心血管高危人群筛查论文参考文献

200分拿论文除非百度分可以当RMB用并且汇率是1：10

顶一楼不要把别人的热心帮助当成不劳而获的有效途径哦。

1 我院内科门诊抗高血压药应用分析安徽医药 2007/01 中国期刊全文数据库 2 抗高血压药的应用分析现代中西医结合杂志 2007/07 中国期刊全文数据库 3 2003年～2005年我院口服抗高血压药应用分析中国医院用药评价与分析 2007/01 中国期刊全文数据库 4 2003年~2005年我院门诊抗高血压药应用分析海峡药学 2007/01 5 抗高血压药的合理应用中国药物应用与监测 2007/02 6 我院门诊2003～2005年抗高血压药利用分析中国药房 2007/11 7 浅谈抗高血压药的应用中外健康文摘(医药月刊) 2007/04 8 我院2003～2006年抗高血压药利用分析中国药房 2007/08 9 加强抗高血压药基因组学研究岭南心血管病杂志 2007/03 10 我院2002～2005年抗高血压药利用分析中国药房 2007/17 11 2003—2005年太原市中心医院抗高血压药应用分析中国药物与临床 2007/08 12 抗高血压药奥美沙坦酯临床军医杂志 2007/04 13 我院门诊特保处方中抗高血压药使用分析海峡药学 2006/01 中国期刊全文数据库 14 常用抗高血压药的分类及应用军医进修学院学报 2006/01 中国期刊全文数据库 15 抗高血压药的临床应用与评价中国初级卫生保健 2006/02 中国期刊全文数据库 16 邹平县中医院2002～2004年度抗高血压药使用情况分析中国乡村医药 2006/05 中国期刊全文数据库 17 血压和抗高血压药的应用医药产业资讯 2006/16 中国期刊全文数据库 18 2003～2005年我院抗高血压药应用分析齐鲁药事 2006/05 中国期刊全文数据库 19 2003~2005年我院口服抗高血压药的应用分析医学理论与实践 2006/07 中国期刊全文数据库 20 两种抗高血压药协同作用研究的方法学中国药理学会第八次全国代表大会暨全国药理学术会议论文摘要汇编 2002 中国重要会议论文全文数据库 21 抗高血压药佐芬普利钙的合成研究吉林大学 2007 22 抗高血压药奥美沙坦酯合成新路线和相关杂质的研究药学学报 2006/06 中国期刊全文数据库 23 抗高血压药临床应用分析实用医技杂志 2006/15 中国期刊全文数据库 24 联用缬沙坦及其它抗高血压药治疗原发性高血压中国医药导报 2006/17 中国期刊全文数据库 25 比较我院干部科、内科住院病人抗高血压药应用趋势海峡药学 2006/03 中国期刊全文数据库 26 中医辨证分型选用抗高血压药的临床研究辽宁中医药大学学报 2006/05 中国期刊全文数据库 27 沙坦类抗高血压药的药理作用及其临床应用基层医学论坛 2006/18 中国期刊全文数据库 28 提防抗高血压药引发的性功能障碍开卷有益.求医问药 2006/11 中国期刊全文数据库 29 抗高血压药联合应用的临床研究现代中西医结合杂志 2006/24 中国期刊全文数据库 30 我院2005年度抗高血压药的应用分析海峡药学 2006/06 中国期刊全文数据库

Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased gradually, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conduct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients. CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2)> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2) renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / (min.1.73m2) will need dialysis treatment. GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reduced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水钠潴留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水钠潴留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, during dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease. 1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / (min.1.73m2) at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that due to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can reduce chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1]. In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same. And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to reduce CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance. 1.1 Failure cardiovascular disease CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure. 1.2 Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion. 1.3 of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria individual a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis. 1.4 Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of reducing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members 翻译.. 慢性肾病是心血管疾病的危险因素慢性肾病（CKD）是值得广泛关注的公共健康，发病率逐渐上升，同时带来了严重的后果和问题。我们注意到肾衰病人的主要是透析和肾移植，但是很少有学者关注CKD与心血管疾病（CVD）的关系。现已认为CKD也与CVD有关，且比急性进展中的肾功能衰竭更容易死于心血管疾病，CVD是 CKD最常见的死亡原因〔1〕。认识到CKD是CVD的高危因素这一点，是很重要的。只有这样，才有可能进行深入，进而寻求相关的预防和治疗措施，使这些病人获得更大益处。 CKD是指由肾活检或有关的标志物证实的肾功损害＞3个月，或GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）＞3个月。一般依据病和病因学分为糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植后肾病。肾功能损害可通过肾活检或相关的标志物如蛋白尿、异常尿沉积物、影像学异常等来诊断。蛋白尿不仅可以证明CKD的存在，亦可成为肾病类型诊断的重要依据，并与肾脏疾病的严重程度和心血管疾病的有关。尿白蛋白与肌酐比率或总蛋白与肌酐比率可用于评估蛋白尿。GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）作为肾功损害的临界值，该水平GFR往往预示肾衰的开始，其中也包括增加心血管疾病的发生及危险程度。GFR＜15ml/（min.1.73m2）则需要透析治疗。 GKD尤其是终末肾病（ESRD）患者，CVD危险明显增加，一般通过血管树来实现的。ESRD与动脉粥样硬化可能互为因果关系，一方面粥样硬化加速肾病进展，另一方面ESRD恶化是许多传统粥样硬化的危险因素〔2〕。一般而言，CVD的基本类型是血管疾病和心肌病，血管疾病的两种亚型是动脉粥样硬化和大血管重塑，而CKD对这两种亚型均有作用。动脉粥样硬化主要以斑块形成和闭塞为主，CKD中动脉粥样硬化发生率很高而且范围更广，弥漫的粥样硬化明显增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速肾功能恶化。动脉粥样硬化可导致动脉壁基质增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中，缺血性心脏病如心绞痛、心梗和猝死，以及脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比较常见的。最初认为透析病人出现缺血性心脏病可能继发于容易超载、左室肥厚和小动脉病变，导致氧供减少。但是后来的研究发现，在前促红素区域，血红蛋白水平低，说明亦可能与缺血有关。CKD病人大血管重塑发生率亦较高，血管重塑可导致压力超载，通过管壁增厚和管壁与内腔比值增高或者流量超载来实现，但主要以增加的管壁直径和厚度为主。血管重塑常常使动脉顺应性下降，导致收缩压增加、脉压增大、左室肥厚和冠脉灌注减少〔3，4〕。动脉顺应性下降和脉压增大均为透析病人心血管疾病（CVD）的独立危险因素〔5〕。由于透析期间水钠潴留可通过超滤得到治疗，透析病人心衰的诊断比较困难，但血压下降、疲劳、食欲减退等征象，可作为心衰诊断的重要线索；另一方面，水钠潴留更能反映超滤不合适，而不是心衰或心衰合并超滤不恰当。实际上，透析期间超滤不合适的原因之一就是高血压，往往提示心衰。因此，心衰是透析病人预后不良的重要指标，这往往提示病人心血管疾病正在进展。 1 慢性肾病的心血管疾病危险因素众所周知，患肾脏疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加，很大程度上归因于肾病所致的高血压、血脂异常和贫血，但可能导致粥样斑块破裂的原因还不是很清楚。轻到中度CKD病人血管事件危险明显增高，而当GFR＜45ml/（min.1.73m2）时这种危险更大。近期有关研究认为因 ACEI（如卡托普利等）可降低慢性肾病病人心梗后的危险，如没有明显禁忌证，建议常规〔6〕。而在一般情况下，慢性肾病应用ACEI或ARBs治疗要慎重，既要了解应用的益处，又要考虑到血压、肾功能、血电解质变化和可能的药物间相互作用，如出现肾功能下降、血钾增高等就必须停药〔1〕。在CKD中把CVD的危险因素分为传统和非传统两种，传统的危险因素主要指用于评估有症状缺血性心脏病的因素，如年龄、糖尿病、收缩性高血压、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等，这些因素与心血管疾病的关系与一般人是一致的。而界定非传统危险因素需要满足如下条件：（1）促进CVD发展的生物学方面的合理性；（2）危险因素升高与肾病严重程度相关的证据；（3）揭示CKD中CVD与危险因素关系的相关证据；（4）有对照组中危险因素经治疗后CVD降低的证据。目前已确定的非传统危险因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激、异常脂血症、与粥样硬化有关的增高的炎症标志物〔7〕。近来研究发现，透析病人氧化应激和炎症标志物水平明显高于一般人群。氧化应激和炎症有可能成为基本的介质，而其他因素如贫血与心肌病有关，钙磷代谢异常与血管重塑和血管顺应性下降有关。 1.1 肾衰中心血管疾病透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10～30倍，而出现急性心梗和心衰后致死率很高，心梗后1～2年死亡率达59%～73%，明显高于一般人群，而Worcester heart Attack研究发现，有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗后仍存活2年以上。同时血液透析病人动脉粥样硬化、心衰和左室肥厚发生率异常增高，有接近40%的病人出现缺血性心脏病或心衰。 1.2 肾移植后心血管疾病肾移植病人中有35%～50%因CVD死亡，CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍，但明显低于血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受肾移植后免除了与透析有关的血流动力学异常和毒素异常。肾移植后CVD的危险因素是多重的，既包括传统因素如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚，亦有与GFR 下降有关的非传统因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。 1.3 糖尿病肾病的心血管疾病糖尿病肾病的早期主要表现为微量白蛋白尿，与心血管疾病进展有关。尽管1型糖尿病病人血压正常，但在24h监测中发现夜间存在 “Nondipping”模式，可能导致微量白蛋白尿。“Nondipping”是已确认的心血管疾病的危险因素，伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出现血脂异常、血糖难以控制和血压升高。有关研究已证实微量白蛋白尿与CVD有明确关系，在两种类型糖尿病中均存在，但由于年龄因素在2型糖尿病中更显著。现已认为微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病预后和其他致死因素的危险指标，可通过如下观点来解释：（1）微量白蛋白尿个体传统危险因素发生率更高；（2）微量白蛋白尿能反映内皮功能异常、血管渗透性增加、凝血纤溶系统异常；（3）与炎症标志物有关；（4）更易出现终末器官损害。最近Prior研究认为高血压与血管内皮功能异常有关，因此在这类病人中可能进一步加重内皮损害。但有关机制不完全清楚，目前认为可能与L-精氨酸转运至内皮细胞受到损害有关，进而导致细胞内合成NO的基质缺乏。 1.4 非糖尿病性肾病的心血管疾病我们主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作为慢性肾病的标志，同时认为蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要，因为无论是否存在糖尿病，肾病综合征均存在与心血管疾病有关的异常改变，如严重高脂血症和高凝血状态等，这就说明降低蛋白尿具有重要意义。目前我们把危险人群分为3组，已经患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作为高危人群；具有CVD传统的易患因素如高血压、年龄等作为中危人群；将社区人员称为低危人群

高净值人群财富论文参考文献

胡润研究院与兴业银行联合发布《2012中国高净值人群消费需求白皮书》显示，目前中国个人资产在600万元以上的高净值人群达到270万人，旅游、养生保健、子女教育是他们最关注的服务内容。“高净值人群”被定义为个人资产在600万元以上的人群。胡润研究院的调查显示，目前中国满足这一条件的人群达到270万人，平均年龄为39岁，其中，个人资产达到亿元以上的高净值人群数量约6.35万人，平均年龄为41岁。

新兴资产阶级的官方说法

所谓“高净值人群”是指个人资产在600万元以上的人群。而中国的这类人群已达270万，平均年龄是39岁，他们的平均财富达到4900万人民币以上，平均年消费为145万。

心血管系统的论文参考文献

高血压论文的参考文献

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[1]刘国树。白领高血压特点及处理[J]。中国实用内科杂志，2012，32（1）：15。

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[3]宦红梅，白小明。糖尿病社区联动管理新模式实践与探讨[J]。医学临床研究，2012，9（29）：1736-1740。

[4]董元丽，刘振东，赵颖馨等。老年轻中度原发性高血压患者家庭自测血压变异与冷加压试验的.相关性[J]。中华老年心脑血管病杂志，2015，17（1）：29-33。

[5]魏永平，阙伟东，叶定村等。家庭动力学干预对社区高血压患者血压控制及不良生活方式改变情况的影响[J]。中国初级卫生保健，2015，29（2）：69-71。

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[1]张筠婷，范书英，王勇。体位性高血压和体位性低血压诊疗进展[J]。中国全科医学，2012，15（26）：107-108。

[2]林仲秋，张金霞，冯国飞等。老年高血压患者体位性低血压与降压治疗的关系[J]。中华老年医学杂志，2014，33（01）：49-51。

[3]陆名婷，林仲秋，张金霞。综合护理干预预防老年体位性低血压的效果[J]。中华现代护理杂志，2012，18（27）：22-24。

[4]吴闻慧，汪海娅，方宁远。老年人体位性血压变化与靶器官损害的相关性研究[J]。老年医学与保健，2013，19（04）：206。

[5]唐建国。老年高血压患者体位性血压改变及其对神经认知障碍的影响[J]。医学信息，2013，11（20）：112-113。

[6]刘乾惠，刁晓兰，周锡平。老年高血压患者体位性低血压与体位性高血压的临床研究与护理风险防范[J]。中国实用护理杂志，2013，29（06）：37。

扩展阅读：

高血压的日常护理

一、要避免饮酒及浓茶，必须戒烟。

二、适当摄入糖，以补充热量，但不宜摄入过多，以免增高血脂，加速动脉硬化。

三、饮食上应限制食盐量，一般肾性高血压患者每日摄入食盐量不应超过5g，若伴严重水肿、心功能不全，严重高血压时，每日食盐量应限制在3g以下。

四、劳逸结合是高血压肾病生活护理的重要内容。适当减轻工作量和工作强度，采取半休或全休。

五、肾性高血压可能起源于身、心两个方面，所以一旦有高血压症状，心理应正确对待，不能过分紧张，顾虑重重，那样反而会使血压升高，应放松情绪，保持乐观，自我调节到最佳心理状态。

六、睡眠应充足，不能睡得太晚。高血压肾病患者要避免操劳，所以规律的引起也是高血压肾病生活护理必不可少的内容。

七、轻度患者可按时进行体育锻炼。如散步、做体操、打太极拳等，伹必须以不感觉疲劳为原则。因为按时锻炼可带来精神上的良好感觉以及放松情绪，这样均对身体有益。但重症病人，肾功能不全或血压过高的患者，则应限制运动。

八、控制食用动物脂肪，因动物脂肪会加重血管硬化，不利于肾功能的保护，应食植物油，如大豆油、花生油、香油等，因植物油含不饱和脂肪酸多，能降低胆固醇。

Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased gradually, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conduct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients. CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2)> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / (min.1.73m2) renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / (min.1.73m2) will need dialysis treatment. GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reduced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水钠潴留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水钠潴留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, during dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease. 1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / (min.1.73m2) at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that due to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can reduce chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1]. In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same. And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to reduce CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance. 1.1 Failure cardiovascular disease CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure. 1.2 Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion. 1.3 of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria individual a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis. 1.4 Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of reducing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members 翻译.. 慢性肾病是心血管疾病的危险因素慢性肾病（CKD）是值得广泛关注的公共健康，发病率逐渐上升，同时带来了严重的后果和问题。我们注意到肾衰病人的主要是透析和肾移植，但是很少有学者关注CKD与心血管疾病（CVD）的关系。现已认为CKD也与CVD有关，且比急性进展中的肾功能衰竭更容易死于心血管疾病，CVD是 CKD最常见的死亡原因〔1〕。认识到CKD是CVD的高危因素这一点，是很重要的。只有这样，才有可能进行深入，进而寻求相关的预防和治疗措施，使这些病人获得更大益处。 CKD是指由肾活检或有关的标志物证实的肾功损害＞3个月，或GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）＞3个月。一般依据病和病因学分为糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植后肾病。肾功能损害可通过肾活检或相关的标志物如蛋白尿、异常尿沉积物、影像学异常等来诊断。蛋白尿不仅可以证明CKD的存在，亦可成为肾病类型诊断的重要依据，并与肾脏疾病的严重程度和心血管疾病的有关。尿白蛋白与肌酐比率或总蛋白与肌酐比率可用于评估蛋白尿。GFR＜60ml/（min.1.73m2）作为肾功损害的临界值，该水平GFR往往预示肾衰的开始，其中也包括增加心血管疾病的发生及危险程度。GFR＜15ml/（min.1.73m2）则需要透析治疗。 GKD尤其是终末肾病（ESRD）患者，CVD危险明显增加，一般通过血管树来实现的。ESRD与动脉粥样硬化可能互为因果关系，一方面粥样硬化加速肾病进展，另一方面ESRD恶化是许多传统粥样硬化的危险因素〔2〕。一般而言，CVD的基本类型是血管疾病和心肌病，血管疾病的两种亚型是动脉粥样硬化和大血管重塑，而CKD对这两种亚型均有作用。动脉粥样硬化主要以斑块形成和闭塞为主，CKD中动脉粥样硬化发生率很高而且范围更广，弥漫的粥样硬化明显增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速肾功能恶化。动脉粥样硬化可导致动脉壁基质增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中，缺血性心脏病如心绞痛、心梗和猝死，以及脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比较常见的。最初认为透析病人出现缺血性心脏病可能继发于容易超载、左室肥厚和小动脉病变，导致氧供减少。但是后来的研究发现，在前促红素区域，血红蛋白水平低，说明亦可能与缺血有关。CKD病人大血管重塑发生率亦较高，血管重塑可导致压力超载，通过管壁增厚和管壁与内腔比值增高或者流量超载来实现，但主要以增加的管壁直径和厚度为主。血管重塑常常使动脉顺应性下降，导致收缩压增加、脉压增大、左室肥厚和冠脉灌注减少〔3，4〕。动脉顺应性下降和脉压增大均为透析病人心血管疾病（CVD）的独立危险因素〔5〕。由于透析期间水钠潴留可通过超滤得到治疗，透析病人心衰的诊断比较困难，但血压下降、疲劳、食欲减退等征象，可作为心衰诊断的重要线索；另一方面，水钠潴留更能反映超滤不合适，而不是心衰或心衰合并超滤不恰当。实际上，透析期间超滤不合适的原因之一就是高血压，往往提示心衰。因此，心衰是透析病人预后不良的重要指标，这往往提示病人心血管疾病正在进展。 1 慢性肾病的心血管疾病危险因素众所周知，患肾脏疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加，很大程度上归因于肾病所致的高血压、血脂异常和贫血，但可能导致粥样斑块破裂的原因还不是很清楚。轻到中度CKD病人血管事件危险明显增高，而当GFR＜45ml/（min.1.73m2）时这种危险更大。近期有关研究认为因 ACEI（如卡托普利等）可降低慢性肾病病人心梗后的危险，如没有明显禁忌证，建议常规〔6〕。而在一般情况下，慢性肾病应用ACEI或ARBs治疗要慎重，既要了解应用的益处，又要考虑到血压、肾功能、血电解质变化和可能的药物间相互作用，如出现肾功能下降、血钾增高等就必须停药〔1〕。在CKD中把CVD的危险因素分为传统和非传统两种，传统的危险因素主要指用于评估有症状缺血性心脏病的因素，如年龄、糖尿病、收缩性高血压、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等，这些因素与心血管疾病的关系与一般人是一致的。而界定非传统危险因素需要满足如下条件：（1）促进CVD发展的生物学方面的合理性；（2）危险因素升高与肾病严重程度相关的证据；（3）揭示CKD中CVD与危险因素关系的相关证据；（4）有对照组中危险因素经治疗后CVD降低的证据。目前已确定的非传统危险因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激、异常脂血症、与粥样硬化有关的增高的炎症标志物〔7〕。近来研究发现，透析病人氧化应激和炎症标志物水平明显高于一般人群。氧化应激和炎症有可能成为基本的介质，而其他因素如贫血与心肌病有关，钙磷代谢异常与血管重塑和血管顺应性下降有关。 1.1 肾衰中心血管疾病透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10～30倍，而出现急性心梗和心衰后致死率很高，心梗后1～2年死亡率达59%～73%，明显高于一般人群，而Worcester heart Attack研究发现，有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗后仍存活2年以上。同时血液透析病人动脉粥样硬化、心衰和左室肥厚发生率异常增高，有接近40%的病人出现缺血性心脏病或心衰。 1.2 肾移植后心血管疾病肾移植病人中有35%～50%因CVD死亡，CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍，但明显低于血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受肾移植后免除了与透析有关的血流动力学异常和毒素异常。肾移植后CVD的危险因素是多重的，既包括传统因素如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚，亦有与GFR 下降有关的非传统因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。 1.3 糖尿病肾病的心血管疾病糖尿病肾病的早期主要表现为微量白蛋白尿，与心血管疾病进展有关。尽管1型糖尿病病人血压正常，但在24h监测中发现夜间存在 “Nondipping”模式，可能导致微量白蛋白尿。“Nondipping”是已确认的心血管疾病的危险因素，伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出现血脂异常、血糖难以控制和血压升高。有关研究已证实微量白蛋白尿与CVD有明确关系，在两种类型糖尿病中均存在，但由于年龄因素在2型糖尿病中更显著。现已认为微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病预后和其他致死因素的危险指标，可通过如下观点来解释：（1）微量白蛋白尿个体传统危险因素发生率更高；（2）微量白蛋白尿能反映内皮功能异常、血管渗透性增加、凝血纤溶系统异常；（3）与炎症标志物有关；（4）更易出现终末器官损害。最近Prior研究认为高血压与血管内皮功能异常有关，因此在这类病人中可能进一步加重内皮损害。但有关机制不完全清楚，目前认为可能与L-精氨酸转运至内皮细胞受到损害有关，进而导致细胞内合成NO的基质缺乏。 1.4 非糖尿病性肾病的心血管疾病我们主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作为慢性肾病的标志，同时认为蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要，因为无论是否存在糖尿病，肾病综合征均存在与心血管疾病有关的异常改变，如严重高脂血症和高凝血状态等，这就说明降低蛋白尿具有重要意义。目前我们把危险人群分为3组，已经患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作为高危人群；具有CVD传统的易患因素如高血压、年龄等作为中危人群；将社区人员称为低危人群

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高血压健康管理论文参考文献

作为预防及控制高血压的重要内容之一的社区高血压患者健康管理，已经在如火如荼地进行着，这完全体现了我国政府对城乡社区高血压患者的关心，而且还促进了社区医务工作者与社区居民的和谐关心。下面是我给大家推荐的社区高血压的健康管理论文，希望大家喜欢!

《社区高血压患者的健康管理》

摘要：目的：对高血压的社区健康教育管理进行探究，并对高血压社区健康教育管理的成效进行自我评价、分析。方法：首先对高血压的主要危险因素进行分析，然后提出高血压的社区健康教育管理的几点措施，最后通过对社区高血压患者进行健康教育管理工作的成效进行科学评估。结果：经过高血压健康教育管理的患者血压控制较好。结论：要积极地对社区居民的健康意识加以提高，在这其中，应该对社区高危人群的自我保健意识进行提高，并对其加强宣传和教育，使其养成良好的生活习惯和健康的生活方式。

关键词：高血压社区健康教育管理对策

当前时期下，高血压已经成为我国人民普遍患的一种慢性疾病，严重困扰了人们的日常生活以及生命安全，以其并发症种类多、发病率高、危害性大，引起了人们的高度重视[1]。加强高血压患者的健康管理，是当前时期下我国医药卫生事业迫切需要解决的问题。作为预防及控制高血压的重要内容之一的社区高血压患者健康管理，已经在如火如荼地进行着，这完全体现了我国政府对城乡社区高血压患者的关心，而且还促进了社区医务工作者与社区居民的和谐关心。下面就是以社区高血压患者的健康教育管理为例进行报告。

引起高血压病的主要原因分析

通过参阅大量的文献资料可知，引起高血压的因素主要可以总结为如下几点：肥胖、嗜酒、遗传、作息不规律、大量饮用食盐、经常进食脂肪类较高的食物等。根据相关的报道及资料显示，有>60%的高血压患者都是由生活习惯不规律所致。对此，应该在社区对高血压患者人群进行良好的生活习惯的宣传与教育，让其养成良好的生活习惯，积极地对社区居民的健康意识加以提高，在这其中，应该对社区高危人群的自我保健意识进行提高，并对其加强宣传和教育，使其养成良好的生活习惯和健康的生活方式。除此之外，还应该对社区高血压患者进行综合性地、多方位地以及多角度地对患者的行为危险因素进行干预，以社区为单位，然后根据三级预防措施的具体要求对社区高血压患者进行健康教育，这是当前时期下社区高血压患者进行疾病预防及控制的最为根本性的措施。

高血压的社区健康教育管理措施

基于如上关于引起社区居民高血压病症的高危因素的分析可知，加强社区高血压患者的健康教育管理，已经成为社区医院工作中的一个重点，也是迫切需要解决的医疗问题。具体而言，主要包括如下几个方面的措施。

制定相关的社区高血压患者健康计划：对社区高血压患者制定科学、合理的高血压健康教育计划，是当前时期下社区医院工作中的一个重点，具体而言，一般需要做到如下两点即可对社区高血压患者进行科学的健康教育[2]。①对整个社区居民的健康情况进行摸底调查，并运用相关的统计方法对社区居民的健康状况制定一份资料，并存档。这样做的目的，就是为了能够对社区高血压发病的风险高低加以确定。具体可以按照如下方法进行实施：依据不同的年龄段(选择年龄>30岁的社区居民)对社区居民的基础学院、血糖、体重、生活习性以及精神状况、饮食等方面进行资料汇总和数据的统计。②通过对上述几个方面的资料进行搜集之后，然后就是对其进行分析以及统计，然后得出相应的结果，这样就能够很好地对社区高血压患者实施科学的策略及干预方法的实施等。

加强社区高血压患者健康教育，预防及控制社区高血压发病率具体而言，主要可以通过如下几个方面加以实施：①首先应该实事求是，联系实际，构建一整套完整的社区高血压患者档案资料，主要可以通过三种方式对患者进行随访以及病情的调查，即挨家挨户、门诊诊断以及电话三种方式。②在对患者进行随访的时候，应该对高血压患者的血压进行定量地测定，并根据具体的血压值给出一定的建议。

加强整个社区健康教育的全社区覆盖：由于高血压严重地影响了人们的正常生产与生活，因此应该引起人们的高度重视。对于社区高血压患者健康管理而言，则需要通过如下两个方面进行高血压社区的健康教育进行健全和建立[3]：①在社区设置高血压健康教育组织，类似高血压健康教育委员会、社区高血压健康教学领导小组等组织。②配备社区高血压健康教育专兼职工作人员，社区爱卫会及卫生服务中心应该配备高血压健康教育的专职干部，居委会及企事业应该配备兼职健康教育辅导员。

实施高血压社区健康教育管理的成效分析

通过对目标社区高血压患者进行健康教育管理[4]，该社区的高血压患者的病情有了好转。可以通过如下数据来显示此次健康教育管理的成效：在进行干预之前，社区高血压患者的血压控制率仅43.4%;对社区高血压患者进行健康教育干预之后，血压控制良好率95.6%。对高血压的社区管理工作的成效评估可以反映出社区健康教育工作的成效。

参考文献

1 张陆.高血压的社区健康教育管理(附1024例疗效分析)[J].中国实用乡村医生杂志,2010,17(1):100.

2 何水红.高血压的社区管理[J].社区医学杂志,2005,3(6):57-58.

3 傅东波,等.社区高血压自我管理模式及血压控制效果分析[J].中国健康教育,2004,10:869-872.

4 邓玲.高血压患者医院社区体系化健康教育管理效果评价[J].齐鲁护理杂志,2010,16(19):35-36.

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2012年高血压参考文献