1、论文题目
2、摘要与关键词
3、目录
4、翻译任务描述:主要写有关报告的背景,翻译任务的内容,目的、意义及报告整体结构。
5、翻译过程描述:包括译前——准备、文本特点分析、有关文献的查阅等,译中——翻译工具、翻译策略的选择等,译后——译后的校对、修改等。
6、文献综述:对该研究领域的研究现状(包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等)、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论,并提出自己的见解和研究思路,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌"。
7、案例分析:如何通过具体翻译案例将翻译理论运用到翻译实践中,应从不同维度、不同侧面,如从词汇、句法、语篇等方面分析理论与实践的结合。这部分一定要分析到位,突出理论如何对翻译实践起指导作用,但也不能生搬硬套,要做到理论指导实践。
8、结论:主要包括翻译实践的总结、主要发现、局限性以及展望。
9、参考文献:应使用规范的格式将引用的参考文献一一列出(如APA或MLA)。
10、致谢。
翻译报告注意事项:
1、合理拟定翻译选题和理论
研究理论与选题的匹配程度和创新程度大概率会影响报告质量!一个优秀的选题通常源于对现实问题的兴致。选题必须是明确的问题,并与具体的学术领域紧密关联。选择方向、提炼观点、确定理论是确立题目的必经之路。
如果实在迷茫,不知道选取哪个理论,就把所有有关翻译的理论找出来,列一个清单,选择最擅长、最稳妥的理论我们需要大量阅读、吃透所选理论和与翻译材料,积极查阅知网等文献检索工具,多多查看与所选理论和翻译材料相近的类似的实践报告,学习使用规范严谨的学术语言。
2、制定翻译计划
在阅读材料之前,应当先统筹制定一份翻译方案,确定翻译进程,确定译中、译后总结复盘事宜。在阅读翻译材料过程中,可以顺手记录材料中的生词、术语、长难句,优先进行翻译。
3、撰写结论
撰写结论的内容,包括以下三个方面:
1)翻译过程的总结。
2)翻译报告的局限性。
3)对翻译的进一步展望。可主要写翻译中的经验、收获、局限以及建议等。
(一)毕业论文开题报告一律使用A4白纸单面打印
(二)字符间距:标准(中文封面和英文封面除外)
(三)行距:倍(中文封面和英文封面除外)
(四)页边距:上下厘米、左3厘米、右2厘米
(五)页眉:厘米,页脚:1厘米
(六)页码:中文封面和英文封面不用页码,报告主体部分的页码用阿拉伯数字从1开始连续标出
(七)标点符号:中文标点符号必须在中文状态下录入;英文标点符号必须在英文状态下录入,中文的省略号为,英文中的省略号为,英文中没有书名号《》。
正文用宋体小四号,字间距“标准”,段落值设为“倍行距”,标题黑体3号,居中。
扩展资料:
各级标题与正文
一级标题用宋体三号字,空两格,加粗
二级标题用宋体四号字,空两个字符,加粗
三、四级标题用宋体小四号,空两个字符,加粗
正文用宋体小四号,行间距采用倍行距
正文中的图表
正文中图、表均需编排序号,图、表题目以及说明用宋体五号字体
参考资料:百度百科-毕业论文
论文格式由学术堂整理提供一.封面题目:小二号黑体加粗居中.各项内容:四号宋体居中.二.目录目录:二号黑体加粗居中.章节条目:五号宋体.行距:单倍行距.三.论文题目小一号黑体加粗居中.四.中文摘要1、摘要:小二号黑体加粗居中.2、摘要内容字体:小四号宋体.3、字数:300字左右.4、行距:20磅5、关键词:四号宋体,加粗.词3-5个,每个词间空一格.五.英文摘要1、ABSTRACT:小二号、内容字体:小四号、单倍行距.4、Keywords:四号加粗.词3-5个,小四号TimesNewRoman.词间空一格.六.绪论小二号黑体加粗居中.内容500字左右,小四号宋体,行距:20磅七.正文(一)正文用小四号宋体(二)安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式章:标题小二号黑体,加粗,居中.节:标题小三号黑体,加粗,居中.一级标题序号如:一、二、三、标题四号黑体,加粗,顶格.二级标题序号如:(一)(二)(三)标题小四号宋体,不加粗,顶格.三级标题序号如:.标题小四号宋体,不加粗,缩进二个字.四级标题序号如:(1)(2)(3)标题小四号宋体,不加粗,缩进二个字.五级标题序号如:①②③标题小四号宋体,不加粗,缩进二个字.医学、体育类毕业论文各章序号用阿拉伯数字编码,层次格式为:1××××(小2号黑体,居中)××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体).××××(3号黑体,居左)×××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体).××××(小3号黑体,居左)××××××××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体).①××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)a.××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)(三)表格每个表格应有自己的表序和表题,表序和表题应写在表格上方正中.表序后空一格书写表题.表格允许下页接续写,表题可省略,表头应重复写,并在右上方写"续表××".(四)插图每幅图应有图序和图题,图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处.图应在描图纸或在洁白纸上用墨线绘成,也可以用计算机绘图.(五)论文中的图、表、公式、算式等,一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编编排序号.序号分章依序编码,其标注形式应便于互相区别,可分别为:图、表、公式()等.文中的阿拉伯数字一律用半角标示.八.结束语小二号黑体加粗居中.内容300字左右,小四号宋体,行距:20磅.九.致谢小二号黑体加粗居中.内容小四号宋体,行距:20磅十.参考文献(一)小二号黑体加粗居中.内容8-10篇,五号宋体,行距:20磅.参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用[1]、[2]、[3]……形式统一排序、依次列出.(二)参考文献的格式:着作:[序号]作者.译者.书名.版本.出版地.出版社.出版时间.引用部分起止页期刊:[序号]作者.译者.文章题目.期刊名.年份.卷号(期数).引用部分起止页会议论文集:[序号]作者.译者.文章名.文集名.会址.开会年.出版地.出版者.出版时间.引用部分起止页十一.附录(可略去)小二号黑体加粗居中.英文内容小四号TimesNewRoman.单倍行距.翻译成中文字数不少于500字内容五号宋体,行距:20磅.
毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论,欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看,可以分为两大派:一派是翻译可能论,一派是翻译不可能论。其实,完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的,完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物,比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等,都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见,这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
毕业论文目录范例完整的论文范文3000字毕业论文格式模板word自考本科论文格式口腔龋病毕业论文毕业论文模板毕业论文模板word下载论文结尾格式模板毕业设计模板word这些,都是搞定,我们是给你最好的建议。
1、摘要、目录、正文的格式、字体、字型及字号要求
1)中文摘要
中文摘要标题:居中,4号宋体加粗;
摘要正文:小4号宋体字,限一页;
关键词:3-5个,中间用“逗号”分开,小4号宋体加粗。
2)目录
目录标题:居中,三号宋体加粗
目录内容:内容包含正文一、二级标题、参考文献标题、致谢标题、格式小四宋体,倍行距(限一页,需要时可调整行距),要求页码正确无误并对齐。
3)正文
正文及标题格式要求:
标题级别 层次代号 字体
一级标题 一、 宋体三号加粗(顶格) 二级标题 (一) 宋体小三号加粗(顶格) 三级标题 1、 宋体四号加粗(缩进2字符)
四级标题 (1) 宋体小四号(缩进2字符) 正文 宋体小四号(首行缩进2字符)
4)参考文献、页眉
参考文献标题:宋体四号加粗(顶格),另起一页;
参考文献内容:宋体五号(首行缩进2字符);
页眉从正文开始,采用宋体五号字居中书写,并在下方加一横线。 奇数页的页眉书写:福建对外经济贸易职业技术学院××届毕业论文
偶数页的页眉书写:论文的题目,如:浅析电子商务的税收问题 页码从正文开始按阿拉伯数字连续编排,摘要、目录等前置部分单独编排无需页码。
5)致谢
1、致谢标题:宋体四号加粗(顶格)另起一页
致谢内容:宋体小四(首行缩进2字符)
2、段落及行间距要求
正文段落和标题一律取“倍行距”,参考文献为单倍行距。(为排版美观的需要可对一部分的文本行距作微调)
3、页面设置
页加距:上下左右均为,装订线,装订线位置左。
(要求依据:毕业论文指导手册和模版。 要求条目按论文撰写顺序排列。)
【论文字数:从“摘要”开始至“致谢”为止,不少于10000字。】
一、封面
1、题目:小二号黑体加粗居中。
2、各项内容:四号宋体居中。
二、目录
1、目录:二号黑体加粗居中。
2、章节条目:五号宋体。
3、行距:单倍行距。
三、论文题目:
小一号黑体加粗居中。
四、中文摘要
1、摘要:小二号黑体加粗居中。
2、摘要内容字体:小四号宋体。
3、字数:300字左右。
4、行距:28磅
5、关键词: 四号宋体,加粗。 词3-5个, 每个词间空一格。
五、英文摘要
1、ABSTRACT:小二号 Times New Roman.
2、内容字体:小四号
Times New Roman.
3、单倍行距。
4、Keywords: 四号 加粗。
词3-5个,小四号 Times New Roman. 词间空一格。
六、绪论
小二号黑体加粗居中。 内容500字左右, 小四号宋体, 行距:28磅
七、章节
一.二.三.四、五级标题序号字体格式
章: 标题 小二号黑体 加粗 居中。
节: 标题 小三号黑体 加粗 居中。
一、 一级标题序号 标题四号黑体 加粗, 顶格。
(一) 二级标题序号 标题小四号宋体, 不加粗 顶格。
1. 三级标题序号 标题小四号宋体, 不加粗, 缩进二个字。
(1) 四级标题序号 标题小四号宋体, 不加粗, 缩进二个字。
① 五级标题序号 标题小四号宋体, 不加粗, 缩进二个字。
八、结束语
小二号黑体加粗居中。 内容300字左右, 小四号宋体, 行距:28磅。
九、致谢
小二号黑体加粗居中。 内容小四号宋体, 行距:28磅
十、参考文献
小二号黑体加粗居中。 内容8—10篇, 五号宋体, 行距:28磅。 十一、附录 小二号黑体加粗居中。 英文内容小四号 Times New Roman. 单倍行距。
翻译成中文字数不少于800字 内容五号宋体, 行距:28磅。
十二、提示
【页边距设置】 上,下,左,右。
【页码制作】 视图 页眉页脚 自动图标集 选中 第X页共Y页。
【28磅设置】 格式 段落 行距固定值 设置值输入28磅文字。
1. 页面设计
上边距:3cm,下边距:,左边距:,右边距:,页脚:. 中英文摘要
论文题目(三号黑体,居中)
(空一行)
摘要(三号黑体居中)
首行缩进打印内容(小四号宋体,倍行距)空一行
[关键词](三号黑体),其后为关键词(小四号宋体),两关键词之间以分号分开。 注:题目、中文摘要、关键词合打一页。通常有3-5个关键词英文摘要题目(四号Times New Roman,加粗)(空一行)
Abstract (四号Times New Roman,加粗)
小四号Times New Roman写英文摘要
空一行
Keywords: (四号Times New Roman,加粗)
2. 目录
目录(四号黑体)
空一行
章、节、小节及其开始页码,采用小四号宋体,页码放在行末,目录内容和页码之间用虚线连接。
注:应该用插入目录的格式添加目录。首先设置各章节标题为各级“标题”格式,然后在目录页“插入-引用-目录”。正文修改后要更新目录。
3. 正文排版要求
正文部分全部使用倍行距,每页须加“页眉”和“页码”
页眉为“山东工商学院2014届毕业论文”,宋体,五号字,居中5. 各级小标题
小标题采用一、和(一)和1.和(1)的格式。具体格式规定如下:
一号标题(一、)用小三号黑体加粗,居中,后文另起。
二号标题((一))四号黑体加粗排版,前空两格,后文另起。
三号标题用( 1. )小四号宋体排版,前空两格,后加句号。与正文连排,后文不必另起行。
注:单独成行的标题后面一般不加句号等标点符号6. 表格和图
正文中表格基本要素要完整,并尽可能简单明了、美观。表格要有表头(居中,加粗),表头(标题)不要太长,原则上不超过表格宽度,超过时要回行,表注也如此。
表格通常采用三线格形式(见表1)。表头、表注和表格内文字为5号字体,如果内容太多也可设定为小五字体,表格内文字应为单倍行距、居中。
文内表格要连续编号。表格要和正文适当分开。表头和前面正文之间空一行,表后和正文间之间空一行。
毕业设计(论文)是培养学员综合运用所学知识,发现、提出、分析和解决实际问题,锻炼实践能力的重要环节,是对学员实际工作能力的系统训练和考察过程,毕业论文格式。毕业论文是学员在教员指导下,对所从事工作和取得成果的完整表述。为加强全校毕业设计(论文)工作的管理,提高质量,制定本规范。
一、论文的结构要求
论文包括标题、内容摘要、索引关键词、目录、正文、后记、参考文献和附录等部分。
1.论文标题。
论文标题应当简短、明确,有概括性,符合毕业设计任务的要求。论文标题应能体现报告的核心内容、专业特点和学科范畴。论文标题不超过25个字,不设置副标题,不使用标点符号,可以分二行书写。论文标题用词必须规范,不得使用缩略语。
2.内容摘要。
内容摘要应扼要叙述报告的主要内容、特点,文字精练,是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文,包括主要成果和结论性意见。摘要中不应使用公式、图表,不标注引用文献编号,并应避免将摘要拟定成目录式的内容介绍。内容摘要一般不超过200字。
3.索引关键词。
索引关键词是供索用的主题词条,应采用能够覆盖论文主要内容的通用专业术语(参照相应的专业术语标准),一般列举3-5个,按照词条的外延层次从大到小排列,并应出现在内容摘要中,工作报告《毕业论文格式》。
4.目录。
目录应独立成页,包括论文中全部章、节的标题和所在页码。
5.正文。
正文包括绪论、论文主体和结论等部分。正文必须从页首开始。绪论作为论文的第一章,应综合前人在本领域的工作成果,说明毕业设计选题的目的、背景和意义,国内外文献资料情况以及所要研究的主要内容。论文主体是全文的核心部分,应结构合理,层次清晰,重点突出,文字通顺简练。结论是对主要成果的归纳,要突出创新点,以简练的文字对所做的主要工作进行评价。结论一般不超过500字。正文一级及以下子标题格式如下:
6.后记。
主要是对整个毕业设计工作进行简单的回顾总结,对导师和对为毕业设计工作、论文撰写等提供帮助的组织或个人表示感谢。内容尽量简洁明了。
7.参考文献。
参考文献是论文不可或缺的组成部分。它反映了毕业设计工作中取材的广博程度。参考文献应以近期发表或出版的与本专业密切相关的学术著作和学术期刊文献为主。产品说明、技术标准、未公开出版或发表的研究报告等不列为参考文献,又确需说明的`可以在后记中予以说明。网上参考文献应注明准确的网页地址。
8.附录。
对不宜放在正文中但对论文确有作用的材料(如外文文献复印件和中文译文、公式推导过程、较大型的程序流程图、较长的程序代码段、图纸、数据表格等)可编制成论文的附录。
二、打印要求
论文必须统一打印。使用标准16开打印纸,页面上、下边距各2厘米,左右边距各2厘米(论文所附较大的图纸、数据表格及计算机程序段清单等除外),论文装订顺序要求如下:
1. 封面
2. 内容摘要。摘要标题按照正文一级标题要求处理,摘要内容按照正文要求处理。内容摘要不设页码。
3. 索引关键词。索引关键词与内容摘要要同处一页,位于内容摘要之后,另起一行并以“索引关键词:”开头(黑体加粗),后跟3-5个关键词(字体不加粗),词间空1字,其他要求同正文。
4. 目录。目录列至论文正文的二级及以上标题所在页码,内容打印要求与正文相同。目录也不设页码。
5. 正文。正文必须从正面开始,并设置为第1页。页码在页末居中打印,如正文第5页格式为“-5-”。论文标题为标准二号宋体字,居中,单倍行间距。论文一级标题为标准三号黑体字,左起空两个字打印,行间距为固定值20磅;二级标题为标准四号楷体字。
2013届毕业生,现将有关毕业论文的相关事宜通知如下:
为规范我校本科生毕业论文(设计)的写作,保证我校本科生毕业论文(设计)的质量,特制订《中国农业大学本科生毕业论文(设计)撰写基本规范》以下简称《规范》,教师须按照本《规范》要求指导学生撰写毕业论文(设计),学生须按照本《规范》要求撰写毕业论文(设计)。
一、毕业论文(设计)文本结构规范
1、毕业论文(设计)内容结构
(1)中、外文摘要 扼要叙述本论文(设计)的主要内容、特点,文字要精练、表述清晰。中文摘要约300字左右,外文摘要不宜超过250个实词;关键词要符合学科分类,一般为2-4个为宜,每个词均为专业名词(或词组),一词在6个字之内。中、外文关键词内容相对应。
(2)目录:详细列出毕业论文(设计)引言、章节、一级标题,标明页码。
(3)正文 (理工等类)包括选题背景、方案论证、过程(设计或实验)论述、结果分析(含技术经济论证)、结论或总结。
选题背景:说明本课题的来源、目的、意义、要解决的主要问题及应达到的技术要求;简述本课题在国内外发展概况及存在的问题,本设计的指导思想。
方案论证:说明设计原理并进行方案选择,阐明要选择这个设计方案(包括各种方案的分析、比较)的理由以及所采用方案的特点。
过程(设计或实验)论述:指作者对自己研究工作的详细表述。要求真实反映研究过程,论理正确、论据充分、逻辑性强、层次分明、表达准确。
分析:对研究过程中所获得的主要的数据、现象进行定性或定量分析。
结论或总结:对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合,阐述本课题研究的结论和尚存在的问题及进一步开展研究的见解和建议。
注:文科及其它学科,可根据学科特点,参照上述结构制定统一的正文结构规范。
(4)参考文献:列出与毕业论文(设计)相关的文献,按标准引用格式书写。
(5)致谢:简述对毕业论文(设计)工作给予支持的老师和同学。
(6)附录 包括与论文有关的非必要的图表、计算机程序、计算书、运行结果,主要设备、仪器仪表的测试精度等。
2、工作量要求
(1) 论文(设计说明书)字数不应少于10000字;
(2) 原则上查阅文献10篇以上。
3、排版基本要求
(1)目录格式
格式如下:
(2)正文撰写规格
① 论文开本及版芯
论文开本大小:210mm×297mm(A4纸);
版芯要求:左边距:30mm,右边距:25mm,上边距:30mm;下边距:25mm,页眉边距:23mm,页脚边距:18mm;
② 标题
论文题目:
论文的题名,用黑体、三号或16pt,段前、段后间距为1行。
章节标题:
论文分三级标题:
一级标题:黑体,四号或16pt,段前、段后间距为1行;
二级标题:黑体,小四号或14pt,段前、段后间距为1行;
三级标题:黑体,小四号或12pt,段前、段后间距为1行。
上述段前、段后间距可适当调节,以便于控制正文合适的换页位置。
如:
1 材料和方法(一级标题4号黑体)
试验材料(二级标题小4号黑体)
(正文5号宋体)
试验方法
试验设计(三级标题5号黑体)
仪器和药品
③ 正文字体及页眉、页脚
正文字体:正文采用五号宋体,行间距为18磅;图、表标题采用小五号黑体;表格中文字、图例说明采用小五号宋体;表注采用六号宋体。
页眉、页脚文字均采用小五号宋体,页眉左侧为“中国农业大学学士学位论文”,右(3磅);单面打印时页码排在页脚居中位置,双面打印时页码分别按左右排在切口一侧。
物理量符号和数学变量的外文字母采用斜体,计量单位的字母采用正体,其他内容的字母采用正体。英文、罗马字符一般采用Time New Roman正体。
④ 图纸、图表要求
文中所列图形应有所选择,照片不得直接粘贴,须经扫描后以图片形式插入。图纸、图表布局合理,整洁,线条粗细均匀,标注规范,注释准确;工程图纸必须按国家规定标准或工程要求绘制。其他详细要求见附文。
(2)参考文献
为了反映文稿真实和广泛的科学依据,体现文稿作者严谨的科学态度和对他人研究成果的尊重,方便读者检索和查考相关资料,文稿应按规范著录相关参考文稿。参考文稿的著录通常采用顺序编码制或著者一出版年制两种方式。本《规范》规定采用顺序编码制,即在正文中按顺序在引用参考文献处文字的右上角[]标明参考文献的序号,正文后按引用顺序编制参考文献表,参考文献表中的序号与正文中[]的序号一致。
参考文献的著录,按著录/题名/出版事项顺序排列。
期刊:著者.题名.期刊名称,出版年,卷号(期号):起始页码
书籍:著者.书名.版次(第一版不标注).出版地:出版者,出版年.起始页码(选择项)
注:参考中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T7714-2005
(3)毕业论文(设计)封面设计
封皮须使用学校指定纸张和样式。
二、基本规范要求的执行
1、毕业论文(设计)指导教师及答辩小组,负责组织对本单位学生毕业论文(设计)的基本规范要求进行审查。
2、毕业论文(设计)的基本规范要求的审查在毕业论文(设计)答辩前完成,审查合格者经指导教师签字后方可参加答辩。论文不符合本规范要求者,应要求修改,直到达到要求才能参加答辩。
3.学生参加答辩应提交经指导教师审阅并装订好的论文或设计说明书。
论文成稿之后必须要胶装成册,一式3份!
中文题名
(二号宋体)
(中文题名一般不超过20个汉字;题名不得使用非公知公用、同行不熟悉的外来语、缩写词、符号、代号和商品名称。为便于数据库收录,尽可能不出现数学式和化学式。)
作者姓名
(小四号仿宋体)
作者单位(包括英文摘要中)
(小五号宋体)
(如果作者为两位以上,之间用","隔开如果多个作者为不同单位时,应在作者姓名上打上角标以区别,作者通讯地址应为详细的工作单位、所在城市及邮编和e-mail地址,必须用全称标注,不得简称。在英文摘要中的作者姓名用汉语拼音,姓前名后,姓全大写,名首字母大写;作者单位,城市,邮政编码。如作者为两位以上,应指定联系人。)
中图分类号
(图书分类法是按照一定的思想观点,以科学分类为基础,结合图书资料的内容和特点,分门别类组成的分类表。采用《中国图书馆分类法》对论文进行中图分类的。)
中、英文摘要
(五号楷体)
(摘要的目的是向读者介绍论文的主要内容,传达重要的可检索信息,其主要内容包括被报导的研究项目的目的,研究方法、结果和结论。篇幅以300字左右为宜。英文摘要要用英语清楚、简明地写作,内容限制在150~180个英文单词以内。)
关键词(5号楷体)
(关键词是便于读者从浩如烟海的书刊、论文中寻找文献,特别适应计算机自动检索的需要。论文应提供关键词3~8个,关键词之间用分号隔开。在审读文献题名、前言、结论、图表,特别是在审读文摘的基础上,选定能反映文献特征内容,通用性比较强的关键词。首先要选项取列入《汉语主题词表》、《mesh》等词表中的规范性词(称叙词或主题词)。对于那些反映新技术、新学科而尚未被主题词表录入的新名词术语,可用非规范的自由词标出,但不能把关键词写成是一句内容"全面"的短语。)
正文(5号宋体)
文稿正文(含图、表)中的物理量和计量单位应符合国家标准或国际标准(gb3100-3102)。对外文字母、单位、符号的大小写、正斜体、上下角标及易混淆的字母应书写清楚。
文稿章节编号采用三级标题.一级标题(小4号黑体)形如1,2,3......;二级标题(5号黑体)形如: 1,......; ,......; 三级标题(5号宋体)形如: , ,......引言或前言不排序。若论文为基金项目,请在文章首页下角注明基金项目名称和编号。
图表要求
文中的图题、表题应有中英文对照(小5号黑体),并随文出现,图要精选,一般不超过6幅,请看具体要求。若图中有坐标,要求用符号注明坐标所表示的量(斜体),单位(正体)。若有图注,靠近放在图下部。照片应选用反差较大、层次分明、无折痕、无污迹的黑白照片,或提供*.tif格式的电子文档(分辨率不低于600线)。作者应自留底图。文中表格一律使用三线表(祥见示例)(不划竖线)。表中参数应标明量和单位(用符号),若单位相同可统一写在表头或表顶线上右侧。若有表注,写在表底线下左侧。表中重复出现的文字,不可用"同前"、"同左"等表示,必须全部重复写出。
参考文献(小5号宋体)
为了反映文稿的科学依据,尊重他人研究成果以及向读者提供有关信息的出处,正文之后一般应列出参考文献。列出的应确实是作者阅读过的、最主要的且发表在正式出版物上的文献;未公开发表的资料或协作成果,应征得有关方面同意,以脚注方式顺序表明.参考文献选用顺序编码制,按在文章中出现的先后顺序编号。每条文献著录项目应齐全.文献的作者、编者、译者不超过3人时全部写出,超过者只写前3人,后加“等”或“et al”,作者之间用“,”隔开.外文作者或编者书写时,一律姓前名后,名用缩写,且省略“.”。由于ei信息部进行收录论文中的参考文献(仅指英文)的录入工作,所以在稿件中参考文献中文期刊论文按中、英两种文字给出(英文参考文献不必给出中文)。
毕业论文书面格式由以下几部分组成,顺序如下:标记、论文题目、作者、学号、专业、工作单位、指导教师、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献几部分组成,其中必须把标记、论文题目、作者、学号、专业、工作单位、指导教师、摘要、关键词单独打印一页作为封面。
纸张大小:A4、上下页边距为厘米,左右页边距厘米,左侧装订,具体如下:
标记:毕业论文(四号宋)
题名(三号宋)
姓名: 学号: 专业:(小四号宋)
(工作单位,集美大学小学教育专业2006级专升本函授)
指导教师(小四号宋)
摘要:(100字以内,小四号宋)
关键词:(数量一般为3-6个,小四号宋)
正文:(另起一页,小标题加黑,小四号宋)
参考文献(五号宋)
①(五号宋)
②
详见参考范例。
构建小学数学“小组合作学习”课堂教学模式
姓名: 学号: 专业:小学教育
(厦门市实验小学,集美大学小学教育专业2007级专升本函授)
指导教师:
摘要:本文在说明加强和指导学生的合作学习的重要性的基础上,综述小组合作学习的内涵及理论,介绍小学数学“小组合作学习”课堂教学模式的原则、操作程序和具体实施,总结数学小组合作学习的教学体会。
关键词:数学教学;小组合作学习;课堂教学模式
构建小学数学“小组合作学习”课堂教学模式
一、模式的提出
21世纪将是一个崭新的世纪,知识经济将取代工业经济。面对着即将到来的知识经济时代,我们应该寻找一种什么样的教育,以适应这个充满机遇和挑战的时代对人才提出的更高要求?联合国教科文组织发布的21世纪教育报告《学习:内在的财富》中明确指出,学会认知、学会做事、学会生存、学会相处是21世纪教育的四大支柱,这就说明我们必须培养学生具有与他人交流合作的能力和较强的综合素质。
从社会发展的角度来看,我们人类的大部分活动都是合作性的,随着社会的进一步发展,许多社会学家认为“合作的交往较之竞争的交往在末来世界里更为重要,将成为末来世界的主流。” 合作意识是现代人必须具备的基本素质。美国科学史家朱克曼在对诺贝尔奖获得者的研究方式进行调查时发现:在诺贝尔奖设立的头25年,合作研究获奖人数占41%,在第二个25年,这一比例上升到65%,而第三个25年,这一比例更高达75%。我们甚至可以说在科技高度发达的今天,合作是一个人生存的需要。
可见,21世纪的教育必须让他们学会与人相处,因此加强和指导学生之间的合作学习就是一个很有意义的问题。两年来,我校以合作学习理论为指导,在小学数学课堂教学中摸索出一套班级授课背景下的“小组合作学习”课堂教学模式,进行了构建小学数学“小组合作学习”课堂教学模式的有益尝试。
二、小组合作学习的内涵
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参 考 文 献
[1]吴毅松.有效性:教学情境的价值回归[J].小学教学设计,2007(1)
[2]朱火寿,陈辉英.抓准教学起点,提高教学的有效性[J].小学教学设计,2006(7、8)
[3] 朱慕菊.走进新课程L与课程实施者对话[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2002年
(一)毕业论文开题报告一律使用A4白纸单面打印
(二)字符间距:标准(中文封面和英文封面除外)
(三)行距:倍(中文封面和英文封面除外)
(四)页边距:上下厘米、左3厘米、右2厘米
(五)页眉:厘米,页脚:1厘米
(六)页码:中文封面和英文封面不用页码,报告主体部分的页码用阿拉伯数字从1开始连续标出
(七)标点符号:中文标点符号必须在中文状态下录入;英文标点符号必须在英文状态下录入,中文的省略号为,英文中的省略号为,英文中没有书名号《》。
正文用宋体小四号,字间距“标准”,段落值设为“倍行距”,标题黑体3号,居中。
扩展资料:
各级标题与正文
一级标题用宋体三号字,空两格,加粗
二级标题用宋体四号字,空两个字符,加粗
三、四级标题用宋体小四号,空两个字符,加粗
正文用宋体小四号,行间距采用倍行距
正文中的图表
正文中图、表均需编排序号,图、表题目以及说明用宋体五号字体
参考资料:百度百科-毕业论文
不同的学校 格式差别还是蛮大的 需要标准的格式 可以去 大共享网 下载 哪里比较多
这个不能马虎,去网上找你们专业的论文,看看人家怎么写的。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。
本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)(空一行,字体同正文)。
5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
外文翻译要求:
1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译
3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。
下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式
英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)
外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
论文著作权实行自愿登记,论文不论是否登记,作者或其他著作权人依法取得的著作权不受影响。我国实行作品自愿登记制度的在于维护作者或其他著作权人和作品使用者的合法权益,有助于解决因著作权归属造成的著作权纠纷,并为解决著作权纠纷提供初步证据。 (1)文后参考文献不编序号,仅在文末按其重要程度或参考的先后顺序排列。 (2)文后参考文献不注页码。(3)文后参考文献的著录项目及次序与注释基本相同。 1) 著录参考文献可以反映论文作者的科学态度和论文具有真实、广泛的科学依据,也反映出该论文的起点和深度。2) 著录参考文献能方便地把论文作者的成果与前人的成果区别开来。 3)著录参考文献能起索引作用。 4) 著录参考文献有利于节省论文篇幅。 5) 著录参考文献有助于科技情报人员进行情报研究和文摘计量学研究。a.报告[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.b.期刊文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期). 何龄修.读顾城《南明史》[J].中国史研究,1998(3).c.论文献[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名 [A].原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年. 瞿秋白.现代文明的问题与社会主义[A].罗荣渠.从西化到现代化[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1990.d.报纸文章 论文种类为了探讨和掌握论文的写作规律和特点,需要对论文进行分类。由于论文本身的内容和性质不同,研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同,因此,论文就有不同的分类方法。按内容性质和研究方法的不同可以把论文分为理论性论文、实验性论文、描述性论文和设计性论文。另外还有一种综合型的分类方法,即把论文分为专题型、论辩型、综述型和综合型四大类:专题型这是分析前人研究成果的基础上,以直接论述的形式发表见解,从正面提出某学科中某一学术问题的一种论文。论辩型这是针对他人在某学科中某一学术问题的见解,凭借充分的论据,着重揭露其不足或错误之处,通过论辩形式来发表见解的一种论文。综述型这是在归纳、总结前人或今人对某学科中某一学术问题已有研究成果的基础上,加以介绍或评论,从而发表自己见解的一种论文。综合型这是一种将综述型和论辩型两种形式有机结合起来写成的一种论文。
翻译硕士怎么写开题报告
开题报告主要说明这个课题应该进行研究,自己有条件进行研究以及准备如何开展研究等问题,也可以说是对课题的论证和设计。开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的重要环节。以下是我整理的翻译硕士怎么写开题报告,欢迎阅读。
1、选题意义和背景。
随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》,标志着顺应论的提出。1995年,他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为,语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观,并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年,阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中,维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章,主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年,在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中,维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用,这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角,突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法,而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观,贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面,可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角,可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命,可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析,也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学:语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中,将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面,即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析,并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨,认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232),该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分,也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来,使其不再属于语言资源的语言学,而是加入到语言使用的语言学去,作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用,这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题,还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外,2007年何自然主编的《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是,该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向,集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分,该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合,为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出,顺应论是宏观语用学的核心,顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论,探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系,指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映,纵观维索尔伦的语用思想,折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外,刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础,除了对语言顺应论做出肯定,他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙,以解释所有的语言运用,有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜,2007:124)。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究,还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中,顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看,有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示,戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中,为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程,它超越了以往语言学研究的框架,将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出,根据顺应论,语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程,两者可以相互影响,同样,翻译作为语言转换的过程,也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应,这种顺应应该以满了交际双方的需要为目的,对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法,王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中,针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论,他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法,而不是翻译策略,动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时,他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中,学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外,还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去,比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析,同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中,首先对应用翻译进行了定位,然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化,并以《选美中国》为例,结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争,提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时,译者可以采取异化策略,担负起传播中国文化的使命,扩大目的语读者的'文化语境、认知语境,激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索,增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状,可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面,研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究,而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申,缺乏创新点,并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定,导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
3、参考文献。
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism, The Potential &上海外语教育出版社,2004.
Verschueren, Jef. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press. 2000.
戈玲玲。《顺应论对翻译研究的启示--兼论语用翻译标准》[J].黑龙江,外语学刊。2002 (3) :7-11.
公海燕《顺应论视角下广告翻译研究》。2012.
何自然。Pragmatics and CE/EC Translation [J].北京‘外语教学。1992 (1) ; 19-25.
何自然。《语用三论:关联论顺应论模因论》M.上海,上海教育出版社。2007.
何自然,冉永平。《语用学概论》[M].长沙,湖南教育出版社。2002.
胡芳毅,贾占波。《外宣翻译:意识形态操纵下的改写》[J] ?上海,上海翻译。2010⑴:23-28.
蒋澄生,廖定中。《语用学需要“顺应”潮流--顺应论的几个关键概念述评》[J].广州,广东工业大学学报。2005 (1) : 68-71.
贾文波。《应用翻译功能论(第二版)》[M].北京,中国出版集团公司。2012.
李明。《商务英语翻译(汉译英)》[M]?北京,高等教育出版社。2007.
李元胜《顺应论在中国的研究综述》[J].成都,成都大学学报 2007⑶:123-126.
刘恩祥,刘颖,李哲。《论语言顺应的动态性一基于广告语言的分析》[J].佛山,佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)》。2011 (1) :70-73.
卢立程《企业对外宣传材料翻译中的语篇重构》[J].肇庆,肇庆学院学报。2007⑶:53-56.
钱冠连。《语用学:统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京,外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学:语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京,外语教学与研究。1991(1):61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南,山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京,外语与外语教学。2002 (6):50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京,外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海,上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥,严敏芬。《语用三观:关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州,外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.
4、论文提纲。
1 引言
2 文献综述
国外顺应论研究状况
国内顺应论研究状况
3 顺应论简介
顺应论的三个核心概念
变异
商讨性
顺应
顺应论的两个分析维度
语境因素的顺应
语言结构顺应
顺应论在翻译中的应用
4 从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
企业外宣翻译的文本和语言特点
语篇重构的概念
从顺应论的视角看形式的语篇重构
语篇衔接和连贯方式与形式的语篇重构
语言风格与形式的语篇重构
从顺应论的视角看内容的语篇重构
心理世界与内容的语篇重构
文化现象与内容的语篇重构
社会规范和政治制度与内容的语篇重构
5 结论
5、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容。
本论文选取了两篇企业外宣材料,分别是《西麦克展览公司简介》和《海天味业网站宣传资料》,并由本人对其进行翻译。根据翻译过程中出现的问题,并结合顺应论的相关分析维度和语篇重构的两大类型,分析译者为顺应目的语读者的语言习惯、文化背景、社会规约和心理因素等所做出的调整。
6、研究条件和可能存在的问题。
本文以顺应论为基础,结合语篇重构的概念,分析了西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料英译过程中的语篇重构现象。企业外宣材料不仅仅涉及到基本信息传达,而且涉及到企业文化、价值观念、影晌力的传递。因此企业外宣翻译不是简单机械地表达和传递信息,还要从目的语读者的角度对原文作出调整,使目的语读者在阅读外宣材料时被其所传递的企业信息所吸引,继而激发他们采取行动。因此,译者为了符合目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯、思维方式、文化背景要对原文进行内容上和形式上的语篇重构。包括语篇衔接与连贯方式的顺应、语言风格的顺应、心理世界的顺应、文化现象的顺应以及社会规范和政治制度的顺应。同时译者为了达到以上这些顺应的目的,选择顺应的过程中也包含了对原文从词语、句子结构、篇章衔接以及内容上进行重构。
对于企业的外宣翻译,只有设身处地地从目的语读者的角度去思考和翻译,巧妙地对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语读者的语言和文化,才能激发读者付诸行动,为企业的形象宣传和经济发展带来实实在在的好处。
7、预期的结果。
企业外宣翻译要通过对原文进行语篇重构来顺应目的语社会的语言语境、心理世界、社交世界、文化世界等,才能更好地实现外宣翻译的交际功能,达到良好外宣效果。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容:
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况:
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲:
thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
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