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中西方婚俗差论文开题报告

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中西方婚俗差论文开题报告

差异:一、婚礼形式 1.中国式婚礼形式及流程 ①纳采:即男方请媒人提亲后,女方同意议婚,男方备礼去女方家求亲; ②向名:男方在求婚后托媒人问女方的出生年月,准备合婚的仪式; ③纳吉:是把问名后占卜合婚的好消息再通知女方的礼仪,这是订婚阶段的主要礼仪形式。古代的风俗要用大雁作为订婚的信物,说明双方已经订婚。后来就发展成送首饰,绸缎,甚至是羊猪; ④纳征:是纳吉后,男方将聘礼送往女方,是成婚阶段的礼仪,俗称完聘或大聘,过大礼等。聘礼的多少及物品名称多取吉祥如意的含义,数目取双忌单; ⑤请期:送完聘礼后,选择结婚日期,备礼到女方家,征得同意; ⑥亲迎:就是新婿亲往女家迎聚的仪式。这项仪式往往被看作婚礼的主要程序,而前五项则当成议婚、订婚等过渡性礼仪。 2.西方婚礼形式 ①来宾入席; ②奏结婚进行曲,亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始,伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立; ③女方家长入席,新娘挽着父亲的手,步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐; ④牧师证婚,新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻; ⑤新郎新娘互戴婚戒,宣誓; ⑥献诗,来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌; ⑦礼成,奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边,两人一起走出教堂,伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场; ⑧茶会或晚宴。但是整个婚礼过程却有着让人不可亵渎的神圣与庄重 。二、婚礼服饰 1.中国式服装 中国服饰强调统一而不突出个性,在中国红色象征喜庆、幸福,吉祥如意。在传统的婚礼仪式上,新郎新娘都要穿着红色的礼服,是祝愿夫妻婚后的生活能够红红火火的意思。而且衣服上的龙凤图案也是必不可少的,按照中国传统龙象征男性,风象征女性都预示着吉祥。家里到处贴着红色的喜字,门两边也要贴上红色的对联,新房里的物品也大都是红色为主的。尽管现在受到西方的影响,也会穿婚纱,但在迎娶和婚宴开始后,还是要换上红色的衣服。 2.西方服饰 西方服饰强调浪漫纯洁而有个性,因白色在西方文化中象征着吉利、平安、善意,富贵和童贞。新娘穿着白色的婚纱,代表着对新郎的忠贞和自身的圣洁,新郎则是一声笔挺的西装。新娘的捧花和周围环境的装饰都是以白色为基调的。 三、结婚礼俗 1.中国结婚礼仪 传统新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀象征蝴蝶双飞,痰盂,即子孙桶,是多子多 福的意思,铜盆及鞋意为同携到老,银包 2.西方结婚礼仪 在古代的西方社会,新娘还需准备一些“旧、新、借、蓝”的东西。“旧”是指新娘头上的白纱必须是母亲用过的旧纱,表示不忘父母的养育之恩;“新”指新娘的白色礼服必须是新的,它是纯洁童贞的象征;“借”是指新娘手里拿的手帕必须是从女朋友那借来的,表示不忘朋友的友谊之情;“蓝”是指新娘身上披的缎带必须是蓝色的,表示新娘对爱情的忠贞之情。融合 : 1.中西方婚俗融合的方面 中式的婚礼在世界上越来越受欢迎。一些外国人举行婚礼仪式都按照中国婚礼的风格。虽然婚礼饰物比如说婚车的装饰是西式的,但他们中的一些人表示在他们的婚礼上有很多的中国元素,例如,中国结、大红灯笼、红蜡烛、对联,这样会对整体气氛做到提升,增加喜庆气氛,还有就是婚礼请柬在西方婚礼中的应用。 在中国,现在的新娘通常有两组在婚礼当天的穿的礼服。婚礼仪式上新娘会穿着白色的婚纱,可以给新娘纯洁典雅的形象,更适合神圣的婚礼。当婚宴开始时,新婚夫妇向来宾祝酒时,新娘就会换上红色的旗袍作为婚宴礼服。从此也可以看出,中西方婚礼习俗在婚礼服饰方面的融合。 2.中西方婚俗融合的原因 中国的快速发展。新世纪的中国,经济等方面的快速发展,使得中国在国际上的地位不断提高,中国五千年的传统文化也逐渐成为焦点。中国婚礼文化作为传统文化的重要组成部分,也逐渐受到世界各国人民的喜爱,比如,中式婚礼礼服。因此,许多西方人受到中国文化的影响,婚礼仪式就选择中国婚礼习俗。全球化。随着社会的发展和不断的跨文化交流,人们可以更加轻松方便地了解各国不同的文化。婚礼文化作为文化的重要组成部分,也在不断地进行融合,比如中国的西式婚礼、西方的中式婚礼等。它们丰富了婚礼习俗的形式和婚礼文化。中西方婚礼习俗的融合反映了中西方文化的融合,我们能够更好地了解西方文化,了解文化差异的原因,从而更好地进行跨文化交际。

首先,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书:订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉(过文定)时用。 礼书:过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征(过大礼)时用。 迎亲书:迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日(亲迎)接新娘过门时用。)而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采:古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称「提亲」。 问名:男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称「合八字」。 纳吉:问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征:奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等,即正式送聘礼,谓纳征,今称「过大礼」。 请期:由男家请算命先生择日,谓之请期,又称「乞日」、今称 「择日」。 亲迎:新郎乘礼车,赴女家迎接新娘,谓之亲迎。)而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗,比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀(蝴蝶双飞)、痰盂(子孙桶)、尺(良田万顷)、片糖(甜甜蜜蜜)、银包皮带(腰缠万贯)、花瓶(花开富贵)、铜盆及鞋(同偕到老)、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗(有衣食)、七十二套衣服,用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着(丰衣足食)等物,每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时,在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序,按一般的情况,在整个婚礼过程中有:祭祖(男方在出门迎娶新娘之前,先祭拜祖先。)、出发(迎亲车队以双数为佳。)、燃炮(迎亲礼车行列在途中,应一路燃放鞭炮以示庆贺。)、等待新郎(礼车至女方家时,会有一男童侍持茶盘等候新郎,新郎下车后,应赏男孩红包答礼,再进入女方家。)、讨喜(新郎应持捧花给房中待嫁之新娘,此时,新娘之闺中密友要拦住新郎,不准其见到新娘,女方可提出条件要新郎答应,通过后才得进入。)、拜别(新人上香祭祖,新娘应叩拜父母道别,并由父亲盖上头纱,而新郎仅鞠躬行礼即可。)、出门(新娘应由福高德劭女性长辈持竹筛或黑伞护其走至礼车,因为新娘子在结婚当天的地位比谁都大,因此不得与天争大。)、礼车( 在新娘上礼车后,车开动不久,女方家长应将一碗清水、白米撒在车后,代表女儿已是泼出去的水,以后的一切再也不予过问,并祝女儿事事有成,有吃有穿。)、掷扇(礼车起动后,新娘应将扇子丢到窗外,意谓不将坏性子带到婆家去,扇子由新娘的兄弟拾回,掷扇后必须哭几声,且在礼车之后盖「竹筛」以象征繁荣。)、燃炮(由女方家至男方家的途中,同样要一路燃放礼炮。)、摸橘子(迎新车队到达新郎家时,由一位拿着橘子或苹果的小孩来迎接新人,新娘要轻摸一下橘子,并赠红包答礼。这两个橘子要放到晚上,让新娘亲自剥皮,意谓招来「长寿」。)、牵新娘(新娘由礼车走出时,应由男方一位有福气之长辈持竹筛顶在新娘头上,并扶新娘进入大厅。进门时,新人绝不可踩门槛,而应横跨过去。)、喜宴(时下颇流行中西合壁式的婚礼,大都在晚上宴请客人同时举行观礼仪式,在喜宴上,新娘可褪去新娘礼服,换上晚礼服向各桌一一敬酒。)、送客(喜宴完毕后,新人立于家门口送客,须端着盛香烟、喜糖之茶盘。)、闹洞房(新人被整之灾情大小,端视新人是否曾在其他的婚礼上戏弄别人,或平素待人够不够忠厚等。)、三朝回门(在婚后第三天,新妇由夫婿陪同下,带备烧猪及礼品回娘家 祭祖,甚至小住一段日子,然后再随夫婿回家。)。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐,但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征,其实,不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗,但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意,都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中,婚礼时有旧(Something Old)、新(Something New)、借(Something Borrowed)、蓝(Something Blue)等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱,头饰或首饰,代表承受美好的一切;新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子,饰物,象征新的生活;借是指可向任何人借东西回来,据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内,象征带来财运;蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色,意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时,西方亦有大量的习俗。比如,在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕,西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法,农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露,滋润家作物。后来,新娘在新婚汉天流泪,就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时,新娘总是站在新郎的左边,据说,古时候,盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时,新郎让新娘站在自己左边,一旦情敌出现,就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑,吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时,要特别定制结婚蛋糕,根据历史记载,自罗马时代开始,婚礼结束时,人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力,面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜,就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见,西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。 其次是在服装方面。在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守,在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服,象征的吉祥如意,预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始,白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间,白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初,白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱,蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱,象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里,白色代表着快乐;其他一些地区,白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义。例如,在安达曼群岛(Andaman Islanders),白色代表一种地位的变化。“传统”的白色结婚礼服,在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代,大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装,只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代,贵族阶级的特权消失以后,白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史,中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴,而阳则代表男子,阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以在红色的礼服上绣着凤也就很容易理解了。 还有就是在一些小的习惯上面,中西方的婚俗有相似的地方。例如,中国古代有抛绣球迎亲的习俗;而西方的新郎新娘在教堂举行婚礼后,会把手中的鲜花抛向空中,如果有人接到的话就预示着他将很快结婚。 中西方在婚俗上面有以上种种的差异,这和中西方人在思想思维的差异有直接的联系。中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。直到近代西方的文化传入以后,中国的传统文化才开始向西方转化,但在很大的程度上任有中国传统婚俗的礼仪。而中国人爱热闹的性格在中国传统婚礼中可以得到充分的体现。除了中西方都有的结婚晚宴以外,在中国的传统婚俗中,还有一个为新娘饯行的结婚午宴。其次在婚宴结束以后,新人的亲朋好友会去新房中闹洞房。认为在新房中越热闹,新人在婚后的生活越幸福。因此闹新房的成员们无不用所其极,用种种方法刁难新郎新娘。西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘手挽着父亲捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给你,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。她是今天最美的新娘。 在神圣的教堂上空,他们的誓言在回荡,带上永结同心的婚戒,只到神父说:“你可以亲吻你的新娘了…… 结婚是一生的盟约,你是要为之坚守一辈子的誓言。 主耶稣说:上帝所配合的人便不可分开。 这一生一世的爱情,因为今天而完美。”然后新郎新娘或是去晚宴地点或是去渡蜜月,并没有中国传统婚俗的种种礼节。另一个造成中西方差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。 中国的婚礼就不同于西方,整个婚礼的主色调是红色,这也是中国的传统的代表喜气的颜色。这也就使婚礼变的喜气洋洋.在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。新娘乘着大红花轿在后,新郎骑着马在前,随着红娘和迎亲队伍到新郎家中拜堂.双方家长坐在上堂,而新郎新娘在下堂成婚.整个婚礼由司仪主持,在他的指挥下,新郎新娘一拜天地,下拜高堂,然后夫妻对拜,送入洞房.闹洞房是婚礼的高潮,新娘先回洞房等待新郎,而新郎就在外招待客人,酒足饭饱后,新郎在一大堆人的簇拥下来到洞房.众人就开始闹洞房了,新郎新娘在大家的起哄下做各种游戏……这样整个婚礼就在一片笑声中结束了。

Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom 中西方婚俗的差异AbstractThere are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs. In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding ceremonies.Key WordsMarriage custom; differences; reasons摘 要中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云:“婚有六礼,纳采、问名、 纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序,即建议,改姓,选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中,媒人起着决定性的作用,而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力,而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。 在西方,是牧师在婚姻中起作用,并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来(特别是新中国成立之后),中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词婚俗;差异;原因IntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of mankind.China is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of ideas.Greek civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage custom.Comparing with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason. I. Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage." In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage custom.Marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage custom.In feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the bride.A. Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or daughter.If the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach it.B. Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and pray.In ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage. First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang dynasty.It has been simplified today. Many marriage does not need this process.C. Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian ethics.Zhong lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be held.D. Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s side.The significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for dowry.E. Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the marriage.Nowadays, it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to it.F. Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.待续

1、婚前习俗不一样

西方订婚戒,这个传统始于15世纪,当时奥地利大公麦西米伦以钻戒向玛丽许下海誓山盟。当时,他的亲信呈文献言:“殿下,在订婚时,您必须送一枚有钻石的戒指。”麦西米伦纳言。这个仪式从此流传至今,已有数世纪之久。

中方过大礼仪式,“过大礼”的仪式,这是订婚的最隆重,也是最重要的仪式;因为这仪式过后就等如正式定立了婚约。跟“过文定”一样,男家会选择一个吉日,带同聘金和各种礼品到女家;而女家亦会准备回礼礼品。

2、结婚当日流程不一样

中方,迎亲,就是在结婚之日,新郎会与媒人和亲友一起前往女家迎娶新娘。新郎前往女家之前会先到女家的祖庙行拜见之礼,然后以花轿接新娘回到男家。新人会在男家举行拜天、地、祖先的仪式,然后送入洞房。

西方:

(1)前往教堂

新人会前往教堂,到达后婚礼就正式举行。

(2)仪式开始

一般来说,西式婚礼是由牧师或神父主持的。亦有所谓的Civil Wedding,在此情况下,婚礼并没有任何的宗教仪式,那当然亦不会由牧师或神父主持了。)当牧师或神父到来时,伴郎及伴娘就会进入会场,这时也会播放或演奏进场的乐曲。而宾客即会起立;戒子童Ring Bearer 也同时会把戒子交给该牧师或神父。

跟着就会奏出婚礼进行曲,新娘会挽着她爸爸的手进场。新娘进场后,新娘的父亲就会把新娘交到新郎的手中。跟着就是最重要的时候了,全场的宾客都会肃静,而所有的奏乐也会停止。主持人会问新郎新娘会否愿意成为夫妇,这就是说I Do 我愿意的时候了!

然后是交换戒指的仪式;当然,在现今社会中,还需要签字作实,这才可以使西式婚礼具法律的约束力。

3、婚后习俗不一样

中方有三朝回门,即归宁,三朝是指婚后的第三天,新娘由丈夫的陪同下,带备烧猪及礼品回娘家祭祖,然后再随丈夫回到夫家。

西方,“蜜月”(Honeymoon)  一词的由来起源于古欧洲的习俗。新婚夫妇在婚后的30天内,或直到月缺时,每天都要喝由蜂蜜发酵制成的饮料,以增进性生活的和谐。古时候,蜂蜜是生命、健康和生育能力的象征。“蜜月”是新婚夫妇在恢复日常生活前的单独相处。

参考资料来源;百度百科-中国婚礼

百度百科-西式婚礼

民俗论文婚俗开题报告

怎么写开题报告呢?首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来,包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了,所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的,把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究,拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分:一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景,主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究,所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”,意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题,或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”,背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中,伦教作为珠江三角洲一角,在经济迅速发展的同时,她的文化发展怎么样,有哪些成就,对居民有什么影响,有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多,既可以是社会背景,也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容,顾名思义,就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”,课题研究的内容就是:“以佛山新八景为重点,考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天,结合佛山经济发展的趋势,拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的,应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题,在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的:1、通过再现长征历程,追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩,对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神,有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说,培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动,使同学的信息技术得到提高,进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分,应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说,研究性学习的课题研究方法有:实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查,从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题,以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访,以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中,应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法,不一定面面俱到,只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤,当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面:准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴,但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位,学生不能明确自己的职责,有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿,有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组,每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长,由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况,把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分,一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展,必然需要一些经费来启动,所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少,比如搜集资料需要多少钱,实地调查的外出经费,问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用,课题组所要占用的场地费,有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料,结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动,粮草先行”,没有足够的资金作后盾,课题研究势必举步维艰,捉襟见肘,甚至于半途而废。因此,课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好,未雨绸缪,才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。

我们小组探究的课题是:........我们在这次探究中将通过.........的方法,以......为目标展开探究。大概就是这个样子,不需要很长

首先,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书:订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉(过文定)时用。 礼书:过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征(过大礼)时用。 迎亲书:迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日(亲迎)接新娘过门时用。)而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采:古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称「提亲」。 问名:男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称「合八字」。 纳吉:问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征:奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等,即正式送聘礼,谓纳征,今称「过大礼」。 请期:由男家请算命先生择日,谓之请期,又称「乞日」、今称 「择日」。 亲迎:新郎乘礼车,赴女家迎接新娘,谓之亲迎。)而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗,比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀(蝴蝶双飞)、痰盂(子孙桶)、尺(良田万顷)、片糖(甜甜蜜蜜)、银包皮带(腰缠万贯)、花瓶(花开富贵)、铜盆及鞋(同偕到老)、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗(有衣食)、七十二套衣服,用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着(丰衣足食)等物,每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时,在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序,按一般的情况,在整个婚礼过程中有:祭祖(男方在出门迎娶新娘之前,先祭拜祖先。)、出发(迎亲车队以双数为佳。)、燃炮(迎亲礼车行列在途中,应一路燃放鞭炮以示庆贺。)、等待新郎(礼车至女方家时,会有一男童侍持茶盘等候新郎,新郎下车后,应赏男孩红包答礼,再进入女方家。)、讨喜(新郎应持捧花给房中待嫁之新娘,此时,新娘之闺中密友要拦住新郎,不准其见到新娘,女方可提出条件要新郎答应,通过后才得进入。)、拜别(新人上香祭祖,新娘应叩拜父母道别,并由父亲盖上头纱,而新郎仅鞠躬行礼即可。)、出门(新娘应由福高德劭女性长辈持竹筛或黑伞护其走至礼车,因为新娘子在结婚当天的地位比谁都大,因此不得与天争大。)、礼车( 在新娘上礼车后,车开动不久,女方家长应将一碗清水、白米撒在车后,代表女儿已是泼出去的水,以后的一切再也不予过问,并祝女儿事事有成,有吃有穿。)、掷扇(礼车起动后,新娘应将扇子丢到窗外,意谓不将坏性子带到婆家去,扇子由新娘的兄弟拾回,掷扇后必须哭几声,且在礼车之后盖「竹筛」以象征繁荣。)、燃炮(由女方家至男方家的途中,同样要一路燃放礼炮。)、摸橘子(迎新车队到达新郎家时,由一位拿着橘子或苹果的小孩来迎接新人,新娘要轻摸一下橘子,并赠红包答礼。这两个橘子要放到晚上,让新娘亲自剥皮,意谓招来「长寿」。)、牵新娘(新娘由礼车走出时,应由男方一位有福气之长辈持竹筛顶在新娘头上,并扶新娘进入大厅。进门时,新人绝不可踩门槛,而应横跨过去。)、喜宴(时下颇流行中西合壁式的婚礼,大都在晚上宴请客人同时举行观礼仪式,在喜宴上,新娘可褪去新娘礼服,换上晚礼服向各桌一一敬酒。)、送客(喜宴完毕后,新人立于家门口送客,须端着盛香烟、喜糖之茶盘。)、闹洞房(新人被整之灾情大小,端视新人是否曾在其他的婚礼上戏弄别人,或平素待人够不够忠厚等。)、三朝回门(在婚后第三天,新妇由夫婿陪同下,带备烧猪及礼品回娘家 祭祖,甚至小住一段日子,然后再随夫婿回家。)。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐,但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征,其实,不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗,但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意,都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中,婚礼时有旧(Something Old)、新(Something New)、借(Something Borrowed)、蓝(Something Blue)等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱,头饰或首饰,代表承受美好的一切;新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子,饰物,象征新的生活;借是指可向任何人借东西回来,据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内,象征带来财运;蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色,意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时,西方亦有大量的习俗。比如,在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕,西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法,农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露,滋润家作物。后来,新娘在新婚汉天流泪,就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时,新娘总是站在新郎的左边,据说,古时候,盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时,新郎让新娘站在自己左边,一旦情敌出现,就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑,吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时,要特别定制结婚蛋糕,根据历史记载,自罗马时代开始,婚礼结束时,人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力,面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜,就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见,西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。 其次是在服装方面。在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守,在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服,象征的吉祥如意,预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始,白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间,白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初,白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱,蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱,象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里,白色代表着快乐;其他一些地区,白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义。例如,在安达曼群岛(Andaman Islanders),白色代表一种地位的变化。“传统”的白色结婚礼服,在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代,大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装,只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代,贵族阶级的特权消失以后,白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史,中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴,而阳则代表男子,阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以在红色的礼服上绣着凤也就很容易理解了。 还有就是在一些小的习惯上面,中西方的婚俗有相似的地方。例如,中国古代有抛绣球迎亲的习俗;而西方的新郎新娘在教堂举行婚礼后,会把手中的鲜花抛向空中,如果有人接到的话就预示着他将很快结婚。 中西方在婚俗上面有以上种种的差异,这和中西方人在思想思维的差异有直接的联系。中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。直到近代西方的文化传入以后,中国的传统文化才开始向西方转化,但在很大的程度上任有中国传统婚俗的礼仪。而中国人爱热闹的性格在中国传统婚礼中可以得到充分的体现。除了中西方都有的结婚晚宴以外,在中国的传统婚俗中,还有一个为新娘饯行的结婚午宴。其次在婚宴结束以后,新人的亲朋好友会去新房中闹洞房。认为在新房中越热闹,新人在婚后的生活越幸福。因此闹新房的成员们无不用所其极,用种种方法刁难新郎新娘。西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘手挽着父亲捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给你,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。她是今天最美的新娘。 在神圣的教堂上空,他们的誓言在回荡,带上永结同心的婚戒,只到神父说:“你可以亲吻你的新娘了…… 结婚是一生的盟约,你是要为之坚守一辈子的誓言。 主耶稣说:上帝所配合的人便不可分开。 这一生一世的爱情,因为今天而完美。”然后新郎新娘或是去晚宴地点或是去渡蜜月,并没有中国传统婚俗的种种礼节。另一个造成中西方差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。 中国的婚礼就不同于西方,整个婚礼的主色调是红色,这也是中国的传统的代表喜气的颜色。这也就使婚礼变的喜气洋洋.在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。新娘乘着大红花轿在后,新郎骑着马在前,随着红娘和迎亲队伍到新郎家中拜堂.双方家长坐在上堂,而新郎新娘在下堂成婚.整个婚礼由司仪主持,在他的指挥下,新郎新娘一拜天地,下拜高堂,然后夫妻对拜,送入洞房.闹洞房是婚礼的高潮,新娘先回洞房等待新郎,而新郎就在外招待客人,酒足饭饱后,新郎在一大堆人的簇拥下来到洞房.众人就开始闹洞房了,新郎新娘在大家的起哄下做各种游戏……这样整个婚礼就在一片笑声中结束了。

绝大部分的新人在筹备广州婚礼的时候都直接吧婚礼的模式选择西式的婚礼,在西式的婚纱礼服然后在教堂里面举行自己的广州婚礼。可是对于婚宴的就会在酒店或者酒楼里面举行。菜式多数为中式的菜式。这样的婚礼的就有种中西混合的感觉了。那么,新人在筹备这样的婚礼的时候知不知道中西的婚礼都有什么样的习俗,如果不知道的话就要注意了,这些都是很重要的。1.新娘的白色婚纱穿婚纱就是西式婚礼上新娘肯定会穿的婚纱,因为从罗马时代开始,白色就象征这婚礼喜庆的意思。慢慢的就演变成象征这富裕,最后就演变成象征着纯洁的意思。所以在西方的婚礼上,首选的色调都是选择白色为主。这样就象征着新娘的美丽以及纯洁。2.新娘站在新郎的左边在西式的婚礼上,新人的站位和中式的都不一样,西式婚礼上新娘是站在新郎的左边,以为在古时候,西方的新郎为了防止自己的新娘在婚礼的时候会被情敌抢走,所以把新娘安排站在左边的位置上,一般情敌出现在婚礼上,就会拔出佩剑保护新娘。3.新娘佩戴面纱在开始的时候,新娘的面纱就是象征这新娘的青春以及纯洁的,这样在西式婚礼上的美丽新娘。不经意会站在白纱的窗帘后面,丈夫就会惊为天人,赞叹不已。所以就在婚礼上使用白纱的灵感,这样的话新娘的举动既然会引起一种带面纱的风潮。

中西方婚俗差异英文论文文献

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

中西方婚礼风俗差异The western wedding customs vary众所周知,当今世界正在向全球化的趋势发展,各国之间的关系也变得更为紧密了。今天无论是“借鉴”还是“拿来”西方的礼仪,或者是我们自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整而自洽的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻的觉悟。 As everyone knows, the world today is to the trend of globalization, the relations between various countries are also becoming more closely. Whether it is" reference" or" used" the western etiquette, or are we created a set of their own etiquette system, this form is not difficult. The difficulty is that we can have a complete and consistent value system, have to their own cultural identity and profound consciousness of height.自古以来,婚姻就是人的一生中至关重要的一项活动,几乎在每一个社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要,用婚礼将丈夫和妻子的关系公开并确立下来。而最重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的风俗来更清楚的认识人类社会历史,探究人类社会的发展历程和规律,因此我门从这方面着手只到整个礼仪系统的学习。 Since ancient times, marriage is vital to people's life in an activity, in almost every culture in society, has held the wedding customs. Humans seem to be born with this kind of need, with the wedding will be husband and wife relationship public and established. And the most important thing is that people can through numerous beautiful custom to better understanding the history of human society, to explore the development of human society and the law, so me from this respect proceed only to the etiquette system study.婚礼同时也体现了中西方文化的碰撞。中国有着5000年灿烂而悠久的传统文化,这是世界各国有目共睹的,而婚礼文化在中国经历了历史的变迁后,已经有非常悠久的历史。而西方的婚礼文化也是随着社会的进步在不断地发生变化。Wedding but also reflects the western culture collision. China has a bright 5000 tradition culture, this is be obvious to people all over the world, and the wedding culture in China has experienced changes in the history, has a very long history. While the western wedding culture is also along with the progress of the society is constantly changing.现在社会上流行中式婚礼西方化,西式婚礼中国化,都在说明着婚礼的形式在不断的发生变化,这体现了婚礼文化的丰富,中西方两种文化的碰撞,以及中西方文化的交融。而文化的进一步交流也必然带动各国之间经济的合作发展,没有了文化上的冲突,政治也会变得相对稳定。 Now the popular Chinese wedding western, Western-style wedding in China, are in the form of a wedding in constant change, which reflects the rich western wedding culture, the collision of two kinds of culture, as well as the western culture blend. And cultural exchanges between countries also will promote the economic cooperation and development, no cultural conflict, political will become relatively stable.中国的婚礼形式在我门年轻人的眼中都觉得很烦琐,首先介绍个对象不说,还得各个亲戚看看是否“通过”,那我就简单说几句吧,相亲,是我们国家的俗称,大多数是男的相女的,哈哈,接下来就是“见面”、“递贴”、“换号”,后边才结婚呢,结婚当天也不是那么简单的,“通路”、“接亲”等等,就是事情比较多,也比较麻烦!现代的婚礼形式受到西方文化的影响,一般是在教堂或酒店里,男女双方在结婚公证处领取结婚证后就是喜宴,在喜宴上新娘要轮流向每位客人进酒,不管男女老少,都要喝一口新娘进的酒。有时双方的朋友会刁难新娘,新娘若回答不出他们的提问就要送一大堆的喜糖作为交换。喜宴结束后,大多数情侣会去度蜜月。 无论是古代还是现代都体现了中国婚礼的特点:隆重,热闹,喜庆。Chinese wedding in my young people feel very cumbersome, first introduced the object does not say, still have various relatives have a look whether" through", I would simply say something, to date, is our country most commonly known as, is male is female, ha ha, the next is"."," stick", pass" change", behind only wedding, wedding day is not so simple," the passage", "the kiss" and so on, is a thing more, have more trouble! Modern wedding has been the impact of western culture, is in the church or in a restaurant, both men and women in marriage notary office received a marriage certificate is the reception at the wedding reception, bride to rotate towards each guest wine, regardless of people of all ages and both sexes, to drink the bride into wine. Sometimes the friends will create difficulties for the bride, bride if you can't answer their questions was to send a lot of candy in exchange. After the wedding reception, the majority of couples take a honeymoon.Whether ancient or modern reflects the Chinese wedding features: grand, lively, happy.西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤:1来宾入席。2奏结婚进行曲。亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始.伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立.3女方家长入席。新娘挽着父亲的手,步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐。4牧师证婚。新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻。5新郎新娘互戴婚戒,宣誓。6献诗。来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌。7礼成。奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边,两人一起走出教堂,伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场。8茶会或晚宴。Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding party from the beginning is full of romantic atmosphere. The general has the following steps: 1 guests attend. 2 played the wedding march. Friends and relatives of a candle, the priest a choir approach, announces the beginning of the wedding. And groom groomsman Bridesmaid enters the arena in succession, the wife's side parents to accompany the bride enters the standing ovation . 3 female parents sitting. The bride in her hand, stepped into the lobby, flower girl bridesmaid and they entered the hall, all the guests stood up, father solemnly put the daughter to the groom, wife's side parents sat, all the guests sitting. The 4 priest. The new marriage oath, declaring to be married. 5 the bride and groom each other wearing a wedding ring, oath. The 6 choir. Guests at the choir 's lead, sing a song. The ceremony is over 7. The bride, groom on the right, stand on the left, along with two people out of the church, a groomsman Bridesmaid subsequently, families and guests then exit. 8 party or dinner.

西方文化(此处的西方文化,定义为以英语为母语的文化)一个最显著的特质(trait),是崇尚性情上的真诚善良与情感上的温馨浪漫。而其中最有代表性的,要数让无数青年人心向神往的教堂婚礼仪式了。(牧师先宣布婚礼开始:)今天我们大家聚在这里,见证这对男女汤姆·克鲁斯和尼可·基德曼的结合,见证他们神圣的、无上荣耀的婚约。这对新人即将成为夫妇。(接下来,牧师按惯例对新人和来宾进行质询:)现在,在场的所有人中,若有任何光明正大的理由,认为他们不宜结合,请马上提出,要不就请永远保持缄默.请务必明白,只有符合主的意愿的婚姻才可称为合法。(众人没有意见,牧师开始询问新郎:汤姆·克鲁斯,你是否愿意娶尼可·基德曼为你的合法妻子,依照主的意旨和她共同开始神圣的婚姻生活?是否愿意从今日起爱她、敬她、抚慰她、呵护她,在你们的有生之年,除她一人以外不再有其他念想?新郎回答:我愿意。(下面牧师质询新娘,重复同样的誓词) 新娘也回答:我愿意。(现在开始交换戒指仪式 牧师先从男傧相手中接过新娘的戒指,念祝词)这枚小小的戒指代表了强大的约束力,你们对彼此的爱情凝聚其中。这个圆圈完好无损、连续不断,没有尽头,因为你们对彼此的爱与承诺也永远没有尽头。戴上戒指,两个各自独立的生命就连在一起了。看到这个戒指,你一定要记得今天在这里对她作出的承诺。(新郎给新娘戴上戒指)牧师以同样的祝词祝福新郎的戒指,新娘给新郎戴上戒指。接下来牧师正对新郎新娘:现在我宣布,你们二人结为合法夫妇。请把对彼此许下的诺言以吻封缄。(对新郎说)现在你可以吻新娘了。婚礼到这里进入高潮,但并没有结束,随后的祈祷将从另一个高度把众人的情绪继续向上抬升,直至完全的浪漫境界。牧师,让我们祈祷主啊,我们为所有已婚夫妇祈祷,他们能够继续彼此付出,能够继续相互原谅,并且每天都能经历越来越多的您的快乐。特别是(新郎名)和(新娘名),一起开始他们的新婚生活,愿他们能够得到您的帮助,永远得到朋友们的支持,健康的度过一生。愿您全部的祝福带给(新郎名)和(新娘名),祝福他们直到永远。阿门。结婚誓词也是多种多样的,一般说来有问答式和自述式两种类型。如:汤姆·克鲁斯,你愿意娶尼可·基德曼为合法妻子,共同过婚姻生活吗?你是否愿意爱她,尊重她,慰籍她,呵护她?不论她是疾病还是健康,在你们的有生之年你能从一而终,真诚对待她吗?我接受你做我的合法妻子/丈夫,自今日起相偎相依;无论贫穷还是富有,不管健康还是生病,爱你宠你,至死不渝。拜堂开始。一拜天地;二拜高堂;夫妻对拜。入洞房。婚礼到这里进入高潮,但还是没有结束。接下来的祝词和闹洞房让婚礼继续往闹剧的方向发展。歌师再唱养小子,要好子,穿蓝衫,戴顶子;养女子,要俏子,十六牡丹冒轿子。婚礼一成就先说最关键的部分,要生养,而且生男做大官,生女嫁大官,总之,一切都为了有实际用途的未来。相比西式婚礼,中国的婚俗少了很多浪漫,却多了不少功利。

中西方文化差异论文开题报告

中西广告传播比较:文化的差异【摘要】 在全球化浪潮的冲击下,文化正进行着前所未有的大交流,现代广告是社会的新生代文化形态 ,广告人在这个机遇与挑战并存的时代,更应该未雨绸缪,“知己知彼,方能百战不殆”。本文着力探讨中西广告文化的差异,希望能够为我国的广告文化把脉,找出我国广告文化的弱点,效法对方的精髓文化的创造,为我国的广告文化正确导向。【关键词】广告 文化 差异人类文明经过数十个世纪的洗礼、孕育千年之后,伴随着科技革命的惊涛拍岸,跨入了二十一世纪的门槛,我们已经真切地聆听到了新世纪的风雨涛声,更感受到了经济、文化全球化浪潮到来之际的那种心灵的悸动和震撼。马克思曾指出,人类历史是一个“自然向人生成”的历史。这意味这个人生存的自然条件不断被人化了的文化条件所代替,也意味着民族的单一文化背景不断被国际文化背景所代替。在当今世界全球化的浪潮中,文化正进行着前所未有的大交流,任何一个民族都必须将自己的文化纳入世界文明发展的轨道,按照社会运演的规律走向文化的现代化,并且通过彼此间的交流,各自采撷对方文化的菁华,弥补自己的文化弱点。作为新生代的社会文化形态的现代广告,既肩负着传承文化的使命,又承担着推动社会经济发展的重任,而在这个瞬息万变、急速旋转的星球上,中国广告要想不辱使命,必须学会观照他者,在差异中寻求对话,在对话中寻求发展。和合与分析,家族本位与个人本位,直觉思维与逻辑思维,尚敬与尚爱是笔者归纳出的中西广告文化的宏观层面的差异,希望能为比较中西广告起到抛砖引玉的作用。和合与分析中华文化,博大精深,源远流长。古往今来,已经融汇成一派浩瀚的巨流。在这巨流之中,那亘古不绝、一脉相承的精魂是上应天理、下合人伦、贯穿于万事万物之根本的一个“和”字。中国的传统文化强调,人是自然的一部分,人与自然是一个统一的整体,是一种自然协调、平等相处的关系,他们和谐地并存发展。儒家强调超越自然,化自然为人文,化天性为德性,达到道德上的完美。道家则认为自然本身即是一种完美的状态,自然人化的过程是对自然的合理状态的破坏,主张“无以人灭天”,“法自然”。儒道两家互补,构成了中国传统文化的基石,二者的主导思想都是天人合一。“和”,乃和平、和解、和睦、和谐、和乐、和美、和合、和祥之谓也。这种“和”的哲理,充分体现在道家的“无为”思想、儒家的“仁义”思想和佛家的“慈悲”精神之中;这种“和”的精魂,是伟大炎黄始祖肇造的基因,是我们东方文明固有的特质。它看似柔弱而实则强劲,它具有无所不包的融合性与无所不至的渗透性。因此,在儒释道综合影响下的中国人的人生哲学一向是智慧的。它崇尚综合和圆融,不似西方的分析和极端。中国人极重亲情、友情,在世界各民族中,再没有一个民族比中华民族更注重团圆了。所以,说到团圆,在我们民俗文化的底蕴深处,可谓是流传深广。中国热闹在阴历除夕有“团圆饭”、合家团坐守岁的习俗。农历八月十五中秋节,是我国的“团圆节”,每逢这一天,家人必须团聚,同吃象征团圆的月饼。团圆的习俗产生的渊源大概和中国古老的“天圆地方”的哲学宇宙关联。《大戴礼 曾子天圆》上说“天道之圆”,《易经》上说过“圆而神”。因此,在中国人看来,圆就是“天道”,就是“运而不穷”的神力。香港老字号“荣华月饼”的电视广告正是深谙“团圆”之道,大打文化战,赢得了消费者的心,成功占领了市场。在广告中,父亲曾志伟打电话给女儿,希望她回家过中秋,但忙碌的女儿要赶到台湾做节目……当女儿准备上飞机的时候,看到了手上的“荣华月饼”,毫不犹豫地从机场工作人员手上抢回机票,说:“我还是回家和爹啲(父亲)过中秋。”这对父女的真情演绎,诉说着中国千百年来“血浓于水”的亲情……中国文化强调人在社会中的位置和责任义务,重孝道。中秋节是中国的传统节日,这一天,远方的游子想方设法赶回家,和亲人聚在一起赏月吃月饼。实在无法回家的,总在苦苦的寄托着“千里共婵娟”的愿望。现在,西方文化的入侵,交通的发达,现代人的思乡情绪不再像古人那么浓,但在人说应团圆的中秋节,那抹来自几千年的文化积淀传统感情,却是挥之不去的。老字号的荣华月饼就是抓住了消费者的传统感情,用最真实动人的亲情,唤起人们对家的眷恋和怀想,特别实远在海外的华侨,荣华广告更是撩拨起他们对祖国的思念。于是,荣华月饼取得成功自不待言。西方文明的特质刚好与中华文化相反,在于一个“争”字。因为西方文化是多元的。欧美人士注重变化、多样性或多元论。由此,在多样性和多元论的指导下,西方广告崇尚自由,张扬个性,强调与众不同的特征尤为显著。曾经在苏美冷战时期,百事可乐为了与可口可乐竞争,大唱自己的“世纪颂”,提出了“百事可乐,新一代的选择”广告口号。虽然,百事可乐的本意是针对可口可乐,意在与可口可乐争夺市场,但从其广告语中我们不难看出,“新一代的选择”不仅划清了与可口可乐的界线,而且暗示了年轻一代应该与其父辈、祖辈们不同,应该摒弃旧的选择,走自己的路,因为他们是新生的有个性的一代。仅仅是因为对饮料的选择不同,在无形之中,百事可乐的广告把年轻一代与上辈分别开来,这一点也刚好与西方文化的特质吻合。家族本位与个人本位中国人长期生活在以家庭为基本单位的农业社会,以家族为社会活动中心,以致社会人际关系都家庭化了。所以中国很多政治制度和思维意识都与家庭意识有关。人和人的关系有家族宗法维系,长幼有别、尊卑有序。因此,家国同构是中国文化的基本点之一。中国人重家重园,以家国为本位,对家国有强烈的眷恋情结。所以,对家国的眷恋、对亲人的思念是中国人极其敏锐的心理感受,国内一些成功的广告往往懂得满足消费者对文化心理上的需求,安徽高炉家酒就是一个典型案例。高炉家酒“情满中秋,家好月圆篇”和“徽文化篇”广告给人的印象极其深刻。高炉家酒的市场定位主要是象征着家的亲情,而中秋节是中华民族的传统节日,在这一天,家人团聚,赏月吃月饼,与高炉家酒的市场定位非常融合。再看画面表现是选取的远山和明月做背景,黄色的月亮象征着安逸、祥和的氛围,“举头望明月,低头思故乡”,还有什么比月华更能勾起人们对故国故乡的浓郁的思念呢?而对于文字部分,作品主要考虑到中秋意境,以引起消费者的共鸣,采用了“情满中秋,家好月圆”这一广告语,巧妙地把产品的特征——家与团圆的关系融合进去。 高炉家酒产品的包装设计也别具匠心,它取意于徽居的建筑风格,浓厚的徽文化底蕴是创作的源泉,整体背景的基调是清淡素雅,符合徽州民居黛瓦粉墙的风格;以经过减淡处理的徽州民居做背景,进一步凸现了“家”的主题。一座徽居,黛瓦粉墙,恬淡清雅,营造一种家的和睦温馨;一扇格窗,精雕四方,美仑美奂,祈福一份家的四季平安;一樽瓶身,丰满圆润,寓意万家百事其昌。家,是遮风避雨的所在;家,是温暖的港湾;家,永远是我们无论身处何处心底最牵挂的地方。高炉家酒成功地借助“家”的主题,给人留下深刻印象。当然,除了高炉家酒以外,以“家”为主题的好广告不胜枚举,像金龙鱼油的广告“快回家,快回家,你的心,你的心不要再流浪,黑夜的人们快回家……”没有停留在对产品本身特质的诉求,而是对产品的社会意义进行了挖掘,很精心地给“油”赋予了一个“家”地更深刻的主题。另外像果珍饮品的广告也是以妈妈总是给家人调制最好的饮品为主题,强调了“家”的温馨等都是中国广告文化中家本位思想的最好佐证。西方文化与中国文化另一个重大区别就是西方社会是以个人为本位,强调个人的突出和冒尖。从中世纪到近代到现代,西方世界始终在团体与个人之间进行冲突和斗争。在西方,个人主义是近代文化的主流,它是集团生活下激起的反抗,整个社会弥漫着尊重个人自由及个人英雄主义的气氛。作为西方社会生活现象之一的广告当然无法摆脱与文化本身的粘着关系,并受制于其所属的民族文化。“JUST DO IT(想做就做)”看耐克这句与鞋子并无直接联系的广告语,我们似乎就已经感受到了西方世界迎面刮来的强风,正是这股时尚、反叛、进取和充分展示个性的的劲风创造了耐克神话。可以说,耐克广告把西方个人英雄主义发挥到了极致,它把品牌忠诚度演变成一种新的信仰,把运动明星“神化”,使得耐克品牌不单是代表运动鞋,更代表体育运动、代表运动文化、代表勇于挑战的运动精神!青少年市场是耐克公司拓展市场的首要突破口。这一市场上的消费者有一些共同的特征:热爱运动,崇尚英雄人物,追星意识强烈,希望受人重视,思维活跃,想像力丰富并充满梦想。针对青少年消费者的这一特征,耐克公司祭起“明星攻势”的法器,相继与一些大名鼎鼎、受人喜爱的体育明星签约,如乔丹、巴克利、阿加西等,他们成为耐克广告片中光彩照人的沟通“主角”,尤其是经典形象大使乔丹已经成为努力奋斗的代名词,更是颇具西方传统色彩的、无数青少年心中不可替代的个人英雄。直觉思维与逻辑思维思维方式是人类文化的重要组成部分,是人类文化的最高凝聚,是人类文化的主体设计者与承担者。也就是说,思维方式是人类文化现象的深层本质,属于文化现象背后的、对人类文化行为起支配作用的稳固因素。人类思维方式可以分为逻辑思维(理性思维)和直觉思维(非理性思维或顿悟)两种基本类型。逻辑思维是人们所熟知的。广义地说,它包括人类的一切认知形式,即通常所说的感性认识形式——感觉、知觉、表象和理性认识形式——概念、判断、推理等。狭义地说,它是理性的思维方式。人作为主体,精神生活并不是纯理性的,也还存在非理性的成分。非理性成分与理性成分互相联系、互相作用、相辅相成地共同构筑了主体意识的丰富内容。而中西广告创意对此则有明显的差异,中国广告重直觉思维,而西方文化则尚逻辑思维。中国先哲们提出的“体认”、“诚明之知”、“湛然之知”、“藏识”、“禅定”等等都不同程度地表达着直觉地含义。庄子认为,穷竭思虑充其量不过是获得“小知”,而神秘直觉能获得“大知”(即道体合一)。朱熹曾将与直觉异名同义的“体认”、“体道”、解释为”置心物中”.他认为直觉是指一些真正渗透道主体自身之中的内在经验,这种内在经验的本原源于客观物质,其内容也是如此。同时这种内在经验以感觉为主,它既能单刀直入、简洁明了,又能刺入底蕴、揭示本质。中国化的佛教——禅宗是以“不立文字,教外别传,直指人心,见性成佛”著称的,是以“顿悟成佛”为精髓的。由此可见,儒、道、释都注重直觉思维,使之成为中国传统文化中占主导地位的思维方式。爱因斯坦在总结西方文化成就时曾说:西方科学成就应归功于两大因素,即亚里士多德创立的形式逻辑合近代兴起的科学实验活动。逻辑学在西方文化中是一支耀眼的奇葩,逻辑思维则是西方文化中占统治地位的思维方式,他是其本位观念之一。中西这两种不同的思维方式在诸多广告种均有见证,留给我印象最深的是中西两则不同的电信形象广告。为了传达“电信沟通,心意互通”这个理念,中国电信广告不惜用五个不同的生活片断:沟通就是关怀(父与子篇),沟通就是爱(矿工相亲篇),沟通就是分担(夫妻吵架篇),沟通就是理解(父与子篇),沟通就是尊敬(老师与学生篇),很直接、明白地告诉消费者,电信拉近人与人之间的距离,方便了人与人之间的沟通,电信可以使人达到心意互通,你我之间没有距离、没有芥蒂,只有真情真意流动。中国电信的这则广告片可谓浓墨泼彩,运用多个生活场景,耗时之长,如此不惜笔墨,不惜成本,其目的只有一个:直接、清晰地把广告理念传达给受众。从这则广告中,我们不难看出其创意的思维方式就是直觉思维,既符合中国传统文化的思维方式,也符合中国受众的文化习惯,在“传情达意”的同时也收到了良好的广告效果。而同样是电信广告,美国的一则广告则只巧妙地采用了一个生活细节:打哈欠。一名男子走在街上不经意地打了一个哈欠,不远处一名女子跟着打了一个哈欠,接着一个老人也受感染似的打了一个哈欠,更为有趣的是连老人手中牵着的宠物狗也不例外的打了一个哈欠,刚看到这组画面时我一时还没反应出广告到底要诉求什么,而文案一语道破天机:“communicating is very simple”(沟通其实很简单),在为此广告拍案叫绝的同时我不得不佩服西方人的逻辑思维能力,打哈欠本是人的一种平常的生理现象,通过西方广告人的逻辑思维加工,由个别引出一般,一个人打哈欠会感染周围的许多人,甚至连动物也不会幸免。沟通就像打哈欠这么简单,只要你愿意,你可以随时随地与他人沟通。尚敬与尚爱从某种程度上说,敬与爱是一对同义词,因为它们有着高度的相通之处,由敬生爱,由爱升华至敬都只是一个量变与质变的问题。但并不是说二者可以等同,敬是自下而上的,而爱则是平等的,不分高低,不分上下。受各自传统文化的影响,中国的广告文化偏重尊敬,西土广告更倚重“爱”的主题。如果追根溯源的话,中国文化崇尚尊敬是因为自古以来,中国家庭偏大,亲属众多,相互之间也容易产生猜忌,所以不得不以礼法维护秩序,而子辈视父母如严君,夫妻之间则相敬如宾。西方家庭一般都比较小,家人父子之间,没有太多的礼仪约束,因而其亲子夫妇相爱之情,都大大方方地展现出来,不似中国人之含蓄而蕴藉。这一点在西方广告中有明显体现。让我们来看两则药品类广告:今日洋参保健品电视广告:画面上由影星黄日华扮演的儿子因为关心父亲的身体,给他买了整盒的今日洋参,但可能因为平时慑于父亲的威严而与父亲沟通极少,不知道该以怎样的方式把洋参送给父亲,也不知道对父亲说什么好。正当儿子小心、紧张地面对父亲紧闭的房门练习说:“爸爸,我爱你”时,房门突然开了,露出父亲惊讶而又迷惑不解的脸孔,儿子终于把洋参递到父亲的面前,大胆地说:“爸爸,我爱你。”父亲的眼里闪烁着激动的泪花。Adalat Oros预防心血管病的药品广告:画面上一个白发苍苍但是精神矍铄的老年人和他年轻漂亮的穿着婚纱的新婚妻子站在教堂的前面,脸上露出自信迷人的微笑。广告语是:“他比他期待的活得要长。”这两则广告都不失为好广告,也正好说明东西方不同的文化底蕴,一个尚敬,一个尚爱。今日洋参广告通过儿子给父亲送洋参这一事件,展现了中国家庭中,孩子对父亲首先是敬,然后是爱,广告片充分利用中国文化中的敬,达到了洋参不仅仅只是是保健品,而且是父子之间传递“爱”的信物的广告效果。同样是药品广告,Adalat Oros则利用幽默的表现手法,让一老一少年龄相差悬殊的两人结为夫妇,略带调侃的广告语轻松而又直率地传达了品牌理念:“爱”使你珍惜健康,珍惜生命!从自信的女士高昂的头和小老头狡黠的笑容,我们分明看到爱与生命的较量。求同存异,和而不同——中西方广告文化的发展方向任何民族都有自己独特的文化,任何民族都离不开文化的滋润,任何民族都必须借助于文化的装扮。文化体现着一个民族的智慧和才能,折射着该民族的独创性和质朴性,装饰着人们的精神和生活。正是文化的这种独特性既使一个民族在人类发展史上流淌奇光异彩,同时又令该民族在民族间的文化交流中增加了难度。广告,作为社会的一种文化形态,自诞生以来,也无时不刻体现着文化的独特性和民族性,但一个民族的文化背景毕竟是单一的,在当今世界一浪高过一浪的全球化浪潮中,无论是中国的广告还是西方的广告要想生存和进一步发展,必须进行文化的对话与跨文化的传播,也就是要实现中西广告文化的互跨和融合。大胆一点说,通过这种互跨和融合,要使当今的广告文化达到“求同存异,和而不同”的境界。应该说,中西的广告文化各有其优势和劣势。中国的广告文化承袭了中国的传统文化,它强调人与自然的关系是天人合一的关系,注重人与自然的和谐,一切顺应自然。这种注意人与自然关系相协调的态度于无形中既保护了自然,又求得了人生存的和谐。但另一方面,过分顺应自然,知足长乐,很容易导致中国人在自然面前的碌碌无为。西方人则认为天人相分,将天人置于对立状态,为了征服自然,首先得认识它。研究自然界中的各种问题和现象,努力去寻求答案,导致其哲学和科学的长足发展,也形成了其民族性格中开拓进取、勇于探险的精神。但是,其广告文化中所宣扬的征服一切,改造一切的理念也会带来一系列的环境问题和社会问题。科学主义的膨胀,人的贪欲,向自然无止境的索取,会导致生态环境的被破坏,人文家园的日益丧失。在处理人与人、人与社会的关系上,中国传统重视和谐,也就发展了一套调解人际关系的礼仪制度,强调服从秩序,主张妥协和宽容,便有了忠、礼、义、人等伦理说教,因此中国广告文化注重对社会责任与义务感的提携,重视个人的修身养性,以此来求得整个社会的和谐与完善。但在重群体的同时,却往往忽视了个人的权利。西方广告文化以人为本,以人为中心,注重人格和尊严,注重个体,强调个人的权利、人与人之间的竞争,通过个人奋斗和竞争确立自我价值。它在充分激发了人的主观能动性、创造性的同时,又往往导致个人主义的盛行,人对社会的义务感、责任感的淡漠,人与人关系的疏远。总的来说,西方的广告文化是一种外向型的文化,具有很强的扩张性和渗透性。中国的广告文化是一种内敛型文化,重国、重家、重情。每一种文化都有它存在的合理性,也都有一定的局限,所谓“不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中”,因此,观照他者,反思自我,以子之长,补己之短,是21世纪中西广告文化的必由之路,求同存异,和而不同则是中西广告文化的发展方向。

网上的都是收费的写手

中西方文化差异与语言差异 在中国人的心目中,"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”,夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊,比夏天来得可爱和照。) 诗人把情人比作夏天,可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同,中国位于亚洲大陆,属于大陆性气候,四季分明,夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火,炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带,属海洋性气候,夏天明媚温和,令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子,例如,在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦,西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样,两地所处地理位置不同,带来感觉就不同 。 二、 生产劳动 英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多,如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位,故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。 要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多,如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等,每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如,挑土、担水、提箱子),真是细密之极。在英语中却只有一个 carry来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分,大概因为中国长期处于农业社会,体力劳动特别多的缘故。 汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ,英语中要表达同样的意思,会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地,早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手,博得了人们的好感,词语中也就有了如上用法。 三、风俗习惯 1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时,我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如,英语中cousin一词,对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到,汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格,既要说出性别,又要分出大小,根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系,特别强调等级间的差异,提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏,长幼和性别等万面不同,权力和义务也随着出现区别, 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 , 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外,其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家,人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理,且不礼貌,没教养。比如: 小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名,这种做法却是得体,亲切、合乎常埋的,年轻人称老年人,只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想,在他们眼中,称谓本身就意味着不平等。 2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样,英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中,不管对方年龄多大,地位多高,you 就是 you,I 就是 I,用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时,要用敬语,否则就认为用词不当而失礼,甚至显得高傲;谈及自己时则要用谦词,如不使用,也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因,便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响,不愿突出自己,总认为"谦虚" 是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个: 一是西方人喜爱追求平等,二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值,乐于表现自己,强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配,中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语,而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说: “ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话,在一次舞会上,一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说:“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:Where(哪里 ), where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪,然后只好说了句: everywhere(到处)。" 根据西方人的习惯,当他们赞扬别人时,总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答,否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎,即使心里非常高兴,也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。 又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外,往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等,而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当,不加任何修饰,如 Science and Linguistics (《科学与语言》) 。 3、个人隐私:对大多数西方人来说,向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴,忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前,从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题,以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。 如 "你今天气色不好,生病了吗? " "好久不见,你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了,要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉,也会感到尴尬,难以回答,因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟,在半小时内,对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道,更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里,离得近,接触得多,个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱,互相关心,相互帮助,认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣,别人也愿坦诚相告。当然,现在在一些发达或沿海城市,人们也开始接受西方人的观点,说话不随便涉及对方隐私。 四 宗教信仰 汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大,蔚为壮观。比如,"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映,两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前,儒道两教在中国居统治地位,汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关,如 "太极" 、"道" 等,其精神,如尊天命,行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期,大量佛教传入,大量佛教词语随之而来,其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、 佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国,则以基督教为主要宗教。该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里,大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等,又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ,如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等,还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词, 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。 五、 历史典故 用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分,人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故,比如中国人会说,"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典,对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解,显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目,如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋,一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目,如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。 六、思维方式 英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密,层次井然有序,其句法功能一望便知。比如 ,If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (冬天来了,春还会远吗?)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段,句子看上去松散混乱,概念、判断、推理不严密,句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如,"打得就打,打不赢就走,还怕没办法?"几个句子间无连接成分,好像大量动词杂沓堆上,句间关系外表上根本看不出,但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合,汉语重意合,这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性,重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性,注重辩证思维。 七、个人主义价值观 在西方文化中,与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇,如“self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏)、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”,强调个人自由、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益,"先国家,后集体,再个人,先利民,再利已" 的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。 通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异,人们会对双方文化有更深的理解,这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时,应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯,随时将它与我们的母语进行对比,使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法,进而增强使用规范语言的意识。 希望对楼主有用 望采纳、谢谢!

中西方教育差异论文的开题报告

一、研究背景和目的研究性学习泛指学生主动探究的学习活动,它是一种学习的理念、策略、方法,适用于学生对所有学科的学习。从狭义看,作为一门独立的课程,研究性学习指在教学过程中以问题为载体,创设一种类似科学研究的情境和途径,让学生通过自己收集、分析处理信息来实际感受和体验知识的生产过程,进而了解社会,学会学习,培养分析问题,解决问题的能力和创造能力。第 1 页英语作为一门使用最广泛的语言,应用于各个领域,学好英语的重要性显而易见。然而,中西方的教育存在多种差异。为了体验中西方教育的差异给英语学习带来的影响,促进我们对中西方教育差异的深入了解,进而使中西方教育多进行沟通交流以及相互促进发展。为此,我们成立了一个小组,从中西方教育方面着手,通过提出问题、探讨问题、采访外教、搜查资料等方式进行本课题的研究与学习。二、研究过程和方法1.资料调查法我们小组通过资料调查,总结发现,中西方教育差异主要有以下几个方面:第 2 页(1)中外教育目标的根本性差异(2)学习理念的不同(3)课堂模式和教学理念的不同(4)学校承担社会压力的差异(5)家庭教育观念的不同2.实地采访法(1)采访准备:采访者:肖乐璇(Cissy)记录者:郭彦榆(Karina)、郑楠(Hammy) 摄影人员:纪伊玲(Ellin) (2)采访对象:来自加拿大的外教—Michael(3)采访过程:我们对Michael询问了一系列关于教育的问题,具体如下:第 3 页Q:您认为中西方教育最大的区别在哪?A:是学生的独立思考能力。西方学生在学习上如果有疑问或者与老师有歧义,先会试着自己解决,在自己无法解决的情况下,才会向老师提问。他们习惯于独立思考。中国的学生如果被老师提问到,会习惯性地去从书中寻找答案,他们不常表达自己的见解,亦有老师认为学生像老师提问是不礼貌的。Q:您认为东方教育有什么优点?A:东方学生很用功。西方学生的作业很少,一般只要做1小时左右,这也使得他们有惰性。东方学生的作业量则为3小时左右,有的甚至在周末都在努力学习。第 4 页Q:西方教育的特点是什么?A:西方学生的独立思考能力是比较好的。西方班级规模小,一般为20人左右,上课气氛也是比较轻松的,不会有特别严格的有关纪律的规定。小班制教学,更有利于老师对学生的了解,也易于推动整个班级向前进。老师即使只能使成绩较差的学生达到平均水平的50%,也会尽全力做到最好,这是不同于中国的公办学校和私办学校的。

礼仪、是人与人之间交流的规则,是一种语言,也是一种工具。由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰――的不同,使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。中国是四大文明古国之一,中华民族是唯一传承千年的文明和民族。中国的礼仪,始于夏商周,盛于唐宋,经过不断地发展变化,逐渐形成体系。西方社会,是几大古代文明的继承者,曾一直和东方的中国遥相呼应。经过中世纪的黑暗,最终迎来了文艺复兴,并孕育了资本主义和现代文明,产生了现代科技和文化。中西方有着截然不同的礼仪文化。 随着我国改革开放的步伐日益加快,跨国交际日益增多,中西方礼仪文化的差异更是越发显露,这种差异带来的影响也是不容忽视,在中西礼仪没有得到完美融合之前,我们有必要了解这些礼仪的差异。 一、交际语言的差异 日常打招呼,中国人大多使用“吃了吗?” “上哪呢?”等等,这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可对西方人来说,这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬,甚至不快,因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”,感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方,日常打招呼他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分,说声“早上好!”“下午好!”“晚上好!”就可以了。而英国人见面会说:“今天天气不错啊!” 称谓方面,在汉语里,一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以“直呼其名”。但在西方,“直呼其名”比在汉语里的范围要广得多。在西方,常用“先生”和“夫人”来称呼不知其名的陌生人,对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”,结婚了的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。在家庭成员之间,不分长幼尊卑,一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里,可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”,对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的,必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系,否则就会被认为不懂礼貌。 中西语言中有多种不同的告别语。如在和病人告别时,中国人常说“多喝点开水”、“多穿点衣服”、“早点休息”之类的话,表示对病人的关怀。但西方人绝不会说“多喝水”之类的话,因为这样说会被认为有指手画脚之嫌。比如他们会说“多保重”或“希望你早日康复”等等。 二、餐饮礼仪的差异 中国人有句话叫“民以食为天”,由此可见饮食在中国人心目中的地位,因此中国人将吃饭看作头等大事。中国菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全,甚至于超过了对营养的注重,只要好吃又要好看,营养反而显得不重要了。西方的饮食比较讲究营养的搭配和吸收,是一种科学的饮食观念。西方人多注重食物的营养而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何,他们的饮食多是为了生存和健康,似乎不讲究味的享受。 在餐饮氛围方面,中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹,很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝,说说笑笑,大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上,中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时,都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境,他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪,不可以失去礼节,比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。 中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国,从古至今大多都以左为尊,在宴请客人时,要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座,然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊,男女间隔而座,夫妇也分开而座,女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高,男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子,以示对女士的尊重。另外,西方人用餐时要坐正,认为弯腰,低头,用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌,但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候,主人不提倡大肆的饮酒,中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物,以酒助兴,有时为了表示对对方的尊重,喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。 三、服饰礼仪的差异 西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装,内穿白衬衫,打领带。他们喜欢黑色,因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家,尤其是在美国,平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装,如T恤加牛仔服。 当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化,传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中,倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服饰。 礼仪是一种文化,是文化就有纵向的传承和横向的借鉴与融合。随着世界全球化不断加快步伐,经济、文化高速碰撞融合的大背景下,西方文化大量涌进中国,中国传统礼仪也不断受到西方礼仪文化的冲击。如何保护中华民族传统礼仪,并去其糟粕,与西方礼仪进行合理有效的融合,成为人们不断思考和探讨的话题。越来越多的人认识到中西礼仪文化必将会互相渗透,不断发展。 就拿餐饮方面举例。现在中国饮食市场上洋快餐和西餐占了很大的比重,越来越多的人开始尝试和接受这些外来食品。麦当劳几乎代表了一种文化时尚,成为美国文化在餐饮领域的标志。与此同时,法国的贵族文化,英国的绅士文化也随着饮食而涌入中国。随着中西饮食文化的交流,不仅带来了蛋糕、面包、鸡尾酒等西式菜点,也带来了西方一些先进的制作工艺和饮食方法。这些都为古老的中国饮食文化注入了新的活力 。当然我国悠久而灿烂的饮食文化在海外的影响也越来越大,几乎在世界各地都出现了大量的中国餐馆,中国菜日益受到各国人民的欢迎与喜爱。比如北京烤鸭俨然已经成为外国人心中的地道美味。 但是在中西礼仪文化的融合过程中,中国人未免盲目热衷于西方,不自觉中陷入两个误区:其一,是拿西方的礼仪取代我们中华民族的传统礼仪。礼仪是一个民族最具代表性的东西。比如在青年中,举行外国式婚礼、过西方节日等等,都是不容忽视的倾向。对西洋礼仪只是作为民俗知识了解一下无可厚非,如果趋之若骛,就失去了民族的自尊,本民族的传统礼仪也会被淹没。其二,是把礼仪教育的重点集中在操作层面,比如鞠躬要弯多少度,握手要停几秒钟等等。这些问题不是不可以讲,但如果只做表面文章,礼仪就成了空洞的形式主义。 不可否认,当今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。这种现象的原因并不仅仅是西方的实力强大,深层的原因在于西方人价值观的统一,在于西方人对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。这一切与基督教的社会基础密切相关,因为礼仪是宗教的重要活动方式,由于对宗教的虔诚信仰,西方人从小就接受这种礼仪的教育与熏陶,使得礼仪能够自然地表现在人的行为之中。精神与物质、政治与文化的高度契合,使得人们获得高度的自信与优越感,正是西方人的自信与优越感赋予了西方文化强大的感染力,使其礼仪文化被视为世界标准。对照我们现在的中国社会状况,我们与西方的差距是明显的。 中西方礼仪文化的融合,在我们今日中国,更多的还是借鉴西方。但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪,或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。我们借鉴西方礼仪,不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式,更应当借鉴其内在灵魂,只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感,才能确立我们的感染力。民族的复兴不仅是实力的复兴,更是一种文化的复兴。只有别人也认同我们的文化,才能真正使我们的礼仪行于世界。 人无礼则不立,事无礼则不成,国无礼则不宁。一个礼仪缺乏的社会,往往是不成熟的社会。而一个礼仪标准不太统一甚至互相矛盾的社会,往往是一个不和谐的社会。礼仪,是整个社会文明的基础,是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。创建和谐社会,必须先从礼仪开始。中国今天面临前所未有的挑战,无论是物质,精神,文化各个方面,都急迫的需要一套完整而合理的价值观进行统一。而礼仪文化无疑是这种统一的“先行军”,只有认清中西礼仪文化的差异,将二者合理有效的融合,方能建立适合中国当代社会的礼仪文化体系,达到和谐社会的理想。

小学英语教育论文开题报告范文

引导语:开题报告对整个课题研究工作的顺利开展起着关键的作用,我们要懂得一些书写的方法与技巧,想美事小学英语教育开题报告范文,欢迎大家阅读!

小学英语教育论文开题报告范文

论文题目:游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用

一、 选题的意义

随着科学的发展和社会的进步,英语这门年轻的学科得到了越来越多的重视。但在小学中,由于英语的学科特点,学生的学习兴趣存在很多差异,导致英语成绩很不平衡,甚至两极分化。随着所学语言知识增加,尤其是词汇量,许多学生跟不上进度,挫败感使他们产生厌学、惧学情绪,从而导致了求知心减弱,兴趣下降,直接影响了学生能力素质以及英语知识水平的形成和发展。而小学英语教学目的就是使学生获得一些英语的感性知识,激发他们学习英语的兴趣,提高他们说英语能力,使学生敢于大胆开口说英语。

《新英语课程标准》提出基础教育阶段英语课程的任务是:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使学生树立自信心,养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略,发展自主学习的能力和合作精神;使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能,形成一定的综合语言运用能力;培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神;帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异,拓展视野,培养爱国主义精神,形成健康的人生观,为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。因此,如何提高和保持学生学习兴趣是每个英语教师所面临的共同课题。让孩子们在玩中学,在学中玩是每一位老师心中的'理想课堂。而游戏教学就是在教学中尽可能地采用游戏的方式,将枯燥的语言现象转变为学生乐于接受的、生动有趣的游戏形式,为学生创造丰富的语言交际情景,使学生在玩中学、学中玩,不仅掌握了知识,更重要的是培养了兴趣。这在一定程度上能实现教学理念。在游戏中激发学生兴趣和求知,提高小学英语课堂的有效性。

二、研究的主要内容,拟解决的主要问题(阐述的主要观点)

1、新课标下中国小学英语课堂中游戏教学的现状、缺陷以及影响的因素

2、游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用。

(1)小学英语课堂游戏运用的原则

(2)通过对各类游戏的分析,探讨游戏如何有针对性地运用在课堂实践中。

3、游戏教学的效果评价。游戏教学是否达到教学目标,是否有利教学展开。

三、研究(工作)步骤、方法及措施(思路)

(一)研究步骤:

1. 前期准备:明确论文方向,制定研究计划,查阅相关文献资料,了解目前小学英语课堂的教学实际,游戏教学在课堂中的运用情况,查阅、整理相关评论文章,借鉴前人对于游戏教学的研究成果和经验教训,确定研究课题,拟论文提纲。

2. 文献综述与开题报告的撰写:整合搜集到的研究材料,并及时向指导老师征求意见。

3. 论文撰写:通过对收集的资料的分析与思考( )以及自己的实习经验,在前人已有的研究成果的基础上创新自己的想法,完成初稿。并根据指导老师意见修改文稿,最终定稿。

(二)本研究遵循以下基本思路:

首先,在大量阅读国内外关于游戏教学如何在课堂中运用的文章,了解游戏教学的现状、前人的研究成果和经验教训。对该论题掌握了部分资料的基础上,对当前存在的缺陷进行阐述,由表及里,层层深入。接着,着重分析各类游戏,以及在小学英语课堂中如何去运用这些游戏。最后,对游戏教学进行评价。

(三)本研究重点采用以下几种研究方法:

文献资料法通过对古今中外有关游戏教学理论专著、专题论文和相关课题研究成果的不断学习,借鉴其中有价值的成果,使本课题的研究获得丰富的理论支撑。

行动研究法按照课题提出的研究目标,根据各年级小学生的心理、生理特点,积极探索行之有效的游戏教学的具体做法。

经验总结法在课题研究的过程中,不断积累过程性研究资料,并及时组织交流和分析,总结经验,推广做法,对发现的问题,能及时提出修改意见,并列出下一步改进的具体做法。

例证法:

四、毕业论文(设计)提纲

游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用研究

一、 前言

二、游戏教学的发展现状以及存在的缺陷

(一)小学英语课堂的教学

(二)游戏教学在课堂中的运用情况

(三)游戏教学存在的缺陷

三、游戏教学运用的原则

(一)游戏为课堂服务

(二)游戏具有全体性

(三)游戏具有灵活性

(四)游戏具有启发性

四、游戏教学在小学英语课堂中的运用

(一)趣味性游戏,启迪思维

(二)操练性游戏,反复操练

(三)合作性游戏,展示成果

(四)竞赛性游戏,激发潜力

(五)拓展性游戏,融汇贯通

五、游戏教学的评价

六、结语

五、主要参考文献

[1]周建平..游戏教学观论要[J].教育理论与实践,2002,22(5)..

[2]吴也显. J、学游戏教学论[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,1996.

[3]冷学宝.别让游戏游戏了课堂[J].教育周刊,20070530.

[4]周健.汉语课堂教学技巧与游戏[M].北京:北京语言大学出版社,1998.

[6]陈伟峰.小学英语课堂游戏教学的运用[J].教育研究,2010,(11):317

[7]李敏.游戏式教学的教育学批判[J].教育科学研究,200909.

[8]阚瑾.浅谈游戏教学法在小学英语教学中的作用和运用[EB/OL].

[9] apfa born rich, cane Chen water. On our country's primary school English class teaching to the [J]. Basic education foreign language teaching research, 2003 (2) : 14 to 16

[10] QianXiaoXia. Cultivating students' interest is the key to the primary school English teaching [J]. Middle and primary school English teaching and research, 2002 (3) :-24

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