高弹丝)的定义区别DTY(低弹丝)定义: DTY(Draw texturing yarn 拉伸变形丝)也称为涤纶低弹丝,是在加弹机器上进行连续 或同时拉伸、经过加捻器变形加工后的成品丝。 DTY是指POY在加弹机上经过拉伸定型后的丝,简单的说与FDY相比,具有蓬松性。 低弹丝和高弹丝的区别是POY在加弹的过程中,加弹机有没有使用二热箱,经过二热箱定型的丝称为低弹丝,没有用二热箱的一般称为高弹丝。
最早,袜子的材料是亚麻、棉、真丝、羊毛线等天然原料。1912年,人造丝袜的出现代替了较昂贵的天然织物袜子,使更多的平民百姓能够享受时髦的快乐。1928年,杜邦公司展示了第一双尼龙袜,直到今天杜邦公司的人造纤维仍是具有很高的权威性。 丝袜是用尼龙经过抽丝加工成纱线后,采用高密精细的专门机器编造而成。随着尼龙纱线的不断更新换代和其他人造或天然纤维加工纱线的出现,再加上近年织袜机器在技术方面的提高,从此丝袜款式和原料搭配更为多种多样。可见袜子虽小,却是人类审美与纺织机械合成纤维技术发展的结晶。 目前,市场上所销售的丝袜按材质大致分为三类: 1、尼龙袜:是丝袜中最常见和普通的,采用普通尼龙丝或水晶丝编织,其强度较高、耐磨性较好、弹力强但透明度较差。在丝袜出现的最初阶段,几乎占领了整个市场,如今在新型材料的冲击下,市场份额有所缩小,但因价格便宜受到相当一部分人的青睐。 2、苞芯丝:是指尼龙丝缠绕在氨纶丝上形成氨纶苞芯丝。编织时是苞芯丝和普通长丝或尼龙加弹丝隔路编织而成,弹力较高,也较耐用,透明度高。苞芯丝是近几年备受欢迎的热门产品,具有天鹅绒类优良的弹性,尼龙丝柔软耐磨的双重优点,且价格适中。另外还具有一定的保健作用,适度的压力可按摩肌肤,缓解疲劳,预防静脉曲线。 3、天鹅绒:也称为全苞芯纱。是指丝袜编织全部采用了单向苞芯纱或双向苞芯纱,织出的袜子弹力高且柔和、手感细腻、透明度高,视觉高雅,耐用、耐磨程度更高。
DTY(Draw texturing yarn 拉伸变形丝) 也称为涤纶低弹丝,是在一台机器上进行连续或同时拉伸、变形加工后的成品丝。
是POY的拉伸变形丝,学名叫涤纶低弹丝,织带等用量大。
POY是用来加工成弹力丝。内衣一般用规格40D/12F,40D/24F,70D/24F的DTY.,价位如果是原纱在T/3.9W,染整好后的色纱T/7W.
POY: Partial Oriented Yarn 或 Pre-Oriented Yarn 之缩称,中文有翻成局部配向丝,或预配向丝,预顺向丝,或预延伸丝,半延伸丝,中国大陆则翻成预取向丝,一般聚酯(涤纶)POY之生产速度在2500米/分—3500米/分,相当于日本新干线火车速度,而尼龙(锦纶)POY生产速度则须4000—4500米/分,一般POY无法直接使用,必须经延伸假捻(拉伸变形)—draw-texturing加工成雾利纱(wooly yarn),或伸缩丝,高弹丝而使用于丝织(weaving)用途.或加工成定形纱(set yarn),低弹丝而使用于针织用途.DTY为Draw Texture Yarn 之缩称,中文翻成拉伸变形丝。 也称为涤纶低弹丝。在中国大陆称为"加弹丝",在台湾则直接称为DTY加工丝.DTY是在一台机器上进行连续或同时拉伸、变形加工后的成品丝,DTY纤维是卷曲的。DTY可直接供织造使用,DTY定形丝(Set yarn)或低弹丝大部分使用于针织用途 ,DTY雾利丝(Wooly yarn)或伸缩丝(Stretch yarn)或DTY高弹丝则大部分使用于平织或梭织用途. POY无法直接供织造使用,必须再经加工成DTY或FOY使用.DTY低弹丝及FDY均可供针织织造面料使用,二者之区别在于使用DTY之面料较膨松,而FDY则较紧密厚实,一般Polarfleec以150d/96f 低弹DTY经针织织造再经染整刷毛而成.而FDY经经编针织(Warp knitting)后再经染色起毛剪毛之程序即可得类似丝绒之面料.FDY: Fully drawn yarn之缩称,中文翻成全延伸丝,中国大陆则翻成全拉伸丝,近来又有称为纺延丝(spin drawn yarn),缩称SDY,以有别于传统之二阶式制程之FOY(Fully Oriented Yarn)其可由UDY(Un-drawn yarn,未延伸丝,纺速500—1500/分),MOY(Medium Oriented Yarn,中配向丝,中顺向丝或中取向丝,纺速1500—2500米/分),POY经伸捻机(drawing twister)制成传统之长筒仔原丝,或经伸卷机(drawing winder)制成饼状FOY原丝, FDY 则属一阶式纱(one step yarn),其顺向度较FOY低些,但由于是一阶式制程,生产空间较小产能较高,因此生产成本较低, 且FDY亦可经长筒仔倒筒机(pirn winder)倒成3kg/支之长筒仔原丝供捻丝用途.除特殊用途外,FDT几乎可全替代传统之FOY,.因成本关系FOY之生产已逐渐由FDY替代.FDY现在广为流传,将它做为纺丝拉伸一步法工艺的代号,可采用低速纺丝、高速拉伸卷绕,两道工序在一台纺丝拉伸联合机上完成,此生产线生产成本低,且成品质量稳定,毛丝断头少,染色均匀性好,FDY纤维是直的,强力比较好。综上可知:对应三者的客户群是,POY是DTY的原丝。DTY现常用来织高档的女装衬布,FDY常用来织箱包布或男装领衬。
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引文参考格式如下
Kimbrough,Tonia Cook.Tie-Dye With A Modern Twist.[J].Wearables.2012,16(5):23
前言由于各种机械的用途和性能不同,其零件的材料、结构和技术要求也各不相同。所以,各种零件的加工工艺是不同的,即使是同类型的零件,由于生产条件和批量大小的不同,其工艺也不同,因此,必须制定合理的工艺规程。在数控加工中,加工工艺路线表示刀具刀位点相对于工件运动的轨迹,也称进给路线。它不仅包括加工内容也反映加工顺序,是编程工作的主要依据。 摘要数控技术及数控机床在当今机械制造业中的重要地位和巨大效益,显示了其在国家基础工业现代化中的战略性作用,并已成为传统机械制造工业提升改造和实现自动化、柔性化、集成化生产的重要手段和标志。数控技术及数控机床的广泛应用,给机械制造业的产业结构、产品种类和档次以及生产方式带来了革命性的变化。数控机床是现代加工车间最重要的装备。它的发展是信息技术(1T)与制造技术(MT)结合发展的结果。现代的CAD/CAM、制造技术,都是建立在数控技术之上的。掌握现代数控技术知识是现代数控技术专业学生必不可少的。 本次毕业设计内容介绍了数控加工的特点、加工工艺分析以及数控编程的一般步骤。并通过一定的实例详细的介绍了数控加工工艺的分析方法。 关键词: 数控技术 加工工艺 编程 NC and NC machine tool technology in today's machine manufacturing industry in an important position and great benefits that its national infrastructure in the industrial modernization of the strategic role and has become a traditional machinery manufacturing industries to transform and enhance automation, flexible, Integrated production and an important means of signs. NC technology and the widespread application of NC machine tools, machinery manufacturing to the industrial structure, product variety and quality and production methods brought about a revolutionary change. NC machine tool processing workshop is the most important modern equipment. It is the development of information technology (1 T) and manufacturing technology (MT) with the result of the development. Modern CAD / CAM, FMS, CIMS, agile manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing technology, are built on the technology in the NC. NC master modern technology of modern machinery and electronic knowledge is essential to professional students. The design of the content on the characteristics of the NC, processing and analysis of the general steps NC programming. And, through a detailed example of the NC on the process of analysis. Key words: NC programming technology processing technology1毛坯的选择一、轴类零件的毛坯和材料 (一)轴类零件的毛坯 轴类零件可根据使用要求、生产类型、设备条件及结构,选用棒料、锻件等毛坯形式。对于外圆直径相差不大的轴,一般以棒料为主;而对于外圆直径相差大的阶梯轴或重要的轴,常选用锻件,这样既节约材料又减少机械加工的工作量,还可改善机械性能。 根据生产规模的不同,毛坯的锻造方式有自由锻和模锻两种。中小批生产多采用自由锻,大批大量生产时采用模锻。 (二)轴类零件的材料 轴类零件应根据不同的工作条件和使用要求选用不同的材料并采用不同的热处理规范(如调质、正火、淬火等),以获得一定的强度、韧性和耐磨性。 45钢是轴类零件的常用材料,它价格便宜经过调质(或正火)后,可得到较好的切削性能,而且能获得较高的强度和韧性等综合机械性能,淬火后表面硬度可达45~52HRC。 40Cr等合金结构钢适用于中等精度而转速较高的轴类零件,这类钢经调质和淬火后,具有较好的综合机械性能。 轴承钢GCr15和弹簧钢65Mn,经调质和表面高频淬火后,表面硬度可达50~58HRC,并具有较高的耐疲劳性能和较好的耐磨性能,可制造较高精度的轴。 精密机床的主轴(例如磨床砂轮轴、坐标镗床主轴)可选用38CrMoAIA氮化钢。这种钢经调质和表面氮化后,不仅能获得很高的表面硬度,而且能保持较软的芯部,因此耐冲击韧性好。与渗碳淬火钢比较,它有热处理变形很小,硬度更高的特性。 2零件图工艺分析在设计零件的加工工艺规程时,首先要对加工对象进行深入分析。对于数控车削加工应考虑以下几方面:1.构成零件轮廓的几何条件在车削加工中手工编程时,要计算每个节点坐标;在自动编程时,要对构成零件轮廓所有几何元素进行定义。因此在分析零件图时应注意:(1) 零件图上是否漏掉某尺寸,使其几何条件不充分,影响到零件轮廓的构成;(2) 零件图上的图线位置是否模糊或尺寸标注不清,使编程无法下手;(3) 零件图上给定的几何条件是否不合理,造成数学处理困难。(4) 零件图上尺寸标注方法应适应数控车床加工的特点,应以同一基准标注尺寸或直接给出坐标尺寸。2.尺寸精度要求分析零件图样尺寸精度的要求,以判断能否利用车削工艺达到,并确定控制尺寸精度的工艺方法。在该项分析过程中,还可以同时进行一些尺寸的换算,如增量尺寸与绝对尺寸及尺寸链计算等。在利用数控车床车削零件时,常常对零件要求的尺寸取最大和最小极限尺寸的平均值作为编程的尺寸依据。3.形状和位置精度的要求零件图样上给定的形状和位置公差是保证零件精度的重要依据。加工时,要按照其要求确定零件的定位基准和测量基准,还可以根据数控车床的特殊需要进行一些技术性处理,以便有效的控制零件的形状和位置精度。4.表面粗糙度要求表面粗糙度是保证零件表面微观精度的重要要求,也是合理选择数控车床、刀具及确定切削用量的依据。5.材料与热处理要求零件图样上给定的材料与热处理要求,是选择刀具、数控车床型号、确定切削用量的依据。2.1零件加工工艺分析1加工工艺路线的确定原则 加工工艺路线合理与否,关系到零件的加工质量与生产效率。在确定加工工艺路线时,应综合考虑在保证加工精度的前提下,应最大限度地缩短加工工艺路线。所以数控加工工艺路线应遵循以下原则: (1)保证产品质量,应将保证零件的加工精度和表面粗糙度要求放在首位。 (2)提高劳动生产率和降低生产成本。在保证零件加工质量的前提下,应力求加工路线最短,并尽量减少空行程时间,提高加工效率。 (3)在满足零件加工质量、生产效率等条件下,尽量简化数学处理的数值计算工作量,以简化编程工作。此外,确定加工工艺路线中,还要综合考虑零件的形状与刚度、加工余量、机床与刀具的刚度等,确定一次进给还是多次进给,以及设计刀具的切人点与切出点、切入方向与切出方向。在铣削加工中,是采用顺铣还是逆铣等。2加工工艺的选择要点 在数控加工编程中,应强化工艺规程,选择合理的加工路线,优化程序编制。在制定加工工艺路线中应关注以下事项: (1)在确定加工路线时,为缩短行程,应考虑尽量缩短刀具的空行程。通常通过合理选择起刀点,合理安排回空路线都能使空行程缩短,提高生产效率。 (2)在安排加工工艺路线时,同时也要兼顾工序集中的原则。零件在一次装夹中,尽可能使用同一把刀具完成较多的加工表面,以减少换刀次数,简化加工路线,缩短辅助时间。有条件者可采用复合刀具,当一把刀具完成加工的所有部位后,尽可能为下道工序作些预加工,如使用小钻头预钻定位孔或划位置痕.或者进行粗加工,然后再换刀进行精加工。 (3)要选择工件在加工后变形小的加工路线。如对于横截面积小的细长零件或薄板零件应采用分数次走刀至最终尺寸或应用对称去除余量法安排加工
以下是我的毕业论文要求,全国各个学校其实都是一样的. 一、内容要求 毕业设计报告正文要求: (一)理、工科类专业毕业设计报告正文内容应包括:问题的提出;设计的指导思想;方案的选择和比较论证;根据任务书指出的内容和指标要求写出设计过程、课题所涉及元件结构和相关参数的设计计算,有关基本原理的说明与理论分析;给出所设计课题实际运行的数据或参数,并与理论设计参数进行比较和分析,说明产生误差的原因。最后要对所设计课题实用价值做出评估说明;设计过程中存在的问题,改进意见或其它更好的方案设想及未能采纳的原因等。 (二)经济、管理类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括:问题的提出、设计的指导思想;设计方案提出的依据,设计方案的选择和比较;设计过程;所运用的技术经济分析指标和方法;数学模型及其依据,数据计算方法;对设计方案的实用性和经济效益等方面做出评估;对设计实施过程中存在的问题 ( 或可能发生的问题 ) 提出合理化建议。毕业论文的基本论点、主要论据;根据国家有关方针、政策及规定联系实际展开理论分析。 (三)文科类专业毕业设计报告或论文正文应包括:问题的提出、解决问题的指导思想;解决方案提出的依据,解决方案的选择和比较,结论。 二、论文印装 毕业论文用毕业设计专用纸打印。正文用宋体小四号字,行间距为24磅;版面页边距上3cm,下、左2.5cm,右2cm。 三、论文结构、装订顺序及要求 毕业论文由以下部分组成: (一)封面。论文题目不得超过20个字,要简练、准确,可分为两行。 (二)内容。 1、毕业设计(论文)任务书。任务书由指导教师填写,经系主任、教务部审查签字后生效。 2、毕业设计(论文)开题报告; 3、毕业设计(论文)学生申请答辩表与指导教师毕业设计(论文)评审表; 4、毕业设计(论文)评阅人评审表; 5、毕业设计(论文)答辩表; 6、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定总表; 7、中英文内容摘要和关键词。 (1)摘要是论文内容的简要陈述,应尽量反映论文的主要信息,内容包括研究目的、方法、成果和结论,不含图表,不加注释,具有独立性和完整性。中文摘要一般为200-400字左右,英文摘要应与中文摘要内容完全相同。“摘要”字样位置居中。 (2)关键词是反映毕业设计(论文)主题内容的名词,是供检索使用的。主题词条应为通用技术词汇,不得自造关键词。关键词一般为3-5个,按词条外延层次(学科目录分类),由高至低顺序排列。关键词排在摘要正文部分下方。 (3)中文摘要与关键词在前,英文的在后。 8、目录。 目录按三级标题编写,要求层次清晰,且要与正文标题一致。主要包括绪论、正文主体、结论、致谢、主要参考文献及附录等。 9、正文。论文正文部分包括:绪论(或前言、序言)、论文主体及结论。 (1)绪论。综合评述前人工作,说明论文工作的选题目的和意义,国内外文献综述,以及论文所要研究的内容。 (2)论文主体。论文的主要组成部分,主要包括选题背景、方案论证、过程论述、结果分析、结论或总结等内容。要求层次清楚,文字简练、通顺,重点突出,毕业设计(论文)文字数,一般应不少于8000字(或20个页码)。外文翻译不少于3000字符,外文参考资料阅读量不少于3万字符。 中文论文撰写通行的题序层次采用以下格式: 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1.1 格式是保证文章结构清晰、纲目分明的编辑手段,毕业论文所采用的格式必须符合上表规定,并前后统一,不得混杂使用。格式除题序层次外,还应包括分段、行距、字体和字号等。 第一层次(章)题序和标题居中放置,其余各层次(节、条、款)题序和标题一律沿版面左侧边线顶格安排。第一层次(章)题序和标题距下文双倍行距。段落开始后缩两个字。行与行之间,段落和层次标题以及各段落之间均为24磅行间距。 第一层次(章)题序和标题用小二号黑体字。题序和标题之间空两个字,不加标点,下同。 第二层次(节)题序和标题用小三号黑体字。 第三层次(条)题序和标题用四号黑体字。 第四层次及以下各层次题序及标题一律用小四号黑体字。 (3)结论(或结束语)。作为单独一章排列,但标题前不加“第XXX章”字样。结论是整个论文的总结,应以简练的文字说明论文所做的工作,一般不超过两页。
Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important system.Not only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification 1.Non-independent suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and connected.This suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. 2.Flexibleyuan for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. 3.the use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of shockabsorber.4.device-oriented:the flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. 5.non-independent suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock absorbers.6.many types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the bridge.Keywords:structure of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel engines.1.network Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed car.Gasoline deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the driver.2.diesel and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than gasoline.4)In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder engine.Mini-car for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher longerlength.Is more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the cylinder.When the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the cylinder.In order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air brake.The main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more andmore.electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages:1.no matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. 2.can supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. 3.the engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the way.MPI is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响,而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用), 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护,悬架分类:一 非独立悬架:两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上,车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单,可靠,制造方便,而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳,汽车行进中的震动越大,影响越严重,所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上,并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起,具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时,另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂,且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好,因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架,但是悬架的结构越复杂,驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种:1汽车和客车等客运车辆:可以提高乘驾舒适度,并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车,军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时,可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性,避免汽车起伏,发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型:1 钢板弹簧:它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板,呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中,也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧;只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲,在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下,还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料,不仅有很好的减震能力,可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用,适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧:汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧,其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接,车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形,靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用,油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连,下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构:独立悬架的弹性元件,大多数只能传递垂直载荷,并不能传递水平载荷,必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述,在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架:非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部,像客车,汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点,但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统,驱动和驾驶。 关键词:发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先,燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料,分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修,汽油发动机体积小,重量轻,价格低;当最大速度运行是,启动好;运行时震动小,噪音小,适合小型和中型汽车,尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制,汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比,热效率,而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物,在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载,这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳,碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分,但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置,极大地改善。此外,汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车,可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机,柴油发动机的大小,重量,价格高,启动差(尤其是低温时),运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟,容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是:1)没有爆燃的限制,但柴油需要自燃,所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2)柴油发动机适用于卡车,因为同样的功率,扭矩大,最大功率也大。3)柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物,没有进油门,小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板,通过改变发动机负荷,作为规管的质量,因为不存在缺氧问题,碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4)由于没有点火系统,燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此,不低于汽油发动机。5)柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求,移动的摊位,经常使用,是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二,发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此,增加汽缸发动机的数量,不仅能增加容量,提高发动机输出功率,而且能够使发动机顺利运作,以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机,小卡车,客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车,大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下,8缸V型直列发动机,有些的汽车,为减少发动机的高度,将长度缩短,安装使用V6发动机,V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机,大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单,便宜。 .缺点是,发动机的高度更高,长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低,长度短,但其结构复杂,价格更昂贵,适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料,而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块,除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室,进入排气管,阀门和火花塞等。第三,汽油发动机的燃料供应1,燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理:发动机工作时,外界空气被吸入空气过滤器,通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。
车检测与维修的毕业论文范文第一部分 摘要:随着电子技术在汽车上的普遍应用,汽车电路图已成为汽车维修人员必备的技术资料。目前,大部分汽车都装备有较多的电子控制装置,其技术含量高,电路复杂,让人难以掌握。正确识读汽车电路图,也需要一定的技巧。电路图是了解汽车上种类电气系统工作时使用的重要资料,了解汽车电路的类型及特点,各车系的电路特点及表达方式,各系统电路图的识读方法、规律与技巧,指导读者如何正确识读、使用电路图有很重要的作用。 汽车电路实行单线制的并联电路,这是从总体上看的,在局部电路仍然有串联、并联与混联电路。全车电路其实都是由各种电路叠加而成的,每种电路都可以独立分列出来,化复杂为简单。全车电路按照基本用途可以划分为灯光、信号、仪表、启动、点火、充电、辅助等电路。每条电路有自己的负载导线与控制开关或保险丝盒相连接。
很高兴你向我求助提问这个题,我之前帮别人找过的关于发动机的许多英文文献,我发给你,十来篇吧,也不是很多,主要关键词为mobile engine,不过没有英语翻译,一般而言由于这些论文都是高质量的都是没有现成翻译的,因为毕业论文,自己翻译下也好,这样出来的论文也更有说服力些。已经发到你邮箱,注意查收下。如果觉得好,不要忘记了采纳哦。