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留个邮箱我发给你或者直接去怪人网上下载我的答辩PPT就是在怪人网上下载的怪人网上有很多不错的毕业答辩PPT模板自己需要哪个下哪个关键是不要钱
正式答辩开始，下面是我的部分发言：尊敬的评委老师以及在座的各位同学：大家早上好。我是X级XX专业的XX，很高兴在这里论文答辩，希望今天能为我20年的学生生涯画上一个完满的句号。（这句可是我琢磨了半天的经典啊）下面，论文答辩 论文答辩ppt 论文答辩技巧,就我毕业论文的选题原因，国内外研究现状，研究目的，研究方法，研究内容，研究结论等问题向大家做一个简单的汇报。之所以选择这样一个论文题目，主要是基于以下三方面的考虑：…………以上是我毕业论文的一些基本情况，欢迎各位老师批评指正（这句话挨了一顿批，答辩主席先给我个下马威。这句可是我上网时看到的，以示谦卑，没想到犯了本本主义错误。答辩之前最好是多答辩评委老师的性格爱好都有个底，尤其是答辩委员会的主席，他可是一把手），谢谢。在答辩中有一些小体会，这里与大家分享，希望对大家有所帮助。答辩分为三个阶段：陈述期（20-25分钟）、提问期、回答期，三个阶段大致一个多小时左右一个人。在陈述期的20分钟，有的学院要答辩者做PPT,有的则不用；有的陈述时要脱稿，有的则可以看稿子。在这个阶段，一般情况下没有老师在听你讲什么，他们都在低头看你给他们发的论文和论文简介，因为这么厚的论文是没有老师有时间看的，他们也都是临阵摸枪，看个大概。所以在这一阶段，你的任务就是磨时间，注意语气要平缓，要稳，发言时尽量不要太专业化，没有人听你讲晦涩的理论，当然，更不能拉家常，说一些你们邻居家怎们怎么的事情，这显得你太没专业素养和水准。总之，这个度要拿捏好。注意观察老师和同学的表情，察言观色才是硬道理。在提问期这个阶段，聆听是你的主要任务。老师会为你磨时间。有本校的老师，一般都会先评价下你的论文，当然是说很多好话的，这都是讲给答辩委员会主席听的。接下来就是提问，老师提问的时候你要记好他的问题，理解他的意思。在记得时候要注意把你回答的要点关键字一起写上，因为老师问完了你就要回答的，如果你反应比较快，你可以把老师的问题分类做个概述，然后按类作答，这样更显得你这孩子不错。回答之前要对老师的评价和建议表示感谢，接下来回答老师的问题。第一个问题，先念一下题目，然后作答。作答时忌讳一盲目自大，得意洋洋，一副欠抽的样子，忌讳二信心不足，慌里慌张，没有底气，一副心虚的样子。要知道论文是你写的，你看的相关东西比他们多，所以你可以大胆的说，只要自圆其说即可。在这一阶段回答时要言简意赅，一语中的，废话少说，言多语失，能说就说，不能说的就说自己在这方面写论文的时候也考虑过，但考虑的不充分。忌讳的是不知道了就不说话，大家都不说话，气氛就凝固了，在论文答辩中如果没人说话，那就不好了，所以一定要说，哪怕你说不会，也比不说好。值得一提的是，老师提问的问题有大有小。有对理论的，所以你要对你论文的理论了如指掌，尤其是一些相近的名词，尤其是长的差不多的词，比如这次我们同学的社会资源、社会资本、社会关系这三个词就让老师给缠了半天；有对方法的，所以你要对你做的调查细节注意再注意，不要有闪失。应付的东西老师都能看出来，人家干了这么多年，眼睛都很毒的；有对细节感兴趣的，所以你要对你的论文的逻辑结构、句子通顺与否、措词、错别字、标点尤其是摘要部分注意注意再注意注意，在这些方面出问题显得你不够认真仔细，所以校对时要下功夫，可以和同学交换校对，因为我们对自己写的东西，挑错别字是很困难的。摘要就那么点字，又在论文开头，这可是门面啊，还有最好有个后记，感谢之类的话，虽然老套，但咱们读了这么多年的书也应该感谢一下老师，必须的嘛。答辩通过基本上是十拿九稳的，但是咱们也不能弄的太难看。自己丢人无所谓，给导师丢人就是罪过了。为了导师，为了自己，也要好好表现。好了，基本上就说这么多吧，各个专业各个学校的情况不一样，我说的只是一家之言，仅供参考而已，希望对大家有些帮助。
这个学校与学校都是不一样的，建议把论文总结概括出一个大概，里面具体的每一点都掌握出重点，这样答辩的时候就容易点了。有的学校答辩的时候问题都是很简单的，有的还可以照着论文念，不过至少要对自己的论文知道个大概吧，念也要能找到地方啊。希望帮到你吧。记得发音要准，不要出现语法错误哦~
国贸毕业论文答辩有可能提出的问题我的论文 自考科目没过完参加了毕业论文答辩 山东自考毕业论文答辩成绩多少分算优良 毕业论文答辩能不能直接照着稿子读 本科生毕业论文答辩难吗容易过吗 天津高自考毕业论文答辩的流程难吗需要做pp 英语毕业论文答辩过程 有关西安自考本科毕业论文答辩 我是学室内设计的毕业论文答辩时要做ppt课我 答:模板背景千万不要太花哨 因为是学术论文 字数尽可能少一些，自己准备演讲稿展开 PPT不是最主要的 弄熟论文才是王道模板 题目 答辩人 指导老师 论文结构（目录） 是否有创新之处 论文研究 目的 方法 过程 可行性研究类文章 最好字数少一些 配合图表 以及具体实例。 最最重要的是熟悉论文 这是最根本的。 我刚参加完答辩 以上是我的建议
1、礼貌结束
熟悉的陌生感
PPT结尾大部分情况都是使用「谢谢」之类，它的主要功能是表达礼仪，礼貌的结束幻灯片的讲解。
如果你觉得这种结束语千篇一律，没有新意，你怕和别人一样，那么你可以在设计上做创新，比如加一些创意的图片或一些修饰，营造出一种熟悉的陌生感。
2、答疑环节
我可是专业的，随便问
大部分情况下，PPT讲完并不意味着演讲就结束了，很多时候还有一个答疑的环节。
就像上面提到的毕业论文答辩，这个时候台下的老师会就PPT中的不明白环节进行提问，然后你做出回答。我在外面做分享的时候，也通常会留下10-20分钟，作为读者答疑时间。
3、传递信息，引导关注
快来关注我呀
这是非常常见的一个功能，我们在演讲结束的时候通常会留下一个联系方式。一些企业可能会留下电话和邮箱，方便被对方联系到。做自媒体的就喜欢留下二维码，然后引导别人去关注。
4、总结与回顾
这也是常用的一种，在一些对外培训中，怕观众记不住知识点，都会在最后用一页PPT给大家整理出来，带领大家回顾一下。
5、传递情绪
引起共鸣
最后一页放置有意向的图片和文字，以此来传递情绪，引起观众共鸣。
比如红米Note发布会上，雷军的那句“我所有的向往”，然后哭个稀里哗啦。还有罗胖演讲最后一页用了工匠精神的照片，都是非常好的案例。
可以简要说明论文的优点和需要改进的地方。末尾要向老师们致敬，还可以简要地感谢帮助过自己的人。
如：最后，我想谈谈这篇论文和系统存在的不足。这篇论文的写作的过程，也是我越来越认识到自己知识缺乏的过程。虽然，我尽可能地收集材料，竭尽所能运用自己所学的知识进行论文写作，但论文还是存在许多不足之处，有待改进。请各位评委老师多批评指正。谢谢！
答辩技巧
熟悉内容：作为将要参加论文答辩的同学，首先必须对自己所著的毕业论文内容有比较深刻理解和比较全面的熟悉。这是为回答毕业论文答辩委员会成员就有关毕业论文的深度及相关知识面而可能提出的论文答辩问题所做的准备。所谓“深刻的理解”是对毕业论文有横向的把握。
例如题为《创建名牌产品发展民族产业》的论文，毕业论文答辩委员会可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管毕业论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”，但参加论文答辩的学生必须对自己的毕业论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”，否则，就会出现尴尬局面。
关于PPT的结束语怎么写，我总结了下面5种情况。
1、致谢，表示礼貌
PPT最常见的结尾就是“谢谢”，大概有99%的人都会选择这么做，它的功能就是礼貌地告诉大家“我讲完了”。
2、答疑，进入互动环节
大多数情况下，并不是PPT讲完了演讲就结束了，一般会有一个与观众互动的环节。典型的例子就是毕业论文答辩，因此答疑也是一种常见的结束页。
3、留下联系方式
很多公司的PPT最后一页都会留下联系方式，目的是加深印象，让想合作的人可以轻松地找到他，这也是一种普遍的结尾。
4、总结、回顾内容
对于信息含量大或者内容较多的PPT，最后一页需要做一个总结和回顾页，把重点标注出来，把知识点清晰地串联起来，这样的呈现可以帮助观众更好地理解、消化PPT所讲的内容。
5、传递情绪，渲染气氛
这种结束页显得比较高级、有意思，放上一张有意境的图片，借此传递情绪，渲染气氛，引发观众的共鸣。
像老罗在锤子手机发布会上的这张PPT，很好地表现出老罗的工匠精神，同时营造出一种戏剧性的效果。
下次再做PPT时，除了“谢谢”之外，你是不是可以尝试下别的结束语方法呢？
1、毕业设计(论文)工作任务的进展情况。2、提交开题报告，参加开题答辩。（已完成）3、编写调查问卷，进行调研活动。（已完成）4、撰写论文初稿。（已完成）5、修改论文初稿，完成正稿。（进行中）已经认真写好开题报告，并在规定日期交给老师。
模板如下:第一周:在老师安排指导下，首先在各网站收集与会计电算化有关的期刊文章，把有关于会计电算化现状、问题、发展趋势研究的有关资料保存在一个相应的文件夹以备用。然后到学校的图书馆寻找相关的书籍，把涉及的相关的内容保存下来以备用。最后再把找到的资料大致分类保存好。接着把找到的资料大致的略看一遍，大概对自己要写论文心中有个了解之后，确定写作方向及框架。第二周:在老师的指导下，开始开题报告的写作。开题报告的文献综述包括选题依据及意义，主要描述我为什么选择这个题目，选者这个题目的意义，会计电算化在我国的普及程度，存在什么问题，有什么研究意义。文献综述中的国内外研究的现状及发展趋势，如国内外的会计电算化的研究成果及研究文献、会计电算化在国内外的发展有何不同、会计电算化在我国以及在国外的发展现状、我对论文题目以后写作的着眼点。报告中具有的研究目标及主要特色也要在开题报告中标明。第三周:基础完成开题报告的写作工作，修改报告中存在的错别字及补充文章缺少的资料并进行相关的修改工作，如：文章中缺少研究思路、研究方法及研究手段说明，上网参考，有个大致的了解之后，自己进行认真地思考，进行资料补充。论文的结构框架不符合要求，没有突出重点，老师建议我先简单描述会计电算化，然后再把现状和发展趋势单独列出，做两个独立的部分，以突出重点，再在最后在进行简单的总结。在指导老师的指导下，顺利完成开题报告。第四周:开始论文初稿的写作工作。首先整理资料，把资料按照会计电算化的现状、问题研究和发展趋势三个方面分类。然后按照开题报告中的框架开始着手论文初稿的写作——首先简述会计电算化，提出本人对此的观点及看法。第二部分是对会计电算化的现状的描写，先简单描写现阶段会计电算化的状况，然后再对此分析会计电算化现阶段存在的问题，最后针对存在的问题逐个写出相应的对策。第三部分则是对我国会计电算化发展趋势的分析与预测。我先是对会计电算化在我国有何发展趋势做出分析与预测，发表自己对我国会计电算化发展趋势的观点。再分析影响我国会计电算化发展趋势的因素，探寻影响我国会计电算化发展的因素。最后一个部分就是文章做出的一个总结，总结文章的主要内容及相关对自己的启示。第五周:论文指导老师对论文初稿的框架评价不错，之后也一直沿用这样的框架。论文的二稿主要针对老师提出的问题进行修改。主要的问题包括内容有些繁冗，没有讲到重点，这篇文章的重点是现状和发展趋势，而我文中的内容体现在现状和发展趋势本身的笔墨很少。老师建议我做下调整，比如把发展中的问题放在现状里面，然后针对问题提出的对策要和问题一一对应起来。现状本身要多做分析，发展趋势也是要多做分析并提出我自认为的发展趋势，然后对我的发展趋势做原因说明。第六周论文二稿的修改工作。由于论文初稿的框架设置的不错，所以不需要做什么修改，主要的还是内容。主要是针对老师提出的问题做出修改。首先我先修改问题与对策内容凌乱这个问题，进行“一个问题对着一个对策”的调整。把对策的内容对应着上述的问题，逐个分析，并提出对策，做到针对问题提出的对策和问题一一对应起来。其次增加现状的笔墨，增加了关于数据方面的描述，利用数据表现会计电算化在我国现阶段的特点。最后在增加发展趋势的笔墨描写，根据老师的指导，对会计电算化的发展趋势这部分进行重点的描述。第七周:论文三稿的再次修改工作。在指导老师的指导下进行论文三稿的修改工作，主要是调整论文内容第三部分的内容，针对老师提出的意见，为了论文整体，把第三部分的“我国会计电算化的发展趋势”与“影响我国会计电算化发展趋势的因素”进行对调。这样做的原因是想要先分析原因，然后再得出结论，希望藉由这样的处理方法，可以使论文整体更加简单明了。最后在进行过渡衔接的修改，使文章上下流畅自然。其次，对不恰当的标点符号进行删除，不正确的格式进行修改。最后进行文章过渡衔接的修改，删除多余的内容，尽量使语句通顺流畅。第八周:经过指导老师的耐心指导，顺利完成论文的写作工作。指导老师就论文答辩开始指导工作。
2007-2008 first semester Teacher 1-4 Zhou Yu discusses the paper topic and starts to collect the material, delivers the topic to report and the literature summarizes, revises after teacher and through verification. 5-8 the week completes the first draft, delivers teacher to scrutinize and the revision. Teacher 2007-2008 year second semester 1-4 Zhou The opinion, makes the revision to three manuscripts, the processing, the determination finally manuscript.
进展就是你所研究的领域现在发展到什么水平了。你可以从你研究的东西的起源开始写，是怎么发现的。然后在写有哪些人做过这个研究并得出了什么结论或哪些方面做过研究，有哪些人做。最后要总结一下，做了这么多研究有哪些不足，这个不足就是你要研究的东西。也就是你研究的价值。 我的论文是在导师的指导下，从选题开始，经过了收集资料、编制论文提纲、完成开题报告等论文撰写过程，现在论文初稿已基本完成，取得了阶段性的成果。 我的论文主要研究礼貌原则视角下委婉语的差异，通过运用对比，分析，举例例证等写作手法进行研究，总结委婉语在中英生活中的运用差异，怎样更好运用委婉语，进而达到使跨文化交际更顺畅的目的。 在资料收集阶段，由于相关的资料文献较多，针对什么什么，需要在什么什么基础上中大量搜集较为新颖的例证，并进行较深入的思考，我耗费了大量的精力和时间来阅读、观看电影、思考、分析和整理。接下来，按照预期的工作进度，下一步，首先要针对论文的文字、格式和内容进行基本的修改，使之精简和升华；其次我需要多翻阅一些参考文献、更有针对性的在什么什么中寻找例证来支持论点，之后需要在老师的指导之下，再对我论文进行梳理，看能否再找出一些创新点来使论文更加出彩。从毕业论文开始以来，我严格按照指导老师的要求，采用一丝不苟的学习态度，从图书馆从因特网详细查找了与消费心理、消费行为以及广告策略相关的文献资料，设计制作了调查问卷并进行实地调查，并以论文任务书和开题报告为立足点，按部就班，已初步完成设计的大部分工作，以下是具体进展情况。1.毕业设计(论文)工作任务的进展情况（1）提交开题报告，参加开题答辩。（已完成）（2）编写调查问卷，进行调研活动。（已完成）。（3）撰写论文初稿。（已完成）（4）修改论文初稿，完成正稿。（进行中）已经认真写好开题报告，并在规定日期交给张俊老师。已经完成调研活动，主要以调查问卷为主，实印刷50份调查问卷，随机发放给本校学生，实收回48份。经过对数据的整理分析，总结出当代大学生消费特点、消费倾向、消费存在的问题，分析了形成这些现象的主观原因及客观原因。已经完成论文的初稿撰写。研究本题目的意义：大学生的消费行为，与其他消费者一样，也要经历认识过程、情感过程和意志过程。大学生所受教育的经历和所处的特殊的校园环境，使得他们成为社会上一个比较特殊的消费群体，产生了与其他消费者不同的消费需求，具有比较特殊的消费心理，外观为不同的消费行为。如果能够充分认识大学生的消费心理以及由此而进行的消费行为特征，便可以为商家进行针对大学的广告策略提供有力的理论指导和实际数据依据。大学生消费的方面：主要有基本生活消费、学习消费、休闲娱乐消费、人际交往消费等几个方面。大学生消费特征：包换潮汐性、独特性与普遍性共存、符号性、情感指导性。大学生的消费容易出现潮汐现象。即一个新事物、新品牌在大学生市场的渗透会在某一个节点出现突然的高峰。原因可以从多角度解释，但根源在于：大学生高度一致的群体认同感。当代大学生追求个性，希望自己被视为有独特风格的人。于是，他们追求独特、新奇、时髦的产品。但与此同时，特特、新奇带来的往往是流行、普及，从个体消费走向普遍消费，有时过程并不复杂。商品除了使用价值和交换价值以外，还具有另外一种价值属性，那就是符号价值。一件商品，越是能够体现消费者的社会地位和社会声望，越是能够将消费者与其他人区别开来，它的符号价值也就越高。这种“重视商品所传达的社会和个人信息的消费行为，就叫做符号消费”。于是，大学生们选择和消费的产品或品牌成了自我表现、体现个性的工具，成为社会群体文化的符号象征，成了人与人之间相互认同获取分的标记。大学生是一个特殊的消费阶层，其消费行为体现出追求新潮、时尚、情趣的特点，相对其他群体而言则带有更多的情感因素。因为他们不仅希望商品能够在实用性方面满足人的需要，还希望商品能让人在使用和观赏中获得精神的愉悦与心理的满足。大学生消费心理主要包括：求知求存心理、追求时尚心理、好奇心理、模仿心理、发泄心理等。影响大学生消费的主要因素：修改心理的影响，社会环境的影响，家庭的影响，同龄群体的影响，相关教育的薄弱。当代大学生消费心理和消费行为对广告策略的影响：对广告表现策略的影响：立体式全方位包围大学生的生活，以张扬个性、凸显自我为主的传播核心。对广告媒体策略的影响：传统与现代传播渠道并进，使大学生无时无刻不生活在广告的冲击中。对广告推进策略的影响：以折价广告，赠品广告，兑奖广告为主要推进手段，使大学生相信自己在购买中获得了额外收益。对广告实施策略的影响：赋予大学生生必要的特权，利用名人的影响力，保证大学生群体的自我优越感，刺激他们的购买欲。结论：只有充分了解和掌握了当代大学生的生活习惯和消费趋势，才能有效的改善产品自身的不足，满足消费者的心理需要；才能迎合当代大学生的欣赏口味，制定出专属于他们的广告营销策略，才能在这个商品飞速发展的时代里，使企事业立于不败之地。2.工作中所遇到的问题在论文撰写的过程中，对论文的结构与逻辑的控制能力不够强，后期写作时，出现了偏离。没有及时与指导教师进行相关的沟通，导致论文内容与题目不符，需要大篇幅的修改。在撰写时对论文中涉及到的相关概念理论没有及时学习掌握，导致论文写作出现停滞，需要花费时间进行相关学习。3.下一步工作打算在导师的指导下，对初稿进行系统的修正：仔细查找论文中存在的问题，思考每一个字每一句话是否得体；完善论文的逻辑与结构，把握论文整体；删除多余的内容，对内容进行提炼；按要求上交论文成稿，准时参加答辩。另外，我还应该多加强自己的语言表达能力，应该再加强与指导老师的交流和沟通，更深层次的认识论文的写作宗旨。总之，我相信自己会保持积极的态度，在指导老师的悉心点拨下，能够快速有效展开接下来的论文流程，顺利完成毕业论文的撰写工作。希望能帮上忙。 你的论文准备往什么方向写，选题老师审核通过了没，有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向？ 老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好？写论文之前，一定要写个大纲，这样老师，好确定了框架，避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况！！学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意，否则很可能发回来重新改，你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我，希望你能够顺利毕业，迈向新的人生。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
嗨~~我也在准备答辩的开场白和称述，烦心~~我们一起加油！！
毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
各位老师，上午好！我叫……，是……级……班的学生，我的论文题目是……。论文是在……导师的悉心指点下完成的，在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意，向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢，并对三年来我有机会聆听教诲的各位老师表示由衷的敬意。下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报，恳请各位老师批评指导。首先，我想谈谈这个毕业论文设计的目的及意义。……其次，我想谈谈这篇论文的结构和主要内容。本文分成……个部分.第一部分是……。这部分主要论述……第二部分是……。这部分分析……第三部分是……最后，我想谈谈这篇论文和系统存在的不足。这篇论文的写作以及修改的过程，也是我越来越认识到自己知识与经验缺乏的过程。虽然，我尽可能地收集材料，竭尽所能运用自己所学的知识进行论文写作，但论文还是存在许多不足之处，有待改进。请各位评委老师多批评指正，让我在今后的学习中学到更多。谢谢！
英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
开题 报告 很大程度上决定着学位论文的学术水平与品质，是学生对自己的论文写作所做的文字说明,也是论文写作或研究能否按计划实施和开展的重要保证。下面是我为大家整理的大学 毕业 论文开题报告ppt格式模板，希望你们喜欢。 大学毕业论文开题报告ppt模板 第一步、论文拟研究解决的问题 内容要求： 明确提出论文所要解决的具体学术问题，也就是论文拟定的创新点。 明确指 出国 内外文献就这一问题已经提出的观点、结论、解决 方法 、阶段性成果…… 评述上述文献研究成果的不足。 提出你的论文准备论证的观点或解决方法，简述初步理由。 撰写方法： 你的观点或方法正是需要通过论文研究撰写所要论证的核心内容，提出和论证它是论文的目的和任务，因而并不是定论，研究中可能推翻，也可能得不出结果。开题报告的目的就是要请专家帮助判断你所提出的问题是否值得研究，你准备论证的观点方法是否能够研究出来。 一般提出3或4个问题，可以是一个大问题下的几个子问题，也可以是几个并行的相关问题。 第二步、国内外研究现状 内容要求：列举与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献。基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出，允许有部分内容重复。 撰写方法：只简单评述与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献，其他相关文献评述则在文献综述中评述。 第三步、论文研究的目的与意义 内容要求： 简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景。 简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题。 简单阐述如果解决上述问题在学术上的推进或作用。 基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出，允许有所重复。 第四步、论文研究主要内容 容要求：初步提出整个论文的写作大纲或内容结构。由此更能理解“论文拟研究解决的问题”不同于论文主要内容，而是论文的目的与核心。 关于格式的论文 范文 格式条款的基本特征 现代 合同法的一个重要 发展 方向就是，经自由磋商产生的合同越来越少，取而代之的是标准化的格式条款。合同领域现实生活的变迁对合同法也提出了新的要求，我个人认为，合同法实际上已经演化为内在二重区分的双轨体系：针对经当事人自由磋商形成的合同和基于格式条款产生的合同(或者部分合同内容)，合同成立、合同生效、合同解释规则以及合同诉讼机制等方面都存在严格意义上的区别。由于如何认定格式条款涉及到合同法适用的各个方面，因此，诚有必要探讨，以此确保格式合同订入控制和内容控制。 一、格式条款的一般特征 判断合同条款为一般条款、即通过自由磋商形成的合同条款还是格式条款是对格式条款进行 法律 控制的前提，因此必须严格区分二者。格式条款的特征表现在主观和客观两个方面，其中预先制定、重复使用属于主观特征，单独提出属于客观特征，自由磋商实际上为消极要件，具体而言： 1.预先制定。所谓预先制定就是指合同当事人在合同磋商之前已经拟定好合同条款的具体内容，在判断是否存在预先制定的要件时，如下问题值得注意： 第一，格式条款是由使用人本人还是第三人制订并不影响对预先制定因素的判断，换而言之，使用人在合同订立时使用第三人的格式条款并不影响对该合同条款性质的认定。值得注意的是，合同当事人使用第三人制定的推荐性的范式合同也同样满足格式条款的预先制定标准。我国合同法第12条规定的内容，并不能够免除对范式合同的司法审查，尤其考虑到，我国行业协会与行业垄断 企业 存在一体性。从立法资料看，立法者同样主张范式合同文本不能免除内容控制[1]。我国合同法第39条第2款亦明文将预先拟定规定为格式条款的重要特征之一。但是该条具有一个严重缺陷，即将预先制定限制在由使用人本人提出，排除了将使用人直接使用第三人合同条款认定为格式条款的情况。就此，必须使用目的性扩张解释，扩大对该规定的适用余地。 第二，无论格式条款在整个合同中的范围有多大，如整个合同文本都是标准合同，或者合同中只有一部分或者一个条款是格式条款，都不影响对其性质的认定。 2.多次重复使用。多次重复使用反映了格式条款适应大规模重复性交易的特点，即该条款通常并不是为某个具体合同拟定的，而是为某一类交易。判断合同条款是否旨在多次使用的关键是使用者主观意图，在此采取了一种推定的方式。具体而言：如果某合同条款起初仅仅准备用于某次特定合同磋商，虽然此后其再次被用于 其它 合同，但无法认定其是格式条款，原因在于：使用者主观上缺乏使用该格式条款的 计划性。使用者从一开始即将合同条款设定为多次使用的，即使在现实中仅被使用一次，并不妨碍认定该条款具有格式条款多次重复性特征。就企业使用的格式条款而言，因为企业赖于重复交易而生存，所以应推定其具有多次重复使用的特征，企业负担相反认定的举证责任。无论该条款是针对特定的合同当事人还是针对未来不确定的合同当事人都具有重复适用的性质。另外，在数量上如何确定多次重复使用也是一个主观裁量的问题。我个人认为，二次的使用目的即可满足多次重复的标准。 在 实践中，公司章程以及其他团体协约都具有多次重复使用的特点，就此是否能够认定该协议的属性为格式条款?从严格意义上出发，我国合同法将格式条款定义为合同条款，合同法的适用范围也不包括 公司法 和其他社团法上的协议，因此，并不能认定此类协议为格式条款，但是，此类协议的发起人也可能利用该条款单方面违反公平和诚实信用原则非法牟取利益，因此，可以类推适用格式条款法律控制的相关规定。 3.单方提出。依据我国合同法第39条第2款的规定内容，所谓单方提出就是格式条款使用人在订立合同时未与对方协商单方面决定合同内容。单方提出是格式条款产生危险的核心原因，因为其剥夺了对方当事人进行合同磋商的可能，并通常导致合同对方当事人丧失判断自由。从法 社会学的角度出发，格式条款的单方提出特征使其获得了与法律规范相类似的法律地位：使用人通过单方提出格式条款并事先确定其内容为其所有潜在的合同当事人设定了合同内容，其在功能上恰恰替代了合同法中的任意法部分。从此种角度出发，有学者认为，格式条款具有规范性的性质。 4.未经磋商。与上述第三个特征相关联，单方面提出格式条款的结果就是合同对方当事人丧失了磋商的可能。反之，即使格式条款的使用人单方提出格式条款，但该条款订入合同是基于当事人的自由磋商而发生的，则该格式条款演化为普通合同条款，其不再受制于内容控制。我国合同法并没有严格区分格式条款的单方面提出和未经磋商该两个特征，但在认定格式条款时，仍旧应当区分该二者，因为在现实中存在，双方当事人同时指定使用某格式条款的可能，在此种情况下虽然存在未经磋商，但该格式条款并不是某合同当事人单方面提出，因此不能认定其具有格式条款的性质。 5.条款的具体表现形式并不影响对格式条款的认定。依据我国合同法第10条的规定，合同形式有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。因此，使用人以记忆的方式，多次单方面重复使用事先拟定的条款订立合同的，不影响对该条款属性的认定，当然，主张者应当负担举证责任。 必须指出的是，在认定是否存在格式条款时，必须同时存在上述特征，而不能孤立地适用单个特征以确认存在格式条款。 二、消费者保护对认定格式条款的影响 值得注意的是，随着消费者权益保护法的发展，民法中的主体原型由“一元”变为“二元”，即从一个“自我决定、意思自治的个人”为单一主体模式，发展到保留形式上平等的个人自治的“个人”与时刻处在需要法律提供外在保护的“弱者”并存的主体模式。民法的功能从彰显个人自治向直接外在“他治”转化。在民法中，保护弱者已经享有与“意思自治”同样的地位。因此，民法在围绕主体展开时，必须围绕两个主体原型的不同特点提供不同的制度模式，以私人自治为核心的法律行为制度原则上仅适用于主体具有外在意思表示真实的条件下，否则，法律以强行法的“他治”方式介入主体法律生活，以此实现实质正义。我个人认为，仅仅承认民法本位从“个人权利本位”过渡到“社会本位”并不足以解决对现代社会中因结构性不平等所导致的问题，必须承认民法的主体变迁和二元的主体模型并将消费者保护作为民法的一个核心任务之一，才能够确立民法在市民社会中的核心地位，否则民法在法律实际生活中地位不断受到侵袭并面临边缘化的困境将难以得到解决。将消费者保护法作为民法的特别法的作法是不足取的，其直接后果就是民法丧失市民社会中核心的法律地位。 受到消费者保护法律政策的影响，1993年的欧洲共同体关于消费者合同不公平条款的指令规定，经营者事先提出合同条款的，如果消费者在合同磋商时自身无法影响到该条款的内容，则该条款也被视为不公平条款。这样一来，在欧盟内部，格式条款法的适用范围获得了很大的扩张。由于欧盟指令具有一定意义上的强行性，所以所有成员国必须在最低限度内将该指令所规定的内容转入到内国法中，当然，成员国就具体方式享有选择权。目前，英国、德国等国家都吸纳了此种内容，此种扩张直接影响到在消费者合同中对格式条款的认定。 1.在经营者单方面提出合同条款时，即使其主观目的仅在于针对某个特定的消费者，即该条款并不具有重复使用的特点，但由于经营者和消费者之间结构性的不平等，导致消费者无法经过磋商改变该条款的内容，为了更好地保护消费者，在此情况下不采用重复使用的要件。 2.经营者使用该一次性的条款可能是基于自己事先的拟定 工作，有可能基于第三人的条款基础，也可能是基于自己的专业咨询人如律师的建议，但这些都不影响对格式条款的认定。 3.认定消费者是否无法对该条款施加内容上的影响，不仅仅要看消费者是否存在和经营者进行磋商的可能，还要看该格式条款的内容是否清晰、透明。在现代民法中，透明原则渗透到许多部分法中，“透明原则”也应当构成现代合同法的一个重要原则，即复杂合同条款的订立人必须负担详尽的说明义务，否则此种严重侵害具有合理期待的合同主体利益的合同条款无法成为有效的合同条款。尤其在格式条款文本中，使用者通常故意乃至恶意订立复杂难懂的格式条款文本，该文本还使用很多具有很大解释空间的概念，文本之间相互援引，即使是专业的法律人才也难以正确区分其间真正的权利义务分配和风险负担。从 经济 的角度出发，判断格式条款是否透明还必须考虑到时间因素。我们无法期待一个 法学教授在超市购买一个电话时，准备花费数个小时的时间研究商场和供应商所使用的格式条款或者标准合同。因此，经营者针对消费者负担尽可能清晰、透明制定其使用的条款的义务。 我国合同法形式上并不区分消费者合同和非消费者合同，但由于我国1993年的《消费者权益保护法》第24条先于《合同法》规定了对格式合同以及其不同表现形式加以规制的内容，因此，我国目前的立法体例还是从主体上区分相关法律的适用。如合同法也承认消费者合同的特殊性，合同法第113条第2款规定，经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。由于我国实行统一合同法，合同法第2条明确规定了合同法的适用范围，而且在体系上，格式条款法也被规定在合同法第二章“合同的订立”中，因此，无论是经营者之间的合同还是消费者合同，只要涉及到格式条款，都适用合同法第39条以下的规定内容。就合同的性质而言，区分消费者合同和非消费者合同具有一定的意义，如在违约责任方面，我国《消费者权益保护法》实行的惩罚性原则，而《合同法》实行的是补偿性原则。 从强化保护消费者的角度出发，有必要讨论是否应当引入上述欧盟所颁布的有关滥用条款的规制内容，即在消费者无法影响到一次性使用的合同条款的内容时认定该条款为格式条款。我个人认为，合同正义原则是我国合同法的基本原则[2]，合同的内容控制并不是一般合同的必然要求，其更多的在于纠正格式条款的结构性失衡。考虑到在格式条款之前消费者的利益更容易受到侵害，因此法律须针对主体特殊性提供特殊性的保护。既然经营者一次性适用的条款对消费者的利益构成侵害，以实质正义为本位的合同法必须作出相应的救济手段。我个人认为，强化消费者保护将增加企业生产成本、削弱民族企业竞争力的反对理由并不足取，因为在国际商品一体化的贸易 环境下，法律无法依据生产者的国别制定不同的消费者保护水平。尤其值得注意的是，我国市场中直接进口的产品在市场中的份额并不小，如果简单主张削弱对消费者的保护以增强民族 工业 竞争力，可能会发生对本国国民“低国民待遇”的后果。 综上所述，在保留目前立法体例的前提下，我国《消费者权益保护法》第24条应当作出比《合同法》第39条有关格式条款特征更为严格的认定要件，即在经营者单方面一次性合同条款且消费者无法改变该条款内容时，可以将该条款认定为格式条款，类推适用有关格式条款的法律规定。 三、商事活动对认定格式条款的影响 在 历史 上，我国受到“重农抑商”治国策略的强烈影响，商人自始至终没有成为 中国 社会中一个独立的社会阶层，传统中国法也没有体系化的商法，当然，实质上的商法规范还是存在的。由于历史的特殊原因，商法在欧洲大陆先于一般民法发展起来，商法的价值也具有不同于一般民法的特点，如交易安全性、迅捷性和习惯性。在资产阶级民主 政治 在西方取得胜利之后，商人已经不再是一个特殊的社会群体，相反，任何人都享有经济上的平等权利，商法更多的表现为民法之外的特殊性规定内容，在法的部门划分上不具有独立性。我国民法自民国时期第一次法典化即不采用民商分立的体系。 值得注意的是，随着社会群体基于在市场中不同地位而发生的分化，现实法律生活中经营者和消费者的二元对立的法律意义已经逐渐超出了商人与非商人的区分意义，由此民法体系内部出现了两个子系统，即保护消费者的法律和调整经营者活动之间的法律。此种分化对各国民事立法都产生了很大的影响，如在法国，立法者在《法国民法典》之外又单独制定了一部相对独立的《消费者保护法典》，在奥地利亦是如此;而德国采取了民法中心的立法模式，将消费者保护的任务纳入到民法功能范围内，这集中体现在2002年的《德国债法现代化法典》中。在法律适用上，经营者的主体性特征优于商人主体特征，此外，关于商主体的内部复杂划分标准也是商人主体特征逐渐被经营者主体特征取代的一个重要原因。 因此，我个人认为，在 现代 社会 经济 结构的背景下，经营者之间的 合同与消费者合同的划分远比商事合同和非商事合同重要。在认定格式条款时，应当考虑到经营者的特殊主体性。 有人认为，经营者在经济上实力强大、具有较强的专业知识，并且此种合同的目的旨在盈利，其应当承受正常的商业风险，因此格式条款法不适用于经营者之间的合同。但此种观点值得商榷： 首先，市场中的任何经营者都以获利为生存基础，因此经营者的任何商业活动都必须计入到成本中。所以， 法律 无法期待经营者在面对任何一个格式条款时都以一种不 计算 成本的方式通过聘用法律专业人才等方式规避格式条款所带来的弊端，或者两个经营者通过博弈达到合同法所期待的理想公平结果。 其次，并不是任何经营者都从事法律服务的业务，其就其经营业务之外的 法律知识 的掌握情况与消费者并不本质区别，甚至其如同消费者一样在法律面前一无所知，如一般的小型合伙 企业 。 第三，经营者所订立的合同并不都旨在牟利，其同样必须购买与经营活动无直接关系的合同。这也是适用法律的一个重要难点，即依据何种标准判断一个民事主体在一定的法律活动中从事的行为是旨在获利的独立经营行为。虽然我们可以采取推定的方式，认定私法上一切旨在盈利的法人所从事的一切活动都是经营活动，但不可否认，在格式条款面前，经营者通常同样面临消费者面临的问题，除非经营者之间所使用的是行业中通用的交易条款。 从比较法上看，德国新债法第310条第1款规定：“本法第305条第2款及第3款、第308条及第309条不适用于针对经营者、公法上的法人或公法上的特殊财产所适用的一般交易条件。就本款第1句所规定的情况，本法第307条第1款和第2款造成第308条和第309条所规定的合同内容无效的，该两款亦有适用余地;此处应适当考虑到交易活动中具有效力的惯例和习惯”。其中，德国民法典第305条第2款及第3款涉及到格式条款订入控制的内容，其理由基于经营者之间通常存在惯例的考虑，但这并不影响对经营者之间格式条款的内容控制。而德国民法典在第308条及第309条所列举的绝对无效和相对无效的一般交易条件“黑名单”虽然不直接导致此类条款在经营者之间无效，但实际上，由于格式条款内容控制的一般条款如诚实信用原则集中体现在此类具体规定的内容上，所以，消费者合同中的无效格式条款具有很强的指示功能，即此种条款出现在经营者之间的合同中通常也应无效，只有商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊 联系可以作为推翻此种指示作用的理由。 我个人认为，虽然我国采取统一合同法，但我国民事立法总体上仍旧区分消费者合同和非消费者合同，格式条款法首先适用于消费者合同，而且其应进一步适用于经营者之间的合同，经营者独立的盈利活动不应构成否定格式条款属性的事由，但对经营者合同之间的格式条款的内容控制力度应有所不同，这体现在商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊联系可作为经营者之间使用的格式条款生效的特定事由。 四、社会保障领域格式合同的特殊性 须探讨的是，合同法所规定的格式条款法是否可适用于所有合同类型?我国合同法第10章专门规定了供用电、水、气、热力合同，依据此类合同的性质，其通常建立在格式合同基础上，依据合同的整体解释，合同法第39条以下的规定内容必然适用于此种格式合同。但是，我国合同法将供用电、水、气、热力合同与 买卖合同 等其他合同并列规定为有名合同似乎不妥： 首先，此类合同涉及到国计民生的基本社会保障，此类合同面向所有不特定的民事主体，其所承担的社会功能不同于一般合同类型，因此其必须采取格式合同(而不仅仅是格式条款)的形式，而且在合同订立规则上应实行缔约强制原则。 其次，至少在针对普通市民(消费者)而言，此类合同通常并不以盈利为目的;这集中体现在电、水、气、热力的价格必须由国家权威部门通过听证会的方式确定。实际上，价格是此类合同格式条款的重要组成部分，而在一般格式合同中，当事人仍然可以就价格进行自由磋商。 第三，此类合同的具体条款通常必须取得国家相关主管部门的许可，因此该合同的格式条款多以行政规章的形式出现，对其内容控制通常出现在立法过程中，而不是事后的司法控制。 我个人认为，我国合同法不应将供用电、水、气、热力合同规定为与买卖合同相并列的典型合同形态，其应当通过相关部门的论证以单行规章的形式确定此类格式合同的内容。与其相适应，对此类格式合同的内容控制体现在单性规章制定过程中，在通过事前立法审查之后，以行政规章表现出来的此类社会供给格式合同将免于司法上的内容控制，不应将其认定为一般意义上的格式合同，否则法院将针对依据一定的立法程序产生的法律规章享有司法审查权，而这显然违反了目前我国法院所享有的司法权范围。 综上所述，在认定合同条款是否为格式条款时，必须从预先制定、多次重复使用、单方提出、未经磋商等方面考察;在消费者合同中，为了强化对消费者的保护，对经营者一次性使用、但消费者无法改变其内容的条款应类推适用格式条款的规则;当经营者之间使用格式条款时，商事惯例和经营者之间的特殊联系可作为否定格式条款属性的特定事由;对于社会供给领域的合同，应当通过事前的立法审查来保证此类特殊合同的公益性，法院事后无权针对具有法律渊源效力的特殊格式合同规章进行司法审查。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 注释: [1]合同法第3稿第2章第29条规定：采用定式合同文本订立合同的，制订合同文本的一方应当采取合理的方式提请对方注意其免除责任的条款以及负有主要义务的条款，并应对方的要求对上述条款予以说明。对定式合同条款的理解发生争议的，应当作出有利于对方的解释。使用行业协会、主管部门或者母公司制定的定式合同文本订立合同的，适用前款规定。 [2]参见王利明著：《合同法研究》，第一卷，178页以下，2002年版。 看了“大学毕业论文开题报告ppt模板”的人还看： 1. 毕业论文开题报告模板免费 2. 本科毕业论文开题报告模板免费 3. 毕业论文开题报告模板以及范文 4. 本科毕业论文开题报告模板 5. 毕业论文开题报告的模板
论文PPT制作要点如下（百度文库里有论文PPT模板在里下载一个直接在上面填比较省事，希望能帮到你，不懂不明白可以问我）：
sentation中，原则是：图的效果好于表的效果，表的效果好于文字叙述的效果。最忌满屏幕都是长篇大论，让评委心烦。能引用图表的地方尽量引用图表，的确需要文字的地方，要将文字内容高度概括，简洁明了化，用编号标明。
1 文字版面的基本要求
幻灯片的数目：一、要对论文的内容进行概括性的整合，将论文分为引言和试验设计的目的意义、材料和方法、结果、讨论、结论、致谢几部分。
二、在每部分内容的pre
学士答辩10min 10～20张
硕士答辩20min 20～35张
博士答辩30min 30～50张
2 字号字数行数：
标题44号（40）
正文32号（不小于24号字）
每行字数在20～25个
每张PPT 6～7行 （忌满字）
中文用宋体(可以加粗)，英文用 Time New Romans
对于PPT中的副标题要加粗
3 PPT中的字体颜色不要超过3种（字体颜色要与背景颜色反差大）
建议新手配色：
（1）白底，黑、红、篮字
（2）蓝底，白、黄字（浅黄或橘黄也可）
4 添加图片格式：
好的质量图片TIF格式，GIF图片格式最小
图片外周加阴影或外框效果比较好
PPT总体效果：图片比表格好，表格比文字好；动的比静的好，无声比有声好。
四、(注意)
幻灯片的内容和基调。背景适合用深色调的，例如深蓝色，字体用白色或黄色的黑体字，显得很庄重。值得强调的是，无论用哪种颜色，一定要使字体和背景显成明显反差。 注意：要点！用一个流畅的逻辑打动评委。字要大：在昏暗房间里小字会看不清，最终结果是没人听你的介绍。