Enterprise Management IncentivesA guide for employees, employers and advisersThis guidance aims to take you through the qualifying requirements for Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs). It is divided into sections which explain each part of the legislation contained in Schedule 5 Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003. Detailed points are covered in a question and answer context. It also explains some key terms otherwise stated, the statutory references in this guidance are to the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, and the abbreviations ITEPA 2003 and Sch 5 have been used that if you grant EMI options you may also have to consider other laws and rules. For example, there may be company law and regulatory requirements to comply with. Such matters are not covered in this guide so you should consider whether you need to take relevant professional information contained here is for guidance only. EMI options must at all times comply with the provisions of Schedule 5 ITEPA ’s in this guidance * What are Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs)? * How EMIs work * Qualifying companies * What makes an employee eligible? * About the options * Notification of grants of options * Income tax and National Insurance contributions * Capital gains tax * What happens when a company reorganises? * Useful contacts * EMI terms explainedWhat are Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs)?EMIs are tax advantaged share options. They are designed to help small, higher risk companies recruit and retain employees who have the skills to help them grow and succeed. They are also a way of rewarding employees for taking a risk by investing their time and skills to help small companies achieve their EMIs workTax advantaged share options with a market value of up to £100,000 may be granted to a qualifying employee of a qualifying company, subject to a total share value of £3 million under EMI options to all shares must be in an independent trading company that has gross assets of no more than £30 grant of the option is tax-free and there will normally be no tax or National Insurance contributions (NICs) for the employee to pay when the option is exercised. There will normally be no NICs charge for the the shares are sold at a gain, any capital gains tax (CGT) charge may be reduced because taper relief will normally start from the date that the option is employer must notify HMRC of an award of EMI options within 92 days of the grant of the this guidance all references to employer are to the employing companies qualify for EMIFor companies to qualify they must have maximum gross assets of no more than £30 million; for groups, this applies to the assets of the group as a whole. The company whose shares are the subject of the option must be independent, and the company or group must be trading. Companies carrying on certain trades will not is more detail on qualifying options qualify for tax relief under EMIIf an option is to qualify for tax relief: * the option has to be notified to HMRC in time and as required * the company whose shares are under option has to be a qualifying company * the type of share under option has to qualify * the employee has to be eligible * the terms of the option have to makes an employee eligibleTo qualify for EMI an employee has to be employed by the company whose shares are the subject of the option, or by a subsidiary. An employee must spend at least 25 hours a week working for the company or the group. If his hours are shorter, he must spend at least 75% of his working time working as an employee for the company or are more details on employee EMIs workThis section outlines the main requirements for options to qualify under EMI, they are: * the purpose of the option * the maximum entitlement of the employee and * the overall limit on options to be granted by the purpose of the optionThe options must be granted for commercial reasons to recruit or retain employees in a company, and not as part of an arrangement one of the main purposes of which is to avoid tax. (Para 4 Sch 5).Can a company cancel existing options and replace them with EMI options?If the option is granted to recruit or retain employees the purpose test is met. This will depend on the facts and all the entitlementNo employee may hold unexercised qualifying EMI options with a market value of more than £100,000. The market value is taken at the date of grant. The value to be used is the unrestricted market value, that is, the value of shares under option without taking into account any restrictions or the risk of forfeitureIf an option granted to an employee causes the £100,000 limit to be exceeded, the excess will not qualify as an EMI there limits on the number of qualifying options that an employee may be Granted within a particular period?Yes. Once an employee has been granted EMI, or EMI and Company Share Option Plan (CSOP) options up to the £100,000 limit, he must wait until 3 years after the last of these options was granted before he can be granted any more EMI qualifying options, even if he has exercised or released some of the options. He can then be granted further EMI options to the extent that any other EMI or CSOP options then held by him are below the £100,000 limit. (Para 6 Sch 5).How are shares valued for the purposes of the £100,000 limit?The market value of any shares for this purpose is the price they might reasonably be expected to fetch on the open market, free from any restrictions or risk of forfeiture to which they may be the shares under option are quoted on the London Stock Exchange, the market value is based on the prices on the Stock Exchange’s Daily Official List. If shares are not quoted on the London Stock Exchange, the company may offer its own valuation. In that case, HMRC may enquire into the , the company can ask HMRC Shares and Assets Valuation (SAV) to agree a valuation with them before the option is granted or whenever a valuation is required. Companies, or advisers, may find this the exercise of the option is subject to performance conditions will this affect the determination of market value?No. Performance conditions are not taken into account when determining the market value of the shares under there a limit on the number of employees who may hold EMI options?No. Any number of employees may hold EMI options in a company or group, subject to a maximum of £3 million as the total value of shares under EMI option in a CompaniesThis section sets out the conditions a company has to meet to qualify for EMI, they are: * independence * having only qualifying subsidiaries (including qualifying property managing subsidiaries after 17 March 2004) * gross assets * trading requirements that companies have to meet for options to qualify under EMI are similar to the requirements for the Enterprise Investment Scheme, the Corporate Venturing Scheme and Venture Capital Trusts. However, both quoted and unquoted companies can qualify for company whose shares are subject to EMI options must not be: * a 51% subsidiary (more than 50% of its ordinary share capital owned by another company), or * controlled by another company (or another company and persons connected with it).Arrangements must not exist which could result in the company becoming a 51% subsidiary or otherwise being controlled. (Para 9 Sch 5)Control in this context means the power of one company to ensure that the affairs of another company whose shares are subject to EMI option are conducted in accordance with that company’s wishes. This may be through share ownership, voting power, or because of any powers conferred by Articles of Association or other subsidiaries (before 17 March 2004)For options granted before 17 March 2004, all of a company’s subsidiaries must be qualifying subsidiaries. That is, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must: * possess, directly or indirectly, at least 75% of the share capital and the voting power of the subsidiary * be entitled to receive at least 75% of the assets of the subsidiary, in the event of a winding up or in any other circumstances, if they were all distributed * be entitled to at least 75% of profits of the subsidiary available for distribution to other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence requirement.)There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be a subsidiary company itself has subsidiaries, shares will not qualify to be used in an EMI option unless all these subsidiaries are also qualifying subsidiaries, as defined 1Company A has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company B, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company B is therefore a qualifying B has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company C, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company C it also therefore a qualifying A meets the EMI requirements in relation to its 2Company X has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company Y, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company Y is therefore a qualifying X also has a 60% shareholding in subsidiary company Z, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company Z is not a qualifying X therefore fails to meets the EMI requirements, as not all of its subsidiaries are qualifying subsidiaries (after 17 March 2004)For options granted on or after 17 March 2004 all of a company’s subsidiaries must be qualifying subsidiaries. That is, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must hold, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the share capital of the subsidiary. (Para 11(2) Sch 5).No other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence requirement.)There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be is a further requirement if the company has subsidiaries that manage property managing subsidiariesFor options granted on or after 17 March 2004, a company will not qualify if it has a property managing subsidiary which is not a 90% subsidiary of the company. (Para 11A(1) Sch 5).A property managing company is one whose business consists wholly or mainly in the holding of managing of land, buildings or interest in be a qualifying property managing subsidiary, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must: * possess, directly, at least 90% of the issued share capital and the voting power in the subsidiary * be entitled to receive at least 90% of the assets of the subsidiary, in the event of a winding up or in any other circumstances, if they were all distributed * be entitled to at least 90% of profits of the subsidiary available for distribution to other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence requirement.)There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be assetsThe value of the company’s gross assets must not exceed £30 million at the date the EMI option is granted. If the company is a member of a group of companies, the limits are applied to the gross assets of the group as a whole.由于篇幅有限,网址在这里,你可以在那里看到完整。这是一篇关于企业管理的学术性文章。
企业管理论文参考文献范例
无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家都有写论文的经历,对论文很是熟悉吧,论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢?下面是我帮大家整理的企业管理论文参考文献范例,欢迎大家分享。
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Sustainable Development and Institutional Innovation in Privately-owned Small and edium-sized Businesses YANG Da-kai, MIAO Xue-feng ( School of International Investment, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China) Abstract: Privately-owned small and medium-sized businesses are the main body in private-owned businesses in China and an e-merging group with special characteristics, and its state of development has a direct impact on the overall competitiveness of the Chinese economy in the future. By calculating first-order and second-order derivatives of production function to institution function and analyzing the results, it is indicated that institutional factor has a deep impact on the operation and development of privately-owned small and medium-sized businesses, and that improvement in institutional environment will greatly improve their production and operation. For this reason, the strategic path arrangement for institutional inno-vation in privately-owned small and medium-sized businesses in China is: cultivating entrepreneurship, carrying out property right innovation, perfecting operating mechanism of enterprises, and improving the external institutional envi-ronment for enterprise operation. Key words: privately-owned small and medium-sized business; family system; entrepreneur; governing structure; institutional innovation我国经济体制改革的主线和目标是建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制。市场经济的基本制度是所有制主体和利益主体的多元化,这一基本制度使我国民营经济得到了很大的发展,并日益成为我国国民经济的重要组成部分。民营中小企业是民营企业的主体,它与国有大中型企业、国有中小型企业、民营大企业都有着很大的区别,是一个具有特殊表征的新兴群体。一个已经被普遍认同的观点是,民营中小企业的发展状况将直接影响到我国经济未来的整体竞争力。Our country economic restructuring's master line and the goal are the establishment and the consummation socialist market economic system. Market economy's basic system is the system of ownership main body and the benefit main body multiplication, this basic system enabled our country privately operated economy to obtain the very big development, and became our country national economy day by day the important component. The privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise is Private enterprise's main body, it with the state-owned Large and middle scale Enterprises, the state-owned Small and medium-sized enterprise, the privately operated big enterprise has the very big difference, is one has the special attribute emerging community. One already by general acceptance's viewpoint was, privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise development condition immediate influence to our country economy future overall competitive power. 无论在我国还是在发达的工业化国家,家族式民营中小企业的存在和发展都与一定的历史阶段、社会发展状况、社会文化特征密切相关。家族企业作为现代市场经济中企业生态群体的母体和重要的企业组织形态,其治理结构优劣并存;全盘否定民营中小企业的家族治理模式,就等于推翻了当前我国民营经济的基础,这是不可取的。民营中小企业内部治理结构的演变有一个特定的历史过程,根据其发展阶段采用相应的治理结构,才能使其生命力不断延伸,而现代企业制度并不适合我国大多数民营中小企业的现实状况。Regardless in our country in the developed industrialized country, the family type privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise's existence and the development with certain historical stage, the social development condition, the social culture characteristic closely is related. The Family firm takes in the modern market economy the enterprise ecology community's parent substance and the important enterprise organizes the shape, its management structure fit and unfit quality coexisting; The total repudiation privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise's family governs the pattern, was equal to that has overthrown the current our country privately operated economy foundation, this is cannot take. The privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise interior management structure's evolution has a specific historical process, uses the corresponding management structure according to its development phase, can cause its vitality to extend unceasingly, but the modern enterprise system does not suit our country Majority Privately operated Small and medium-sized enterprises the realistic conditions. 培育企业家精神。由于企业家的素质决定了我国广大中小民营企业的素质和发展,因而民营中小企业制度创新中最重要的就是企业家自身的创新。企业家创新的途径有三个:第一,加强对企业家的人力资本投资。企业家可以通过系统学习先进的管理知识来提升自己的经营、管理能力,如主动参加培训、进修MBA、自我学习等。第二,坚持“干中学”,不断地用科学的方法归纳总结自己的经验和教训,从实践中体会、感悟企业经营管理之道。第三,适时引进职业经理人。民营中小企业家可在时机成熟时引进职业经理人,给予其一定的资本所有权,自己则保留控制权和剩余索取权。cultivates the entrepreneurial spirit. Because entrepreneur's quality has decided our country general small Private enterprise's quality and the development, thus in the privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise institutional innovations most important is entrepreneur own innovation. The entrepreneur innovates the way has three: First, strengthens to entrepreneur's human capital investment. The entrepreneur may promote own management, the managed capacity through the system study advanced management knowledge, like participates in training, to take advanced courses on own initiative MBA, the self-study and so on. Second, insisted that “does the middle school”, summarizes own experience and the lesson unceasingly with the science method induction, from the practice realized that the feeling becomes aware road of the enterprise management and operation. Third, at the right moment introduces the professional manager. The privately operated young entrepreneur may introduce the professional manager when the time is ripe, gives its certain right of capital property ownership, then oneself retention domination and surplus claim power.
Managing people effectively in extension programmes is a skill that requires constant planning and development. An extension programme manager can be defined as the person who is vested with formal authority over an organization or one of its sub units. He or she has status that leads to various interpersonal relations, and from this comes access to information. Information, in turn, enables the manager to devise strategies, make decisions, and implement action (Mintzberg, 1988). Management is concerned with the optimum attainment of organizational goals and objectives with and through other people. Extension management organizations are characterized by many strategies, wide spans of control, democracy, and autonomy. Their management practices cannot be reduced to one standard set of operating guidelines that will work for all organizations continually. However, all managers of professional organizations face the same challenge: to manage one's time, objectives, and resources in order to accomplish tasks and implement ideas (Waldron, 1994). Managers of extension programmes are painfully aware of the need for revision and development of the new skill sets held by today's high performers. If change is not handled correctly, it can be more devastating then ever before. High performers reflect, discover, assess, and act. They know that a new focus on connecting the heads, hearts, and hands of people in their organization is necessary. Astute managers know what needs to be done but struggle with how to do it. Quite often they prefer to consider themselves as teachers or communicators rather than managers. This results in under-utilization of the increasing amount of literature on management theory and practice. The root of the problem is implementation. They must learn how to motivate others and build an efficient team. More formally defined, management is the process by which people, technology, job tasks, and other resources are combined and coordinated so as to effectively achieve organizational objectives. A process or function is a group of related activities contributing to a larger action. Management functions are based on a common philosophy and approach. They centre around the following: 1. Developing and clarifying mission, policies, and objectives of the agency or organization 2. Establishing formal and informal organizational structures as a means of delegating authority and sharing responsibilities 3. Setting priorities and reviewing and revising objectives in terms of changing demands 4. Maintaining effective communications within the working group, with other groups, and with the larger community 5. Selecting, motivating, training, and appraising staff 6. Securing funds and managing budgets; evaluating accomplishments and 7. Being accountable to staff, the larger enterprise, and to the community at large (Waldron, 1994b).The management functions listed above can be categorized by using the acronym POSDCORB (Bonoma & Slevin, 1978, from Gulick & Urwick, 1959): · Planning: outlining philosophy, policy, objectives, and resultant things to be accomplished, and the techniques for accomplishment · Organizing: establishing structures and systems through which activities are arranged, defined, and coordinated in terms of some specific objectives · Staffing: fulfilling the personnel function, which includes selecting and training staff and maintaining favourable work conditions · Directing: making decisions, embodying decisions in instructions, and serving as the leader of the enterprise · Coordinating: interrelating the various parts of the work · Reporting: keeping those to whom you are responsible, including both staff and public, informed · Budgeting: making financial plans, maintaining accounting and management control of revenue, and keeping costs in line with objectivesPlanningPlanning is the key management function of any extension worker. It is the process of determining in advance what should be accomplished, when, by whom, how, and at what cost. Regardless of whether it is planning long-term program priorities or planning a two-hour meeting, the planning aspect of management is the major contributor to success and productivity. Stated simply, "If you don't know where you are going, then you won't know when you have arrived!" Planning is the process of determining the organization's goals and objectives and making the provisions for their achievement. It involves choosing a course of action from available alternatives. Planning is the process of determining organizational aims, developing premises about the current environment, selecting the course of action, initiating activities required to transform plans into action, and evaluating the outcome. The types of planning that managers engage in will depend on their level in the organization and on the size and type of the organization. Generally there are four major types of planning exercises: strategic, tactical, contingency, and managerial. Strategic planning involves determining organizational goals and how to achieve them. This usually occurs at the top management level. Tactical planning is concerned with implementing the strategic plans and involves middle and lower management. Contingency planning anticipates possible problems or changes that may occur in the future and prepares to deal with them effectively as they arise (Marshall, 1992). Managerial planning is usually considered as microlevel planning. It helps in combining resources to fulfil the overall objectives of the extension organization. A needs assessment may initiate a need for developing a plan. The planning process begins with the creation of a philosophy that consists of statements describing the values, beliefs, and attitudes of the organization. Its mission statement is a proclamation of its purpose or reason for being. After the philosophy and mission statements have been established, various goals and objectives are defined. Goals are usually general statements that project what is to be accomplished in the future. An objective is a concrete statement describing a specific action. Policies are predetermined guides to decision making; they establish boundaries or limits within which action may be taken. Managers are related to policy formation in two ways. First, they play a crucial role in implementing organizational policies that have been established by higher management. Second, they create policies within their departments as guides for their own work groups. Procedures outline the series of steps to be followed when carrying out a designed policy or taking a particular course of action. Rules are used to provide final and definite instruction. Usually they are inflexible. Planning is designing the future, anticipating problems, and imagining success. In short, planning is essential for anyone who wants to survive. The functions of organizing, leading, staffing, and budgeting are means of carrying out the decisions of planning. Everyone is a planner - a planner of meals, of work time, Of vacations, of families. Formal planning, however, distinguishes managers from non-managers, effective managers from ineffective managers. Formal planning forces managers to think of the future, to set priorities, to encourage creativity, to articulate clear objectives, and to forecast the future in terms of anticipated problems and political realities. Long-Range Planning Long-range planning is vitally important in that it focuses attention on crucial future issues which are vitally important to the organization. It involves studying societal trends and issues, surveying current and anticipated learners' needs, and being aware of long-term research directions and changes in technology. Many extension workers may think that such management is beyond their level of authority, control, or involvement. They may feel that such management is the prerogative of the director, the deputy minister, or the president. However, while senior levels of management must be involved, those who implement the objectives resulting from long-range planning should also be involved.
参考文献: [1]杨文士,李晓光.管理学原理.中国财政经济出版社. 傅建华,韩文亮,黄文灼.上海中小企业发展战略研究.上海财经大学出版社. 项润,高媛.中小企业竞争与发展.企业管理出版社. 温池洪,毕新华.中小企业如何构建核心竞争力.企业研究.参考文献: 〔1〕朱文双.如何加强企业资金集约化管理,财会月刊(综合),2007年第1期 〔2〕易克等.公司资金集约化管理研究,当代经理人,2006年第8期
企业管理论文参考文献范例
无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家都有写论文的经历,对论文很是熟悉吧,论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢?下面是我帮大家整理的企业管理论文参考文献范例,欢迎大家分享。
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[1] 张月玲,王静. 我国中小企业财务管理存在的问题及对策探讨[J]. 会计之友(下旬刊), 2009,(01) . [2] 吴秋. 加强我国中小企业财务管理对策[J]. 决策与资讯, 2009,(01) . [3] 吴丽健. 加强民营中小企业财务管理的思考[J]. 全国商情(经济理论研究), 2009,(02) . [4] 王威然. 浅论我国中小企业财务管理及其完善[J]. 企业家天地下半月刊(理论版), 2009,(01) . [5] 万吨钢,黄亮. “四诊”评内控[J]. 当代经济, 2009,(04) . [6] 辛艳,李春举. 加强中小企业财务管理的思考[J]. 中国新技术新产品, 2009,(02) . [7] 柳彦彬. 浅谈我国中小企业财务管理存在的问题与对策[J]. 现代企业教育, 2009,(04) . [8] 陈淑兰. 中小企业的财务管理问题和对策[J]. 陕西综合经济, 2006,(06) . [9] 郑琼. 刍探中小企业财务管理的创新[J]. 中国乡镇企业会计, 2009,(01) . [10] 王淇. 中小企业财务管理现状及对策分析[J]. 浙江金融, 2009,(01) . [1] 张功军. 我国企业财务管理改革之展望[J]. 中国总会计师, 2009,(04) . [2]加强企业财务管理 有效应对金融危机[J]. 国际商务财会, 2009,(05) . [3] 周世磊,魏国建. 浅议财务管理是企业管理之核心[J]. 经营管理者, 2009,(10) . [1]范奇伟. 推进财务管理创新 提升企业管理水平[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2008,(13) . [2]崔积英. 加强财务管理,提高企业经济效益[J]. 中国新技术新产品, 2009,(05) . [3]张辉. 加强资金管理,提高企业财务管理水平[J]. 知识经济, 2009,(04) . [1]范奇伟. 推进财务管理创新 提升企业管理水平[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2008,(13) . [2]崔积英. 加强财务管理,提高企业经济效益[J]. 中国新技术新产品, 2009,(05) . [3]张辉. 加强资金管理,提高企业财务管理水平[J]. 知识经济, 2009,(04) . [1] 张辉. 加强资金管理,提高企业财务管理水平[J]. 知识经济, 2009,(04) . [2] 范奇伟. 推进财务管理创新 提升企业管理水平[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2008,(13) . [3] 邵春燕. 企业财务管理改进建议[J]. 合作经济与科技, 2009,(12) . [4] 王春艳. 浅谈财务管理的发展趋势[J]. 中国新技术新产品, 2009,(04) . [5] 张鸿鹄. 浅谈企业内部财务管理[J]. 会计师, 2009,(02) . [6] 曲辉. 企业财务管理与核心竞争力的提高[J]. 商业经济, 2009,(05) . [7] 朱广熙. 加强企业财务管理 提高经济效益[J]. 工业审计与会计, 2006,(03) . [8] 张德志. 论市场经济条件下企业财务管理的中心地位[J]. 冶金财会, 2006,(02) . [9] 李萍. 浅析企业财务管理存在的问题及对策[J]. 现代企业教育, 2009,(02) . [10] 靳国安. 以财务管理为中心全面提升企业管理水平[J]. 现代会计, 2008,(03) .
企业财务管理参考文献 如果没时间或者没头绪,可以和这边的老师探讨一下.
《财务管理学的困境与出路》李心合 - 会计研究, 2006 :
1 朱伟生,张洪革.物流成本管理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003. 2罗珉.现代管理学[M].成都: 西南财经大学出版社,2004. 3刘玉平.财务管理学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006. 4 中国注册会计师协会.财务成本管理[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2007. 5 王德章.国际物流导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,.宋传联。对我国目前物流存货成本控制中的问题及对策研究。长春理工大学学报(社会科学版),20037原进兴。论“后进先出法”对确定存货成本的必要性。延安大学学报(社会科学版),20038黄新。浅析大型机械制造企业的存货管理。柴油机设计与制造,20039党潘利。如何利用Excel审计发出存货的计价。陕西审计,200310王东林。浅论适时制存货管理的实质与应用,交通企业管理,2003 自己在多找找多的很!
智慧365-学习管理的《企业财务风险管理》包括:风险管理概论、财务危机预警分析、流动资产风险管理、债务筹资风险管理、股票筹资风险管理、投资专案风险管理、并购风险管理等七章。
论文写作,先不说内容,首先格式要正确,一篇完整的论文,题目,摘要(中英文),目录,正文(引言,正文,结语),致谢,参考文献。规定的格式,字型,段落,页首页尾,开始写之前,都得清楚的,你的论文算是写好了五分之一。
然后,选题,你的题目时间宽裕,那就好好考虑,选一个你思考最成熟的,可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献,从里面获得思路,确定一个模板性质的东西,照着来,写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急,那就随便找一个参考文献,然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献,拼出一篇,再改改。
正文,语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲,这就是框定每一部分些什么,保证内容不乱,将内容放进去,写好了就。
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[23] Alchain, A. and H. Demsetz. "The Property Rights Paradigm". Journal of Economic ,(33): 16-27[24] Barzel, Y. "Economic Analysis of Property Rights". Cambridge, Mass.:Cambridge University [25] Coase, R. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics. 1960,(3):1-44
参考文献: \x0d\x0a [1]杨文士,李晓光.管理学原理.中国财政经济出版社. \x0d\x0a 傅建华,韩文亮,黄文灼.上海中小企业发展战略研究.上海财经大学出版社. \x0d\x0a 项润,高媛.中小企业竞争与发展.企业管理出版社. \x0d\x0a 温池洪,毕新华.中小企业如何构建核心竞争力.企业研究.\x0d\x0a参考文献: \x0d\x0a 〔1〕朱文双.如何加强企业资金集约化管理,财会月刊(综合),2007年第1期 \x0d\x0a 〔2〕易克等.公司资金集约化管理研究,当代经理人,2006年第8期
Sustainable Development and Institutional Innovation in Privately-owned Small and edium-sized Businesses YANG Da-kai, MIAO Xue-feng ( School of International Investment, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China) Abstract: Privately-owned small and medium-sized businesses are the main body in private-owned businesses in China and an e-merging group with special characteristics, and its state of development has a direct impact on the overall competitiveness of the Chinese economy in the future. By calculating first-order and second-order derivatives of production function to institution function and analyzing the results, it is indicated that institutional factor has a deep impact on the operation and development of privately-owned small and medium-sized businesses, and that improvement in institutional environment will greatly improve their production and operation. For this reason, the strategic path arrangement for institutional inno-vation in privately-owned small and medium-sized businesses in China is: cultivating entrepreneurship, carrying out property right innovation, perfecting operating mechanism of enterprises, and improving the external institutional envi-ronment for enterprise operation. Key words: privately-owned small and medium-sized business; family system; entrepreneur; governing structure; institutional innovation我国经济体制改革的主线和目标是建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制。市场经济的基本制度是所有制主体和利益主体的多元化,这一基本制度使我国民营经济得到了很大的发展,并日益成为我国国民经济的重要组成部分。民营中小企业是民营企业的主体,它与国有大中型企业、国有中小型企业、民营大企业都有着很大的区别,是一个具有特殊表征的新兴群体。一个已经被普遍认同的观点是,民营中小企业的发展状况将直接影响到我国经济未来的整体竞争力。Our country economic restructuring's master line and the goal are the establishment and the consummation socialist market economic system. Market economy's basic system is the system of ownership main body and the benefit main body multiplication, this basic system enabled our country privately operated economy to obtain the very big development, and became our country national economy day by day the important component. The privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise is Private enterprise's main body, it with the state-owned Large and middle scale Enterprises, the state-owned Small and medium-sized enterprise, the privately operated big enterprise has the very big difference, is one has the special attribute emerging community. One already by general acceptance's viewpoint was, privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise development condition immediate influence to our country economy future overall competitive power. 无论在我国还是在发达的工业化国家,家族式民营中小企业的存在和发展都与一定的历史阶段、社会发展状况、社会文化特征密切相关。家族企业作为现代市场经济中企业生态群体的母体和重要的企业组织形态,其治理结构优劣并存;全盘否定民营中小企业的家族治理模式,就等于推翻了当前我国民营经济的基础,这是不可取的。民营中小企业内部治理结构的演变有一个特定的历史过程,根据其发展阶段采用相应的治理结构,才能使其生命力不断延伸,而现代企业制度并不适合我国大多数民营中小企业的现实状况。Regardless in our country in the developed industrialized country, the family type privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise's existence and the development with certain historical stage, the social development condition, the social culture characteristic closely is related. The Family firm takes in the modern market economy the enterprise ecology community's parent substance and the important enterprise organizes the shape, its management structure fit and unfit quality coexisting; The total repudiation privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise's family governs the pattern, was equal to that has overthrown the current our country privately operated economy foundation, this is cannot take. The privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise interior management structure's evolution has a specific historical process, uses the corresponding management structure according to its development phase, can cause its vitality to extend unceasingly, but the modern enterprise system does not suit our country Majority Privately operated Small and medium-sized enterprises the realistic conditions. 培育企业家精神。由于企业家的素质决定了我国广大中小民营企业的素质和发展,因而民营中小企业制度创新中最重要的就是企业家自身的创新。企业家创新的途径有三个:第一,加强对企业家的人力资本投资。企业家可以通过系统学习先进的管理知识来提升自己的经营、管理能力,如主动参加培训、进修MBA、自我学习等。第二,坚持“干中学”,不断地用科学的方法归纳总结自己的经验和教训,从实践中体会、感悟企业经营管理之道。第三,适时引进职业经理人。民营中小企业家可在时机成熟时引进职业经理人,给予其一定的资本所有权,自己则保留控制权和剩余索取权。cultivates the entrepreneurial spirit. Because entrepreneur's quality has decided our country general small Private enterprise's quality and the development, thus in the privately operated small and medium-sized enterprise institutional innovations most important is entrepreneur own innovation. The entrepreneur innovates the way has three: First, strengthens to entrepreneur's human capital investment. The entrepreneur may promote own management, the managed capacity through the system study advanced management knowledge, like participates in training, to take advanced courses on own initiative MBA, the self-study and so on. Second, insisted that “does the middle school”, summarizes own experience and the lesson unceasingly with the science method induction, from the practice realized that the feeling becomes aware road of the enterprise management and operation. Third, at the right moment introduces the professional manager. The privately operated young entrepreneur may introduce the professional manager when the time is ripe, gives its certain right of capital property ownership, then oneself retention domination and surplus claim power.
战略管理的设计、实施和评估摘要:战略的形成主要由四部分组成,即经营宗旨确定、外部环境估定、内部环境估定和战略分析与选择。通过以上四个步骤的工作实现四个目标:1.明确一个机构或企业的宗旨;2.建立起若干年之后的奋斗目标;3.选择适应自己机构或企业的战略;4.制定实施战略的相应政策。企业或机构的宗旨是非常重要的,宗旨是使一个企业区别于其他同类企业的有关企业目的的陈述。外部环境因素分析中最重要的是社会的宏观环境分析。宏观环境分析中应考虑的五大变量:1.经济力量。2.社会文化和环境。3.政治和法律。4.技术。5.竞争对手。内部环境因素的分析主要包括企业或机构的管理、市场营销、财务/会计、生产/作业、研究和开发以及计算机信息系统的支持。战略分析与选择阶段是企业或机构在战略形成过程中的最后一个阶段,也是最关键的一个阶段。战略分析和选择将决定着企业的发展和命运。美国教授费来德·R·大卫在《战略管理方法》一书中,认为战略的形成主要由四部分组成,即经营宗旨确定、外部环境估定、内部环境估定和战略分析与选择。通过以上四个步骤的工作实现四个目标:1.明确一个机构或企业的宗旨;2.建立起若干年之后的奋斗目标;3.选择适应自己机构或企业的战略;4.制定实施战略的相应政策。 一、确定宗旨 企业或机构的宗旨是非常重要的,正如美国著名的管理学者彼得·杜拉克()教授所讲的那样:“经营宗旨如此独特,是造成一个企业或机构经营失败的唯一原因,也是最重要的原因。”那么宗旨的定义是什么?根据美国管理学者John Pearce和Frecl David两位学者的定义,宗旨是使一个企业区别于其他同类企业的有关企业目的的陈述。美国管理学者迈克·吉尼斯(Vern,McGinnis)教授认为,一个良好的宗旨陈述应包括五方面的内容:1.应该明确企业是什么和希望成为什么;2.在战略上允许企业创造性地发展,而在战术上限制企业进行一些冒险行为;3.使本企业或机构有别于其他同类型的企业或机构;4.应指出作为评价企业现在和未来活动的框架;5.陈述应该准确明白,易于被整个企业或机构所理解。概括起来说,宗旨陈述应包括以下九个方面的内容:顾客,产品/服务,市场,技术,关注生存、增长和盈利,哲学,自我意识,对公共事业的关注和对企业内部职工的考虑。 二、外部环境因素的分析 外部环境因素分析中最重要的是社会的宏观环境分析。宏观环境分析中应考虑的五大变量: 1.经济力量。 美国众多的学者研究表明,共有27项经济因素的变化可能给企业带来机会或威胁。核心的经济因素有六大部分:(1)国家宏观经济政策,国民经济发展趋势,三大产业之间的比重和关系,通货膨胀率、利率的水平和价格政策;(2)国民适应经济变化的行为,即失业水平,居民的平均收入,消费与储蓄的比例关系,地区和消费群体的差距;(3)金融政策,货币政策,本国货币在国际金融市场上的价值,银行信贷的方便程度,股票市场的动向;(4)外经贸政策,即进出口情况,劳动力和资本输出的变化;(5)财政政策,即政府的赤字预算,税收政策和外债的承受能力;(6)国际经济的影响,即欧共体,北美贸易自由区政策,最不发达国家联盟的经济政策以及亚洲经济的高速发展,石油输出国组织的政策等。 2.社会文化和环境。 影响企业战略的主要社会、文化、环境以及人口方面的变量多达34项,但主要的因素可分为四部分:(1)社会因素:家庭结构的变化、离婚率的高低、单亲家庭的增加、儿童生长和保健的状况、社会职责感;(2)文化因素,即人们的价值观、士气、风俗习惯、文化传统的行为准则,劳动者的教育水平,对工作的态度变化,职业分布的变化;(3)人口因素。社会老龄化的问题,人口在民族和性别上的比例变化,人口和地区再教育水平和生活方式的差异;(4)环境因素。对自然环境的保护、废品再利用政策、水及空气污染、生态平衡和土地沙漠化等问题。 3.政治和法律。 通常影响企业的政治、法律方面的因素有如下几方面:政府政策的稳定性、税率和税法的变化、企业法、雇佣法、反垄断法、广告法、环保法、关税、专利法的改变。政治运动、国防(军费)开支、进出口政策、政府预算和货币改革,各地方政府的特殊法律规定,对外国企业的态度等。 4.技术。 随着科学技术的高速发展,当今社会计算机广泛应用,国际互联网高速发展,机器人柔性工厂,高效药物,太空通讯,激光技术,卫星通讯网络,光导纤维,生物工程和生命工程等革命性的技术变化已经给企业生产过程和技术带来了巨大影响。技术革新可以对企业的产品、服务、市场供应者、供货、竞争者、顾客和市场销售手段产生极大的影响。 5.竞争对手。 竞争对手通常来自相同行业,甄别竞争对手主要考虑对方的强项、弱项、能力、机会、威胁、目标和战略。收集和评价竞争对手的信息是形成战略取得成功的基本条件。但鉴定竞争对手不是一件容易的事,大多数综合型多部门经营的企业一般不提供销售和利润方面的信息,私有制的企业更不出版和公布任何财务和市场营销方面的信息和资料。关于竞争分析中的行业分析,美国哈佛教授迈克尔·波特提出著名的行业分析技术,也称波特分析因素模型,即潜在进入,开发替代产品,供方讨价还价的能力,买方讨价还价的能力和现有企业竞争对手的分析;读者感兴趣可以阅读1997年出版的《竞争战略》(作者:迈克尔·波特,陈小忆译)一书。 三、内部环境因素的评价 内部环境的分析是对自己组织的长处与缺陷的分析,而内部环境与外部环境不一样的根本点在于,企业或机构内部能够控制自己内部环境。内部环境因素的分析主要包括企业或机构的管理、市场营销、财务/会计、生产/作业、研究和开发以及计算机信息系统的支持。 1.内部管理分析。 管理因素的分析内容主要包括计划、组织、激励、人事和监控五方面,而这五种职能又与战略管理的各阶段是相互影响、相互依赖的。从战略制定阶段来讲,管理的计划职能更为明显,这里所指的计划主要针对企业或机构为将来做好准备的管理活动。从战略实施阶段来讲,涉及到组织、奖励、人事三项管理职能;组织管理主要是指全部的协调职权利关系的管理活动;激励管理主要是指调动全体职员积极性的全部活动;人事管理活动主要是指人员安排或人类资源管理;从战略评估阶段来讲,则是管理的控制职能,控制管理是指所有保证实施结果与计划相一致的活动。 2.市场营销分析。 美国学者和对于市场营销分析指出了9项市场营销的功能。(1)消费者分析;(2)购买供应;(3)推销产品/服务;(4)产品和服务计划;(5)价格;(6)流通;(7)营销研究;(8)机遇分析;(9)社会责任。社会责任主要从产品的安全性能和合理的产品价格来考虑。而广义的社会责任是企业管理者对整个社会的进步和保护全社会的利益理应承担的一种管理责任,无论是广义还是狭义的范围,各个机构或企业与社会的各方利益总是相矛盾的,不可能有一个使得每一方面都满意的战略。不过企业所承担的社会责任需要具体分析,类似中国的企业办社会的现象,从某种程度上也阻碍企业自身的发展。 3.财务分析。 财务状况是经常被考虑作为一个最好的评价企业竞争状况的衡量标准,确定一个机构财务优势和不足是有效制定战略的基本原则。企业财务因素的变化会改变和终止现有企业战略或实施过程中的战略计划。美国财务教授James 提出,财务管理功能主要取决于筹资决策,投资决策和分配决策。投资决策涉及到企业的资金如何在各工厂、各类项目、各种产品三者间分配的问题。一旦战略形成,资本预算决策要求成功地实施战略;筹资决策考虑确定企业的最佳资本结构和包括采取各种有效措施增加企业资本。筹资决策必须考虑近期和长期两方面对流动资金的需要。两个关键的财务比率能够表明一个企业的筹资决策是否有效。一个是负债与股东总资本的比率(也称债务与自有资本比率),另一个是总债务与总资产的比率(也称债务与资产比率)。分配决策主要考虑每股分红,分红支付时间是否稳定,再购买股票或股票的保险。分配决策会影响投资者和股东对企业的投资信心和股票在股市上的表现。 4.生产/运行。 企业生产/运行是企业的投入转化为产品和服务的一系列活动。各个行业的市场需求不同,企业的投入加工、生产也不尽相同,但生产运行管理的具体内容是一致的。美国管理学者罗杰尔·斯格洛德尔(Roger,Schroder)提出了生产运行管理中的五项职能或五个决策领域。(1)加工系统决策。(2)生产能力决策;(3)库存决策;(4)劳动力决策;(5)质量决策。 5.研究和开发(R和D)。 对于研究和开发业务来讲通常有两类,一个是利用企业内部的研究和开发力量,另一方面是利用外部的科研和开发力量。目前决定研究和开发预算的方法有四种:(1)如有可能,投资所有能够研究和开发的项目;(2)按照总销售额提成投资;(3)与竞争对手投入相等的数量投资;(4)根据需要来确定,即有多少新产品需要替代落后的产品,估算的投资额。分析企业的研究和开发工作,需要具体分析企业高层管理者和具体管理人员能否抓住时机,看准市场,组织协调,筹集资金,利用企业内外的人才资源共同发展。 6.计算机信息系统(情报系统)。 计算机信息系统用于收集、记录、储存、分析、报告、来自各方面的信息,回答在制定和实施企业战略管理过程中出现的各种问题。信息管理系统的核心是企业各种类型的数据库以及有关高层管理人员决策过程中所采用的各类关键的数据资料。信息管理系统仅仅有数据库还不够,还需要在此基础上进一步评估,精选其精华,分析和判断企业战略选择所需要的关键数据。 四、战略分析与选择 战略分析与选择阶段是企业或机构在战略形成过程中的最后一个阶段,也是最关键的一个阶段。战略分析和选择将决定着企业的发展和命运。通常的做法有三个步骤:第一步为投入阶段,也称基础调研阶段,主要包括内部因素评价表(IFE)、外部因素评价表(EFE)和竞争对手的分析表:第二步为组合阶段,也称综合阶段,主要包括SWOT分析组合演变方法、战略定位和趋势变化分析方法(space)、波士顿咨询集团的四方格方法(BCG)、内外环境九方格模型演变方法(IF)和大战略模型方法;第三步为决策阶段,主要包括战略计划的数量模型,以上三阶段实际是九大模型的组合。以下简要介绍这九大模型的特点:1.外部环境因素评价表,重点放在研究评估企业或机构外部环境中的机会和威胁;2.内部环境因素评价表,主要用于概括整理企业在管理,市场营销,财务,生产,研究,开发和信息方面的关键优势和不足;3.竞争评价分析办法,主要是用于了解竞争对手的优势、不足、战略和目标,也是企业制定战略的重要方面;4.SWOT(Tows)组合方法,SWOT是由英文优势、弱点、机会和威胁四个单词的第一字母构成的,其基本出发点是每一企业的战略应发挥自己的优势从机会中获利(so)、克服弱点,从机会获益(Wo)、利用优势,避免威胁(ST)、使弱点最小化而排除威胁(WT);5.战略定位和趋势变化分析办法(space),表明它们座落在一个有四个象限的坐标中,坐标的四个象限空间中有积极、保守、防御和竞争四个含义,而坐标轴线又代表资本实力、竞争优势、环境稳定性和工业实力。这种以坐标形式出现的战略分析,更具有客观性,容易理解和操作;6.波士顿咨询集团的四方格方法,是以相对的市场定位和工业增长率为坐标,来判断一个分厂或某一部门在企业、市场和行业的地位;从而为多部门的集团企业进行经营组合管理提供重要的依据;7.内外因素九方格模型:将企业集团的各个分厂和分部放在九个不同的方格中加以确定他们的位置,其横向是内部环境评价的总权数,分成强、中、弱三部分,其纵向是外部环境评价的总权数,分成高、中、低三部分,从而构成九方格模型;8.大战略模型是以竞争定位和市场增长率这两个评价参数为基础而构成。每一个象限排列战略可选顺序,并列出可采用的战略选择;9.战略计划数量模型是建立在IFE,EFE,Tows,Space,BCG,IE和大战略等几种分析模型基础上,更具有全面综合考虑的特点。 以上内容均为定量分析,实际上企业的战略除了定量分析之后,还有3项主要的定性分析: 1.战略选择的文化观念。企业文化为职工提供了一种认同感,激励职工为集体而不是只为他们自身利益工作,并能够增强企业作为一个社会系统的稳定性。 2.政治因素。任何机构都面临政治的压力,来自企业内部的政治压力影响到企业领导选择战略,不少人或一部分小团体的代言人也会将个人的利益、局部利益放在首位,而将企业的利益放在其后。为了使企业高层决策者在战略选择中减少或克服各方面的政治压力,做出最佳战略决策,美国两位学者Willian Guthand Milltan提出的五条指导原则会有一定帮助:(1)同等定局;(2)满意度;(3)着眼于长远利益;(4)普遍性原则;(5)寻求在重要问题采用对话的途径。 3.董事会的作用。历史情况表明,大多数的董事会作为局外人并不参与战略管理实施的工作。而当今社会,这种状况已有改变,董事会作为局内人更多地参与机构或企业的战略管理。近来对美国1300家大企业进行调查,近40%的董事会报告他们实际参与企业管理过程。在实际生活中,董事会的参与有利于企业的健康发展,同时减少企业内部风险,并能够协调解决企业与社会出现的各类问题。 总之,战略决策者从各种可行的战略选择中找到一个最佳的选择。在这一决策过程中,主要采取一些定量的方法,但并不是定量方法比较即能达到目标,因为他们决策过程,必将受文化、政治、董事会因素的影响。当然,战略选择结束之后,关键还取决于战略管理的实施和控制。
品牌战略海尔,中国造
[内容摘要]20世纪末,全球经济发生了深刻的变化:高科技和信息技术飞速发展,传统工业经济向知识经济转变,全球竞争加剧,世界经济一体化趋势加快。在这种条件下,企业不仅要面对激烈的国内竞争,还要面对严峻的国际竞争,如何在竞争中取胜,成为每一个企业面临的重大课题。企业只有关注外部市场,关注竞争对手,努力获取并保持竞争优势,才能谋求生存和发展的机会。基于管理环境和管理理念的变化,便产生了20世纪80年代的管理革命——战略管理。企业管理上升到战略层次,作为决策支持系统的管理会计也必须具有战略性,于是战略管理会计应用而生。目前国外对战略管理会计的研究还处于初始阶段,我国处于引进介绍阶段,对其研究尚不系统,战略管理会计在企业中的应用更是少之又少。因此,加强对战略管理会计的理论与应用研究具有十分重要的现实意义。[ABSTRACT]At the end of the 20th century, the great changes have taken place in global economy. High-tech and information technology developed rapidly, traditional industrial economy transformed to intellectual economy, the global competition intensified, the trend of global economy integrity was speeded up. In this situation, the company was not only faced with the internal competition but also severe external competition. How to survive in the competition has become an important issue for each company. The company has to pay attention to external markets and competitors, make great efforts to gain and maintain the competing strength to get the chance for existence and development. On the basis of the change of management environment and management concept, the reform of management---strategic management took place in the 1980’.Company management rose to strategic level, management accounting, as the supporting system for decision, must be strategic, so the strategic management accounting came into being. At present, the research on strategic management accounting abroad is in its early stage, China is introducing it and the systematic research has not been done, the strategic management accounting is rarely applied in companies. Therefore it's of great practical significance that the enhancement of the research on strategic management accounting theory and application.
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《文化道》 本书在国内首次提出文化是企业之“道”,并战略性倡导“策划文化,沟通未来”的新经济时代价值理念。 在鹰腾管理上市系列丛书之《文化•道》这本书里,详细的描述了网联这样一家互联网企业对企业文化的创作策划,在Yintl(鹰腾咨询)点评中,对网联在企业文化建设过程中的曲折、成功、失败进行了细致深入的点评,从而引申到对现阶段的各种企业文化理念的介绍,并提出了Yintl(鹰腾咨询)自己的观点,给读者以明确的企业文化建设方向,更对Yintl(鹰腾咨询)提出的“策划创作企业文化”和“企业上市、文化先上市”的理念进行了全面深入的阐释。
企业管理论文参考文献范例
无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家都有写论文的经历,对论文很是熟悉吧,论文是学术界进行成果交流的工具。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢?下面是我帮大家整理的企业管理论文参考文献范例,欢迎大家分享。
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企业财务管理参考文献
随着经济的发展和改革开放的深入,企业管理逐步走向从重视生产经济管理转变为重视财务管理,从一定意义上讲,企业管理以财务管理为中心,是社会主义市场经济的客观需要,是企业转机建制在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地的需要,财务管理在企业管理中的地位和作用越来越重要。下面是我整理企业财务管理参考文献的分享,供大家阅读参考。
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