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jiu dian shi wei ren ming fu wu ru guo ni e le jiu ying gai qu jiu dian chi hao jiu bu e le hen kuai ni you hui fu le ti li ni you ke yi gong zuo le ru guo wo fan yi de hao qing cai na wo yin wei mei ren hui sa dao gei ni da3000zi de wen zhang he he yi ding yao cai na wo o yi ding o
前言]： 随着我国社会经济发展，人民生活水平的提高，星级饭店的客源越来越大、已不仅仅局限于海外旅游和国内的高官显贵，大众消费者也成为饭店客源之一。现在居民外出就餐的次数增多，消费增加，大众化成为目前我国餐饮市场的主流。以大众化的原料、高超的厨艺、较低的价格向社会大众提供较高质量标准的餐饮产品、良好的环境和相应服务，从而使饭店成为社会绝大部分消费者服务的经营方式。即饭店将广大平民百姓作为其目标市场，以他们所能接受的价格为其提供餐饮品种和相应服务。这里所说的价格并不是指绝对价格无限制的低，而是指相对于其出品质量水平和服务标准来说，价格较低。摘要]： 为了更好的了解和掌握酒店行业，适应不断发展现代世界的需要，需要掌握酒店服务意识和服务技巧，才能更好的适应岗位的需要。我从酒店服务意识和酒店企业文化的创新技巧，培训技巧来阐述我的观点。来论证服务技巧是在整个酒店中非常重要的。 一、 酒店服务意识 1、 说的技巧：语言是人们进行沟通的最主要的工具。在工作岗位上运用良好的有声语言和客人及组织成员保持良好的有效沟通。在说话时注意做到1、言之有物；即说话力求有内容，有价值。有句话说：“与君一席谈，胜读十年书。”服务意识是指饭店全体员工在与一切饭店利益相关的人或组织的交往中所体现的为其提供热情、周到、主动的服务的欲望和意识。其实我们真的做到客人一走进餐厅，就主动热情的上前去为客人服务吗？其实不是，都是客人自己去找地方坐下，然后在叫服务员的。通过这个事，我们不得不思考，我们通常对饭店服务意识的认识是正确的吗？谈到服务意识，大多数人会想到这样一个概念：“饭店从业人员在与宾客交往中内心存在的一种为宾客提供的欲望。2、 这里的饭店服务员工，一般被理解为饭店当中直接为客人服务的员工，即通常所说的一线部门的员工。而宾客则指以货币为代价上手饭店服务的人，即消费者。由于上面的那个问题，对这样一个一直被广泛认可和接受的概念，却不得不产生一些不同的看法。只要有以下几点：〈1〉宾客所指，广泛仅限与购买饭店服务的现实消费者，而应泛指与饭店员工直接或间接交往的一切与饭店利益相关的人或组织：〈2〉饭店服务意识，不仅是前台、客房、餐厅、商场等传统的一线员工理所当然因该具备的基本素质，也因该是财务、采购、人力资源、工程维修、安全等只能部门甚至高层管理者必备的。换句话说，饭店的全部员工都应具有强烈的服务意识，而这恰恰是大多数时候被大多数员工所忽视的，其中包括为数不少的饭店管理人员，甚至决策者；〈3〉饭店服务意识的时间范围因该延长，它不仅是工作时间必须严守的准则，也因该是饭店员工8小时以外理应牢记的。因此，综合以上几点，对饭店服务意识的概念，不妨做这样的概括：服务意识是指饭店全体员工在与一切饭店利益相关的人或组织的交往中所体现的为其提供热情、周到、主动的服务的欲望和意识。它不仅表现在酒店内，也表现在酒店外；不仅表现在工作时间内，也表现在工作时间外。宾客是个大概念，我们不因该仅重视那些为我们送来钞票的人，他们当然有理由让我们为其提供服务。但是，我们的眼光应该更成员，更广大。因此，所谓宾客，不仅是那些你正在为之服务的人，还应该包括因同时缺位热需要服务的客人，甚至还有所有与饭店有业务关系的供货商，代理商，对饭店依法行使管理权的行政机关，有接触的过往性人。对待上述个人和组织一样要有服务意识的原因在于：他们虽然不是显示的消费者，却是饭店潜在的“财神爷”：所有与饭店有接触的人，都是饭店的判断者和宣传者，如果要他们对饭店有正面的评价和宣传，就必须让他们感受到我们的热情，周到和主动；而对与我们的供货商等而言，对我们的优质服务的切身体验，一定会转变更好，更长远的合作的意愿。服务意识对职能部门同样重要，要使职能部门树立服务意识，关键在与从思想上改变“职能部门是二线，要求可以底一点”，以及“职能部门棉队的不是客人”等错误观念，树立整个饭店都是一线的思想。饭店管理层首先要完成这一转变，使职能部门认识到树立服务意思的重要性。要加强不同部门和岗位之间的沟通，强化员工特别是职能部门的服务意识起到了很好的作用。微笑也不再是“职业性”的，而是发自内心的，是与人为善，为他人服务的真情流露。我们饭店的形象会受到社会公众的极高称誉。我们的员工将不仅仅是优秀的饭店从业者，也是社会主义精神文明的倡导者和传播者。 二、 语言与沟通技巧1、 掌握说的技巧：语言是人们进行沟通的最主要的工具。在工作岗位上运用良好的有声语言和客人及组织成员保持良好的有效沟通。在说话时注意做到：〈1〉言之有物；即说话力求有内容，有价值。有句话说：“与君一席谈，胜读十年书。” 饭店实习人员在为客人服务时应以热情得体的言谈为客人提供优质的服务。总之，要让别人通过与你的交谈感觉到你是一个有文化，有品位的人。〈2〉言之有情；即说话要真诚，坦荡，但只有你的真诚待客，同样会赢得客人的喜欢。注意在和客人沟通时传递你热情友好的情感。以你的真诚感动客人。〈3〉言之有礼；即言谈举止要有礼貌。中国是一个文明古国。历史上就有“礼仪之邦”的美称。旅游服务行业尤其讲究“礼”字当先。所以，在和客人沟通时，一定要注意彬彬有礼。即使客人怎么无礼，你都必须始终保持良好的礼貌修养。〈4〉言之有度：即说话要有分寸感。什么时候说，什么时候不该说，话应说到什么程度，这都是很有讲究的。要注意沟通场合，沟通对象的变化。总之，恰如其分的传情达意才能有利与我们的工作。2、 身体语言的沟通：酒店服务人员必须用良好的身体语言为客人提供优质的服务。 （一）身体姿势： 1、 站姿：站立时要端正。挺胸收腹。眼睛平视。嘴微闭面带微笑。 2、 坐姿：就坐时姿态要端正。入坐轻缓，上身要直，腰部挺起，脊柱向上,臂放松平放。双膝并拢，坐时不要把椅子坐满（三分之二为最宜）放松平放。双膝并拢，坐时不要把椅子 坐满（三分之二为最宜）。 3、 走姿：行走应轻而稳，注意昂首挺胸收腹。肩要平，身要直，女子走一字步（双脚走一条线，不迈大步）要轻，巧，灵；男子行走时双脚跟走两条线。步履可稍大，表现稳定。 （二）手姿：一般来说，掌语有两种，手掌向上表示坦荡，虚心，诚恳；手掌向下则表示压制，傲慢和强制。所以，酒店服务人员在和客人说话时，一切指示动作都必须是手臂伸直，手指自然并拢，手掌向上，以肘关节为轴，指向目标。切忌指指点点。和客人交谈时手势不宜过大。在给客人递东西时，应用双手恭敬的奉上。决不可漫不经心地一扔。 （三）面部表情语言：在与客人沟通时，良好的面部表情语言有助与你和客人的交流。 作为旅游服务人员，学会倾听，将极大地有助与你与客人及组织成员之间保持良好的沟通效果。那么，如何更好的倾听呢？1、 创造一个良好的倾听环境.2、学会察言观色：倾听是通过听觉，视觉媒介，接受和理解对方思想，情感的过程。3、使用良好的身体语言，使用良好的身体评议有助于提高倾听效果。4、注意回应对方：在交谈时，如果听的一方面无表情，一声不吭，毫无反应，会令说的一方自信心受挫，说话的欲望就会下降。有人说：“和一个毫无反应的人说话，跟和一堵墙说话有什么区别？”所以，在和人沟通时，你必须注意用头点，微笑等无声语言，或用提问等有声语言回应对方，参与说话。只有这样，沟通才能畅通，才会愉快。 三、 酒店培训技巧 酒店服务员礼仪培训技巧：1、 礼貌、礼仪：是向他人敬意的一种仪式，也是表示敬意的统称，待人恭敬的态度。2、 二静，工做场合保持安静，隆重场合保持肃静。3、三轻一快，操作轻，说话轻，走路轻，服务快。4、三了解，了解宾客的风俗习惯，了解生活，了解特殊要求。5、三声，客人开时有迎声，客人问时有应声，客人走时有送声。6、自尊，尊重老人，尊重妇女儿童，残疾人。7、五勤，眼，口，脚，手，耳勤。 服务员的语言要求：（基本用语）谦恭、语调亲切、音量适度、言辞简洁清晰、充分体现主动、热情礼貌、周到、谦虚的态度，根据不同的对象使用语言要恰当，对内宾使用普通话，对外宾要使用日常外语，做到客到有请，客问必答，客走告别。 站立、行走的要领: 1、站立：抬头、挺胸、收腹、提臀、双肩平衡两手臂自然下垂、眼睛目视前方，嘴微闭面带微笑，提前保持保持随时能面客服务的姿态。 2、行走：身体重心可以稍前倾，上体正直抬头目视前方，面带微笑切忌摇肩、晃动双臂、自然前后摆动肩部放松脚步、轻快步伐不宜过大更不能跑。 如何进行推销: 首先作为服务员应了解自己公司所经营的商品和有关商品的一些知识，根绝服务对象的不同进行推销要把语言运用得当。 总之，以上所述观点是我在校学习和在工作中所体会到的，所学到和掌握的基本服务技巧和运用管理，在现代社会中，酒店业的发展是非常的迅速，我充分理解酒店服务意识和服务积欠，在以后的工作中，我会运用到实际工作岗位上去，为促进酒店的旅游业发展做出自己应有的贡献。希望老师们多提供宝贵的意见，我会铭记在心，运用到实践中去，争取最短的时间内实现自己的理想，为今后旅游业发展贡献出自己的一份微薄的力量。请采纳。
The rapid urban development has triggered a series of problems, loss of a large number of regional culture element is one of them.Hotels as the main accommodation places of the people coming to the city are an important public space in the city.The hotels in the past focused maily on usability, special features and security, but were lack of precipitation of the regional culture, which resulted in the convergence in the design seriously. How to integret the regional culture in the architecture and landscape design is an important topic worthy of study.This article describes the importance of the application of regional culture in landscape design.As a graduation project, the study focused on the different function typrs of hotels, plants selection and location and special designs reflecting the distinctive regional culture characteristics in Shanghai.Geographical themes in exploring the hotel's integration of cultural elements in landscape design are fully covered as well.Using well refined symbol of the city, the old craft of fashion integration means building the regional culture that reflects the atmosphere of the city, including the importance of landscape design of cultural theme hotel.The design aims to use Shanghai local cultural elements, which is separated by a road Green alternately create old Shanghai culture and dynamic dialogue with the presence of new Shanghai, to create a series of dynamic theme hotels.To explore new ways of development of regional culture element protection, to enhance awareness building local cultural theme hotel and to strengthen people's identity with unique charm of Shanghai local cultural elements are the main focus of the article.Key words: Shanghai;Local cultural elements;Hotel;Landscape design;Symbol extraction
Hotel inns is the best hotel that I have visited.Although it isn't too big, many travelers like it.Not only it is very economy,but also makes travelers feel at home. And service is very great,too.The provision of travel plans and free breafast for guest. At same time, the manager is so friendly and passion ,therefore,he has many friends and guests. Every room is specially and local in there.Because there are lots of entertainments, you don't need to worry about staying here is boring. If you don't know how to spend your free time,it will be a good choice.
Hotel Room Management System(酒店客房管理系统) First, school discipline consciously to comply with regulations, should civilized, courteous, ethical, stresses discipline. To be positive, loving and respecting their jobs, be good at learning, to acquire new skills. Second, it is necessary to dress induction, listing services, it is necessary to instrument client makeup, generous manner, standardized terminology, civilized service, courtesy, enthusiasm for the initiative. Third, room service, daily in accordance with the procedures and requirements in accordance with the provisions of Health and was cleaning the room, it is necessary to carefully; room to manage the items and found that the issue of timely reporting. Fourth, the provision of accommodation, there must be a department director of the Center for leadership and service signing; external accommodation officer, I have a valid identity card or registration documents before they are allowed to stay. Five are not free to get foreigners to stay or live-in room, without the consent of the Director of the Center are not allowed to open private room, for others (including our employees) to provide accommodation, rest and entertainment. Sixth, check the clean-up room shall not tamper with the guests and private use of the things that students and guests are not allowed to ask for goods and the receipt of gifts; found loss of the public have to pay for items. Seven are not allowed into the front of others; front desk computer to staff management and operation, not related to personnel are not allowed to operate privately; typing, photocopying, send and receive fax, according to charges. Eight working hours are not allowed off-the-job, leave something to the leadership, are not allowed to sit in and for private classes, are not allowed to playing poker,织毛衣, watching TV and doing non-work-related matters. 9, do a good job in security work, in particular, do a good job in security work of the fire nuisance, it is necessary to ground inspections to identify problems and deal with timely reporting. Hotel health management system First, the purpose of health management to improve the quality of the hotel to provide the customers with fresh, clean and healthy consumption environment, and special provisions of the final version. Second, the contents of 1, the management of health management, including personal hygiene items and equipment health management and three aspects of food hygiene management. 2, officials at every level of their work area kept clean of Health has carried out clean-up responsibility. Managers to subordinate the management of health workers have jointly and severally liable. 3, clean-up of professional health departments and staff responsible for the work projects of regional and specialized cleaning and management. Clean the main means of public health, the Department of Food and Beverage catering manager, kitchen and cooks, the health sector and its personnel. 4, hygiene management standards: (1) instrument appearance and personal hygiene of staff. (2) the necessary health knowledge. (3) physical, mental health, test of "health card" posts. 5, see the standard of food hygiene management "on the hotel's management of food hygiene." 6, items and equipment standards for health management: to maintain the surface of materials and equipment formation, light, no smell, no damage, no marks clean, tidy and orderly place. 7, self-health check in accordance with the staff, teams and groups to check, departmental examination, the functional departments of the four inspection system to check, using conventional inspection, special inspection, secret investigation of the way, make unannounced visits. The problems of inspection, in accordance with the standards of accountability and punishment. Third, examination 1, goods, facilities and equipment requirements of surface roughness, light, no smell, no damage, no marks clean, tidy and orderly place, or in accordance with the seriousness of the circumstances and the impact of punishment. (1) Mao Xu, floating ash, water, paper and other minor health problems, each of the punishment given to 0.1-0.5 million. (2) deposition, stains, grease, the larger debris, hair, wrinkles and other health problems, each element of the punishment given to 0.5-2. (3) dirt, there are foreign bodies, cracks, damaged, irregular placed, dislocation, loss or lack of goods, and environmental health issues such as smell, every element of the punishment given to 2-5. 2, all periodic health clean-up, no clean-up due to the expiration of the formation of health corner, to give 1 yuan sub-punishment, which affect the consumption of guests raised by the guests, as appropriate, given the responsibility of departments responsible for warning or fault action. 3, in the personal hygiene and food sanitation violation, in accordance with the relevant system of punishment hotel. Fourth, the requirements issued since the date of implementation. Hotels, hotel industry and health system A, hotels, hotels in order to maintain the environment clean, beautiful, ground-free fruit, and garbage痰迹. Second, be equipped with sterilization or disinfection facilities, and a sound health system. Third, quilt cover, pillowcase (towels), bed sheets and other bedding should be for a one-off. Fourth, the public should be a daily cleaning and disinfecting tea. Tea Surface must be clean, no oil, no water, no smell. Fifth, the wash-room toilet tank, bathtub should be a day of cleansing and disinfection. No toilet rooms, each bed should be equipped with different markings and the basin脚盆 One each. Basins,脚盆and slippers to be a passenger and one for use after cleansing and disinfection. 6, guesthouses, hotels among public health to do the daily cleaning, disinfection, and maintain no water, no mosquitoes, no smell. 7, various hotels, hotels have防蝇, mosquitoes, cockroaches and anti-rodent facilities, and facilities for the use of regular checks and found the problem in time to improve. Eight of the passengers abandoned the clothing to be registered, the destruction of unity. 9, the shop-owned water and secondary water supplies should be consistent with the "drinking water health standards", the second water supply reservoir water to meet health requirements tubes, Do regular cleaning and disinfecting. Second, performance appraisal system of the Housekeeping Department First, employees must strictly comply with the working hours shall not be late, leave early. Second, the post on time to participate in regular (every Monday to Friday room as early as 8:00), (front desk every Monday and Thursday 3:00 p.m.) less than regular processing in accordance with absenteeism. Third, break down each week day, when an important task to suspend scheduled to receive a short break after the off. Annual leave in accordance with the provisions of the Center. Fourth, staff sick leave the hospital to be diagnosed in advance and leave to prove a single hand, if there are special circumstances can not leave early, and should promptly notify the foreman, the foreman asked the manager. Fifth, the staff requested the leave shall be submitted in advance 3-1 days foreman, in the case of staff shortage or have an important task, you can not be granted. After the leave will be dealt with according to absenteeism. Sixth, in strict accordance with the provisions of the frequency of work, if there is urgent reshuffle, without prejudice to the normal work situation, one day in advance to apply to the Captain, without consent by unauthorized reshuffle to deal with absenteeism. Seven of the sick leave fraud matter, once found, depending on the circumstances given to deal with absenteeism or removed. Third, the Department of grooming room instrumentation requirements Instrumentation: 1, working hours should be provided for work clothes to wear. 2, work clothes should be clean, straight, in accordance with the provisions of扣好on衣扣, trousers buckle. 3, put on a pocket, pocket fitted to prohibit all sorts of things, in order to maintain and keeps its uniform. Overalls should be repaired if damaged. 4, when the attendants are to go to work wearing a black work shoes, work shoes to keep clean. Wearing socks, asked men and women of deep shallow, socks should be in good condition without damage, are not allowed to wear shoes barefoot. 5, attendants are not allowed to wear during the induction of various accessories such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, rings and so on. 6, the work should be required to work during the wear plate position in the left chest. 7, after the attendants dress should be self-censorship, and accept only after passing inspection foreman jobs. Appearance: 1, staff should remain clean face, clean hair, beautiful hair, generous. 2 men to stay fat, the latter is not covered collar, side did not cover ears; President to stay fat,垂肩after, the former do not cover eyes. Barber Qin, Qin-xiu surface, ground剪指甲, diligence dressing, washing hands frequently, take a bath. 3, men do not stay mustache, large temples; President does not stay long nails, nail polish is not coated, do not use strong perfume. 4, President of淡妆before induction can not be浓妆艳抹. 5, to maintain oral hygiene does not smell pre foods such as onions, garlic, tofu and so on. 6, smiling, cordial and kind, dignified and stable, neither overbearing nor servile. Deportment: 1, sitting A, body straight, vertical center of gravity down, stood back, shoulders relaxed, feet close together and knees, hand on the laptop. Binocular head-up, with a smile. B, not sit chairs filled (attendants should take two-thirds of the chairs), but not sitting in the edge. C, non-前俯back, legs shaking Rocker feet, can not be cross-leg table in the handrails or. D, in front of their superiors or guests can not hold hands in the chest, can not be二郎腿Rocker can not shake the legs, do not sit半躺half. 2, standing A, chest, crosstraining, freeclimber, the rise of head-up eyes, smiling. B, his arms hang down naturally or in the body before the cross, his left hand on the right hand under the best condition to maintain services. C, when the woman was standing on his feet into "V"-shaped, close to the knees, heels靠紧. Man standing with feet shoulder width. D, can not stand when叉腰, pole bending legs or hands, help desk, wall and so on. E, standing for non-hand fork when the pocket in the clothes can not stretch, get hair and other little tricks. F, standing打拍子feet, not 32 to get together to chat. 3, take the attitude A, head, chest, arms swing naturally down, legs should be straight. Women take the word step, the man walking with the feet parallel. B, are not allowed to摇头晃脑walking, whistling, snacking may not be hand fork pockets. C, walking may not be running, jumping, not the guests through the middle. D, off-off站定, take the initiative to give way and say hello nod. E, walk in the corridor should be on the right hand wall is not allowed. F, three or more scattered to walk in small groups can not peer. May not be walking勾肩搭背, said, laughing, or rough. Fourth, the Department of incentive regulations Rooms (Punishment Ordinance) Verbal warning 1, the regular meeting or work late, leave early. 2, working hours reading books, read the newspaper, eating snacks, drinks, fall asleep. 3, spitting, litter paper, peel and other debris. 4, not at designated employees access channel, through the lobby, main entrance, warming Gallery, in civilian dress to enter the workplace. 5, in violation of the rules and regulations quarters, educators have been criticized. 6, the provisions of the ban on smoking in the smoking area. 7, on duty when listening to music, watching TV, make personal phone calls or chat by phone. 8, the working hours of unauthorized absence from the job, or a string of gang扎堆chat, not good at with instructions to enter the Center Center. 9, the slow distribution of the work of a higher level, delay, work do not have a strong sense of responsibility, carelessness, resulting in the work of errors were minor. 10, on duty in public places or when the appearance is not the whole dress is not required, such as licensing work with distortion, not the entire hair, such as relying on the walls. 11, in the use of all剔牙off, dug ears, scratching, to pull the nose, look in the mirror, make-up, started referring to, whistling, hands pockets, hands叉腰, such as loud hubbub of the move being professional demeanor. 12, service is not active, not passion, not honorific and polite language and not the guests made a positive solution to the requirements of power, caused by dissatisfaction with the guests. 13, staff regulations violations, the presence of management staff is not correct, non-stop, non-performance of the management responsibility of a minor nature. 14, in violation of the provisions of the relevant rules and regulations or department, a minor. 15, in the health inspection, a number of unqualified persons found. Slight fault 1, within one month by two oral警告者. 2, is not reasonable obedience to superior orders, did not complete the task or intention to sabotage the work of their superiors who are impolite words and deeds. 3, the work of sow discord, slander others, to spread the speech is not conducive to unity; the work of the spirit of the lack of coordination and cooperation, with the result that the work be affected. 4, time to fall asleep on duty, dry private live. 5, in violation of various safety rules and working procedures for the operation of norms and rules and regulations. 6, not to subordinate the management of discipline found not stopped, not by the punishment. 7, unauthorized use of passenger amenities or facilities, unauthorized guests turning items. 8, the language vulgar, impolite to the guests, and guests to argue, without consent or authorization into the leadership of the Office of the guests rooms. Small fault 1, by two months to deal with two minor mistakes. 2, work is not serious, not enthusiasm or the leadership of complaints by the guests. 3, authorization to accept guests tips, articles, or have left over items are not timely paid 4, the working hours as well as the impact of the guests shouted rest hubbub. 5, as a result of the mistakes made by individuals affect the work of customer service. 6, contrary to the positions of the working procedures or rules and regulations as well as hidden dangers caused by work. 7, using improper means to interfere with the work of others. 8, unauthorized use of guests of the goods or equipment without the approval of unauthorized use of center equipment. 9, knowing that the loss or loss of property, and turning a blind eye is not reporting. 10, does not provide true and accurate report, form or material. 11, leakage of confidential centers, the Center lost keys, documents and other important items. Major fault 1, within three months by the two in mind to deal with small errors. 2, twice within two months under the leadership of the guests or complaints. . 3, work positions, or dereliction of duty, unauthorized absence from the adverse effects caused by some. 4, mismanagement, resulting in serious losses Center. 5, to work with when drinking or drunkenness. . 6, refused to accept the leadership of the organization of a reasonable work, bad attitude. 7, the work of dereliction of duty caused by power failure, water, parking and other major incidents. 8, other violations of rules and regulations, the circumstances of a serious shortage of dismissal. Dismissed, removed or expelled from the 1, a serious dereliction of duty, corruption, resulting in heavy losses. 2, by the public security organs shall be held criminally accountable. 3, can not do the work, after training or adjustment of status can not be doing the work. V 4, theft or private use Center materials, private room to open. 5, insult, slander, assault, intimidation, threats against colleagues and leading or fighting. 6, alcohol, gambling, the adverse effects caused. 7, do not obey the leadership of the command, the leadership refused to assign a reasonable work, through the Education invalid. 8, deliberate damage to public property. 9, the use of public谋私, corruption, misappropriation of public funds. 10, released to the outside world center slanderous remarks made remarks prejudicial to the reputation of the Center, severely damaged the image center. 11, recorded a major fault or two small errors or warnings shown no apparent repentance. 12, other serious violations of discipline violations. (Award) 1, in the service work, outstanding performance with outstanding performance. 2, put forward some reasonable proposals to improve the quality of service or to contribute to saving energy and reducing consumption. 3, quality service, by the central leadership or guests. 4, a strong sense of responsibility, the timely detection of a variety of hidden dangers and prevent accidents. 5,拾金不昧, won the reputation as the center. 6, solid work hard to unite colleagues, be sure the same. 7, honorable, the protection of the state, collectives and the safety of guests property. 8, who have made outstanding contributions in other areas. V. Housekeeping service standards and disciplinary provisions of 1, obedience to superior management, unity and colleagues, work full emotional, not to The impact of the work for personal reasons 2, work, work to maintain the appearance of a person's own instrument, and maintain the Center clean and quiet and maintain normal private life. 3, working hours is prohibited access to make private telephone calls, meeting with friends or chat is strictly prohibited. 4, in the service area to achieve the "three-light" to speak not only light, light walking, light operation. 5, on the customer service should not be too affectionate, guests can not make up the shoulder. 6, guests can not be asked to "do not know" answer inquiries as far as possible, in the case of improper words and deeds of the guests, not tit-for-tat should be tactfully explained. Adhere to the guests is always right. 7, in the face of the guests may not smoke, eat, read the newspaper, may not be rough foul language; does not mean that the private opinions, do not talk about national issues. 8, the guests have asked or required to be recorded immediately so as not to forget that beyond the terms of reference should be unable to process request to the leadership may not be good at doing that. 9, without the guests agreed that children should not have to play the visitors to avoid unhappy customers; when going out or entertaining guests when their children can not neglect, but not chaos to the food. 10, in front of the guests did not say unnecessary action if not arrogant. 11, does not apply if the guests fall ill or have other anomalies should be reported immediately to avoid accidents. 12, knocked on the door to develop good habits, are not free to enter the guest room, guest room shall be arbitrarily moving luggage items should be in the guest room shall not open the door to close. 13, without a tenant to confirm whether or not the tenant agree that should not be opening the door for others. 14, guests should take the initiative to get out of baggage items found in time and turned over to the return of first time guests.
Chain-like management - - future retail trade host �? Deng Jing�? The literature comes from: The finance and trade grinds �? 1995�? �? 3�? [CAJ] [PDF] <�? First, the retail business chain-like management origin and sends �? The retail business chain-like management most gets up early the source in US, until now already some more than 130 years history.The world first chain store, is originates by a New York wife and children tea shop �? 859 years this store takes the identical capital all �? Has set up own minute in each place �? Implements the unification management, the unification management, depends upon the meager profit but high turnover, expanded and consumer's contact face and the management scale in the intense market competition obtains the development.Now �? Sets up the chain store, implements the chain-like management the way to cause this shop to develop helps of a - - Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean tea company America biggest supermarket chain stores
abstract] in the modern hotel management, the user-friendly management rose gradually for the mainstream management idea. Modern hotel user-friendly management, on the one hand wants the customer to be satisfied, stressed that take the customer as the center; On the other hand, must satisfy the staff places the key position, stressed that the hotel must take the staff as a book. Proposed “staff first, customer second” the management idea, i.e. does not have satisfaction staff, does not have satisfaction guest. This article suggested that the user-friendly management idea will introduce to staff's management, achieves realizes the staff to be satisfied, improves the hotel grade of service, thus lets the customer be more satisfied, the hotel quicker development goal.
摘 要：近年来，中国酒店业呈现喷井式增长状态，各大国外酒店集团也将市场转向中国，加重了国内酒店业的经营压力，竞争的重点主要是集中在外部服务质量。关于服务质量的研究，国内外学者均侧重于外部顾客的服务质量，而忽视对内部服务质量的研究。本文将广州S酒店作为研究对象，使用了文献分析法、问卷调查法、定量与定性的分析方法等形式，采用Hallowell等学者提出的Internal SERVQUAL量表，最终发现广州S酒店员工对培训体系、激励机制、内部管理支持、内部服务体系、企业文化的认同等方面的满意度不高。本文从这五方面进行了原因分析，并提出相应的改进对策，为酒店改进内部服务质量和人力资源管理方面给予一定的参考价值。 Abstract: In recent years, China's hotel industry has seen a growth pattern of jet-spraying. Major foreign hotel groups have also shifted their markets to China, adding to the operating pressure on the domestic hotel industry. The focus of competition is mainly on the quality of external services. Regarding the research on the quality of service, scholars at home and abroad have focused on the quality of services of external customers and neglected the research on internal service quality. This article takes Guangzhou S Hotel as the research object, uses literature analysis method, questionnaire survey method, quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, and uses Internal SERVQUAL scale proposed by Hallowell et al. Finally, it discovers that Guangzhou S Hotel staff has training system and incentives. The satisfaction of the mechanism, internal management support, internal service system, and corporate culture recognition is not satisfactory. This article analyzes the reasons from these five aspects, and proposes corresponding improvement measures, which provides a certain reference value for the hotel to improve the internal service quality and human resources management.
The rapid urban development has triggered a series of problems, loss of a large number of regional culture element is one of them.Hotels as the main accommodation places of the people coming to the city are an important public space in the city.The hotels in the past focused maily on usability, special features and security, but were lack of precipitation of the regional culture, which resulted in the convergence in the design seriously. How to integret the regional culture in the architecture and landscape design is an important topic worthy of study.This article describes the importance of the application of regional culture in landscape design.As a graduation project, the study focused on the different function typrs of hotels, plants selection and location and special designs reflecting the distinctive regional culture characteristics in Shanghai.Geographical themes in exploring the hotel's integration of cultural elements in landscape design are fully covered as well.Using well refined symbol of the city, the old craft of fashion integration means building the regional culture that reflects the atmosphere of the city, including the importance of landscape design of cultural theme hotel.The design aims to use Shanghai local cultural elements, which is separated by a road Green alternately create old Shanghai culture and dynamic dialogue with the presence of new Shanghai, to create a series of dynamic theme hotels.To explore new ways of development of regional culture element protection, to enhance awareness building local cultural theme hotel and to strengthen people's identity with unique charm of Shanghai local cultural elements are the main focus of the article.Key words: Shanghai;Local cultural elements;Hotel;Landscape design;Symbol extraction
They create new stories on the basis of these classic fairy tales.
论文摘要英文翻译时态，英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
一般现在时。
用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。
分别举例如下：This study(investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…The anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木质部) in stem of Davidia involucrata (珙桐) and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树) is compared. The result shows(reveals)…，It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests….涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。
一般过去时。
用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。
例如：The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流) of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.需要指出的'是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
现在完成时和过去完成时。
完成时少用，但不是不用而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
例如：Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.?
英文论文写作中，什么情况下用什么时态，时态和时态之间有什么区别呢？着实是困扰着一大批同学们。 首先问大家一个问题，你们知道英语中一共有多少种时态吗？ 莫慌！其实真正用的多的就三种而已： 1.一般现在时：描述事实、规律、概况现象等； 2.一般过去时：叙述方法和过去发生的事； 3.现在完成时：描述过去发生的事情对现在的影响。 那么现在就让我来举例说明这三种时态的常见用法吧~ 1.描述已知的知识点，形成论文话题，确立研究范围。（也就是铺开背景， 多用于引言部分） Eg：Cellular senescence is the dynamic process of durable cell-cycle arrest 翻译：细胞衰老是细胞周期持久停止的动态过程。 2.提出研究目标/总结研究成果（告诉读者我要干啥/我干了啥） Eg：Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in older nursing home residents. 翻译：肌少症在养老院的老年人中非常普遍。 3.描述权威，得到公认的前人研究成果，通常需要加上参考文献作为引用的源头，多用于导言和讨论（告诉读者，该领域前辈们干了啥）。 Eg：Cellular senescence biomarkers are readily identifiable in the livers of individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis .(Aravinthan et al., 2013; Wiemann et al,2002) 翻译：在非酒精性脂肪性肝病和肝硬化个体的肝脏中很容易识别细胞衰老生物标志物。(Aravinthan et al.，2013；Wiemann et al.，2002) 4.经过实验证明分析，我们得出的结论可以作为一个公认的知识点。（常出现在结论中） Eg：In conclusion, sarcopenia is an independent factor of OS in patients with DLBCL underwent chemotherapy. 【PS:OS=overall survival 总生存率】 翻译：总之，在接受化疗的DLBCL患者中，肌细胞减少是OS的独立因素。 5. 提及图表。（图表比单纯的文字叙述要更直观，大家要重视作图哦~） Eg：Figure 3shows typical time courses for SC under this scenario。 翻译：图3显示了这种情况下SC的典型时间过程。 1. 叙述前人的研究成果 Eg：In fact, it was nearly 60 years ago that Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead first defined replicative senescence by finding that normal human fetal fibroblasts ceased proliferation after long-term passaging [1]. （可能有细心的同学有疑问：“欸？这里不是和一般现在时的用法冲突了吗？”不是哦，用过去时，只是纯粹报道一下前人的研究成果，但如果该成果已经得到公认，那就可以用一般现在时。因此在不确定的情况下，使用一般过去时显得更为保险） 2.叙述实验过程/结果。 Eg：Weincluded 16 studies with a total of 3585 participants from 129 nursing homes . 翻译：我们纳入了16项研究，共3585名参与者，他们来自129家养老院。 1.引出新话题，强调重要性。 Eg：Several recent observations have reinvigorated the field to explore how senescent cells promote dysfunction in organisms. 翻译：最近的几项观察使这一领域重新活跃起来，以探索衰老细胞是如何促进有机体功能的。 Eg：Recently, studies have suggested that telomere-associated DNA damage can occur in senescentcells in vivo regardless of telomere length. 翻译：最近，研究表明，无论端粒长度如何，与端粒相关的DNA损伤都会在体内的衰老细胞中发生。 2.概括前人研究成果，突出研究进展 Eg：Introduction of a senescent-cell specific inducible suicide gene in mice，has given us clues about the consequence of senescent cell accumulation in various tissues anddiseases. 翻译：小鼠衰老细胞特异性诱导自杀基因的引入，为我们了解衰老细胞在各种组织和疾病中积累的后果提供了线索。 3.为了提出研究空白而搭建过去与现在的联系 Eg：However,conclusive evidence for causality behind a relationship between senescence and aging has remained elusive until very recently.翻译：然而，直到最近，关于衰老和老化之间关系背后的因果关系的确凿证据仍然难以找到。 除了以上三种时态，写作中还有两种时态会用上——现在进行时和一般将来时。 1.表达进行中的趋势 Eg：In conclusion, it is becoming clear that targeting age-related changes in cancer may provide novel ways in which to alleviate this growing public health burden. 翻译：总之，针对与年龄相关的癌症变化，可能为减轻这种日益增长的公共卫生负担提供新的出路变得愈发清晰。 1.指向未来（在讨论部分指出未来的研究方向） Eg：It will beinteresting to see if future experimental findings in this exciting field agree with and corroborate this view of the evolution of cellular senescence . 翻译：在这一令人振奋的领域中，未来的实验结果是否同意并证实这一细胞衰老演变的观点将是有趣的。 到这里，我们就讲完了英文论文写作中几种时态的常见用法，但是有小可爱可能会疑惑，一般过去时和现在完成时该怎么区分。 抛开“【一般过去时】发生在比较远的【过去】，【现在完成时】发生在比较近的过去。”这种“听君一席话，如听一席话”的解释，让我们带入场景来理解。 老师：Did you do your homework? 作业做了没？ 学生a：Yes ,I did. 做完了 学生b：Yes, I did,but I haven't finished it yet. 做了，但没完全做完 老师布置了课堂作业，下课要收，现在问： Have you finished the essay yet? 你们的论文写完了没？ 场景1中的a君面对老师的询问，淡淡表示自己写完了。而b君则着重强调了“没写完，但是写了”的事实（这不就是妥妥的狡辩嘛） 场景2中，老师的关注点不是写没写，而是学生写没写完。潜台词：写完了快点交，我要下课了。 总之，【一般过去时】和【现在完成时】描述的都是过去发生的动作，区别在于，主观上，说话者是否强调该动作对现在的影响。（没写作业可能会被骂/学生课堂作业拖拖拉拉就耽误批改效率）一般情况用前者，需要强调用后者。 把知识变成常识需要一个过程，路漫漫其修远兮，みなさん一绪に顽张ろうね。(大家一起加油呐) 参考文献： 1. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sacropenia in Nursing Home Residents :A Sytematic Review and Meta-analysis. Yanjiao Shen, Jing Chen MMS, Xiaoyan Chen MMS, Lisha Hou MPH, Xiufang Lin MMD,Ming Yang MD. 2. Insights from In Vivo Studies of Cellular Senescence. Luis I. Prieto 1, Sara I. Graves 1 and Darren J. Baker 1,2,* 3. On the evolution of cellular senescence Axel Kowald1,2 | João F. Passos3 | Thomas B. L. Kirkwood1,4 4. Cellular senescence: Implications for metabolic disease Marissa J. Schafera,b, Jordan D. Millera,c,d, and Nathan K. LeBrasseura,b,* 5. How the ageing microenvironment influences tumour progression Mitchell Fane1,2,*, Ashani T. Weeraratna1,2,3,* 6. Sarcopenia predicts overall survival in patients with malignant hematological diseases: A meta-analysis Alexey Surov a*, Andreas Wienke b END 文 | 夹耳朵的螃蟹
1, the wording of try to be brief Advertisement required in a limited space and time exert maximum effectiveness, concise ads make clear, did not forget to read not only cause the reader's attention and interest in subject contrast and focus. Therefore, the number of monosyllabic words or letters less frequently used. Such as: Buy one, eat more. This car sales ads, buy and get are two simple monosyllabic verb, straightforward manner to advertisers and consumers manifested bilateral activities. Reflects not only the sincerity of the advertisers, but also so that consumers have easy, efficient, cost-effective sense of trade relations in order to add credibility. The only car in its class. (1993 VILLAGER car ads). Buy one pair. Get one free. (Advertisement glasses). More than two terms used in ads are not more than six letters in length, and its meaning is the ordinary people can understand English ads reflect the characteristics of easy to understand. 2, just use popular colloquial and informal vocabulary Lot of ads used in popular spoken language and informal vocabulary, so that ads appear very friendly, and attract their attention, their desire to buy produce. In addition, popular colloquial, informal language to facilitate understanding and memory. Such as: Yes! The Philippines, now! Travel Agency this is the wording of ads is extremely simple, highly verbal, very rich first infectious YES to stimulate consumer recognition of the psychological, but also strongly called on consumers to use NOW that action.
把重复率非常高的段落，用在线翻译，翻译成小语种，比如法语、俄语、西班牙语等等，然后再翻译回来，你会发现，整句话会给人耳目一新的感觉！北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下你可以统一去知道了解下
翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。下文是我为大家整理的关于毕业论文英语翻译的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
谈英文化妆品的翻译
摘 要: 名称的翻译对于化妆品至关重要。本文旨在寻找一个汉译英文化妆品名称的好方法。作者首先介绍了翻译对品牌的重要性,接着对语言和文化关系进行了讨论,然后介绍了中英翻译的四种方法,最后进行了总结。为达到最好的翻译效果,译者应在不同的情况下使用不同的翻译方法。
关键词: 翻译 品牌 化妆品
品牌是由制造商或商品经营者确定的产品徽标。一个良好的品牌翻译将提升该产品的价值,它会吸引公众的眼球,激发他们的购买热情,甚至会影响一个企业的发展。为了迎合消费者,在新的市场,品牌名称应翻译得当。
根据奈达的等价翻译原理,对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化比掌握两种语言更重要(杨朝燕,2001:45)。广告业的大师黄�先生也曾说过:“作为业内人士,我们的工作是要富有创造性的翻译。”(周兆祥,2000:55)因此,在翻译品牌名称时,译者不仅要知道英文单词的字面意思,而且要理解它的文化内涵。这样翻译时才能够正确理解英文品牌的含义,解决文化冲突,吸引消费者。我以外国品牌化妆品为例,讨论翻译的方法。
1.影响英文化妆品品牌翻译的因素
品牌与文化就像是两个彼此密切相关的亲密朋友,哪里有文化,哪里就会有品牌。品牌实际上是一座搭在两个不同的国家之间连接两种不同文化的桥梁。一般来说,文化包括社会意识形态、审美标准、价值观、认知等。随着全球化的发展,国际贸易市场的不断扩大,越来越多的外国化妆品已敲开了中国市场的大门,品牌的翻译变得非常重要。
社会意识形态和价值观念对品牌的翻译起着重要的作用。社会意识形态会限制品牌的文化内涵。虽然全球化程度越来越高,但西方和中国仍然存在着一些分歧。例如,在西方,人们更加注重个人主义。他们更喜欢使用人名、地名或《圣经》中的词汇来命名一个品牌。但在中国,社会意识形态和价值观念不同于西方国家的,人们更加重视集体主义。
价值观是指一个人对周围的客观事物的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。价值给予品牌独特的文化内涵。在古代,中国基本上是一个农业国,寻求统一的概念,而西方则充斥着价值膨胀和冒险精神。举个例子:“安娜苏”,这个是一个国外化妆品品牌,也是它创始人的名字。这就是一个对个人主义价值观很好的解释。
认知是指人认识外界事物的过程。审美标准是指衡量、评价对象审美价值的相对固定的尺度。为了刺激消费者的购买欲望的产品,译者必须认真翻译品牌,才能使翻译的化妆品满足不同消费者不同的认知和审美心理。例如,大多数人可能听说过著名的香水“Poison”,这个是迪奥公司在1985年专门为西部妇女设计生产的,以满足她们对神秘事物的好奇和对冒险精神的追求。该产品在西方市场销量极好,“神秘和令人难忘的”是西方女性消费者对该产品的共同感受。但是在东方,女性往往更温柔、安静,它被翻译成“百爱神”而不是“毒药”,说明译者选择了适应其民族特点和文化价值的语言。总之,在翻译前译者应该先了解中国和西方国家之间的文化差异,以便在全球市场上更好地翻译。
2.翻译方法
品牌名称的翻译是一个转换和再造的过程。追求同等价值的信息是成功翻译的关键因素。
2.1音译
音译是指根据其目的语发音用近似发音的汉字进行翻译。以“Maybelline”为例,中国将它翻译成“美宝莲”。每一个字都有特别的含义,“美”是指它将会让使用它的女性变得美丽动人;而“莲”是指莲花,表明这个美容效果会使消费者像一个美丽的莲花自然清爽。这些都表明它的功能是让消费者比以前更漂亮。
“Clean&Clear”也是一个很好的例子。如果该品牌被翻译成“干净清透”,它就会失去翻译之美。该品牌被翻译成“可伶可俐”,与品牌原名一样使用了头韵的修辞手法,也有一个类似的原始发音。同时人们将永远清楚这个品牌的目标消费者是可爱的年轻女孩。
“Dove”的本义是鸽子,在国外这是一个温柔和可爱的象征。但在中国,鸽子只是一种鸟类。作为皮肤美容品,如果翻译为“鸽子”,很难被公众接受。因此,在中国它被翻译成“多芬”,意味着更多的芬芳。
还有更多的例子:“EsteeLauder”被翻译成“雅诗兰黛”,“SISTEIN”翻译是翻译成“希斯汀”,“Elizabeth Arden”被翻译成“伊丽莎白・雅顿”等。
2.2意译
意译是指根据原品牌的内涵来翻译,有利于消费者记住该品牌。相比较音译,意译更加尊重不同国家的文化和美学价值。例如,化妆品“BIOCEAN”被翻译成“碧欧泉”。“BIO”是指“生物”,“OCEAN”的意思是“大海”,将海洋生命之美延伸至自然之美,但如果使用音译,将会翻译成“比奥希昂”,显得烦琐和不雅,而“碧欧泉”则避免了这些缺陷。
“Uriage”是一个化妆品的名称,也是阿尔卑斯山中一个温泉的名字,那里的温泉专门用于治疗皮肤问题。作为一个化妆品品牌,“依泉”是一个好的翻译。翻译品牌的同时也展示了该品牌的组成成分和产品功用。
2.3创造性翻译
创造性翻译认为音译和意译都有一部分缺陷,为了达到音、义的完美结合,译者创建另一个单词或词组来充分展示产品的功能。让我们以“Plantesystem”为例。这个品牌是由法国最大的医疗化妆品厂生产的。它的中文意思是“植物系统”。但译者翻译成“欧萃碧”。这种转换不仅使消费者感觉良好,而且强调这是一个来自欧洲以植物为原料的化妆品。
2.4不译
不译即不进行翻译,只是使用原来的名称。根据中华人民共和国商标法,汉字、少数民族语言、外来词和字母可以作为商标注册。随着中国市场的迅速扩展,越来越多的外国化妆品厂商在中国直接注册商标品牌。这样既可以节省翻译费用,又确保了该品牌的异国情调。“VOV”、“HR”、“DHC”这些都是典型的例子。
3.结语
由于社会意识形态、价值观念、认知在中国和西方的审美标准的差异,翻译必须尊重不同的文化背景,并保留其民族特色和品牌的魅力,使原来的语言承担所有的信息和功能。一个成功的品牌翻译,能给消费者深刻印象,而失败的翻译,会令消费者失去兴趣。为了更好地表明外国化妆品的魅力,译者应该寻求最佳的方式来翻译品牌。如果我们将市场比喻成一场战争,成功的品牌名称就像一面旗帜永不落。如果一家公司想打开国外市场,就必须打动消费者。因此,品牌名称的翻译是非常重要的。
参考文献:
[1]包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
[2]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[3]杨朝燕.跨文化广告传播与商标翻译[J].山东师大外国语学院学报,2001,(4).
[4]周兆祥.翻译与人生[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.
浅析英汉语言文化差异及其翻译
【摘要】把汉语译成英语或把英语译成汉语是一种语言活动，它既涉及汉英两种语言本身的知识，也涉及多方面的文化背景知识。这就需要译者对汉英两种语言的特点、差异及各方面的文化知识有较全面的了解，在充分理解的基础上才能表达完整，翻译出的作品才会忠实于原作。
【关键词】汉语;英语;文化差异;理解与翻译
英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言，其思维方式和表达习惯可以说是千差万别，不了解这些差别，翻译出的作品肯定会洋相百出、词不达意。因此，要想处理好翻译过程中的难题，关键是要了解汉语与英语的区异。一般来说，所涉及到的汉英语言差异主要表现在以下几个方面：
一、英语语法结构严谨，汉语遣词造句形式灵活
我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而言，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”汉语和英语的习惯用法不同。汉语中某一说法本来是很清楚的，谁也不会误解，但如果生搬硬套，逐字译成英语，就很可能词不达意，甚至还会引起误解，闹出笑话，或铸成大错。为了避免这种情况发生，就必须在译文中增补适当的词，把原文中暗含的意思明确地表达出来。例如：
原文：好好学习，天天向上。
如果想当然地翻译成：“Good good study, day day up.”就要贻笑大方了，因为“好好学习，天天向上”是典型的中文表达，直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译应该是：Work hard and make progress everyday.
另外，汉语中的典故、谚语等，汉语读者熟悉，一看就明白，但是英语读者就不见得能懂，因此翻译时就得适当地添加一些注释性的词语。例如：
“班门弄斧”可译成 This is like showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban，the master carpenter。
在这个例子中，如果不在译文中加上the master carpenter而只译作Lu Ban, 不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然，不知道Lu Ban是何许人，因而也就无法理解本句子内在含义。
二、英语句子如参天大树枝叶横生，汉语句子似万顷碧波层层推进
由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。例如：
原文：In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
译文：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
如果把这个句子译成“门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞”，译文一听就是翻译腔调，语言色彩大打折扣。
英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂。例如：
原文：Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me for a long time?
译文：有一个问题困扰我好长时间了，想请教你，你能回答吗?
汉语用三个分句表达原文的意思，显然效果很好，如果译成：你能回答一个长时间困扰着我使我想问你的问题吗?不仅效果不好，而且显得绕嘴。
三、英语中被动式居多，汉语中主动式居多
我们知道，在汉语中被动式使用较少，我们叙述一种行为的时候常采用主动式。而英语则不然，大量的及物动词可以用被动式，不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用被动式。例如：
(1)English is spoken here. 这儿讲英语。
(2)It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China. 欢迎你有机会来中国访问。
汉语的被动句子，从结构上来说大体可分为两大类：一类带有表达被动意义的标记，如“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”等;另一类则不带这种标记。普通而常见的是后一类。但不论哪一类，译成英语时基本上都可运用被动语态。例如：
(1)他被选为学生会主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students’Union.
(2)这个问题正在研究。The problem is now bEing studied.
但必须注意的是，并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要译成英语的被动式。比如“老太太被风吹病了”，若译成“The old lady was blown sick by the wind” 就成了中国式的英语了，而只有译成“The old lady fell ill because of the draught.”才符合英语表达习惯。
四、思维习惯差异
不同文化的人，生活习惯和思维方式都有很多不同，翻译时也必须作等值意义转换。如：英语民族的人见面时喜欢谈天气，说“Lovely weather，isn’tit”之类的话，根据英美人的习惯，这无非是一句最方便、最不得罪人的见面语。而在我国, 自古就“民以食为天”,人们见面时爱说“吃了吗?”在多数情况下，说话人并不十分关心别人是不是吃饭了，而只是一种招呼罢了。中国人听到这些问话也只是回答说“吃了”或“没吃呐”，实际上是个应酬。这样的对话如果译成英文只说“A：How do you do? B：How do you do?”或“A：Hi! B：Hi!” 就行了。如果将A的问话改译成“Have you had you meal?”如果被问者B是英语民族的人，他心理上首先的反应是：“Yes, I have.”或 “No, l haven't”或“Do you mean to invite me to dinner?”由于这种文化上的差异，汉语中许多围绕“吃饭”问题所形成的词语，在英语中就很难找到字面对应的表达法，对于“饭桶”、“吃不开”、“吃不了兜着走”等这一系列说法只好分别意译为“good- for-nothing”，“be unpopular”，“land oneself in serious trouble”，等才能基本如实传达原文的含义。
五、物指联想差异
同一客观事物，在不同的文化里可能包含不同的价值，引起不同的联想，具有不同的内涵。动物比喻(Animal Metaphors)在汉英两种语言中均有广泛的使用。然而，由于文化背景、思维方式的不同，人们对动物比喻的正确理解和翻译存有障碍。从翻译的角度总体说来，动物比喻可以分为两大类，一类是：译语与原语存在对应的关系，翻译时可采用同值、近值互借法，以再现原语形象。例如：
(1)He is as sly as a fox. 他狡猾得像个狐狸。
(2)A wolf in sheep’s clothing 披着羊皮的狼
另一类是：同一动物形象在原语和译语中的语用意义相去甚远。因此，在翻译过程中就出现了动物形象名称的转换。这种动物形象的转换可以是一种动物形象转换为另一种动物形象, 也可以是一种动物形象转换成人的形象，例如：
(1)Talk horse.吹牛。(horse译为“牛”)
(2)Black sheep.害群之马。(sheep译为“马”)
(3)Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意日。(dog 译成“人”)
翻译过程中出现的这种动物形象的喻体转换丰富了动物成语的内涵，同时，它作为一种重要的修辞手法，创造出生动、鲜明的形象，能产生良好的艺术效果。
为使译文读者得到和原文读者基本相同的文化信息，在翻译中遇到两种文化差异特别大时，用直译无法使译文传达信息，译者就要在充分理解原文的基础上在译文文化中寻找对应的表达方式，做出各种必要的转换，进行意译。
【参考文献】
[1]张道真2002《张道真英语语法》商务印书馆
[2]范仲英 1994 《实用翻译教程》外语教学与研究出版社
[3]喻家楼 1991 《汉语成语英译词典》中国科学技术大学出版社