量。environmental accounting environmental Recalling the development of environmental accounting and have more than two decades of history, can be seen in the natural environment, environmental accounting is severely damaged, a serious deterioration of the ecological environment, the material basis of economic development against the backdrop of threats to people in the traditional analysis of accounting theory and methods On the basis of the limitations. The deterioration of environmental conditions on the economic activities of the main new requirements. In the production and life of mankind, made from natural resources will have a life of the production and discharge of waste into the environment. With the economic development and population growth, from the nature of human resources to achieve more and more, at the same time released into the nature of the waste more and more, exceeding the tolerance of the natural world, leading to ecological damage, environmental pollution, such as a Series of environmental problems. At present, all countries in the world there are different levels of environmental pollution and ecological damage, environmental problems also led to a common global environmental problems. In the face of increasingly serious environmental problems, raised the importance of environmental issues, around the world to seek cooperation to address environmental issues of international coordination. In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development put forward a strategy of sustainable development as a national guidance on Environment and Development, the common practice of the strategy. The so-called sustainable development means not only meets the needs of the people, not to future generations to meet their own needs the ability to pose a hazard model of development and its essence is to limit the adjustment of human activities, especially economic activities in the economic and social development In solving environmental problems, so that the economic and social development in the establishment of environmental resources to bear on the basis of, and to its full and lasting development in order to satisfy current and future generations. China's 20 years of reform and opening to promote the economic development of the national economy and rapid growth has created tremendous material wealth, the people's living standard has improved greatly, but on the strength of resource development is too large, causing environmental pollution, soil erosion, reduction of arable land , To increase the speed of resource depletion, a large number of endangered species such as the environment. 98-year flood to a certain extent is due to the destruction of vegetation along the river, caused serious soil erosion. In recent years, China's government increased the legal system of environmental protection and investment, has achieved some results, but there is a total lack of inputs, inefficiency and poor economic returns. In total, the Environmental Protection developed into an average of 1% of GNP accounted for -2%, China accounted for only 0.7 percent, and as a result of China's environmental history, more debt, the total investment is even more inadequate. In terms of effectiveness, as a result of over-exploitation of environmental resources and a waste of a lack of effective supervision and control at this stage only from a legal and administrative supervision of the destruction of the environment control, and no sound system of quantitative indicators of the enterprises Responsibility for environmental and economic benefits linked to the protection of the environment into a business conscious act. Environmental protection enterprises have not as a corporate survival and development of a necessary condition, not as an environmental protection enterprises to expand market share, an important means to enhance economic efficiency, environmental protection that are not practical technical inputs and the return of the more active Poor. In order to enhance environmental protection input-output, improving the effectiveness of environmental protection to ensure sustainable development of human society, the means of accounting for the use of environmental resources and environmental responsibility and control measures, the study of specialized accounting system is essential. 1. Enterprises to adapt to environmental requirements, the only way to increase economic efficiency. To achieve long-term business survival and development of a stable, we must foster the idea to adapt to the environment, social environment for enterprises to survive and develop on the basis of the system, and the natural environment is the existence and development of enterprises on the basis of the material. The traditional view: companies must adapt to the social environment as much as possible, to seek the best investment environment, financial environment, the market environment and policy environment in order to achieve stability and development of long-term survival. From the point of view of sustainable development: the survival and development of enterprises need to obtain resources from the natural environment, but also will continue to discharge waste into the environment, if companies do not have a sustained and stable environment as a material foundation, To achieve harmony with the natural environment, Symbiotic, enterprises and the steady development of long-term survival can only be empty talk. In real life, people's awareness of environmental protection, growing more and more requests to provide more green products, companies based on their own economic interests, should also enhance environmental awareness, increasing environmental protection input and reduce energy consumption, environmental protection, investment and Refinement The output measures, measures to achieve environmental resources, has the responsibility for environmental protection and environmental costs, to obtain recognition of the environmental gains or losses. Only in this way can a comprehensive measure of the effectiveness of business conditions, corporate objectives to provide a true and reliable information. 2. Limitations of the traditional accounting model Traditional accounting with the goal of accounting for economic activities and supervision of accounting, business management for the provision of financial information, assessment and accountability, so as to maximize economic benefits. The traditional emphasis on accounting from the human point of view of economic activity, focusing on the development and utilization of natural resources, not the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, accounting for the performance of inadequate disclosure and accounting of the cycle is not complete . Traditional accounting does not brought about by the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, lack of resources in the enterprise environment, environmental responsibility and environmental costs of the measures, lack of access to the corporate environment or loss of revenue recognition. Not the traditional accounting business environment, Symbiotic and as the economy has not recognized the functioning of the economic cycle and the natural environment are closely linked. That the economic cycle from the corporate environment to obtain resources from the beginning to achieve its business products, to obtain the end of the economic benefits. Ignoring the environmental impact of corporate and business impact on the environment, environmental neglect their own material and the process of compensation and business environment to obtain resources of the corporate environmental liability. In particular, there is no environmental resources will be recognized as assets, not companies should bear the responsibility for environmental protection recognized as liabilities, not the environment identified as the owner's equity capital, there is no confirmation of income and the cost of the environment and environmental profits. These led to the cause of the problem is that traditional accounting in general do not think there is condensation of human labor, environmental resources is of no value, no need for the confirmed and measured. It should be noted that the community has the resources and the environment with the products and effective use of scarce, it should be and could be identified and measured.

会计监督论文英文文献

会计论文外文参考文献

会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢？下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献，欢迎参考借鉴！

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管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法，利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告，并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支，还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用，就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧，希望对你有帮助。

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[19] 《管理会计应用与发展的典型案例研究》课题组，林斌，刘运国，谭光明，张玉虎. 作业成本法在我国铁路运输企业应用的案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(02)

[20] 胡玉明. 21世纪管理会计主题的转变--从企业价值增值到企业核心能力培植[J]. 外国经济与管理. 2001(01)

Businesses recognize impairment when the financial statement carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group exceeds its fair value and is not recoverable. A carrying amount is not recoverable if it is greater than the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected from the asset’s use and eventual disposal. FASB defines impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds an asset’s fair value. CPAS need not check every asset an entity owns in each reporting period. When circumstances change indicating a carrying amount may not be recoverable, CPAS should test the asset for impairment. A test may be called for when one or more of these events occur: A significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset. A significant change in how a company uses a long-lived asset or in its physical condition.

Accounting for R&D in the National Accounts Dennis Fixler Bureau of Economic Analysis 24 February 2009 Paper presented at ASSA meetings in San Francisco, January 2009 Accounting information as political currency* Karthik Ramanna Harvard Business School and Sugata Roychowdhury MIT Sloan School of Management This draft: March 31, 2008 Abstract: We test whether accounting can be used as political currency. Our setting is the US congressional election of 2004, where outsourcing of US jobs was a campaign issue. We find that the largest corporate donors to principal candidates in closely watched congressional races manage earnings downwards in the two quarters immediately preceding the 2004 election. We find no evidence of such downwards earnings management among corporate donors to candidates in all other congressional races. Election outcomes for candidates are also systematically associated with the extent of donors' downwards earnings management in closely watched races, but not all other races. The findings are consistent with firms managing accounting information in circumstances where this is likely to benefit allied politicians. 哈佛商学院2008年3月31日

手里有大把的哦，你什么时间要呢，可以

会计融资论文英文文献

我是做这方面工作的,可惜你的内容有点长,我需要时间.如果不着急,请, 我2天内给你发过去

财务论文的英文参考文献大全

财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。

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Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer. It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial. Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise industry." China in the early 1980s after the introduction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge. [Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments. [Edit] the type of lease financing 1. Simple financing lease Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side. 2. Leveraged lease financing Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing. 3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform. The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing. 4. Project finance leasing Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their products in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing. [Edit] the risk of lease financing Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows: (1) product market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment products market risks, which need to know to sell the products, market share rate and occupancy, product trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk. (2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern. Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk. (3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists. (4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introduction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, due to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on. [Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing [Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing 1, the start of the lease accounting treatment At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount due, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset. Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the residual value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate. 2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp duty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects. 3, no finance charge assessed In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to reduce long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only reduce the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs. Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types: (1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate. (2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates. (3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist residual value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset residual value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to zero. (4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed residual value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to zero. (5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed residual value. Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the residual value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reduced to the guaranteed residual value, or to be paid by the breach. Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects. 4, the leased asset depreciation Provision Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues: (1), depreciation policy Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting residual value after deducting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset residual value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded. (2), the depreciation period Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period. 5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects. 6, or the accounting treatment of rent Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects. 7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances: (1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects. (2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects. (3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.字数太多，翻译另答~~~~~~

会计论文外文参考文献

会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢？下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献，欢迎参考借鉴！

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[11]黄新銮，梁步腾，姚杰.中美内部控制法律框架的比较与借鉴[J].会计研宄，2008(9)： 88-91.

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管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法，利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告，并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支，还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用，就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧，希望对你有帮助。

[1] 邓桂清. 走出财务管理、管理会计、成本会计内容重叠的困惑[J]. 中国集体经济. 2010(10)

[2] 刘明. 试析管理会计学科体系的重构[J]. 科技资讯. 2009(34)

[3] 胡玉明，叶志锋，范海峰. 中国管理会计理论与实践：1978年至2008年[J]. 会计研究. 2008(09)

[4] 宫昕璐，张媛. 管理会计理论研究综述[J]. 财会通讯(学术版). 2008(04)

[5] 高晨，汤谷良. 管理控制工具的整合模式：理论分析与中国企业的.创新--基于中国国有企业的多案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2007(08)

[6] 余绪缨. 关于培养高层次管理会计人才的认识与实践[J]. 财会月刊. 2007(22)

[7] 余绪缨. 管理会计学科建设的方向及其相关理论的新认识[J]. 财会通讯(综合版). 2007(02)

[8] 于增彪，王竞达，袁光华. 中国管理会计的未来发展：研究方法、热点实务和人才培养[J]. 首都经济贸易大学学报. 2006(01)

[9] 郝桂岩. 对管理会计规范化的几点思考[J]. 财会月刊. 2005(27)

[10] 李艳. 管理会计规范化的本质研究[J]. 特区经济. 2005(07)

[11] 颉茂华. 管理会计理论框架及其要素的构建[J]. 财会通讯(学术版). 2005(05)

[12] 王斌，高晨. 论管理会计工具整合系统[J]. 会计研究. 2004(04)

[13] 余绪缨. 现代管理会计新发展的主要特点[J]. 财会通讯. 2004(05)

[14] 余绪缨. 现代管理会计研究的新思维[J]. 财务与会计. 2004(02)

[15] 胡玉明. 管理会计发展的历史演进[J]. 财会通讯. 2004(01)

[16] 杜颖，张佳林. 经济增加值在企业业绩评价中的应用[J]. 财经理论与实践. 2003(01)

[17] 《管理会计应用与发展典型案例研究》课题组. 我国集团公司预算管理运行体系的新模式--中原石油勘探局案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)

[18] 王斌，李苹莉. 关于企业预算目标确定及其分解的理论分析[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)

[19] 《管理会计应用与发展的典型案例研究》课题组，林斌，刘运国，谭光明，张玉虎. 作业成本法在我国铁路运输企业应用的案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(02)

[20] 胡玉明. 21世纪管理会计主题的转变--从企业价值增值到企业核心能力培植[J]. 外国经济与管理. 2001(01)

英文会计论文参考文献

你可以在Google上面搜，里面有免费的英文文献，还有一些付费的或者要账号密码的，可以求助别人，也可以获得~！如果你有同学在大学的或者研究所的，可以请求他们帮助，他们可以通过学校的数据库免费下载文章~！其实你附加的问题我不是明白，不过附在参考文献里的文章按理来说是要直接引用的，你是说你引用的话意思是和参考文献中的表述不一致，但是中心思想是差不多的~，是这个意思吗？如果是这样，我觉得你引用的文献也可以附在参考文献中~！希望我的解答对你有所帮助~！

Businesses recognize impairment when the financial statement carrying amount of a long-lived asset or asset group exceeds its fair value and is not recoverable. A carrying amount is not recoverable if it is greater than the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected from the asset’s use and eventual disposal. FASB defines impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds an asset’s fair value. CPAS need not check every asset an entity owns in each reporting period. When circumstances change indicating a carrying amount may not be recoverable, CPAS should test the asset for impairment. A test may be called for when one or more of these events occur: A significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset. A significant change in how a company uses a long-lived asset or in its physical condition.

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