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英语毕业论文参考文献的正文注释格式范文
英语毕业论文参考文献的正文注释格式范文
英语毕业论文参考文献注释格式范文
英语毕业论文参考文献注释格式范文
正文中的注释和参考文献是论文格式最为重要的部分，请论文作者逐条仔细阅读。建议先做好参考文献格式，再对照格式要求作夹注。
分脚注和夹注两种，。
1)脚注
正文内容如有需作出特别说明或解释之处以脚注的形式处理，编号格式设置为“○1,○2,○3…”，编号方式设置为“每页重新编号”，脚注会自动出现在当页正文下。字体采用默认值(小五号)。
2)夹注
对论文中的直接引用或间接引用部分所依据的文献以夹注的形式标出。夹注可以采用以下几种形式：
作者姓氏未在引文中出现，则夹注用括号标出作者姓氏，空一格字母再标出引文页码。为避免不必要的麻烦，中文作者用全名。
引用一位作者
“Time is no longer felt as an objective, causal progression with clearly marked-out differences between periods…” (Frank 20)
As the British novelist-critic Christine Brooke-Rose has put it, the novelists now have nothing new to tell since what should be told have been told altogether (Yin Qiping 33-35) .
引用两位作者
Medieval Europe was a place both of “raids, pillages, slavery, and extortion” and of “traveling merchants, monetary exchange, towns if not cities, and active markets in gain” (Townsend & Waugh 10-16).
作者有三个以上，
则在第一位作者的姓氏后写上et al.以示其余姓氏的省略，或列上全部姓氏，夹注中的形式应与参考文献中的形式保持一致。
Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff et al. 19-35).
Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff, Goldberger, & Tarule 15-20).
同姓作者
还需加名的开头字母予以区分，如：
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
文本中不指名列举持某一观点的'作者
Others hold the opposite point of view (., Jakobson 9;Waugh 34)
作者姓氏在引文中出现，则只需用括号标出引文页码
Graff defines his recent book, Professing Literature, as “a history of academic literary studies in the United States” (10).
如在引文中提及整个文献及作者姓氏(不必夹注，但参考文献中要注明相关出版信息)
Slade’s revision of Form and Style incorporates changes made in the 1995 edition of the MLA Handbook.
集体作者如果组织名称太长，第一次提及时可采用全称后加注缩略
The annual report revealed substantial progress in fundraising (American Museum of Natural History 12, hereafter AMNH).
以后直接用缩略形式做夹注
The report surveys the major problems in fundraising (AMNH 15).
引用多卷本中的一卷
Between the years 1945 and 1972, the political party system in the United States underwent profound changes (Schlesinger, vol. 4).
Schlesinger pointed out the profound changes the political party system in the United States underwent between 1945 and 1972 (4: 98-104).
引文出自同一作者的不同文献
引用同一作者的两篇以上的文献, 可以分别以文献名全名(如果文献全名简短的话)或文献名的缩略形式(如果文献全名较长的话)注释。
文本中未出现引文作者姓氏，也未出现文献名的，夹注用括号标出作者姓氏，姓氏后加逗号，空一格字母标出带下划线的该作者的书名，书名后空一格字母标出引文页码，如：
Shakespeare’s King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, The Anatomy of Criticism 237).
文本中出现作者姓氏的，夹注用括号标出带下划线的该作者的书名，空一格字母再标出引文页码，如：
Shaughnessy points out that “the beginning writer does not know how writers behave” (Errors 79).
若引文出自杂志，则把文章名放在双引号内，空一格字母再标出引文页码，如：
Teachers applauded Shaughnessy’s assertion that “teaching them [beginning writers] to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy” (“Diving In” 68).
文本中既出现作者姓氏又出现该作者的书名或文章名，则只需标出引文页码
In The Age of Voltaire, the Durants portray eighteenth-century England as a minor force in the world of music and art (214-48).
一个夹注中涉及一篇以上文献
(Lauter 34; Crane 98)
...as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).
转引
Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2: 450)
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450)
引文来自于中文作者(对“孔子”等已有英文译名的必须使用标准译名，如Confucius 33; Mencius 22-25)
(Hu Zhuanglin 33)
(Zhu Xianzhi & Lin Chongde 89)
(Xu Guozhang et al. 33-35)
(Confucius 33)
短引文 (四行以内或诗歌三行以内)
引文须加双引号，括号内提供作者、页码(诗歌的话提供诗行)信息，标点符号在括号之后。如果问号、感叹号若是引文的一部分，则须放在引言内，否则，也放在括号之后。
According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.
According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).
Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?
诗行与诗行之间用“/”隔开，如：
Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there/ That's all I remember" (11-12).
长引文
如果引文较长，超过4行，拟另起一行，不加引号，左边缩进10个英文字母, 夹注紧随引文末尾，句点应放在引用括号之前。
At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186)
引文为两段或两段以上，或引文来自诗歌，或引文来自剧本，或引文附带译文，详细说明分别参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》82页;83-84页;85页;93页。注意引文来自诗歌等韵文时，可以篇次和行次代替夹注中的页码;引文来自剧本等文献时，以幕次、场次和行次代替页码。
引文中的添加与省略
在添加的词两头加“[ ]”。
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: “some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale” (78).
在省略的此处用省略号“…”代替，省略号前后各空一字母。
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that “some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale ... and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs” (78).
词典词条
将词条在双引号中列出，后加 “def.”，空一字母后再加页码。
According to The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, “study” means “application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge, as by reading, investigation, or reflection” (“Study,” def. 1888).
5. 关于参考文献
说明：
1)参考文献部分以Times New Roman小四号正体加粗居中标明“Works Cited”列在正文后(或尾注后)，另页书写。“Works Cited”与第一个参考文献之间空一行。不得罗列同正文没有直接关系的文献，参考文献条目与引文夹注要对应。外文文献排列在前，以姓氏的首字母为序排列，中文文献排列在后，以姓氏的拼音为序排列。每条文献顶格写，回行时英文空5个字母，中文空两格。
2) 建议论文作者多使用英文原版图书和学术期刊文献。引用英文原版图书和学术期刊文献至少2本(篇)以上。
4)主要作者(编者、译者)采用姓在前，名在后的形式，作者姓与名之间用逗号分隔(中文姓名不用分隔);2人以内全部写上，第2 者起姓名按正常顺序，两个主要作者(编者、译者)之间英语的加“&”、中文的加 “、”三个主要作者(编者、译者)以上只写第一人再加“et al.”或“等”(中文)。
5)英文图书、期刊、报纸一律使用斜体，如果图书中包含作品名，作品名使用正体。例如：
Parkes, Adam. Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day. New York & London: Continuum, 2001.
6)中文图书等采用汉英对照形式，以便正文中统一按照英文模式(格式同英文文献)做夹注，列中文图书、期刊、报纸一律使用书名号，作者与作者之间用“、”号，英 语文 献中的句点在中文文献中用宋体字体下的逗号代替、冒号也要是宋体字体下的冒号，且汉字之间或标点与汉字之间没有空格。中文文献的英文模式须加“[ ]”，下面参考文献格式不再赘述。例如：
王守仁、方杰，《英国文学简史》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2006年。
[Wang Shouren & Fang Jie. A Concise History of English Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006.]
7)除了版本研究(如翻译版本对照研究)之外，不宜将同一本书的英文版本和中文版本同时列为参考文献。英 语文 学论文作者必须使用所研究作品的英文版本。
8) 非单行本短篇小说一般应参照文章格式处理，例如：
Joyce, James. “Araby.” Dubliners. London: Penguin, 1967.
我是电气自动化的，有专业英语！这个给你看看希望能帮到你！电力和电路的来源One of them is the electric cell, or battery, which generates electricity by chemical action. The other device called generator makes use of light, heat, and mechanical motion to produce electric energy. Now, more than 95 percent of the world's electric energy is produced by generators其中之一是由化学作用产生电力的电池的电的单元格。调用生成器使其他设备使用的光、 热和机械的运动来产生电能。现在，世界电力能源的 95%以上是由发电机产生的An electric current is a constant flow of electrons through a conductor. The reason why an electric current flows through conductors is much like reason why water flows through mains. 源源不断地通过导体电子的电流。为什么电流流经导线的原因很多像为什么水流通过水管的原因。智能机器人An entirely new phase in robotic applications has been opened with the development of “intelligent robots”. An intelligent robot is basically one that must be capable of sensing its surroundings and possess intelligence enough to respond to a changing environment in much the same way as we do. Such an ability requires the direct application of sensory perception and artificial intelligence. Much of research in robotics has been and is still concerned with how to equip robots with visual sensors-eyes and tactile sensors-the “fingers”. Artificial intelligence will enable the robot to respond to and adapt to changes in its tasks and in its environment, and to reason and make decisions in reaction to those changes.一个全新的阶段，在机器人的应用程序中已打开的"智能机器人"发展。一个智能机器人基本上是一种必须能够感知周围的环境并拥有足够的智能响应不断变化的环境一样，我们做的。这种能力需要感官知觉与人工智能技术直接的应用。多机器人的研究一直，仍然关注如何使机器人视觉传感器眼睛和触觉传感器在"手指"。人工智能技术将使机器人响应和适应其任务和它的环境变化的原因和反应对这些变化做出的决定。Integrated circuit集成电路The invention of IC is a great revolution in the electronic industry. Sharp size, weight reductions are possible with these techniques; and more importantly, high reliability, excellent functional performance, now cost and low power dissipation can be achieved. ICs are widely used in electronic industry.集成电路的发明是大革命在电子工业中。锋利的大小重量减少有可能与这些技术 ；和更重要的是现在成本的优良性能的高可靠性和可以实现低功耗。集成电路 广泛应用于电子行业。The electrically interconnected components that make up an IC are called integrated elements. If an integrated circuit includes only one type of components, such as only diodes or resistors, it is said to be an assembly or set of components.芯片组成的电互连的组件称为集成的元素。如果一个集成电路包含一种类型如仅二极管或电阻的组件的据说是一个程序集或一组组件。Digital integrated circuit can contain anything form a few thousand to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, digital signal processing, and micro controllers work using binary mathematics to process “one” and “zero” signals.数字集成电路可以包含任何内容形成数千数以百万计的逻辑门、 触发器、 多路复用器和其他线路的几个平方毫米。这些数字集成电路、 通常微处理器、 数字信号处理和微控制器工作使用二进制的数学处理"1"和"零"的信号。SIM Card Want to use your GSM service in the United States? Bring along this tiny piece of you’re traveling to the United States, be sure to take your SIM card with you. Because your GSM service can work in the . just like it dose at you have to do is to rent the right frequency handset for use in the States. (If you don't have your SIM card with you, relax. We'll provide a handset with the SIM card included.)As in other countries, you'll find using GSM in the . is often less expensive than calling cards, pay phones and hotel phones. And, of course, far more convenientAll you have to do to enjoy GSM convenience is call one of the numbers listed below. We'll provide the handset to rent within 24 hours, or, in some cities, the very same rent a handset call:In France 0800 508 968In Italy 0800 790948In In 1877 OMNI-2-GOAll other countries +44 SIM 卡要使用您的 GSM 服务在美国吗？携带此小件行李。如果您正在前往美国，一定要带上您的 SIM 卡。因为您的 GSM 服务可以像工作在美国它剂量在家里。你要做的是租住在美国使用合适的频率手机。（如果您不具有您的 SIM 卡，放松。我们会提供一个手机 SIM 卡包括。)在其他的国家一样，你会发现使用 GSM 在美国通常是少比电话卡、 电话和酒店电话。的课程，更方便你要享受 GSM 方便做的只是调用下面列出的数字之一。我们会提供租 24 小时，或在一些的城市非常同一天手机。租手机的调用：在法国 0800年 508 968在意大利 0800年 790948在英国 0800年 328 5396在美国 1877年转到 2-OMNI所有其他国家 + 44 Computer Control TechnologyA computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store ,and process data and produce output results under the direction of stored program of instructions. This section explains why a computer is a system and how a computer system is organized. Key elements in a computer system include input, processing, and output devices. Let's examine each computer of the more detail.计算机是一种快速而又准确的操纵系统，为了接受、 存储，和处理的数据并产生输出结果存储程序的指导下的指令的快速、 准确的符号。此部分说明为什么一台计算机是一个系统和计算机系统的组织方式。计算机系统中的关键元素包括输入、 处理，和输出设备。让我们看一下每台计算机的更多详细信息。Central Processing Unit the heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU). There is three main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system: the primary storage section, the arithmetic-logic section, and the control section. Bit these three sections aren’t unique to personal computers. They are found in CPUs of all sizes.中央处理器是任何计算机系统的核心是中央处理单元 (CPU)。有三个主要部分，在典型的个人计算机系统的 CPU 中找到： 主存储部分、 算术逻辑部分和控制部分。位这三个部分不是唯一的个人计算机。他们有各种规模的CPU。Output Devices Like input units, output devices are instruments of interpretation and communication between humans and computer systems of all sizes. These devices take output results from the CPU in machine-coded form and convert them into a form that can be used (a) by people (., a printed and/or displayed report) or (b) as machine input in another processing cycle.输出设备 如同输入设备，输出设备是文书的解释和人与各种规模的计算机系统之间的 通信 。这些设备从CPU的输出结果以机编码的窗体，并将它们转换为一个窗体，可以在另一个处理周期中使用(a)的(例如，印刷和/或显示报告)，或(b作为输入机。In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices. Larger and faster printers, many online workstations, and magnetic tape drives are commonly found in larger systems.在个人计算机显示屏幕和桌面打印机是受欢迎的输出设备。更大、 更快的打印机、 很多的在线工作站和磁带驱动器通常有较大的系统。The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two modes： user mode and monitor mode. Various instructions (such as I/O instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can only be execute in monitor mode. The memory in which the monitor resides must also be protected from modification by the user. A timer prevents infinite loops. Once these changes (dual mode, privileged instructions, memory protection, timer interrupt) have been made to the basic computer architecture, it is possible to write a correct operating system.操作系统必须确保计算机系统的正确操作。防止在干扰系统的正确操作用户程序修改硬件创建两种模式： 用户模式和显示器模式。（例如，I/O 指令和停止指令） 的各项说明享有特权，并且只能在显示器模式下执行。显示器所驻留的内存也必须由用户修改保护。计时器可防止无限循环。一旦到基本的计算机体系结构做了这些更改 （双模式、 特权的指令、 内存保护、 计时器中断)，就可以编写正确的操作系统。Completes with the digital signal to the digital quantity carries on the arithmetic operation and the logic operation circuit is called the digital circuit, or number system. Because it has the logic operation and the logical processing function, therefore calls the numeral logic circuit.完成与数字信号，数字的数量进行算术运算和逻辑操作电路被称为数字电路或数字系统。因为它有逻辑操作和逻辑处理功能，因此呼吁数字逻辑电路。Karnaugh Map consists of one square for each possible minterm in a function. The method to write the Karnaugh Map: When we plot a function, we put a 1 in each square corresponding to a minterm that is included in the function, and put a 0 in or leave blank those squares not included in the function.卡诺图包含每个可能的最小项函数中的一方。写入卡诺图的方法：当我们绘制一个函数时，我们放在一个最小项的函数中包含的每个平方米对应的 1 和放一个0或保留为空函数中不包括这些方块。Industrial robot 工业机器人Binary 二进制Semiconductor 半导体Instruction 指令Spot welding 点焊Anode 阳极Counter 计数器Bipolar transistor 双极晶体管Switch 交换机Amplifier 放大器Microprocessor 微处理器Microcontroller 微控制器Digital Logic Circuits 数字逻辑电路Off-line 离线Memory 内存Register 注册Mother board 母板On-line 在线Counter 计数器CPU 中央处理器Cathode 阴极Software 软件Low cost 低成本Programming 编程Electronic Octal 电子八Multimeter 万用表Integrated circuit 集成电路Hard ware 五金Resistor 电阻Diode 二极管
就是和你所写的论文有关的英文文献，并将它翻译成中文教你一个讨巧的办法，先找一篇字数差不多的中文文章，然后上GOOGLE的在线翻译把它翻译成英文，这样的话，中文也有了，英文也有了，岂不方便。
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Neural Fuzzy Systems-A Neuro-fuzzy Synergism to Intelligent Systems [M].New York: Prentice Hall Inc. ,A Simon & Schuster Company, 1996.[11]GE S S, LEE T H, HARRIS C J. Adaptive Neural Network Control of Robotic Manipulators [ M]. Singapore: World Scientific, 1998.[12]孙富春,孙增圻,张钹.机械手神经网络稳定自适应控制的理论与方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.(SUN Fuchun, SUN Zengqi, ZHANG Bo. Theory and Approaches for Stable Adaptive Control of Robotic Manipulators Using Neural Networks [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press,2004. )[13]WIDROW B. The original adaptive neural net broom-balancer[ C ]//Proc of IEEE Int Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Piscataway,NJ:IEEE Press, 1987:351 - 357.[14]ALBUS J approach to manipulator control:the cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) [ J]. J of Dynamics Systems,Measurement and Control, 1975,97 ( 3 ): 220 - 227.[15]HOPFIELD J J, TANK D W. Computing with neural circuits: A model [ J]. Science, 1986,233:625 - 633.[16]RUMELHART D E, MCCLELLAND J L. Parallel Distributed Processing : Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition [ M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.[17]WANG Jeen-Shing, LEE G C S. Self-adaptive recurrent neuro-fuzzy control of an autonomous underwater vehicle [ J ]. IEEE Trans on Robotics and Automation, 2003,19 ( 2 ): 283 - 295.[18]DIAO Yixin, PASSINO K M. Adaptive neural/fuzzy control for interpolated nonlinear systems [ J ]. IEEE Trans on Fuzzy Systems,2002,10(5) :582 - 595.[19]达飞鹏,宋文忠.基于模糊神经网络的滑模控制[J].控制理论与应用,2000:17(1):128-132.(DA Feipeng,SONG Wenzhong. Sliding mode control based on the fuzzy neural networks [ J ]. Control Theory & Applications, 2000,17(1):128- 132.)[20]DENG Hui, SUN Fuchun, SUN Zengqi. Observer-based adaptive controller design of flexible manipulators using time-delay neurofuzzy networks [J]. J of Intelligent and Robotic Systems,2002,34(34) :453 - 466.[21]LIU Huaping, SUN Fuchun, HE Kezhong, et al. Controller design and stability analysis for fuzzy singularly perturbed systems [ J]. Acta Automatica Sinica ,2003,29(4) :494 - 500.[22]胡寿松,周川,胡维礼.基神经网络的模型跟随鲁棒自适应控制[J].自动化学报,2000,26(5):623-629.(HU Shousong, ZHOU Chuan, HU Weili. Model-following robust adaptive control based on neural networks [ J ]. Acta Automatica Sinica ,2000,26(5) :623 - 629. )[23]PARTRICIA Melin, OSCAR Castrilio. Intelligent adaptive control of non-linear dynamical systems with a hybrid neuro-fuzzy-genetic approach [C]//Proc of IEEE Int Conf on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Piscataway,NJ: IEEE Press, 2001:1508 - 1513.[24]LEE Ching-hung,LIN Yu-hing,LAI Wei-yu. Systems identification using type-2 fuzzy neural network (type-2 FNN) systems [C]//Proc of 2003 IEEE Int Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2003:1264 -1269.[25]PARTRICIA M, OSCAR C. A new method for adaptive model-based control of nonlinear plants using type-2 fuzzy logic and neural networks [C]//Proc of IEEE Int Conf on Fuzzy Systems. Piscataway,NJ: IEEE Press, 2003: 420 - 425.[26]MENDELAND J M, BOB John R I. Type-2 fuzzy sets made simple [J]. IEEE Trans on Fuzzy Systems,2002,10(2): 117 - 127.[27]Ezhov A A, Khromov A G, Berman G P. Analog quantum neuron for functions approximation [ C ]//Proc of Int Joint Conf on Neural Networks. Piscataway,NJ: IEEE Press, 2001,2:1577 - 1582.[28]SANNER R M, SLOTINE J J E. Stable adaptive control and recursive identification using radial Gaussian networks [ C ]//Proc of IEEE Conf on Decision and Control. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press,1991:2116-2123.[29]POLYCARPOU M M, IOANNOU P S. Identification and control of nonlinear systems using neural network models: design and stability analysis EE-Report 91 - 09 - 01 [ R ]. Los Angeles: University of Southem California, 1991.[30]SANCHEZ E N, BERNAL M A. Adaptive recurrent neural control for nonlinear system tracking [ J ]. IEEE Trans on Systems, Man,and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, 2000,30( 6 ): 886 - 889.[31]SUN Fuchun, LI HanXiong, LI Lei. Robot discrete adaptive control based on dynamic inversion using dynamical neural networks [ J ].Automatica, 2002,38 ( 11 ): 1977 - 1983.[32]SANNER R M, SLOTINE J J E. Structurally dynamic wavelet networks for the adaptive control of uncertain robotic systems [ C ]//Proc of the 34 th IEEE Conf on Decision and Control. Piscataway,NJ: IEEE Press, 1995: 2460 - 2467.[33]POLYCARPOU M M. Stable adaptive neural control scheme for nonlinear systems [ J]. IEEE Trans on Automatic Control, 1996,41(3) :447 - 451.[34]SUN Fuchun, SUN Zengqi, WOO Pengyun. Neural network-based adaptive controller design of robot manipulators with an observer [ J]. IEEE Trans on Neural Networks ,2001,12( 1 ) :54 - 67.[35]NARENDRA K S, PARTHASARATHY K. Identification and control of dynamical systems using neural networks [ J ]. IEEE Trans on Neural Networks, 1990,1(1) :4 - 27.[36]ROVITHAKIS G A. Tracking control of multi - input affine nonlinear dynamical systems with unknown nonlinearities using dynamical neural networks [ J]. IEEE Trans on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part B: Cybernetics, 1999,29(2): 179 - 189.[37]GE S S, LI G Y, LEE T H. Adaptive NN control for a class of strictfeedback discrete-time nonlinear systems [ J ]. Automatica, 2003,39(5) :807 - 819.[38]JAGANNATHAN S, LEWIS F L. Multilayer discrete-time neural-net controller with guaranteed performance [ J ]. IEEE Trans on Neural Networks, 1996,7 ( 1 ): 107 - 130.[39]SUN Fuchun, SUN Zengqi, WOO Pengyan, Stable neural networkbased adaptive control for sampled-data nonlinear systems [ J]. IEEE Trans on Neural Networks, 1998,9(5) :956 - 968.[40]CHENG C M, REES N W. Stability analysis of fuzzy multivariable systems: vector Lyapunov function approach [ J]. IEE Proceeding of Control Theory, 1997,144(5) :403 - 412.[41]SUN Fuchun, SUN Zengqi, FENG Gang. An adaptive fuzzy controller based on sliding mode for robot manipulators [ J ]. IEEE Trans on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics- Part B: Cybernetics,1999,29(5) :661 - 667.[42]TANAKA K, WANG H O. Fuzzy Control Systems Design and Analysis-A Linear Matrix Inequality Approach [M] .New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ,2001.[43]TANIGUCHI T, TANAKA K, WANG H O. Fuzzy descriptor systems and nonlinear model following control [ J ]. IEEE Trans on Fuzzy Systems, 2000,8 (4): 442 - 452.[44]WU S J, LIN C T. Optimal fuzzy controller design: local concept [J] .IEEE Trans on Fuzzy Systems,2000,8(2): 171 - 185.[45]WU S J, LIN C T. Discrete-time optimal fuzzy controller design:global concept approach [ J]. IEEE Trans on Fuzzy Systems, 2002,10(1) :21 - 38.[46]CAO S G, REES N W, FENG G. H∞ control of uncertain fuzzy continuous - time systems [ J ]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2000,115 (2):171 - 190.
“毕业论文”用英文是dissertation dissertation[ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn]n. 专题论文，学位论文；学术演讲 毕业论文； 博士论文； 论文； 学位论文 例句： was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation. 他在聚精会神地写他的博士论文.2. I have not yet footnoted my dissertation. 我还没有给我的论文加上脚注.3. I'm working my notes up into a dissertation. 我正在把我的笔记修改成论文.
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句: completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。 is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。 have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。 question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。 thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
1工作原理距离保护 Distance relays use voltages and currents acquired at the relay location to calculate the apparent impedance of the line from relay point to the fault point.距离继电器的使用电压和电流后天在接力的位置来计算的表观阻抗线中继站的故障点。 The calcu- lated apparent impedance Z is compared with the set- ting impedance Zset to decide whether the fault is inter- nal or external.的计算， lated明显阻抗Z是同一套婷阻抗Zset决定是否断层间的信号或外部。 During normal operation, the apparent impedance is generally larger than the Zset.在正常操作期间，明显的阻抗一般大于Zset 。 If the apparent impedance is less than Zset, then it is concluded that a fault has probably occurred in the protected line.如果明显阻抗小于Zset ，那么得出的结论是有可能发生故障的保护线。 Under fault conditions, the distance relay energizes the circuits to trip relevant circuit breakers to isolate the faulted line from the rest of the system[8].故障条件下，距离继电器的电路注入行有关断路器隔离断行的其余部分系统[ 8 ] 。 shows the working principle of distance protection.图1显示的工作原理，距离保护。 The startup element starts protection devices or fault calculating programs when fault occurs in the pro- tected line.启动元件启动保护装置或过失计算程序发生故障时，在亲tected线。 The measuring element, which is the center of distance protection, calculates the line impedance between the fault point and relay point.测量元素，这是中心的距离保护，计算线路阻抗之间的故障点和中继点。 The time delay element determines different time delays according to the result of the measuring element.的时间延迟因素确定不同的时间延迟根据测量结果的因素。 The output element executes the decision of protection.输出内容的决定，执行保护。 2 Configuration of simulation system 2配置的仿真系统 The dynamic simulation system for distance protec- tion proposed in this paper is designed according to its working principle and elementary configuration.动态仿真系统的距离保护法本文提出的目的是根据其工作原理和基本配置。 As shown in , the simulation system is composed of electromagnetic transient computing module, PT & CT module, data reading module, U & I display module, startup module, Fourier algorithm module, phase selec- tion module, impedance computing module, impedance comparison module and so on.图2所示的仿真系统是由电磁暂态计算模块，印尼与CT模块，数据读取模块， ü ＆余显示模块，启动模块，傅氏算法模块，相选择法模块，阻抗计算模块，阻抗比较模块等。 In this closed-loop simu- lation, the relay trip signal is fed back to control the cir- cuit breaker of power system model.在这个闭环仿真，接力行程信号反馈给控制电路- cuit断路器的电力系统模型。 This closed-loop simulation approach has greatly enhanced the accuracy of simulation and made it possible to simulate the dynamic interactions between power systems and protection systems.这闭环模拟方法，大大提高模拟的准确性和使之能够模拟动态电力系统之间的相互作用和保护系统。 Fault transient computing based on PSB 故障暂态计算的基础上公安局 The PSB was designed to provide a modern design tool that will allow users to rapidly and easily build models that simulate power systems.公安局的目的是提供一个现代化的设计工具，允许用户迅速，方便地建立模型，模拟电力系统。 The blockset uses the Simulink environment, allowing a model to be built using simple click and drag procedures.该模块利用Simulink环境下，允许的模式是采用简单的按一下并拖曳程序。 The libraries contain models of typical power equipment, such as transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics.该库包含型号的典型功耗设备，如变压器，线路，机器，电力电子技术。 These model's validity is based on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Québec, a large North American utility located in Canada.这些模型的有效性是基于经验，电力系统测试和模拟实验室水电魁北克，大型北美实用设在加拿大。 Matlab and its time domain solver Simulink create a friendly and open system.基于Matlab和Simulink的时域求解创建一个友好和开放的系统。 New models and libraries of power equipments may just be added to this package.新的模式和图书馆的电力设备可能会被添加到该程序包。 In this developing environment, we can finish all kinds of power system simulations[5—7]在此开发环境，我们可以完成各种各样的电力系统仿真[ 5-7 ]
先翻译了一部分，待续。With rapid national economic development and fast increase demands of electric power, new power transmission requirements are put forward,especially in the rapid develop large city and heavily populated areas in city. Transmission capacity of existing transmission line can't meet the increasing needs of power loss and the floor space are the limiting factor of the high-capacity transmission conducter is urgently needed to solve this problem.
ThesisForGraduation毕业论文ThesisForAcademicDegree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。
毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs] 美 [ˈθisɪs] 。
n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题
1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.
他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。
2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?
这个命题经得起推敲吗？
3、He has finished his thesis.
他的论文完成了。
4、She's finished writing her thesis.
她那篇论文写出来了。
5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。
The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.
文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。
Graduation DesignGraduation Thesisfield work report
毕业设计graduation project毕业论文thesis(用于学士或者硕士,博士论文是dissertation)实习报告OJT report (internship多用于见习特别是医疗方面,也就是由雇主安排的,而非学校安排的)
作为一名留学生，我有时也需要翻译一些学术类型的文献。所以，我有几款常用的英文学术文献类的翻译软件，下面就由我来分享几种英文学术文献的翻译软件。
01 DeepL
DeepL是我经常使用的英文学术文献翻译软件之一。这款翻译软件相对能够比较准确地翻译，同时它还会提供同义词供使用者参考。更重要的是，DeepL还能翻译整个文献，支持PDF，Word和PPT格式的文献，这就方便了很多。
用DeepL 翻译文献时，一些学术性的单词和语句都能翻译得比较自然。就像文献中常见的代词，该翻译软件能够准确翻译对应前面所说的名词，所以它能更贴近原文的意思。
02 Google translate
Google translate是最常见的翻译软件之一。我推荐这款翻译软件主要原因是它能够快速翻译出使用者所需要的文章或语句，这能节省一些时间。它还提供各种同义词，只要点击某个单词，下面就会出现多个同义词，所以这比较方便使用者替换单词。
我也常用Google translate来翻译文献。但我发现用这款翻译软件翻译整篇文献时，翻译出来的意思会与原文有一些出入，尤其体现在某个句子中。可我将整篇文献分拆几个段落来翻译，可以看到翻译得更贴近原文的意思。因此，建议读者可以通过一个大段落来翻译以保障准确度。
03 Copy translator
Copy translator翻译软件相对来说可能比较少人用，该软件只能下载安装使用，不像其他翻译软件能在线使用。对于Copy translator，它的好用之处在于它可以自动识别学术文献，同时自动删掉一些无用的符号。还有，在该翻译软件翻译整个文献，它能够保持本身的排版，这就更加方便使用者。
以上就是我向大家推荐的三种英文学术文献翻译软件，总的来说都是比较好用的。但实际还是会有出入，所以建议大家要适当使用。
英文学术文献翻译的软件有很多，罗列后分为以下三个类型：
根据泛读→精读→学习英语
第一类是需要泛读英文文献材料，就需要一个软件能够大段大段的翻译，这个时候不要求翻译的一个精准度，只要求能够大概的意思能够翻译到位，不要把专业词汇翻译成口语化的词汇就行。这一类一般常用的知云文献翻译，一篇文献它可以给你广泛性的进行翻译，可以初步的对摘要进行一个整体的了解，来判断这篇文献是不是符合要求。
第二类是精读的时候往往需要去对其中某一段的意思，做一个详细的翻译。这个时候推荐百度翻译、谷歌翻译和欧路词典结合，百度翻译能翻译出一些学术性的词汇，但是对一些你特别想要了解的词汇，还是需要借助词典来进行补充，也非常适合你平时想在iPad上面进行学习和翻译。
第三类是精读的同时还希望能够把不认识的单词都给记录下来，一般用的是一个插件Burning Vocabulary，这个插件可以在网页上把不认识的单词通过双击给你展示出来，然后你可以复制在自己的word里头，甚至可以导入到不背单词里头进行学习。
整句翻译工具Ⅱ 2005 豪华版电气（electrical，electrical power and equipment）是电能的生产、传输、分配、使用和电工装备制造等学科或工程领域的统称。是以电能、电气设备和电气技术为手段来创造、维持与改善限定空间和环境的一门科学，涵盖电能的转换、利用和研究三方面，包括基础理论、应用技术、设施设备等。电气工程（Electrical Engineering，简称EE）是现代科技领域中的核心学科之一，更是当今高新技术领域中不可或缺少的关键学科。正是电子技术的巨大进步才推动了以计算机网络为基础的信息时代的到来，并将改变人类的生活、工作模式。电气工程的发展前景同样很有潜力，使得当今的学生就业比率一直很高。
整句翻译工具Ⅱ 2005 豪华版 2. 整句翻译工具Ⅱ 2005 豪华版 过去的翻译软件，最大的弊病是无法准确进行翻译。例如 3. 整句翻译Ⅱ 2005 豪华版 21世纪最新一代专业翻译工具软件 4. 思拓智能翻译系统CipolMT2002 该软件采用自行开发的浏览器，支持多文档浏览网页，实现网页的英汉智能翻译。软件占用 5. 整句翻译Ⅱ 2005 豪华版 21世纪最新一代专业翻译工具软件 6. HunterDictionary 简明英汉/汉英双向翻译 HunterDictionary提供简明易用的英汉/汉英双向翻译功能，不溣输入的是英文或者中文查 7. IBM 翻译家 2000 网页即时翻译使用网页即时翻译功能 8. 雅信CAT英汉双向翻译平台 雅信CAT英汉双向翻译平台是由北京雅信诚公司开发的专业 9. IBM 翻译家 2000 网页即时翻译使用网页即时翻译功能 10. Magic Translator 魔术翻译家 能在10国语言间进行自由翻译的共享软件 11. 翻译转换 可以在简体中文、英文、法文、韩文、日文等10种不同语言间互相翻译 12. 时代翻译通 时代翻译通的最大特点是迅速和便捷，您只需输入所需翻 13. Magic Translator 魔术翻译家 能在10国语言间进行自由翻译的共享软件 14. 译经计算机翻译系统 (简体中文翻英文) 译经中翻英是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件，采用中文语意解 15. wwstar pro(文言文翻译) 文言文翻译系统，支持分布式引擎更新以及STD步进跟踪技术 16. 译经计算机翻译系统 (英文翻简体中文) 译经英翻中是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)，并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件，结合AI人工智 17. 译友翻译环境 “译友翻译环境”是一个专门为翻译人员设计的软件环境 18. 大众翻译软件 大众翻译软件是一款迅速.便捷.高效.准确的迷你即时翻译 19. wwstar pro(文言文翻译) 文言文翻译系统，支持分布式引擎更新以及STD步进跟踪技术 20. 译经计算机翻译系统 (日文翻简体中文) 译经日翻中是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件，自动判别语尾变 21. USAShow-贸易任我行-多国文字翻译工具 USAShow-贸易任我行-多国文字翻译工具USAShow由北美贸促网开发的翻译软件，目的是方便 22. 译经计算机翻译系统 (简体中文翻日文) 译经中翻日是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)，并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件。结合AI人工智 23. 时代翻译通 时代翻译通的最大特点是迅速和便捷，您只需输入所需翻译的内容，就能马上得到翻译结果 24. wwstar pro(文言文翻译) 升级包 wwstar pro(文言文翻译) 升级包 25. 大众翻译软件 大众翻译软件是一款迅速.便捷.高效.准确的迷你即时翻译工具，程序采用快速的动态翻译 26. 译友翻译环境 “译友翻译环境”是一个专门为翻译人员设计的软件环境。在保证翻译质量和不改变工 27. 时代翻译通 迅速和便捷，您只需输入所需翻译的内容，就能马上得到翻译结果 28. Google网页翻译工具 Beta Google 网页翻译工具其实就是Google正在测试的在线网页 29. Google网页翻译工具 Beta Google网页翻译工具其实就是Google正在测试的在线网页翻译服务的程序版本，它可以随时 30. Google 网页翻译工具 Google 网页翻译工具 31. 整句翻译工具Ⅱ 2005 豪华版 过去的翻译软件，最大的弊病是无法准确进行翻译。例如：从一个VB源程序中抽取出一 32. wwstar pro(文言文翻译) 升级包 wwstar pro(文言文翻译) 升级包 33. 译经计算机翻译系统 (日文翻繁体中文) 译经日翻中是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件，自动判别语尾变 34. 英文缩略词翻译系统 英文缩略词翻译系统 集缩略词、全称、意义三者于一 35. 译经计算机翻译系统 (英文翻繁体中文) 译经英翻中是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)，并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件，结合AI人工智 36. HPC Translate 英-西班牙文双向翻译机 HPCTranslate是一款适合想要学习西班牙文的使用者的翻译软件，它能够在英文与西班牙文 37. 译经计算机翻译系统 (繁体中文翻英文) 译经中翻英是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件，采用中文语意解 38. 大众翻译软件 一款迅速.便捷.高效.准确的迷你即时翻译工具 39. 清然英语缩略词翻译系统 清然英语缩略词翻译系统是目前国内唯一一款专门针对英语缩略词进行即时翻译的工具，弥 40. 译经计算机翻译系统 (繁体中文翻日文) 译经中翻日是唯一内建翻译记忆库(TM)，并支持远程服务器模式的翻译软件。结合AI人工智
Electric Power Systems 电力系统 The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 现代社会的电力供应依赖于更多地比以往任何时候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它无法想象的世界应该是什么，如果电力供应中断了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为不可缺少的组成部分产业界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）的托马斯爱迪生所建-站纽约市珍珠街的历史始于1882年9月运作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 这是一个半径直流系统组成的一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机面积约公里至59供电范围内的客户。负载，其中包括完全的白炽灯，为V提供110通过地下电缆系统。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一个类似的系统在大多数大城市在世界各地运行数年。随着马达的弗兰克斯普拉格发展在1884年，电机负载被添加到这些系统。这是什么开始发展成为世界上最大的产业之一。在最初的直流系统广泛使用尽管如此，他们几乎完全被空调系统所取代。到1886年，直流系统的局限性也日益明显。他们可以提供功率只有很短的距离从发电机。To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 为了保持发射功率损失（我2 R）和电压下降到可接受的水平，电压等级，必须长途输电高。如此高的电压不发电和电力消耗可以接受的，因此，电压转换成为一个方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在发展的变压器，法国和交流输电由L.巴黎戈拉尔和JD吉布斯导致交流电力系统。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一次在北美交流传输线将在俄勒冈州波特兰之间威拉梅特大瀑布和实施。It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.这是一个单相线路传输功率为4,000公里，超过21 V系统的距离。随着交流的发展多相系统由尼古拉特斯拉，成为更具吸引力的。通过1888年，特斯拉举行交流多项专利电动机，发电机，变压器和输电系统。西屋公司购买了这些早期的发明专利，并形成了系统的基础，现在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世纪90年代，有很大的争议或交流电力行业是否应该统一于直流。到了世纪之交的，在交流系统赢得了原因出在下面的直流系统为： （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （1）电压水平可以很容易地改变了空调系统，从而提供了传输的灵活性，发电用不同的电压和消费。 （2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流发电机简单得多比直流发电机。 （3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流电机和电机便宜简单得多，比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三个阶段的美国北线投产于1893年- 1 2300五，南加州12公里路线研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在电力传输初期交流，频率不规范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有许多不同频率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫兹。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 这对互连的问题。最后60赫兹标准获得通过，成为美国在北美，虽然是50赫兹在许多其他国家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 较长的距离越来越需要大量的电力传输多激励他们逐步使用高压的水平。为了避免电压增殖数量无限，业界标准电压水平。在美国，标准是115，138， 161，和230千伏的高电压（高压）类，345，500和765千伏级的特高电压（超高压）。在中国，各级使用电压为10，35，110级高压， 220，中国330（仅在西北）和500千伏超高压类。The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一个750 kVtransmission线将建在不久的将来在中国西北地区。With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 随着交流的发展/直流转换设备，高压直流高压直流（HVDC）传输系统已经成为更具吸引力的经济和情况特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高压直流输电可用于输电块以上的大长途电话，并提供不同系统间的异步连接在AC联网系统将是不切实际的，因为稳定考虑，或因标称频率的系统。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到电源系统是提供一个不间断的能源供应，以客户可接受的电压和频率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于电力无法大量储存在一个简单的方法和经济，电力的生产和消费必须同时进行。系统的故障或误操作的权力在任何阶段可能导致电力供应中断给客户。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一个正常的电力系统连续运行的，提供可靠的电力供应给客户的重要性是至关重要的。 Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 电力系统稳定，可广泛定义为干扰财产的权力系统，可继续经营的状态下正常运行的平衡条件和后向遭受恢复一个可以接受的平衡状态。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在电力系统的不稳定可能会表现在经营方式和多种不同的方式取决于系统配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially "in step". This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to " rotor angle stability ". 传统上，稳定性问题一直是一个保持同步运行。由于电力系统的发电电力，一个令人满意的系统运行的必要条件是，依靠同步电机同步电机都留在同步或通俗的“步骤”。这一方面是受稳定的发电机转子的动态角度和功角的关系，然后提到“转子角稳定”。
你确定这是电气工程的？这是电子方面的 懒的看了 毕竟很多术语不懂
以下翻译杜绝机译，请放心采用。In this winding system, we use Mitsubishi A series PLC as master station PLC because it has the characteristic of quick response and great ability of information processing. 在这一卷绕系统中，我们采用了三菱的A系列PLC（可编程控制器）作为主站控制器，因为它具有迅速响应的特性和巨大的信息处理能力。It is used to control the behaviors of the total winding system together with FX series PLCs of winding and unwinding system. 它被用来控制整个卷绕系统以及卷绕和退绕系统FX系列PLC的性状。The operating actions of the system and the sequence of these actions were edited beforehand into the control program by the designer. 系统的动作行为和这些动作的顺序被设计人员事先编辑进控制程序中。The control program sets a series of operations of the winding system, which tells the PLCs how to control a system. 此控制程序设定卷绕系统的一系列运作，他告诉PLC如何来控制系统。The current states of all sensors or actuators are saved as an array of input, output or flag signals in the PLC memory. 所有传感器或执行器的现行状态都被作为输入、输出或旗号信号的阵列，在PLC存储器保存下来。Therefore, the PLC program is the basis of monitoring in a PLC controlled manufacturing system.因此，PLC程序在一个由PLC控制的制造系统中是监控的基础。 The programming method used is the ladder diagram method. 所采用的编程方法是梯形图法。The PLC system provides a design environment in the form of software tools running on a host computer terminal which allows ladder diagrams to be developed, verified, tested, and diagnosed. PLC系统提供了一个软件工具形式的设计环境，这些软件工具在可以开发、验证、测试、并诊断梯形图的主机终端上运行。First, the high-level program is written in diagrams. 首先，在梯形图中写下高层次的程序。Then, the ladder diagram is converted into binary instruction codes so that they can be stored in random-access memory (RAM) or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). 然后梯形图就被转换成二进制指令码，所以它们就可被储存在随机存取存储器（RAM）或可擦除可编程序只读存储器（EPROM）中。Each successive instruction is decoded and executed by the CPU. 每一个相继的指令由CPU（中央处理器）解码和执行。Thefimctionof the CPU is to control the operation of memory and I/O devices and to process data according to the program. CPU的功能是控制存储器和输入/输出器件的工作，并根据程序处理数据。Each input and output connection point on a PLC has an address used to identify the I/O bit. 在一个PLC上的每一个输入和输出连接点都有一个地址，用来识别该输入/输出位。The method for the direct representation of data associated with the inputs, outputs, and memory is based on the fact that the PLC memory is organized into three regions: input image memory, output image memory, and internal memory[4]. 这种用于直接表示与输入、输出和存储器相关的数据的方法是基于以下事实，即PLC存储器被组织进了三个区域：输入图像存储器、输出图像存储器和内部存储器【4】
这个不能复制过来的啊，你在百度知道搜索一下就知道了啊