发布时间：
摘要：Abstract:随着现代社会经济的发展，经过近十年的发展，我国注册会计师行业从无到有，其地位和作用日益被社会所认识，注册会计师队伍也稳步发展，其服务领域也从单纯的查帐验资逐步发展到会计报表审计，验资、设计会计制度，提供管理咨询、代理纳税申报等各个方面。With the development of modern social economy China's Certified Public Account (CPA)profession has grown gradually from nothing through the development for near ten years, its position and roles have been increasingly recognized by the society, and the ranks of CPA has also grown steadily. Now the service scope of CPA has been gradually expanded from simple capital adult and capital verification to various aspects such as adult of accounting statement, capital veriation, design of accounting systems,providing managemeent consultancy,acting tax returns.虽然我国的会计市场已经逐渐地建立起来，但社会的发展使注册会计师行业面临着激烈的竞争，其中往往伴随着不公平竞争，这一系列恶性竞争为我国注册会计师执业质量、公众形象、行业的壮大、财务信息使用者的利益带来了极大的影响。规范管理，建立公平竞争会计服务市场成为了当前注册会计师行业的当务之急。Although China's accounting market has been established gradually, the CPA profession is facing keen competition owing to the social development, of which unfair competitions often can be seen. Such kinds of malicious competitian bring about tremendous impact on the work quality, public image,and growth of CPA, as well as the benefits of financial information users. Consequently, to standardize the management and establish fairly competitive accounting services market has become a current priority of the CPA profession.关键词：会计市场 竞争 影响 规范管理Key Words: accounting market, competition,impact, standardized management
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With the modern social and economic development, after nearly 10 years of development, China Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry from scratch, its status and role of the community was growing awareness of the ranks of Certified Public Accountants has developed steadily, and its services from a simple audit To the progressive development of capital accounting statement audit, capital and accounting system designed to provide management consulting, tax returns agent, and so on. Although China's accounting market has been gradually established, but the development of society so that the CPA is facing intense competition, which is often accompanied by unfair competition, this series of cut-throat competition in China Institute of Certified Public Accountants for the quality of their work, the public image of the industry Growth of the user's financial information has brought about tremendous benefits. Standardize the management of the establishment of a level playing field accounting services market has become a current priority of the CPA. Key words: competition in the market impact of accounting regulation
论文关键词:中英文双语融合教学 基础学 中级会计 论文摘要:中英文双语融合教学，客观上要求本着实事求是、一切从实际出发的态度，构建渐进的中英文双语融合教学目标体系，并在其基础上合理地进行课程设置。只有课程设置合理了，才能激发学生的学习积极性，才能取得良好的中英文双语融合教学效果。本文对《基础会计学》等课程应否进行中英文双语融合教学进行了详尽的阐述。 0 引言 为了顺利地开展中英文双语融合教学工作，必须要明确中英文双语融合教学目标、并结合学科特点科学地进行课程设置，这样才能取得较好的教学效果。 教学目标是教学体系建构的出发点，也是课程设置的依据和标准。会计专业中英文双语融合教学目标的制定，应结合中英文双语融合教学的定义，反映全球化和国际化两个发展趋势，培养具有国际知识、懂、熟悉国际会计和商业惯例的高级会计人才。通过中英文双语融合教学提高学生的外语水平，培养他们适应对外交流的能力，直接了解国外先进的和方法、掌握国际会计实务和惯例。 具体来讲，专业课中英文双语融合教学的目标应该是一个有差别的、层次分明的目标体系，在实践中要有一定的渐进性。可以分为以下三个层次：第一层次，能大致听懂双语专业课程，能用常用英文词汇和句型进行简短的课堂发言，能借助字典看懂指定的专业英文教材，能正确使用英文完成作业；第二层次，能基本听懂专业双语课程，能用英文阐述自己的观点，能快速浏览教材并按要求查询重点，能用撰写简短专题文章；第三层次，能听懂双语课程，能用英文流利地表述观点、进行讨论，能熟练查阅国外专业期刊，能用英文撰写专题报告或论文。 根据上述中英文双语融合教学目标要求，结合会计学的学科特点及中英文双语融合教学实践反馈，笔者对下列会计专业主干课程应否采用中英文双语融合教学进行探讨。 1 《基础会计学》课程 中英文双语融合教学的课程在选择上应先易后难，逐步扩展范围，按教学目标层次逐步递进。会计专业基础课《基础会计学》是比较适合作为中英文双语融合教学课程的，其原因主要在于：从内容上看，这门课程比较容易，用英语授课学生容易理解，符合中英文双语融合教学课程先易后难这一规律。基础会计学具有较强的通用性，在对这门课进行双语授课的过程中不需要考虑各国会计准则的差异性，比较容易找到适用的英文原版教材。但由于这是会计学的专业入门课，而学生英语水平相对较差，所以在实施中英文双语融合教学的过程中，一定要结合学生的实际接受能力，而不要过分在意授课中英语的使用比例，要保证学生基本能掌握所讲授的知识，以免学生在一开始就丧失对会计学的学习兴趣，这将是得不偿失的。中英文双语融合教学的核心并不是英语，而是专业核心知识。所以教师在上课的过程中，要根据学生的反应及时调整，对于重点、难点部分可以先以中文讲授为主，等到学生逐步适应后，再加大英语授课的比重，以保证专业第一、第二。 同时，这门双语课的专业名词当中中英文出入比较大的，应重点讲解，提示学生注意，如我国的“权责发生制”与英文的“accrued basis”字面含义相差甚远；再如资产负债表(英文为“balance sheet”，其实应为“余额表”更为科学)等专业名词，若不进行中英文对照，很可能会在学生以后的专业学习中形成误解。即通过双语的学习，学生应同时对中英文的会计专业术语都有很好的理解。 加油~~
能免费下载到比较成功的会计学毕业论文的方法：找百度经验【 cnki中国知网怎么免费下载论文 】
学术论文
会计 教育 作为一种专业教育,对如何培养学生的过硬专业素质和综合职业能力,使学生学有所获,学以致用,是会计教育工作者应当认真思考与探索的问题。下面是我为大家整理的会计系 毕业 论文，供大家参考。
摘要：在社会的不断发展过程中，企业对会计专业人才的需求越来越大，对会计人员的个人工作能力和素质的要求越来越高，所以对会计教育的重视程度也在不断加强.提高会计人员的基本财务知识和专业 会计知识 是当前我国会计教育需要加强的重要的部分，丰富会计人员的视野和知识水平，以及提高他们的专业水平是会计教育的主要目的.我国的会计教育存在着或多或少的问题，时代的发展对培养所需要的会计人才的方式和内容都有了新的要求，会计教育中存在的问题和体制进行分析找出原因，进而提高我国会计人员的专业水平是我国会计教育中发展中需要解决的难题.本文主要对我国会计教育的现状进行分析，并对其的发展进行展望，期望为我国会计教育的发展提供帮助.
关键词：会计教育;现状;发展
我国社会的不断发展带动了很多产业的发展，同时行业所需要的人才的水平也越来越高，会计人才的需求也是如此.现如今我国的会计教育存在着很多的问题，相关的教育理念不够明确，学习体制不够完善和目标的脱离现实等都让我国会计教育的水平相对而言比较低下，会计人员的专业知识和素质等都不满足社会的要求.我们想要提高我国的会计人员的水平就必须对会计教育进行改革，完善会计教育的体制、提高老师们的教学水平和教学效率，才能够拉近我国与世界会计人员的水平，促进会计教育的发展.
1我国会计教育的现状
实践与理论分离
现如今我国的会计教育大都是直接向学生们灌输会计知识，在学习过程中比较枯燥，学生们不仅没有对会计知识产生足够的认识也丧失了对会计知识的学习兴趣，很多学生学习会计专业知识为了拿到一个会计资格证书，不注重会计知识的学习和会计的实践体会.其中重要的两个原因如下：其一是会计教育的课程的安排和设置不当，学生们所学到的会计知识与实际生活不符，不能在生活中进行验证，故而很多的会计方面的知识都是学过就忘，在以后的生活中不能够合理的进行应用，当遇到相关的问题时又临时去学习，不仅浪费了很多的时间，并且再次学习的效率也不高，仅仅从书面知识上了解大概不能够仔细的理解所讲述的内容.在当前科技飞速发展的背景下，各国对人才的培养都是理论与实践并进的，同时各种行业的知识也都有涉猎，不再仅追求术业有专攻反而向着全方位发展的人才方向前进[1].我国在进行会计教育的过程中，该专业的学生的课程设计比较单一，除了一些必要的政治课程和数学课程之外大都是相关的会计课程，并没有设立一些其他的人文、科技等课程.这种课程安排让学生的视野没有得到最大限度的发展，会计专业的学生在其他知识方面处于弱势，尤其是计算机方面.在科技不断发展的今天，计算机技术已经成为当前大学生必备的基础技能，所以会计教育的课程安排不能够合理，不能够为我国提供适合时代要求的人才.其二是学生在学习过程中实践过少，不能够熟练的做到将理论知识运用到实践中去.学生一般都是生活在校园的环境中，很少接触到市场和经济环境，对很多的企业的知识不够了解.并且会计教育的课程中只包含一些基础的理论课程和大范围上面的理论知识，对于很多的企业的会计知识的细节不够详细，老师们不能够对企业中的很多细节问题进行讲解和分析，让学生只能够靠背的方式学习会计知识，在毕业之后不能够符合企业的人才要求，导致大学生的就业比较困难，不能够将理论与实践很好地结合在一起.
教育的目标不够明确
我国的会计教育的培养目的是向社会输送能够从事相关职业的人才，期望弥补我国在会计行业上面的人员缺失.在刚改革开放时，这种会计教育的目的能够符合我国的基本国情，培养大量的会计人员.不过社会和科技的发展对会计教育的培养目标有了更高水平的要求，会计教育的层次、深度和制度也在不断地发生改变，提高我国会计教育的培养目标也是这一改变的必然结果.同时，市场和经济的变化多端和会计教育课程上课程变化都没有对会计教育的目标进行明确的定义，也模糊了会计教育的培养目的.
教育体系不够完善
会计教育的体系和体制不够完善让其为社会输送的会计人才的效果打了折扣，不能够发挥其真实的作用.其一是会计教育的专业设置不符合时代对会计人才的培养要求.在专业课程的确定和排位上，领导们时常对专业的安排上比较随意，合并和增减专业是一种常见的现象，长远的会计人才培养和全方位人才的培养计划没有贯彻执行.我国的会计教育课程上，出了一些有用的相关专业外还设置了其他一些专业，这些专业都是没有很大实用价值，是一些可有可无的专业，与实际生活的相关性不强，不能够锻炼到学生的能力和开拓视野的效果，浪费了学生学习的黄金时段.会计教育所培养出来的学生大都只对会计方面的知识有很浅显的了解，既不能够满足会计人才的要求也不符合新时代对全方位人才的培养计划，并且大学生的就业困难和专业技能低下等都是我国会计教育体制不完善造成的后果.会计教育的专业课程设置不合理，课程分类也符合课程的内涵，造成专业的设置和分类等设定不符合时代要求.其二是课程的设置不合理，专业课程的教学课时比较少而且课程内容不够丰富等都让会计教育的课程设定不符合人才计划的要求.很多公开的课程都添加到会计专业学生的学习课程中，很多科技、社会和一些会计课程都被忽略了，培养的会计人员的专业知识有限，不能够符合企业对会计人员的基本要求.会计知识的范围面比较窄，其他行业的知识又不了解严重的阻碍了大学生的今后的发展，综合能力的培养力度不够，在工作中可能受到很大的打击.其三是教学内容比较陈旧，没有与时俱进也不够完整.我国的会计教育方面关于会计知识的教学大纲没有一个统一的标准，教学内容也存在着异议，让高校在进行会计教育中难以抉择，教学内容一般都是集合大部分教学标准的共同部分，并且没有及时的对教学内容进行更新，很多年都沿用同一会计教学的内容，让学生们所接受的会计知识系统没有与时俱进不能够跟上时代的发展脚步，不满足企业对会计人员的专业知识的要求.不仅如此，还有很多的专业课程的知识上面存在重复的内容，浪费同学和老师的时间也没有取得更好的学习效率，如会计教育中的成本控制内容在成本会计和管理会计两门课程上都有讲述.
教育理念不明确
我国会计教育中的教育理念的不明确是我国会计教育落后的根本原因，这种理念的不明确让老师们在教学过程中找不到教学的主次，学生们也相应的不能够取得较好的会计能力，学习能力不满足社会的需求[2].这一影响主要表现在以下几个方面：其一是比较注重对人才的专业技能的提高忽视了个人素质的提升;大多数老师和家长等对学生的学习成绩等的要求比较严格，让学生形成了一种只要学习好就一切都好的意识，不关注其他方面技能和知识的锻炼和积累，在学习过程中也比较重视那些重点的科目，在很多综合性的素质培养的课堂上做其他事情，个人的素质没有得到提高，在未来的工作中可能会受到很多的影响.其二是对专业技能的重视超过了对国家法律法规的限定.会计是一个对企业的财务有着很大影响的职位，做好会计的工作与个人的职业素养和法规的重视程度有很大的关系.我国现如今有很多会计人员没有遵循法律的要求而贪污受贿等给企业造成了很大损失的事情时有发生，所以加强会计教育中法律法规内容的讲授是十分必要的，要让会计人员在心中设定一杆秤，衡量自己在工作过程中的行为是否符合标准.其三是在会计教育中看中学生对学习过的知识的记忆程度而不是学生在学习过程中的思考;会计是一项管理经济的工作，需要我们在理论中思考，在实践中学习，在思考中理解和融会贯通并且能够灵活的运用到实际生活工作中去.老师们利用实际案例进行教学能够很好地让学生们将所学到的知识进行思考并且运用到工作中去，有利于培养学生的综合能力和专业素质，对今后学生在工作中独立思考解决问题有很大的帮助[3].不过从我国的会计教育的现状来看，我国的会计教育过程中并没有注意到在利用实际案例进行教学和分析，书本上所学到的知识比较的枯燥无味，仅要求学生对这些知识的了解而已，没有引发学生对这一内容的深入思考和分析.
教育层次分层不清晰
我国的会计教育的层次分层不清晰，比较偏向于会计学历方面的教育.随着社会的发展和教育的不断改革，会计教育也在不断发生着变化，更加倾向于会计学历层次的教育，很多的专门的会计教育机构都相继在这种情况下处于关闭状态，如果这种现象继续发展可能会导致会计行业的人才的严重缺失.我国会计教育在层次上分层不清晰的问题虽然还没有显现出来，但是还是能够从会计教育的结构上可以发现，并且随着社会的继续发展这方面的问题早晚都会给我国会计行业的发展带来严重的影响.我国如何对会计教育进行改革来为企业输送更加符合要求的会计人才以及增强会计人员自身素质和个人竞争力等都是现如今所面临的亟待解决会计教育行业中的问题.我国要解决这一问题就需要针对会计教育这一方面进行改革，根据时代的发展趋势和环境的多方面考虑，不断地完善会计教育的专业和课程的体制，以及会计教育的层次分类等增强会计从业人员的工作能力和工作素质，为我国经济事业的正常发展提供一份保障[4].
2我国会计教育的发展前景展望
在现如今的社会发展趋势下，我国的会计教育面临着很多的问题，这既是我国会计教育的所面临的挑战也是一种机遇，当我国的会计教育跨过这一道阻碍将会获得更大的发展，会计教育前景十分好，需要我们能够对此进行正确的引导，实现我国会计教育的更进一步的发展.我国会计教育需要更加贴近国际水平，向着国际化的水平发展是我国会计教育的发展趋势.在这一过程中想要更快更好地实现目标需要我们对会计教育的教师、学科等向着国际化方向发展.其中教师方面的国际化发展就是在会计教育中要首先培养或者引进高素质、高技能的师资队伍，只有在这一方面上的资源足够丰富才能够为我国培养更多的高水平会计人才，是实现会计教育国际化的基石.我们在组建更加靠近国际化的会计教师队伍的过程中，要注重会计教师的自身的会计知识的储备和更新，增加会计教师的来源通道，保证会计教育中教师自身会计知识能够满足社会的发展，为保证培养出更加贴近实际生活中的会计人才奠定基础.另外还要建立一个相关的会计知识的交流会，并对会计教育的老师们进行分类和分层，在不同的阶段进行不同层次的教学，毕竟老师资源是培养符合时代要求的人才的必备资源之一、老师们的影响对学生们对会计知识的了解和认识以及是否会进一步的探究有着很大的影响.在对会计教育国际化发展的过程中，老师水平的国际化也需要得到国家相关政策的支持，这是会计教育发展过程中最重要的支柱之一.另一方面的发展趋势就是学科的国际化.我国在加入国际贸易组织后教育的观念逐渐向国际的教育观念靠拢，迟早只看重学历而不注重自身的工作能力的观念将会逐渐被企业淘汰，符合时代要求的全方面发展的工作能力强的人才需求会越来越大，所以会计教育向着会计学科国际化的方向发展是一种必然的发展方向[5].对会计教育的课程和教学方式进行改革是最佳的促进我国会计教育国际化发展的一种方式.在这种发展过程中首先要将会计教育的教学课程进行合理的安排，让学生在学习过程中不仅要学习到相关的会计知识也要对其他学科有所涉猎，拓宽学生的知识深度和广度，一些可有可无的课程也可以酌情删减，为快速培养人才提供所必须的时间.其次是对老师们的教学方式的改变，向着学生们更加喜欢、老师们更加轻松的方向进行，培养学生们的自主学习能力和思考能力，为培养学生更强的工作能力做出贡献.
3 总结
经济社会的发展带动了社会的进步，会计教育也要做出相应的改变，为社会和企业提供所需要的新时代人才，会计教育的发展道路上也不是一帆风顺的，我们要克服困难，向着更加符合国际标准的会计教育方向发展.
参考文献：
〔1〕田冠军,张亚连.会计教育国际化发展现状及未来趋势[J].财会通讯,2011(12):26-28.
〔2〕李震.我国大学环境会计教育现状与发展趋势浅析[J].会计之友,2011(18):120-121.
〔3〕王秀芬.河南省会计本科教育的现状及发展对策[J].郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版),2013(05):171-174.
〔4〕吴平.我国会计教育国际化的发展现状及未来趋势[J].绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学),2012(03):112-114+120.
〔5〕__斌.国外会计伦理教育:现状与启示[J].会计与经济研究,2013(03):50-56.
摘要：保险企业会计具有自身的特点，其与一般企业会计特征不同。在当前商业竞争越来越激烈的新形势下，保险企业会计环境越来越复杂，特别是会计信息失真问题的存在，给保险企业的发展带来了较大的风险。因此，需要针对保险企业会计信息失真的原因进行深入分析，并进一步对保险企业会计信息失真进行有效防范，为保险企业健康、有序发展奠定良好的基础。
关键词：保险企业;会计信息失真;原因;防范 措施
一、保险企业会计信息失真的原因
1.保险机构自身经营理念不成熟
我国保险行业起步晚，无论是经营理念还是 经验 都有所欠缺。在当前保险行业发展过程中，更重视对企业规模的扩大，部分保险企业甚至将保费规模作为考核的重要指标，下属公司在发展过程中，往往会不计成本来争取实现保费规模的扩大，这不仅会增加保单获取成本，而且还不利于保险市场的有序发展。
2.保险企业财务费用政策和考核指标设置不科学
当前，保险总公司通常会依据分支机构的业务量来进行下拨费用，而且对下拨费用管理采用比例控制原则。但由于在实际运营过程中，各分支机构面临着复杂的市场情况，各项费用支出比例通常会高于总公司规定的比例。而为了达到总公司的费用考核要求，往往会人为对费用科目进行调整。当前保险市场竞争越来越激烈，再加之各地经济发展水平及消费水平存在一定的差异性，各地保险分支机构经营管理及发展业务的成本也存在差异。但保险总公司在对分支机构费用政策制定时缺乏细致的 市场调查 ，对分支机构的管理缺乏针对性，分支机构费用紧张已成为普遍问题，这就会使其为了运营需要而采用各种规违方式来套钱。
3.保险企业内控制度执行不力，管理方式粗放
当前，很大一部分保险公司对分支机构按照一定的费用率进行相应费用拨付，但对于经费具体的使用情况缺乏有效管理。而且，在业绩考核时缺乏严格的把关，对分支机构经营数据缺乏稽核和审计，给各分支机构在会计信息数据上作假提供了可乘之机。另外，在管理上更侧重于对二级机构的重审，对三级和四级机构的管理较为薄弱，这也使三级和四级机构数据作假现象较为严重。
4.缺乏完善的外部监管体系，监管力度不够
我国保险市场发展不完善，各种制度还没有全部理顺，对违法违规行为缺乏有效制裁。同时，监管部门主要依靠行政处罚手段来治理会计信息造假现象，由于会计信息造假成本低，再加之受制于利益驱动，从而导致当前保险行业会计信息失真现象较为普遍。
5.保险企业会计从业人员素质有待提高
我国保险企业会计人员综合素质普遍较低，且法制观念淡薄，缺乏应用职业道德，独立能力差，在工作中往往会屈服于压力而进行违规操作，从而导致会计信息失真现象发生。
二、保险业会计信息失真的防范措施
1.建立健全效益导向型的经营理念
保险公司要树立科学发展的理念，要建立健全以效益为导向的业绩考核制度和财务费用制度，降低考核指标中保费规模的权重，提高利润、效益、内含价值等指标权重。
2.建立科学的财务费用政策和考核指标体系
保险企业为了能有效提高会计信息的真实性，需要在费用管理上确保支出的弹性，并进一步对经费使用审批管理进行加强，避免制定费用预算时过细，对各类费用支出比例在设定时，要确保各分支机构对控制费用支出额度和流向上要具有一定的权限，同时还要对各分支机构自主支配费用的额度和范围进行压缩，从而更好地对分支机构数据造假行为进行规避。
3.加强内部控制制度的建设
建立高效的内审机构，强化内审部门的力量，提高其工作效率及独立性。在内部审计工作中，需要加大对数据真实性的检查和考核力度，通过逐级、同级及抽查等多种方式对各分支机构的业务数据进行广泛覆盖。同时，还要通过对资金等重要控制点进行管控和集中管理，在提高资金使用效率的同时，也确保能更好地对会计信息失真现象进行有效防范。
4.加强外部的会计监管力度
社会审计对企业会计信息具有监管职责，特别是在当前经济环境变化的新形势下，在审订工作中更重视对会计报表进行审计，这就给会计信息造假提供了机会。因此，需要在审计业务开展过程中对保险企业的会计造假现象进行重点关注，同时注册会计师也需要不断强化自身的职业道德素质及执业能力，以便能对会计信息造假现象进行有效防范。
5.提高财务人员整体素质
进一步对保险会计人员从业资格制度进行完善，提高道德规范水平，加大对会计制度法规的培训力度。提高保险会计责任人的任职资格和资历要求。通过对财务人员进行法律风险防范教育，使其通过法律风险知识的学习，更好地掌握法律基本理念和知识，努力强化保险会计人员的法律意识，提高其自身的法律修养，同时还要进一步充实自身的知识结构，从而有效提高会计工作质量，保证企业会计信息的真实性。
三、结语
会计信息作为重要的社会信息资源，不仅是投资者及债权人对财务状况进行了解的重要依据，也是企业改善经营管理及对风险进行防范的重要信息数据。因此，需要确保会计信息的真实性和可靠性。当前，保险业发展过程中会计信息失真现象较为严重，需要进一步对制度进行完善，采取切实可行的措施对会计信息失真进行有效防范，更好地促进保险行业的健康、持续发展。
参考文献：
[1]梁志明.保险会计信息规则性失真问题分析[J].会计师,2011(6).
[2]王敏.企业会计信息失真的对策分析[J].商业 文化 (下半月),2011(3).
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4. 本科会计毕业论文范文
5. 关于会计专业毕业论文范文
关于会计主体概念及资本成本会计理论的思考自从1973年美国会计学家罗伯特。N.安东尼教授（）在《哈佛企业评论》（Harvard Business Review）发表了题为“权益资本成本会计”（Accounting for the Costof Equity Capital）论文之后，资本成本会计问题成为会计学界关注和论争的热点。80年代安东尼教授进一步阐述和发展其理论构想。今天，中外会计学界都将资本成本会计视为未来会计的发展趋势之一。科斯（Coase）认为“会计理论是企业理论的一个部分”①。本文试图从经济学的角度，以金融市场为依托，以现代企业理论为基础，讨论安东尼教授所提出的资本成本会计理论构想，并以此为契机对会计学概念进行经济学思考。一、现代企业理论：现代会计学的理论基石在现代企业理论中，关于企业的性质，有两种影响较大的观点，表现为对企业的两种不同定义，一是科斯的定义，二是詹森（Jensen）和麦克林（Meckling）的定义。根据科斯的定义，“企业的显著标志是对价格机制的替代”。他把企业和市场视为“两种可相互替代的协调生产的手段。”“在企业之外，价格运动调节着生产，对生产的协调是通过一系列市场交易来实现的。在企业内部，这些市场交易不存在了，与这些交易相联系的复杂的市场结构让位于调节生产的企业家一协调者。”②显然，科斯基本上是把企业理解成为一种与市场协调机制具有相同职能因而可以相互替代的行政协调机制。关于企业的另一种定义是詹森和麦克林于1976年提出的。他们把企业定义为一种组织。这种组织和大多数其它组织一样，是一种法律虚构，其职能是为个人之间的一组契约关系充当连接点；就企业而言，这“一组契约关系”就是劳动所有者、物质投入和资本投入的提供者、产出品的消费者相互之间的契约关系。③这里的契约关系既包括我们通常理解的明确的书面或口头契约，也包括不明确的契约，即所谓“默契”。如果我们以个人为基本分析单位，企业所包含的内容就必然被分解为若干契约关系，参与这种契约关系的无非是生产要素的提供者和产出品的消费者。如果我们撇开这些契约关系，再来看企业的话，那么，企业就只是一个空洞的名词了。显然，如果詹森和麦克林的观点正确，那么，意味着对科斯的观点之否定。詹森和麦克林强调的是“契约关系”的确立过程，但是，他们忽略了“契约关系”的贯彻过程；而科斯却相反，他强调的是“契约关系”的贯彻过程，而忽略了“契约关系”的确立过程，因而未能充分指明企业内部的协调与外部的市场协调的内在联系。企业不同于市场的根本之处在于它具有生产的功能。就契约关系的确立而言，企业确实是一系列契约的连接点，但是，作为一个与市场不同的、具有“生产功能”的企业，在契约确立之后面临的问题就是如何贯彻这些契约。这时，企业就成为一个层级组织。一系列契约关系的贯彻过程就是在这样的层级组织中进行的。因此，全面地理解企业的性质，应该是把表面上似乎对立的这两种企业定义结合起来，企业既是个人之间一组契约关系的连接点，又是一个层级组织，这两者是不矛盾的。可见，企业具有双重性质。企业同时具有这两方面的性质正表明了在市场经济环境下企业与市场的关系：作为层级组织，企业是市场的对立面，它是一种性质不同的协调手段；然而，作为层级组织的企业恰好又是市场本身的产物。除非整个国民经济变成一个“巨型企业”，否则，离开了市场，企业便不能产生。在确立了企业具有双重性质之后，后面的行文将根据需要而强调其中某一重性质。尽管今天企业的组织形式存在独资企业、合伙企业和公司三种形式，但是，我认为现代企业理论最适合的企业组织形式是公司制度。发达的金融市场和现代公司制度相辅相承、共同发展的同时，推动了现代会计学的发展和完善，而完善的会计信息系统，通过提供相关的会计信息，促进社会资源的合理流动和配置，又反过来促进金融市场和现代公司制度的发展和繁荣。这就是现代公司制度、金融市场与会计学具有共生互动性。因此，以现代公司制度为基础的现代企业理论构成现代会计学的理论基石。现代会计学的许多基础问题如会计主体概念等都建立在现代企业理论基础上。离开现代企业理论就没有现代会计学可言。二、现代企业制度：现代会计主体概念发展的经济学基础会计主体是现代会计学的基本概念，因此，以现代企业制度为基础，从经济学的角度对之进行探讨，有助于会计学界从更高层次理解和把握会计基本理论问题。会计主体（Accounting Entity）概念是一个古老的会计学概念。13世纪地中海沿岸各国的会计活动中广泛采用的复式簿记（复式记帐）就已经有了“会计主体”的萌牙，但是，它发展到今天成为现代会计赖以存在和发展的基本前提却与现代企业制度的发展密切相关。虽然企业的所有权与经营权分离大概到19世纪下半叶才在现代管理理论上得到正式承认，但是早在以盈利为目的的经营组织出现之时，独立会计已经孕育着这样的基本思想：企业必须是一个相对独立于其所有者的经济实体。从这个意义上说，会计主体基本假定促进了企业所有权与经营权的分离。当然，会计主体概念的真正确立必须以企业经营独立性为前提。在独资或合伙企业阶段，会计主体概念虽然产生，但仍不可能得到充分认识和应用。只有到了股份公司制度阶段，企业的所有权与经营权明显地分离了，会计主体概念才具有明确的实际意义。企业作为会计主体，在会计核算上，从而，在经济上要相对独立，必须成为独立于所有者之外的“法人”。而公司制度就是人们创造出来的法人。但是，事物的发展并非如此简单。在早期，会计主体??企业的所有者并没有放弃自己对企业的所有权。在相当长的历史对期内，指导会计主体的基本理论是所有权观念（Proprietary Concept），所有权观念主宰着财务会计。虽然这个理论也承认企业在会计上是一个独立的主体，甚至也承认企业所占用的资产应当与业主或所有者分离，但是，它又突出地强调，企业的全部资产归所有者所有，企业全部的负债也由所有者承担，构成所有者的义务。所有权观念只是要求会计主体概念服从于业主严格管理和考核企业经营成果的需要，并不完全承认作为会计主体的企业在经营上的独立性或相对独立性。以后，随着金融市场和企业组织形式的变革，公司这种企业组织形式后来居上。这时，财务会计的基本观念发生相应的变革，从原来的所有权观念转变为主体观念（Entity Concept）。西方会计学者对主体观念的表述虽然存在一定的差异，但是，基本上都包括：①公司与股东的关系如同与外界长期债权人的关系；②股东不拥有公司的经营利润（只有宣告股利及股利支付范围的份额才属于股东）；③股东仅仅是公司的投资者，不干预公司的具体经营管理；④财产视为公司占有与支配，而不属于股东；⑤财务报表是面向包括公司管理当局在内的全部利益集团，并非仅仅为股东编制。根据主体观念，公司被认为是一个与其所有者相独立的主体。这个主体本身是独立存在的，甚至具有自身的人格化。公司作为一个会计主体，以其全部资产对其债务承担责任，而股东则以其所认购股份对公司承担有限责任。企业拥有的资产是企业的资产，企业拥有的负债是企业的负债。目前我国的公司法体现了这点。会计主体概念要求主体与主体的所有者以及其它主体严格区分开来，会计总是计量某一个特定主体的财务状况和经营成果。这就是现代会计学的会计主体概念。然而，会计主体与法律主体（法人）不同，法人都可以是会计主体，但会计主体却不一定是法人。例如，独资或合伙企业在会计上视为会计主体，但是，它们却不具有法人资格。法人是指在政府部门注册登记、具有独立财产、能够承担民事责任的法律实体，它强调的是企业与各方面的经济法律关系。这点正与我们前面强调的企业是一系列契约关系的连接点相吻合。这也正是我认为现代企业理论最适合的企业组织形式是公司制度的原因之所在。企业要成为真正的会计主体，必须在法律上被赋予独立的财产权。而现代公司制度满足了这一点。现代公司制度可以从不同侧面来描述，其中一个重要特征就是公司的法人财产权制度。完整的法人财产权制度至少包括三项内容：①法人财产的形成制度或会计学上所说资本金制度。在投资者依法将其资金投入公司之后，这部分资金就与投资者的其它财产相区别，投资者不再直接支配这部分资金，也不能随意从公司抽回。所有投资者注入公司的资金加上公司在经营过程中产生的负债所形成的资产，构成公司的法人财产。②法人对其财产的权利制度。一方面，公司法人可以依法对法人财产行使各项权利如财产的支配权、使用权等；另一方面，公司以全部法人财产承担民事责任。③投资者对公司法人财产及其权利的制约机制：董事会和监事会。公司的法人财产权制度是现代公司制度的基础。这是因为：①如果公司没有必要的财产，公司就不具备法人条件；②如果公司对其法人财产不具有独立支配的权利，公司就不可能依法独立承担民事责任，也不可能成为民法关系的主体；③如果公司没有法人财产权利，公司就不可能成为自主经营、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束的独立的经济实体。在这里，会计主体实际上是自主经营、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束的独立的经济实体的同义语，会计主体与法律主体在现代公司制度上达到完美的统一。以上文章仅供参考啊。
摘要：Abstract:随着现代社会经济的发展，经过近十年的发展，我国注册会计师行业从无到有，其地位和作用日益被社会所认识，注册会计师队伍也稳步发展，其服务领域也从单纯的查帐验资逐步发展到会计报表审计，验资、设计会计制度，提供管理咨询、代理纳税申报等各个方面。With the development of modern social economy China's Certified Public Account (CPA)profession has grown gradually from nothing through the development for near ten years, its position and roles have been increasingly recognized by the society, and the ranks of CPA has also grown steadily. Now the service scope of CPA has been gradually expanded from simple capital adult and capital verification to various aspects such as adult of accounting statement, capital veriation, design of accounting systems,providing managemeent consultancy,acting tax returns.虽然我国的会计市场已经逐渐地建立起来，但社会的发展使注册会计师行业面临着激烈的竞争，其中往往伴随着不公平竞争，这一系列恶性竞争为我国注册会计师执业质量、公众形象、行业的壮大、财务信息使用者的利益带来了极大的影响。规范管理，建立公平竞争会计服务市场成为了当前注册会计师行业的当务之急。Although China's accounting market has been established gradually, the CPA profession is facing keen competition owing to the social development, of which unfair competitions often can be seen. Such kinds of malicious competitian bring about tremendous impact on the work quality, public image,and growth of CPA, as well as the benefits of financial information users. Consequently, to standardize the management and establish fairly competitive accounting services market has become a current priority of the CPA profession.关键词：会计市场 竞争 影响 规范管理Key Words: accounting market, competition,impact, standardized management
会计论文外文参考文献
会计论文外文参考文献都有哪些呢？下面是我整理的会计论文外文参考文献，欢迎参考借鉴！
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管理会计是指通过一系列专门方法，利用财务会计提供的资料及其他资料进行加工、整理和报告，并帮助决策者作出各种专门决策的一个会计分支，还在苦恼管理会计的论文参考文献搜索哪些比较实用，就看看我为你们搜集整理出来的管理会计论文参考文献实用范例吧，希望对你有帮助。
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[18] 王斌，李苹莉. 关于企业预算目标确定及其分解的理论分析[J]. 会计研究. 2001(08)
[19] 《管理会计应用与发展的典型案例研究》课题组，林斌，刘运国，谭光明，张玉虎. 作业成本法在我国铁路运输企业应用的案例研究[J]. 会计研究. 2001(02)
[20] 胡玉明. 21世纪管理会计主题的转变--从企业价值增值到企业核心能力培植[J]. 外国经济与管理. 2001(01)
With the modern social and economic development, after nearly 10 years of development, China Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry from scratch, its status and role of the community was growing awareness of the ranks of Certified Public Accountants has developed steadily, and its services from a simple audit To the progressive development of capital accounting statement audit, capital and accounting system designed to provide management consulting, tax returns agent, and so on. Although China's accounting market has been gradually established, but the development of society so that the CPA is facing intense competition, which is often accompanied by unfair competition, this series of cut-throat competition in China Institute of Certified Public Accountants for the quality of their work, the public image of the industry Growth of the user's financial information has brought about tremendous benefits. Standardize the management of the establishment of a level playing field accounting services market has become a current priority of the CPA.
With the modern social and economic development, after nearly 10 years of development, China Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry from scratch, its status and role of the community was growing awareness of the ranks of Certified Public Accountants has developed steadily, and its services from a simple audit To the progressive development of capital accounting statement audit, capital and accounting system designed to provide management consulting, tax returns agent, and so on. Although China's accounting market has been gradually established, but the development of society so that the CPA is facing intense competition, which is often accompanied by unfair competition, this series of cut-throat competition in China Institute of Certified Public Accountants for the quality of their work, the public image of the industry Growth of the user's financial information has brought about tremendous benefits. Standardize the management of the establishment of a level playing field accounting services market has become a current priority of the CPA. Key words: competition in the market impact of accounting regulation
With the modern social and economic development, after nearly 10 years of development, China Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry from scratch, its status and role of the community was growing awareness of the ranks of Certified Public Accountants has developed steadily, and its services from a simple audit To the progressive development of capital accounting statement audit, capital and accounting system designed to provide management consulting, tax returns agent, and so on. Although China's accounting market has been gradually established, but the development of society so that the CPA is facing intense competition, which is often accompanied by unfair competition, this series of cut-throat competition in China Institute of Certified Public Accountants for the quality of their work, the public image of the industry Growth of the user's financial information has brought about tremendous benefits. Standardize the management of the establishment of a level playing field accounting services market has become a current priority of the CPA.
摘要：Abstract:随着现代社会经济的发展，经过近十年的发展，我国注册会计师行业从无到有，其地位和作用日益被社会所认识，注册会计师队伍也稳步发展，其服务领域也从单纯的查帐验资逐步发展到会计报表审计，验资、设计会计制度，提供管理咨询、代理纳税申报等各个方面。With the development of modern social economy China's Certified Public Account (CPA)profession has grown gradually from nothing through the development for near ten years, its position and roles have been increasingly recognized by the society, and the ranks of CPA has also grown steadily. Now the service scope of CPA has been gradually expanded from simple capital adult and capital verification to various aspects such as adult of accounting statement, capital veriation, design of accounting systems,providing managemeent consultancy,acting tax returns.虽然我国的会计市场已经逐渐地建立起来，但社会的发展使注册会计师行业面临着激烈的竞争，其中往往伴随着不公平竞争，这一系列恶性竞争为我国注册会计师执业质量、公众形象、行业的壮大、财务信息使用者的利益带来了极大的影响。规范管理，建立公平竞争会计服务市场成为了当前注册会计师行业的当务之急。Although China's accounting market has been established gradually, the CPA profession is facing keen competition owing to the social development, of which unfair competitions often can be seen. Such kinds of malicious competitian bring about tremendous impact on the work quality, public image,and growth of CPA, as well as the benefits of financial information users. Consequently, to standardize the management and establish fairly competitive accounting services market has become a current priority of the CPA profession.关键词：会计市场 竞争 影响 规范管理Key Words: accounting market, competition,impact, standardized management
SaaS the pattern and discusses in accountant's application - - discusses the net online supervisory service take the friend as the example abstract: SaaS is Software as a Service (software is service) the abbreviation, this kind provides through the network for the user rents software's pattern, will become in the future 10 year software industry development new direction. Along with SaaS this kind of software application pattern promotion and development, regardless of from tradition management software manufacturer's Jin Die, uses the friend, the telecommunication and the motion operator, as well as have devoted to the small and medium-sized enterprise ERP market business power and the golden abacus, SaaS already became the topic which industry in the enterprise most craves. But along with IBM, Microsoft, HP and so on international giant announced one after another enters the SaaS area of technology, may foresee, belongs to the SaaS time soon to arrive! In the past accountant often is regarded as is a science, a tool, actually accountant is one kind of service. Along with Internet's fast development, Internet the profession will also bring the revolutionary to accountant influence. Its engineering factor, the network environment and professional service ability already had, the widespread user's needs will be promote this revolutionary the realistic power, the lead who SaaS will become this transformation, SaaS have the huge influence and the transformation to accounting event processing and the supervisory work. key word: Accountant SaaS pattern online software integration application
[经济管理] 浅谈会计人才评价 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无 内容： 在以人为本、人才兴国的战略指导下，财政部从去年开始直接组织高层次会计人才培训，计划用10年左右的时间，培养和造就一批精通业务、善于管理、熟悉国际惯例、具有国际视野和战略思维的高素质、复合型领军人才，发挥会计人才在强化会计职能、宣传会计政策、组织继续教育、研究实务问题等方面的组织推动和辐射作用。这是促进我国会计队伍整体素质全面、迅速提高的一个重要举措。国家通过组织会计从业资格考试、会计技术职称考试、…… [Economic Management] on the evaluation of accounting personnel [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: In people-oriented, human resources strategy of rejuvenating the country, under the guidance of the Ministry of Finance last year directly from high-level accounting personnel training, plans to use about 10 years time, to cultivate and foster a number of good business, good management, familiar with international practice, with an international perspective and strategic thinking of high-quality, complex-type leader personnel, accounting personnel to play in strengthening the accounting functions, accounting policies publicity, organization of continuing education, research and other aspects of the practical problems of organizations to promote the role and radiation. This is to promote the overall quality of China's accounting comprehensive, rapid increase in an important initiative. Through the organization of national accounting qualification examination, the examination of accounting titles, ... ... 12. [Economic Management] On Budget Accounting Problems and Solutions [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: To 1 January, 1998 full implementation of "a total budget of the financial accounting system", "administrative accounting system", "accounting standards and institutions" (pilot), "Accounting systems and institutions" as the signs that have been out of our budget accounting under the planned economy model, embarked on the establishment of the need to adapt to a market economy with Chinese characteristics, scientific norms of the road budget for the accounting model. In recent years, with the financial management to accelerate the pace of structural reform, designed in accordance with the theory of public finance budget management model has to start building, budgeting, implementation and other aspects of the management system is undergoing a fundamental change in the budget accounting of customer ... ... 13. [Economic Management] of the bank accounting management [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: Bank accounting is the emergence of banks and at the same time the birth. Each bank's business operation, that is, the operation of bank accounting, the accounting process to achieve through accounting. In other words, the bank accounts of the accounting process, that is specific for banking business and the realization of the basic functions of the banking process. Bank accounting is not only an important basis for the work of banks, the banks can be an objective starting to reflect the operations, accounting and supervisory role, and of these three banks accounting functions can also be counterproductive in the operation of banks, which are complementary to each other. Accounting functions of the bank to play properly, it may be to promote the bank's business ... ... 14. [Economic Management] of accession to the WTO to meet in rural areas, economic and accounting challenges [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: I. Analysis of the current situation: the 21st century, peace and development remain the two main themes of the world. However, we are faced with the times and changes in the competitive environment. (-) Modern science and technology, the rapid development of knowledge-based economy. The 21st century, state-to-state competition in comprehensive national strength, the key is the competitive scientific and technological strength, the use of high precision, the new science and technology to improve the social productive forces, has been to increase the overall national strength has become an important tool. The overall development of science and technology, integrated and cross-cutting nature, science and technology of an unprecedented rapid spread of knowledge into application and production, will greatly promote the economic and social development. (B) of the whole ... ... 15. [Economic Management], after joining the WTO China's CPA industry supply and demand analysis [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: After China's accession to the WTO Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry analysis of supply and demand has joined the World Trade Organization, which China's reform and opening up will enter a new phase. Accession to the WTO on China's accounting market is bound to a certified public accountant and have a profound impact on the industry, this has been done on a number of experts and scholars. This article from the perspective of supply and demand of China's accession to the WTO a certified public accountant, after an analysis of the industry and pointed out that China's CPA industry will face in the WTO situation and problems, and countermeasures to be taken. A needs analysis: a huge market demand and development of space after China's WTO entry, China's CPA industry needs to face the main ... ... 16. [Economic Management] on the application of a number of issues of Management Accounting Thoughts [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: Management accounting is to meet the needs of economic management within the organization need to be gradually formed and developed, its main function is to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness of a variety of established system of internal accounting controls, preparation and delivery of internal management needs of the kinds of data, information and so on. Ways and means of its needs depending on the design, depending on its mode of economic organization in nature, size, operation and management mode to another. It is the most important function is the best business decisions for maximum operational efficiency and provide a variety of useful programs and information. At present, the Management Accounting in China in the application of business management are at a critical turning point ... ... 17. [Economic Management] Accounting for the current problems and countermeasures [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: The current issue of Accounting and Accounting Measures of the work of my late start, from the 20th century until the late 70s, has experienced trying to stage, stage of development of spontaneous and organized, planned and steady development stage, to current management accounting software-based phase of development. More than 20 years in this course of development, has made great progress, the commercialization of GM of the financial software is widely used. Many of the accounting software development is moving toward specialization, commercialization and socialization of the track. However, due to the financial characteristics of the work itself, as well as the rapid development of networks, the rapid emergence of e-commerce, etc., some ... ... 18. [Economic Management] accounting integrity remodeling [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: Securities market in 2001, the Guangxia, MACAT, ST Dawn of listed companies, such as a series of accounting fraud cases came to light, like a nuclear bomb, the explosion of China's accounting profession, and the outbreak of the end of last year the United States the wake of the Enron case, as well as the recent WorldCom, Xerox, the company's accounting fraud case, it led to a serious crisis in international accounting, the past was known as the iron abacus accounting staff, as a rat running across the street. The credibility of accounting has been severely damaged, resulting in Premier Zhu Rongji in Shanghai National Accounting Institute made no inspection of the school motto accounting. Facing a serious crisis of confidence, how to rebuild the credibility of accounting, ... ... 19. [Economic Management] The essence of strategic management accounting research and analysis of the characteristics [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: First, the nature of strategic management accounting studies, the nature of Strategic Management Accounting Strategic Management Accounting (Strategic Management Accounting hereinafter SMA) is the development of management accounting, but also of the SMA did not form a unified understanding. Although many people have heard their is a clear lack of understanding. Here the author and from the strategic management of SMA, SMA, and the meaning and the development of SMA with the traditional distinction between the management of three areas of accounting, the nature of the SMA. (A) Strategic Management and the SMA SMA-shaped ... ... 20. [Economic Management] Internet era accounting system of innovation: to define property rights and market-oriented [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [10] Description: None Content: 【Abstract】 The development of network technology, making accounting information in order to lower cost is expected to be completed to define property rights, which means private products to sell in the market; to negotiate lower costs, so that the original accounting controls may become loose; information distance real-time transmission costs decline, making the production functions of accounting information may be completed by the market, that is, shareholders can be the production of accounting information entrusted to the enterprise other than the trustee, and so on. Finally, this paper, the direction of future research. 【Key Words】 accounting information network technology to hand over power market transaction costs of technology innovation, as well as existing accounting in many ... ...12. [经济管理] 试论我国预算会计存在的问题与对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无 内容： 以1998年1月1日起全面执行《财政总预算会计制度》、《行政单位会计制度》、《事业单位会计准则》(试行)、《事业单位会计制度》为标志，表明我国预算会计已摆脱计划经济体制下的模式，走上了建立适应市场经济需要，具有中国特色、科学规范的预算会计模式的道路。近几年，随着财政管理体制改革的步伐加快，按照公共财政理论设计的预算管理模式已开始建立，预算编制、执行等环节的管理制度正在发生根本性的变化，预算会计的客…… 13. [经济管理] 浅谈银行会计管理 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无 内容： 银行会计是与银行的出现而同时诞生的。银行每一笔经营业务的运作过程，也就是银行会计的运作、核算过程，都要通过会计来实现。也就是说，银行会计的核算过程，就是具体办理银行业务和实现银行基本职能的过程。 银行会计不仅是银行的重要基础工作，可以客观地对银行的经营运作起反映、核算和监督作用，而且银行会计的这三个职能还可以反作用于银行的经营运作，它们是相辅相成的。银行会计的职能发挥得当，就可能会促进银行的经营…… 14. [经济管理] 浅谈加入世贸组织,迎接农村、经济、会计的挑战 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 一、当前形势分析： 21世纪，和平与发展仍然是世界的两大主题。但是我们正面临着时代条件和竞争环境的变化。（—）现代科技、知识经济迅速发展。21世纪，国与国之间综合国力的竞争，关键是科技实力的竞争，利用高、精、尖、新的科学技术提高社会生产力，己成为各国提高综合国力的一个重要手段。科学技术发展的整体性、综合性和交叉性，科技知识的空前快速传播、转化应用和生产，将极大地推动经济和社会的发展。（二）全…… 15. [经济管理] 入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析 我国已经加入世界贸易组织，这标志着我国改革开放将进入一个新阶段。入世必将对我国会计市场和注册会计师行业产生深刻影响，对此已有许多专家学者做过论述。本文仅从供给和需求角度，对入世后我国的注册会计师行业进行分析，并指出我国注册会计师行业在入世后将面临的形势和问题，以及应采取的对策。 一、需求分析：巨大的市场需求和发展空间 入世后，我国注册会计师行业面临的需求主…… 16. [经济管理] 关于我国管理会计应用若干问题思考 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 管理会计主要是为适应经济组织内部的经营管理需要而逐步形成和发展起来的，它的主要职能是为提高经营效率和效益而建立的各种内部会计控制制度，编制和提供内部管理需要的各种数据、资料等。它的方法和手段视不同的需要而设计，其模式视不同的经济组织性质、规模大小、经营管理方式而异。它是最重要的职能是为最优经营决策和最高经营效率提供各种有用的方案和资料。 目前，管理会计在我国企业管理中的应用正处在一个关键的转折点…… 17. [经济管理] 会计电算化目前的问题及对对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无 内容： 会计电算化目前的问题及对对策 我国的会计电算化工作起步较晚，从20世纪70年代末才开始，经历了尝试阶段、自发发展阶段和有组织、有计划地稳步发展阶段，到目前的管理型会计软件发展阶段。在这20多年的发展过程中，已取得了长足的进步，商品化、通用化的财务软件得到了广泛的应用。许多会计软件的开发已经走向专业化、商品化、社会化的轨道。但由于财务工作本身的特点，以及网络的迅速发展、电子商务的迅速兴起等等，一些…… 18. [经济管理] 重塑会计诚信 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无 内容： 在2001年的证券市场上,银广夏、麦科特、ST黎明等一系列上市公司会计造假案件曝光，像一枚枚重磅炸弹，在我国会计界炸开，而在去年年底美国爆发的安然事件，以及近来的世界通信公司、施乐公司的会计造假案，则引发了一场严重的国际性会计危机，昔日被称为铁算盘的会计人员，成为过街老鼠。会计的信誉已受到了严重损害，以致于朱总理在上海国家会计学院视察时提出了不做假账的校训。面临严重的信任危机，如何重塑会计的诚信，…… 19. [经济管理] 战略管理会计的本质研究和特点分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无 内容： 一、战略管理会计的本质研究 一、战略管理会计的本质 战略管理会计（Strategic Management Accounting以下简称SMA）是对管理会计的发展，但目前人们对SMA还没有形成统一的认识。许多人虽然对其有所耳闻，却缺乏一个清晰的理解。这里笔者从战略管理与SMA、SMA的发展及含义和SMA与传统管理会计的区别三个方面，阐述SMA的本质。 （一）战略管理与SMA SMA的形…… 20. [经济管理] 网络时代会计的制度创新：产权界定与市场化 [佚名][2007年4月24日][10] 简介：无 内容： 【摘要】网络技术的发展,使得会计信息可望以较低的成本完成产权界定,从而以私人产品的方式在市场上出售;谈判成本的降低,使原本的会计管制可能变得宽松；信息远程实时传送成本的下降，使得会计信息的生产职能可能由市场来完成，即股东可将会计信息的生产委托给企业经营者以外的受托人，等等。最后，本文提出了未来的研究方向。【关键词】会计信息 网络技术 交易成本 交权市场化 技术的不断创新以及现行会计在许……
Accounting required is true, accurate, complete, timely and compared. Authenticity is required for accounting information quality the first "principle. The accounting information authenticity of the social economic activities has a very important impact on government departments: for national economy macro-control, Investors, make decisions on its relevant creditor, The enterprise management of accounting information to predict enterprise performance evaluation, and the future development trends. The accounting information authenticity refers to the accounting information should avoid errors and reduce the deviation, faithfully express objective phenomenon or condition, does not mean that must be 100% reflect the objective reality, as long as it is sensible, loyal to the regulations, then achieve authenticity requirement. While spreads healthily accounting information is lost the quality of accounting information. On its users, also lost its original usefulness and purpose. For the development of social economy brings great negative : the distortion of accounting information, and countermeasures
毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.