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ComposAI 在线语法/拼写检查软件
**你的英语写作助手
Compos.ai 检查语法的例句:
*方括号内是错误部分, 圆括号内是修改建议
The new [metod] is [effective] than the old one. (method, more effective)
The children loved [there] mother. (their)
Good policemen require three [quality]: courage, tolerance, and [dedicated]. (qualities, dedication)
(Abstract) 也成为内容提要,通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要,其位置应放在论文的正文之前,对整个论文内容的概述.无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言,摘要都是一个非常重要的文件.摘要如果和论文一起发表,则被称为一次性出版物摘要,主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用,使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容.除此之外,摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如:生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、称为二次性出版物摘要.此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息,帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域.一、 摘要的定义摘要的英文术语:有两个词汇,一个是 abstract, 一个是 summary.根据美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute)于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)规定,Abstract 不应与 summary 混同.Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括,使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容,或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备,或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要.文中只对论文信息进行浓缩,而不加主观评论或解释,可以脱离原文而独立成篇.字数通常在100~150个词左右,更确切地说,约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%).现在越来越多的用法是 abstract.尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语,在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词.Summary (概要) 与 abstract 无明显差别.严格地说,summary 一般附在论文的后面,对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述.其前提是读者已经通读过全文,通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果.在某些论文中,用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分. Summary 是论文的"缩影",可以概括论文的全部内容,只是在删繁就简上下功夫,字数长短不一,少则两三句话,多则500个单词甚至更长.美国的一些高等学校规定,硕士论文提要(summary)以250词左右为宜,而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜.国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号.至于究竟要采用什么形式,要根据征稿而定.一般说来,国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要,而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致.对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract, 结尾又有一个Summary , 这多半是由于文章过长,内容有多,后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写.二、 摘要的种类摘要分为两类,一类是说明性摘要(Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract),一类是资料性(Informative Abstract)摘要.1. 说明性摘要 (Descriptive / Indicative Abstract)如同迈克尔.艾利 (Michael Alley)所说,"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录,使读者手中的一份简要地图."从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用.说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么,不涉及具体的研究方法和结果,但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息.它一般是用于综述性文章,也用于讨论、评论性文章,尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多,常出现"… is studied"、 "…is discussed" 字样.时态多用现在时或现在完成时.其篇幅也较短,大多在100 ~ 150 字之间.以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例.Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小,主要用于评述性的论文.2. 资料性摘要 (Informative Abstract)资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息,它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容,特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等.其篇幅较长,大多在150 ~250 字之间.根据原文长度,也有多达500字的.通常,这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌,能够代替阅读论文全文.Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae.三、 如何写摘要1. 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的,一般在作者工作单位的下方.如:Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A (标题)Xu Ying (署名) Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) (工作单位) Abstract: (摘要) Key words: (关键词)2. 写作要点(1) 长度:有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间;文章长度的五分之一. 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇幅不能超过一定的字数,如:在80 ~ 100 之间,在投稿前应查询. 若刊物没有规定长度时,可以参阅已发表的文章长度.参加国际会议的论文摘要有字数限制,一般要求200 ~ 500 个词之间,约1000个印刷符号.(美国化学文献、医学文献的论文摘要规定在200个词以内)(2) 不要重复论文中的句子.(3) 避免列举大堆数据(4) 一般只是一个段落,不要将其分为数段.(5) 不要使用祈使句、感叹句、公式、表格等.(6) 完成论文后在写摘要.(7) 一般使用第三人称或被动语态.(8) 语言需简明扼要.下面请看一段论文摘要:This paper deals with the English syllabus for graduate students in China. The paper first reviews the history of the graduate English teaching, then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its revision.(本回答由学术堂整理提供)
1.Background(背景)：介绍论文研究的背景，描述前者研究存在哪些问题，为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。2.Method(方法)：介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法，需要注意的是：因为摘要字数有限，所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可，不要花太多篇幅介绍。3.Results(结果)：这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果，如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。4.Conclusion(结论)：论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文，也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。所以，摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。
OK 发给你 不是问题.
研究生学位论文撰写格式规范
1 内容要求
1.1 题目
题目应恰当、准确地反映本课题的研究内容。学位论文的中文题目应不超过25字，并且不设副标题。
1.2 论文正文字数
理工科硕士学位论文应在一万字以上，理工科博士论文应在三万字以上，文科硕士学位论文应在三万字以上，文科博士学位论文应在六万字以上。
1.3 中、英文摘要与关键词
1.3.1 中、英文摘要
摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。摘要应包括本论文的基本研究内容、研究方法、创造性成果及其理论与实际意义。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献编号。避免将摘要写成目录式的内容介绍。
摘要的字数(以汉字计)，硕士学位论文一般为500～1000字，博士学位论文为1000～2000字，均以能将规定内容阐述清楚为原则。摘要页不需写出论文题目。英文摘要与中文摘要的内容应完全一致，在语法、用词上应准确无误。
1.3.2 关键词
关键词是供检索用的主题词条,应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条。关键词一般列3～5个，按词条的外延层次从大到小排列。
1.4 论文正文
论文正文包括绪论、论文主体及结论等部分。
1.4.1 绪论
绪论一般作为第1章。绪论应包括：本研究课题的学术背景及其理论与实际意义;国内外文献综述;相关领域的研究进展及成果、存在的不足或待深入研究的问题;本研究课题的.来源及主要研究内容。
1.4.2 论文主体
论文主体是学位论文的主要部分，应该结构合理，层次清楚，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。论文主体的内容应包括以下各方面：
本研究内容的总体方案设计与选择论证;本研究内容各部分(包括硬件与软件)的设计计算;本研究内容试验方案设计的可行性、有效性以及试验数据处理及分析;本研究内容的理论分析。
对本研究内容及成果应进行较全面、客观的理论阐述，应着重指出本研究内容中的创新、改进与实际应用之处。理论分析中，应将他人研究成果单独书写，并注明出处，不得将其与本人提出的理论分析混淆在一起。
管理和人文学科的论文应包括对研究问题的论述及系统分析，比较研究，模型或方案设计，案例论证或实证分析，模型运行的结果分析或建议、改进措施等。
自然科学的论文应推理正确，结论明确，无科学性错误。
论文主体各章后应有一节“本章小结”。
1.4.3 结论
学位论文的结论作为论文正文的最后一章单独排写，但不加章号。
结论是对整个论文主要成果的总结。在结论中应明确指出本研究内容的创造性成果或创新点理论(含新见解、新观点)，对其应用前景和社会、经济价值等加以预测和评价，并指出今后进一步在本研究方向进行研究工作的展望与设想。结论内容一般在2000字以内。
1.5 参考文献
博士学位论文的参考文献数一般应不少于100篇，其中外文文献一般不少于总数的1/2;硕士学位论文的参考文献一般应不少于40篇，其中外文文献一般不少于20篇。参考文献中近五年的文献数一般应不少于总数的1/3，并应有近两年的参考文献。
教材、产品说明书、各类标准、各种报纸上刊登的文章及未公开发表的研究报告(著名的内部报告如PB、AD报告及著名大公司的企业技术报告等除外)等通常不宜作为参考文献引用。
引用网上参考文献时，应注明该文献的准确网页地址，网上参考文献不包含在上述规定的文献数量之内。
1.6 攻读学位期间发表的学术论文
学位论文后应列出研究生在攻读学位期间发表的与学位论文内容相关的学术论文(含已录用，并有录用通知书的学术论文。录用通知书中应明确说明论文的发表卷、期号。)。攻读学位期间所获得的科研成果可单做一项列出。与学位论文无关的学术论文不宜在此列出。我校对硕士、博士生在攻读学位期间发表学术论文的要求见《哈尔滨师范大学学位授予工作细则》。
1.7 致谢
对导师和给予指导或协助完成学位论文工作的组织和个人表示感谢。内容应简洁明了、实事求是。
2 打印要求
研究生学位论文一律要求在计算机上输入、编排与打印。
论文版芯大小一般应为145mm×210mm(包括页眉及页码则为145mm×230mm),页码在版芯下边线之下隔行居中放置;摘要、目录、物理量名称及符号表等文前部分的页码用罗马数字单独编排，正文以后的页码用阿拉伯数字编排。
博士、硕士学位论文的扉页、摘要、目录、图题及表题等，都要求用中、英文两种文字给出，编排上中文在前。
博士学位论文一律要求双面打印，扉页、目录、摘要、正文、参考文献、附录、攻读博士学位期间发表的学术论文、原创性声明和使用授权书、致谢、索引需从奇数页开始打印(中英文扉页、中英文摘要、目录正反面打印)。
硕士学位论文单面打印。中文扉页、英文扉页、目录、中文摘要、英文摘要、正文、参考文献、附录、攻读硕士学位期间发表的学术论文、原创性声明和使用授权书、致谢、索引都需另起一页打印。
正文中每章节的最后一页空白处不得多于当页版面的3/5。
硕士学位论文的封皮均采用 (230克，靛蓝色云彩皮纹纸);博士学位论文的封皮均采用 (230克，红色云彩皮纹纸)。 除封皮外，其他纸张均采用(70克，白色A4纸)。
2.1 页面设置：要求每页33行×33字
2.2 字体、字号：
章标题：中文小2号黑体, 西文小2号Times New Roman;
节标题：中文小3号黑体, 西文小3号Times New Roman;
条标题：中文4号黑体, 西文4号Times New Roman;
款、项标题：中文小4号黑体, 西文小4号Times New Roman;
正 文：中文小4号宋体,西文小4号Times New Roman
表1层次代号及说明
名称
理科示例
文科示例
说 明
章
第1章□□……□
第一章 □□……□
章序及章名居中排
节
1.1└┘□□……□
一、└┘□□……□
题序顶格书写,与标题间空一格,下面阐述内容另起一段
一般情况下摘要是要避免图表等的。如下为某SCI对摘要的要求：Please provide a concise and factual abstract not exceeding 300 words. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. Footnotes, references, figures and tables should be avoided in the abstract.字数要求可以忽略，期刊不一样字数要求不一样。但是后面两句还是有参考价值的
英语论文摘要
一篇合格的英语硕士论文不仅要按要求规范撰写，还必须是内容完整的，每一部分都不可或缺。论文摘要是英语硕士论文写作必不可少的写作环节，具有高度概括性，独立完整性，自明自含性等特点，起着重要的作用，我们必须加以重视。那么英语硕士论文摘要怎么写?有哪些写作要点?下面笔者具体来讲讲，大家继续往下看。
英语论文摘要写作内容须知
一般来说，英语论文对摘要主要包括了论文所研究的目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论三个方面。
就目的和范围而言，主要是简明扼要地陈述撰写论文的原因，常用名词短语前置的句型表示，把重点部分置于最显著的位置加以强调，但同时要兼顾平衡，避免头重脚轻。
就其方法和过程而言。主要源于实践性的论文摘要，能简约地叙述其基本原理、操作程序，使用了哪些新方法，采用了哪些新手段，如词汇手段、语法手段和逻辑承接语等，论文不宜繁琐、沉长。
就其结果和结论而言。是英语论文的核心和焦点，需要在摘要中清楚地表述出来，能直观地表达读者最为关注的问题，也同时反映论文所研究的价值、用途以及意义。
英语论文摘要写作文体要求
英语论文摘要与其他论文摘要在叙述方法上相同，能开门见山、直截了当，用词质朴无华，按照英语论文摘要的标准，一般在200——250个单词左右，要求用语准确，语法规范，句子完整，信息准确，文字精练，逻辑性强，通俗易懂，要避免带感情色彩或广告宣传的词语，不用口语体和非规范缩写词，语句中尽量使用动词靠近主语和重要事实开头，(不得用短语和从句开头)，要减少或取消不必要的背景信息，使之缩小摘要的篇幅。
英语硕士论文摘要写作疑问解答
1. 怎样写英文摘要?
可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。
概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…
目的'(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。
方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。
结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…
结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。
展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。
2. 英文摘要有多长?
一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。
3. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?
规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。
4. 英文摘要用什么人称?
最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。
5. 英文摘要用什么时态?
摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。
注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…
英语论文摘要写作六大要点
1.要善于运用自己的语言来撰写。摘要是从论文中提炼而成，是一篇论文的骨干和核心，所以又高于论文，这是运用论文的新境界，让读者能一目了然地领会作者对问题的认识和见解，所以，不能在原文词语的基础上简单堆砌和重新编排，需要重新运用语言来写，形成文字上的再创造。
2.要遵循论文的写作顺序来写。对于摘要的撰写要结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切，先写什么，后写什么，应按照逻辑顺序来安排，句子之间上下连贯，互相呼应。只要不是特殊情况，比如倒序，就不得随意更改论文的内容顺序，这样更能体现论文条理清晰。
3.要突出撰写的全面性。一篇摘要应保证内容的完整，作者要慎重恰当地处理，合理加以吸收、集中做到没有大的遗漏，能让读者直观地获取信息。摘要不同于引言，引言往往可以是文章内容的一个方面。
4.要注重撰写的高度概括。摘要是论文的“眼睛”，具有画龙点睛的效果，所以要用全面的、理性的、辩证的分析提炼和升华总结出带有总概括性的观点，学会压缩文字，英语论文就要学会压缩词组词汇，只取要点，删去细枝末节，省去例子，简化描述，避免重复，慎用长句，努力压缩一些繁沉的句子，力争把短语改成字词。如下面的例子：
(1)将His courage; in battle might withoutexaggeration be called lion-like压缩为：
He Was very brave in battle.
(2)将They acted in a manner that rendered them liable toprosecution .压缩为：
They acted illegally.
(3)将John fell into the river and，beforehelp could reach him，he sank.压缩为：
John was drowned in the river.
(4)习惯用but，then，thus，yet，for等最简短的过渡词语，禁止用at，the，Same，time，on the other hand等。
5.要慎重摘要的架构选词。一方面，在针对同一个汉语词对应的英语单词可能会有几个的情况下，要选择专业领域的常用词汇，凸显论文的专业度，同时，对词汇的选择要与句型、语法对应;另一方面，在选择句型上，在不曲解汉语摘要的愿意的前提下，尽量使用复合句，这样，更符合母语使用的阅读习惯。
6.摘要需要反复修改。要对照论文再次疏理，在时态运用上也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时，一般过去时，少用现在完成时，过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用，做到该压缩的压缩，该删减的删减，该充实的充实，该补失的补失，使之形成一篇完整的短文。
综上所述，英语硕士论文摘要对于整篇论文起着不可替代的重要作用，可以毫不夸张的说，它就是论文的精华所在。因此，我们要认真对待该部分的撰写，笔者以上分享了英语硕士论文摘要的写作的相关内容和要点细节，希望对大家有所指导作用。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms
（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）
（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）
【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）
【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese
（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）
1. Introduction
(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)
In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to
focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms
of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression
(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).
(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)
1.1.2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a),
(b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）
Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following
examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):
(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose
it.
….
3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese
idioms
… (i) ….
….
(ii) ….
….
4. Conclusion
….
Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New
York: OUP, 1981.
常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。
（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；1.5倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流；在国际学术刊物上发表，在国际上共享科研成果，英语论文也是达到学术交流的目的；另外英语论文还包括英语相关专业人员必要地用英语撰写学术报告或毕业论文等等。不同的学科或专业领域、不同的刊物对英语论文的内容、格式等有不同的要求，不同领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上既有许多共性，也不乏各自特点。
格式：
York: OUP, 1981.
标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，1.5倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
每个关键词使用四号字
正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
参考资料：百度百科-英语论文
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[Abstract] In the 1980s and 1990s last century, the economy developed at a high speed with the sacrifice of damaging the environments which caused serious environmental problems and social problems. Gov and society began to think about it, therefore in the process of production and manufacturing, enterprises should take the corporate social responsibility (CSR). With the improvement of social system, many enterprises have realized the problem of social responsibility. More and more enterprises find that it is not contradicted beeen achieving the individual economic goal and fulfilling the social goal. To enhance the consciousness and initiative of fulfilling the social responsibility, enterprises should fulfill the social responsibility to convey related information to the society. It plays a key role to develop the social responsibility and social responsibility investments because it can better bring in the public opinion pressure and Gov supervision. High moral standards aord with the enterprises’ long-term benefit which will help gain reputation and trust in the daily operation and long-term cooperation. Enterprises can really catch the advantage of taking the social responsibility, the policy and regulation that push the enterprises to fulfill the social responsibility so that to find appropriate conduct system. Key Words: Corporate Social Responsibility, corporate obligation, significance of social responsibility, harmonious society
This thesis presents a detailed *** ysis of the current situation of the private enterprises of Chaoshan, gave emphasized *** ysis on both the advantage of its development and problems lied in, and found out the advantages as well as limitations of the district of Chaoshan. On the basis of this, this thesis also studied on the New Wenzhou Mode, while in the meantime proposed advices on the future development of private enterprises of Chaoshan district in view of strategy.
怎么写SUMMARY摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要.1）细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）.2）弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3）列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）.（2）安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.（4）尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.（5）计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 如何写一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文. 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻. B．给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想. C．现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括. D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西. 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子. C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实. D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意. E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点. 2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子. 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可. 4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句. 5) 压缩长的句子.如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果. 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了. 经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network