论文开题报告主要是你的论文将要写什么以及为什么要写和如何写的问题。这里有几个方面:第一,你要写什么这个重点要进行已有文献综述,把有关的题目方面的已经有的国内外研究认真介绍一下(先客观介绍情况,要如实陈述别人的观点),然后进行评述(后主观议论,加以评估,说已有研究有什么不足),说现在有了这些研究,但还有很多问题值得研究。其中要包括你选题将要探讨的问题。由于目前研究不足,所以你要研究。所以,你的论文要写什么是根据文献综述得出来的,而不是你想写什么就写什么。如果不做综述,很可能你的选题早被别人做得很深了。第二,为什么要写这个这个主要是说明你这个选题的意义。可以说在理论上,你发现别人有什么不足和研究空白,所以你去做,就有理论价值了。那么你要说清楚你从文献综述中选出来的这个题目在整个相关研究领域占什么地位。这就是理论价值。然后你还可以从实际价值去谈。就是这个题目可能对现实有什么意义,可能在实际中派什么用场等等。第三,如何写在开题报告里你还应当说清楚你选了这个题目之后如何去解决这个问题。就是有了问题,你准备怎么去找答案。要说一下你大致的思路,同时,重点阐述你要用什么方法去研究。如文献分析法、访谈法、问卷法、定量研究、实验研究、理论分析、模型检验等等。在上述三个方面中间,文献综述是重点。没有文献综述,你就无法找到自己的题目,也不知道这个题目别人已经做得怎么样了,所以你要认真进行综述。当然,综述的目的还是引出你自己的话题,所以不能忘记评述哟。
问题一:毕业论文不足之处怎么写 50分 经过本次论文写作,本人学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验,但由于才疏学浅,能力不足,加之时间和精力有限,我感觉还是有一些不足之处:在许多内容表述、论证上存在着不当之处,与老师的期望还相差甚远。我的论文指导老师是一位治学严谨,要求严格的良师益友,在我的论文形成过程中,他从内容、结构、文字表达甚至标点符号上都严格,只不过在某些方面我还做的不够。许多问题还阀待进行一步思考和探究,借此答辩机会,万分肯切的希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见,多指出我的错误和不足之处,本人将虚心接受,从而不断进一步深入学习研究,使该论文得到完善和提高。 以上是我对自己的论文简单陈述,请各位老师提问,谢谢! 问题二:毕业论文答辩提纲的不足之处怎么写 你把论文附件发上来啊 不然怎么告诉你啊 或者你直接联系你的指导老师 一般指导老师也会帮助你给你提一些建议的 问题三:学位论文评阅意见不足之处怎么写 我以前的博士论文,评阅人就是根据我论文里的摘要写的,精炼一下就OK了。 评阅书里面应该有自己写的创新点,你可以参照写一下。leonshane(站内联系TA)首先对这篇论文进行简单概括,指出其主要线索:研究目标、方法、意义、创新等,然后指出一两个。 问题四:调查研究报告毕业论文的不足之处怎么写 从方法论、研究视角、研究方法、理论完善等几个方面去寻找。 问题五:硕士毕业论文自评表 优点 不足之处怎么写 给你个例文参考下。 我在硕士研究生学习阶段,思想上要求上进,认真学习,努力钻研专业知识,毕业之际,回顾三年来的学习、工作以及生活,做个人鉴定如下: 一、在思想觉悟上始终对自己有较高的要求,主动和党组织靠拢,尽管自己还没有计入党组织,但是自己始终以 *** 员的高标准要求自己,能用科学发展观来认识世界认识社会,能清醒的意识到自己所担负的社会责任,对个人的人生理想和发展目标,有了相对成熟的认识和定位. 二、在专业课程的学习上,根据自身研究方向的要求,有针对性的认真研读了有关核心课程,为自己的科研工作打下扎实基础;并涉猎了一部分其他课程,开阔视野,对本人研究方向的应用背景以及整个学科的结构有了宏观的认识.在英语学习方面,通过了大学英语六级考试,具备了较强的英语听说能力,在撰写论文期间,查阅了大量的英文资料.积极参与各项教学科研活动,在教学实践的过程中,认真阅读教材、查阅学术资料和参考书籍,在课堂上在快乐中吸收各个知识点.同时自己具有较强的实践动手能力,参与了导师多项课题的研究,使自己的理论知识与实践水平得到了进一步的增强和提高,同时顺利完成了硕士毕业论文. 三、在学习和科研工作之余,我还热心社会工作,积极为同学服务.上研究生后我主动承担起临时班长的职务,在新生入学的一系列工作中充分发挥自己“老生”的优势,热情周到地为同学服务.尽管学业和科研任务繁重,但为了配合院学生工作组老师做好学生工作,我服从组织安排,在团学联中担任学生工作助理.高度的责任心和使命感促使我在工作中勇挑重担,坚决地执行党的教育方针,认真完成好每一项工作任务,并注意在实践中学习、提高.我与团学联成员精诚合作,完成了在生物楼大厅橱窗中进行xx年度、xx年度学生工作总结的宣传任务,组织举办了我院xx年、xx年元旦晚会、校史知识竞赛(我院获得优秀组织奖)、xx年地球日的海洋知识宣传等活动,组织学生参加了xx年、xx年北京大学学生田径运动会以及“北大杯”蓝球赛和足球赛. 我还帮助学工组的老师顺利完成xx和xx年度的奖、助学金发放工作.在迎接和庆祝北京大学百年校庆的各项活动中,我积极配合学校和学院,充分贡献自己的力量.校庆期间,我配合院里的老师圆满完成了生命科学学院院长联席会议的会务工作,还配合学工组的老师组织学生参加校庆的各项庆祝活动.xx年年初,我应聘成为学校人事部的学生秘书,在那里我注意培养自己稳重、严谨的工作作风,受到人事部老师的好评. 我在研究生阶段所获颇丰,从学业、科研工作,到个人素质,都得到了充分的培养和锻炼,是充实且有意义的三年.相信这些经历和积累都将成为本人人生道路上的宝贵财富. 问题六:论文的最后总结时存在不足的原因怎么写 简单写论文的方式,首先要确定自己的主题有关[这很可能是决定教师提供给您],具体可以和我谈。 问题七:论文答辩中的不足之处怎么写 由于客观条件和自身理论知识、研究视野和实际研究水平的有限,在本研究中还存在很多的不足。 问题八:论文不足之处怎么写 这篇论文的写作以及系统开发的过程,也是我越来越认识到自己知识与经验缺乏的过程。虽然,我尽可能地收集材料,竭尽所能运用自己所学的知识进行论文写作和系统开发,但论文还是存在许多不足之处,系统功能并不完备,有待改进.请各位评委老师多批评指正,让我在今后的学习中学到更多。 问题九:课题研究中存在的不足和困难 怎么写 你好啊,你的开题报告选题定了没?开题报告选题老师同意了吗?准备往哪个方向写? 开题报告学校具体格式准备好了没?准备写多少字还有什么不懂不明白的可以问我,希望可以帮到你,祝开题报告选题顺利通过,毕业论文写作过程顺利。 技术路线一般是指研究的准备,启动,进行,再重复,取得成果的过程,不是指毕业论文的写作过程,更不是指答辩的准备和进行过程,许多同学会出现这些偏误。 多参考下同类型的论文,其实技术路线讲的就是你的论文的整体思路、逻辑推理过程以及采用的论证方法 在研究生教育的整个过程中,学位论文质量的高低是衡量研究生培养质量的重要标志。而论文质量的高低,很大程度上取决于论文开题报告做的细致程度。论文开题报告做的细致,前期虽然花费的时间较多,但写起论文来就很顺手,能够做到胸有成竹,从而保证论文在规定的时间保质保量地完成;但如果不重视论文开题报告,视论文开题报告为走过场,写起论文来就会没有目标,没有方向,没有思路,可能就要多走弯路,也很难保证毕业论文的质量。 一、论文开题报告的意义 硕士论文开题报告是研究生在完成文献调研后写成的关于学位论文选题与如何实施的论述性报告。论文开题报告既是文献调研的聚焦点,又是学位论文研究工作展开的散射点,对研究工作起到定位作用。 写论文开题报告的目的,是要请老师及专家们帮忙判断一下所研究的选题有没有价值,研究方法是否奏效,论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。因此论文开题报告就要围绕研究的主要内容,拟解决的主要问题(或阐述的主要观点),研究步骤、方法及措施为主要内容。但笔者在工作实践中发现有很多学生往往在论文开题报告中花费大量笔墨叙述别人的研究成果,谈到自己的研究方法时,往往寥寥数语一笔带过。这样,不便于评审老师指导。 二、如何写论文开题报告 (一)论文开题报告的前提――通过理论思维选择课题 在工作实践中,发现硕士研究生论文开题报告中存在的普遍问题是选题不合适。有的提出的问题太过“平庸”,有的选题范围太大,研究内容太多、太宽泛, 提出的问题不切合硕士生的实际,实践操作起来难度较大。如有的学生提出的论文题目:“新型中性镍催化剂的研究及其催化合成聚乙烯、聚丙烯的研究”,此选题有意义,有创新,作者的研究思路也比较正确,但论文选题范围太大,研究内容对于一个硕士生来说明显偏多,无法按时完成。因此应重新确定研究内容,注重项目的可操作性。 那么如何选择研究问题呢?这里要强调的是通过理论思维来发现研究问题。 理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系,特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式,只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下,理论才能够对话。只有通过对话,理论才能够发展。硕博论文要想创造新理论很难,多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展。 其次,选择问题是一个“剥皮”的过程,理论问题总是深深地隐藏在复杂的现实背后,而发现理论问题,则需要运用理论思维的能力。这就需要我们不断锻炼和提高自己的理论思维能力,需要在日常的学习中,不断总结和分析以往的研究者大体是从哪些视角来分析和研究问题,运用了哪些理论工具和方法,通过学习和总结来不断提高自己的理论思维能力,从而选择具有学术理论价值和应用价值,并与国家经济建设及导师承担的科学研究项目紧密结合的研究问题。 (二)做好文献综述,为论文开题报告打好基础 在研究生论文开题报告会上,出现的普遍问题是对文献的研读不够,对研究背景的了解不够深入,对研究方向上国内外的具体进展情况了解不够全面、详细, 资料引用的针对性、可比性不强。有很多学生没有完全搞清论文开题报告与文献综述的区别,他们的论文开题报告有很......>> 问题十:毕业论文不足之处怎么写 50分 经过本次论文写作,本人学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验,但由于才疏学浅,能力不足,加之时间和精力有限,我感觉还是有一些不足之处:在许多内容表述、论证上存在着不当之处,与老师的期望还相差甚远。我的论文指导老师是一位治学严谨,要求严格的良师益友,在我的论文形成过程中,他从内容、结构、文字表达甚至标点符号上都严格,只不过在某些方面我还做的不够。许多问题还阀待进行一步思考和探究,借此答辩机会,万分肯切的希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见,多指出我的错误和不足之处,本人将虚心接受,从而不断进一步深入学习研究,使该论文得到完善和提高。 以上是我对自己的论文简单陈述,请各位老师提问,谢谢!
Alcott prefaces Little Women with an excerpt from John Bunyan’s seventeenth-century work The Pilgrim’s Progress, an allegorical novel about leading a Christian life. Alcott’s story begins with the four March girls—Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy—sitting in their living room, lamenting their poverty. The girls decide that they will each buy themselves a present in order to brighten their Christmas. Soon, however, they change their minds and decide that instead of buying presents for themselves, they will buy presents for their mother, Marmee. Marmee comes home with a letter from Mr. March, the girls’ father, who is serving as a Union chaplain in the Civil War. The letter inspires the girls to bear their burdens more cheerfully and not to complain about their poverty.On Christmas morning, the girls wake up to find books, probably copies of The Pilgrim’s Progress, under their pillows. Later that day, Marmee encourages them to give away their breakfast to a poor family, the Hummels. Their elderly neighbor, Mr. Laurence, whom the girls have never met, rewards their charitable activities by sending over a feast. Soon, Meg and Jo are invited to attend a New Year’s Party at the home of Meg’s wealthy friend, Sally Gardiner. At the party, Jo retreats to an alcove, and there meets Laurie, the boy who lives with Mr. Laurence. While dancing, Meg sprains her ankle. Laurie escorts the sisters home. The Marches regret having to return to their daily routine after the holiday festivities.Jo visits Laurie when he is sick, and meets his grandfather, Mr. Laurence. She inadvertently insults a painting of Mr. Laurence in front of the man himself. Luckily, Laurie’s grandfather admires Jo’s spunk, and they become friends. Soon, Mr. Laurence meets all the sisters, and Beth becomes his special favorite. Mr. Laurence gives her his deceased granddaughter’s piano.The girls have various adventures. Amy is caught trading limes at school, and the teacher hits her as punishment. As a result, Mrs. March withdraws her daughter from school. Jo refuses to let Amy go with her to the theater. In retaliation, Amy burns Jo’s manuscript, and Jo, in her anger, nearly lets Amy drown while ice-s-kating. Pretty Meg attends her friend Annie Moffat’s party and, after allowing the other girls to dress her up in high style, learns that appearances are not everything. While at the party, she hears that people think she intends to marry Laurie for his money.That year, the Marches form the Pickwick Club, in which they write a family newspaper. In the spring, Jo smuggles Laurie into one of the club meetings, and he becomes a member, presenting his new circle with a postbox. At the beginning of June, the Marches decide to neglect their housework. At the end of a lazy week, Marmee takes a day off too. The girls spoil a dinner, but everyone ends up laughing over it. One day, Laurie has English friends over, and the Marches go on a picnic with them. Later, Jo gets a story published for the first time.One dark day, the family receives a telegram saying that Mr. March is sick in the hospital in Washington, D.C. Marmee goes to tend to him, and Jo sells her hair to help finance the trip. Chaos ensues in Marmee’s wake, for the girls neglect their chores again. Only Beth goes to visit the Hummels, and after one of her visits, she contracts scarlet fever from the Hummel baby. Beth teeters on the brink of death until Marmee returns. Meanwhile, Amy spends time at Aunt March’s house in order to escape the disease. Beth recovers, though not completely, and Mr. Brooke, Laurie’s tutor, falls in love with Meg, much to Jo’s dismay. Mr. Brooke and Meg are engaged by the end of Part One. Three years pass before Part Two begins. Mr. March is home from the war, and Laurie is nearly done with school. Soon, Meg marries and moves into a new home with Mr. Brooke. One day, Amy decides to have a lunch for her art school classmates, but poor weather ruins the festivities. Jo gets a novel published, but she must cut it down in order to please her publishers. Meanwhile, Meg struggles with the duties of keeping house, and she soon gives birth to twins, Demi and Daisy. Amy gets to go to Paris instead of Jo, who counted on the trip, because their Aunt Carroll prefers Amy’s ladylike behavior in a companion.Jo begins to think that Beth loves Laurie. In order to escape Laurie’s affections for her, Jo moves to New York so as to give Beth a chance to win his affections. There Jo meets Professor Bhaer, a poor German language instructor. Professor Bhaer discourages Jo from writing sensationalist stories, and she takes his advice and finds a simpler writing style. When Jo returns home, Laurie proposes to her, but she turns him down. Beth soon dies.Amy and Laurie reunite in France, and they fall in love. They marry and return home. Jo begins to hope that Professor Bhaer will come for her. He does, and they marry a year later. Amy and Laurie have a daughter named Beth, who is sickly. Jo inherits Plumfield, Aunt March’s house, and decides to turn it into a boarding school for boys. The novel ends with the family happily gathered together, each sister thankful for her blessings and for each other.
Introductionprint Print document PDF list Cite link LinkLittle WomenLouisa May AlcottThe following entry presents criticism on Alcott's novel Little Women. See also Louisa May Alcott Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism.What is now known as Little Women includes both the original work by that title and its sequel, Good Wives. Written by Louisa May Alcott in 1868 and 1869 respectively, together these works have been long established as primary within the canon of juvenile literature and are considered by many to be the first children's books in America to break with the didactic tradition. Alcott introduced realism and entertainment to American children's literature, thereby achieving commercial success unknown to her moralizing contemporaries. Little Women is still read worldwide today.Louisa May Alcott was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1832, and raised in Concord, Massachusetts, and Boston. She was the second of four daughters of Abigail May Alcott and Amos Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist, educational reformer, and well-known writer. Louisa, though more commercially successful than her father, faced many obstacles to the literary career she envisioned for herself. As a woman writer, she was expected to write sentimental and moralizing tales, and in order to earn a living as a writer, she was expected to cater to the sensational cravings of her audience. Although she did both successfully until her death in 1888, many critics argue that with Little Women, Alcott countered sensationalism with realism and subverted the moralizing purpose she often appeared to embrace.Plot and Major CharactersIn Part I, while Mr. March is away as a volunteer chaplain in the Civil War, the March girls, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy, embark on "pilgrimages" toward selfimprovement, with the inspiration of John Bunyan's religious allegory, The Pilgrim's Progress (1678). Their journeys, though, are largely determined by their own consciences and will rather than by dogma. Meg learns to overcome her vanity, Jo to overcome excessiveness and temper, Amy, greed and selfishness. Beth is already saintly and seems not to need change, but ironically, it is an act of charity—a visit to a sick infant—which results in the scarlet fever that weakens her health and precipitates her death.Welcomed into this haven are neighbors Theodore Laurence (Laurie) and his grandfather, who are far from stock patriarchal figures; they are, rather, admirers who crave and aspire to the domestic peace enjoyed by the Marches. Laurie and Jo develop a close friendship that intrigued Alcott's readers, but she avoided the conventional romantic plot by refusing to have them marry. Jo, an unconventional girl who thinks of herself as the "man of the house" while her father is away, is more interested in developing her art and financially supporting her family than marrying.Part II of Little Women, originally published separately as Good Wives, focuses on the girls' transitions into adulthood. Meg marries John Brooke, Laurie's tutor—a financially difficult but happy match. Amy loses some of her passion for art and marries Laurie after he has been refused by Jo and has recovered from the blow. Beth dies before she can reach adulthood, but her loss inspires Jo to take up her domestic role. Jo eventually marries Professor Bhaer, a middle-aged academic with whom she shares philosophical interests. They open a boys' school, where she, no longer a tomboy, becomes a mother-figure for the students.Major ThemesAlcott's earlier work, often published under the pseudonym A. M. Barnard, is generally characterized by sensational characters and plots, violence, melodrama, and romance—all consistent with the expectations of her readers. When asked to write a "girl's book," Alcott was yet again forced to write according to others' interests, but in this case she opted for more realism than sensationalism by choosing the only girl-hood she knew for her subject—her own. Based on her life, and that of her sisters, Anna, Elizabeth, and May, Little Women follows the adolescence of the girls into adulthood, captures their private, domestic experience concretely, delineates their matriarchal haven of comfort and frugality, dramatizes their creative play, and explores their struggles to become artists, good sisters, and eventually happy wives. Although the culture of her time demanded that Alcott produce moralizing tales, she displayed a certain amount of resistance to that mandate in Little Women, preaching moderation rather than excessive religious molding. The girls are guided less by rigid moral strictures than by their strong sense of family, sometimes conveyed by words of wisdom from mother Marmee, but more often by a need to get along as a sisterly community. In part II this theme of sisterly love expands to include marriage and the formation of new families, with new roles for the three surviving sisters as good wives. Self-improvement, social responsibility, domestic cooperation, and matriarchal power, as well as the importance of play and artistic development, all serve as prominent themes in Little Women.Critical ReceptionThe influence of Little Women has been vast, but historically limited to a female readership. Early critics received the novel with sentimental praise and an appreciation of Alcott's ability to meet the minds of her child readers, a view shared by Angela Brazil in her 1922 review. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Alcott was appreciated, like many American women writers, as merely a local colorist with a talent for portraying the domestic sphere concretely. In academia, her novel was studied only by the scholars of children's literature until the 1960s and 1970s, when it came under closer scrutiny by feminist critics, some of whom were frustrated with its outdated sentimentality, others of whom dismissed it because it seems to uphold the traditional separation of men's and women's spheres (public vs. private). In the 1980s, the new emphasis on expanding the canon to include marginalized writers and works associated with popular culture brought more attention to Little Women. It has achieved importance within Women's Studies and the American literary canon in general for its detailed descriptions of nineteenth-century family life and of female struggles for social identity. As Carolyn Heilbrun suggests, Little Women has been particularly influential on female readers in the twentieth century who, craving models of female autonomy, found one, at least briefly, in Alcott's character Jo. Recent critics have continued in this positive vein, calling further attention to the subversive elements in Little Women, recasting Jo as an early feminist who, like her creator, made the most of the limited possibilities open to women in her time.希望对楼主有帮助, 不满意请留言
你好~! 在露易莎·梅·奥尔科特的著名小说《小妇人》中,女主人公乔拒绝了完美的邻家男孩——洛里的爱,而嫁给了父辈的贝尔教授。这个令人伤感的结局给一代代的读者们带来了无穷遗憾,也引起了批评家们的激烈争论。本文认为,她的拒绝不仅来自于她的叛逆性格,她对自由、女性空间和男性力量的深切而本能的欲望,而且来自于她偏执狂般的维护一个充满慈爱、自我满足的女性社区的欲望。她的拒绝是自我挫败式的,但也确实张扬了自己的个性。故事的结局是一个叛逆和现实之间对抗的无奈的妥协。。。。 。。。更多资源来自:
文献综述是对论文选题研究现状的梳理,但并不仅仅是把文献进行简单的堆砌与罗列,而是需要在总结梳理别人研究的同时,对已有的研究做出评价,也就是说有述有评,这也是为什么文献综述也叫做文献述评的原因。
文献综述与论文相同之处在于:
文献综述与论文不同之处在于:
论文开题报告主要是你的论文将要写什么以及为什么要写和如何写的问题。这里有几个方面:第一,你要写什么这个重点要进行已有文献综述,把有关的题目方面的已经有的国内外研究认真介绍一下(先客观介绍情况,要如实陈述别人的观点),然后进行评述(后主观议论,加以评估,说已有研究有什么不足),说现在有了这些研究,但还有很多问题值得研究。其中要包括你选题将要探讨的问题。由于目前研究不足,所以你要研究。所以,你的论文要写什么是根据文献综述得出来的,而不是你想写什么就写什么。如果不做综述,很可能你的选题早被别人做得很深了。第二,为什么要写这个这个主要是说明你这个选题的意义。可以说在理论上,你发现别人有什么不足和研究空白,所以你去做,就有理论价值了。那么你要说清楚你从文献综述中选出来的这个题目在整个相关研究领域占什么地位。这就是理论价值。然后你还可以从实际价值去谈。就是这个题目可能对现实有什么意义,可能在实际中派什么用场等等。第三,如何写在开题报告里你还应当说清楚你选了这个题目之后如何去解决这个问题。就是有了问题,你准备怎么去找答案。要说一下你大致的思路,同时,重点阐述你要用什么方法去研究。如文献分析法、访谈法、问卷法、定量研究、实验研究、理论分析、模型检验等等。在上述三个方面中间,文献综述是重点。没有文献综述,你就无法找到自己的题目,也不知道这个题目别人已经做得怎么样了,所以你要认真进行综述。当然,综述的目的还是引出你自己的话题,所以不能忘记评述哟。
论文不足之处的写法:
要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。科学研究的目的是为了更好地认识世界、改造世界,以推动社会的不断进步和发展。因此,毕业论文的选题,必须紧密结合社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要,以促进科学事业发展和解决现实存在问题作为出发点和落脚点。选题要符合科学研究的正确方向,要具有新颖性,有创新、有理论价值和现实的指导意义或推动作用,一项毫无意义的研究,即使花很大的精力,表达再完善,也将没有丝毫价值。具体地说,考生可从以下三个方面来选题。首先,要从现实的弊端中选题,学习了专业知识,不能仅停留在书本上和理论上,还要下一番功夫,理论联系实际,用已掌握的专业知识,去寻找和解决工作实践中急待解决的问题。其次,要从寻找科学研究的空白处和边缘领域中选题,科学研究还有许多没有被开垦的处女地,还有许多缺陷和空白,这些都需要填补。应考者应有独特的眼光和超前的意识去思索,去发现,去研究。最后,要从寻找前人研究的不足处和错误处选题,在前人已提出来的研究课题中,许多虽已有初步的研究成果,但随着社会的不断发展,还有待于丰富、完整和发展,这种补充性或纠正性的研究课题,也是有科学价值和现实指导意义的。
写作思路:要从寻找前人研究的不足处和错误处选题,在前人已提出来的研究课题中,许多虽已有初步的研究成果,但随着社会的不断发展,还有待于丰富、完整和发展,这种补充性或纠正性的研究课题,也是有科学价值和现实指导意义的。
经过本次论文写作,本人学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验,但由于才疏学浅,能力不足,加之时间和精力有限,我感觉还是有一些不足之处:在许多内容表述、论证上存在着不当之处,与老师的期望还相差甚远。
我的论文指导老师是一位治学严谨 ,要求严格的良师益友,在我的论文形成过程中,从内容、结构、文字表达甚至标点符号上都严格,只不过在某些方面我还做的不够。许多问题还有待进行一步思考和探究,借此答辩机会,万分肯切的希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见。
多指出我的错误和不足之处,本人将虚心接受,从而不断进一步深入学习研究,使该论文得到完善和提高。以上是我对自己的论文简单陈述,请各位老师提问,谢谢!
文献综述存在的问题分析
同学们在写文献综述是总会出现一些常见的错误,提前知道可以尽量避免,以下是我为大家推荐的文献综述存在的问题分析,希望能帮到大家,更多精彩内容可浏览(wwww.oh100.com/bylw)。
1.文献搜集不全,遗漏重要观点
有些研究生由于资料搜集范围或方法不当,未能将有代表性的资料完全纳入研究的范围,或仅仅根据自己的喜好选择材料。其结果便是不能系统全面地把握研究现状,或片面理解他人研究结果,从而盲目地认为某问题或领域尚未被研究,使得自己的研究变成一种重复性的劳动。因此,在撰写综述前一定要全面搜集资料,学位论文研究更要“必能精通专门之学,读尽专门之书,真有所见出乎其外方可下笔”。
2.文献阅读不深入,简单罗列,“综”而不“述”
撰写综述必须充分理解已有的研究观点,并用合理的逻辑(或是时间顺序、或是观点的内存逻辑、相似程度等)将它们准确地表述出来。如果综述仅仅是将前人的观点罗列出来而未进行系统分类、归纳和提炼,那么内容就会十分杂乱,缺乏内在的逻辑。这样不利于厘清已有研究结果之间的关系,难以认清某问题研究的发展脉络、深入研究、存在的问题等,更不必说走到问题研究的前沿了。
如果是“综”而不“述”,那么,即便是内容有一定的系统性,充其量也只是陈述了他人的观点,达不到通过分析、评说而发现和确立论文选题的目的。
3.个人观点在综述中占主体
有些研究生在综述中对研究现状的梳理和介绍只是一笔带过,用大量的篇幅进行评述,进而提出自己的研究设想,结果将文献综述写成了评论或研究计划。
文献综述主要是梳理相关学科领域的研究现状及动态,厘清研究现状进展与困境,为后续的研究提供参考。因此,综述的重点在于“综”,即其主要部分应是对前人观点的客观阐释和分析;个人观点,即适当“述”,,可以起到点睛式的评论或启示的'作用,但不应是主体。另外,综述提炼的观点必须以原始文献为依据,不能把观点强加给原作者;如果有不同的观点,可对原作者的观点进行评议,但论据必须充分,并能使读者分清哪些是原作者的观点,哪些是综述者本人的观点,不能混杂在一起。
4.避重就轻,故意突出自己研究的重要性
如前文所述,研究生写综述的目的是为了寻找学位论文研究的切入点和突破点。有些研究生在做完综述之后,还是难以发现问题,便认为该领域已经无问题可以研究,为了完成论文便故意在综述中漏掉或弱化某些研究成果,或者放大已有研究的不足,以便突出自己研究的价值和意义。这样做的结果只能是重复研究,其创新性是可想而知的。其实,未能发现问题的原因是多方面的。可能是自身的学术积累不够或思考不深入;可能是选题不当,过大或过小;也可能是学科发展处于“高原阶段”。但未能发现问题不等于没有问题,更不能随便拿一个研究过的问题敷衍了事。如果是自身原因,研究生应该在导师的指导下努力提高自身的水平,静下来认真深入思考,完成选题;如果是学科发展的问题,则可以尝试通过开辟新领域、使用新方法、提供新材料等方式完成选题。
学术论文参考文献的著录格式
1.专著: [序号]作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不著录).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
2.期刊: [序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.
3.会议论文集(或汇编): [序号]作者.题名[A].编者.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
4.学位论文: [序号]作者. 题名[D]. 学位授予地址:学位授予单位,年份.
5.专利: [序号]专利申请者. 专利题名[P].专利国别(或地区):专利号, 出版日期.
6.科技报告: [序号]著者. 报告题名[R].编号,出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
7.标准: [序号] 标准编号,标准名称[S].颁布日期.
8.报纸文章 : [序号] 作者. 题名[N]. 报纸名,年-月-日(版次).
9.电子文献: [序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).
10.各种未定义类型的文献: [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z]. 出版地:出版者,出版年.
文献综述与论文相同之处在于:
文献综述与论文不同之处在于:
当然算啦,即使学术类期刊编辑部也是录用文献综述的,只是录用比例少。
完整论文的一部分吧
不算。论文要提出观点、运用材料、论证问题,有发明创新。综述根本就不算论文。