发布时间：
论文摘要翻译的原则有：译员在翻译过程中一定要保证论文摘要的完整性，尤其看重主要信息翻译。因为论文摘要是能够快速了解整篇论文的关键，所以对论文摘要的完整性，准确性翻译要相当重视，能够让论文想要表述的主要方法、过程，及主要的结果、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。
论文的英文摘要注意事项如下：
英文摘要翻译一般应符合以下几点要求：目的、方法、结果和结论四要素应完整；逻辑关系应清晰，准确和恰当地运用词汇、语法和连词三种形式的语义连接；创新点应突出，应将创新点凝练，放在首句，进而符合英语的语言习惯，是原始创新还是改进，是机理方面还是方法的创新应给予明确。
简洁，尽量用短句，谓语动词应尽量靠近主语，突出主要的信息；规范，应选用标准的英语词汇，避免行话和俗语等不规范词汇；主题词英语标题和关键词中的一致。符合语法规则。
中文摘要一般无主语，一般的语言范式如介绍….、分析….、得出….，一个动词代表一个事件，选用他this paper为摘要的载体是，翻译方便，容易翻译成英文的焦点句，焦点在动词上，this paper 统领这个事件。
而用被动语态范式时，就变成了被介绍…、被分析…、被得出…,这样的缺点是，句子零散，多套主谓关系，而用this paper做主语时，只有一套主谓关系，科技英语的语用特点是，主语少，这样的表达客观、简洁、一目了然，动作的发出者最少得付出，得到最大的结果。
确定this paper 为主语后，选用一个动词能够体现所要表答的焦点，将介绍、分析和得出等动词转变成相应的动作名词，由所选定的动词统领这些抽象动作名词，实现一套主谓关系。
当以paper为主语时，谓语动词可以选用：deal with，be concerned with，highlight, investigate, stress, feature等，具体使用哪个动词取决于摘要所要表达的内容。
据学术堂的了解,英文论文摘要的翻译对英语不好的同学而言是一项十分艰巨的任务.我们常常在时态和语态中由于中英文的差异而存在表述上的错误.那么究竟英文论文摘要翻译应该注意哪些内容呢?一、时态方面时态发挥着传达信息的作用.通过时态的选择和在同一篇论文摘要中不同时态的搭配使用,译者可以很便捷地表达出各个研究行为间的时间先后次序以及相互之间的影响与联系.然而,在许多论文摘要翻译中存在着时态运用不当的问题,这样会严重影响读者对论文的理解也会降低科技论文的水平.科技论文摘要的英译常选用的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时.这三种时态适用于以下的不同情况:·一般现在时用来叙述研究的目标、内容、方法以及研究结果等,通常表示现在存在的状态、客观事实或普遍真理.·一般过去时则往往用来说明过去尤其是论文撰写之前某一时间的发现、研究过程或最终试验结果.此时态用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态.·现在完成时用来介绍已经完成的研究和试验,并强调其对现在的影响.此时态将过去时间发生的事情与现在的情况联系起来,强调过去对现在的影响和作用.The result has been proved that??二、语态方面在科技论文摘要翻译中,最常采用的语态是被动语态.如:A new approach is put forward in the paper that??/Conclusion can be drawn from the experiment that??通过体会这些被动语态的例子,我们不难发现:较之主动语态,被动式在论文摘要翻译中有着如下的优势:·论文常常需要介绍客观的、不以人的意志为转移的研究过程、实验结果等方面内容.使用被动语态可以更好地突出科学研究的客观性.·使用被动式也可避免提及动作的施动者,这样反而使研究动作有了更广泛的普遍性.·由于被动语态的特殊结构,使其在句子结构调节方面有着更大的灵活性,有利于在添加短语结构、扩充句子信息的同时保持句式的平衡、工整.除了在时态和语态上的表述我们常常会出现错误之外,在英文论文摘要翻译中,我们还要注意以下的细节:·不要用中国式的思维去写英文句子.·避免使用首次发现,该研究特别有意义的语句(陈述事实,是不是首次发现由别人说了算,有没有意义需要时间来检验).·摘要是否为有特殊格式(比如格式摘要:目的,方法,结果,结论),是否有字数限制(比如205个字以下).·最好先找一个在国外呆过几年的中国人修改第1次,然后再找一个英语为母语的人修改.最终的目的是即使退稿也不是因为语言问题.·注意文章中不要有中文输入法情况下的标点符号.·注意缩写的格式,时间表示的格式,希腊字母的格式
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
（最好）不要某宝，不要个人，一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障，有售后，北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 终身满意。
论文摘要翻译的原则有：译员在翻译过程中一定要保证论文摘要的完整性，尤其看重主要信息翻译。因为论文摘要是能够快速了解整篇论文的关键，所以对论文摘要的完整性，准确性翻译要相当重视，能够让论文想要表述的主要方法、过程，及主要的结果、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。
据学术堂的了解,英文论文摘要的翻译对英语不好的同学而言是一项十分艰巨的任务.我们常常在时态和语态中由于中英文的差异而存在表述上的错误.那么究竟英文论文摘要翻译应该注意哪些内容呢?一、时态方面时态发挥着传达信息的作用.通过时态的选择和在同一篇论文摘要中不同时态的搭配使用,译者可以很便捷地表达出各个研究行为间的时间先后次序以及相互之间的影响与联系.然而,在许多论文摘要翻译中存在着时态运用不当的问题,这样会严重影响读者对论文的理解也会降低科技论文的水平.科技论文摘要的英译常选用的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时.这三种时态适用于以下的不同情况:·一般现在时用来叙述研究的目标、内容、方法以及研究结果等,通常表示现在存在的状态、客观事实或普遍真理.·一般过去时则往往用来说明过去尤其是论文撰写之前某一时间的发现、研究过程或最终试验结果.此时态用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态.·现在完成时用来介绍已经完成的研究和试验,并强调其对现在的影响.此时态将过去时间发生的事情与现在的情况联系起来,强调过去对现在的影响和作用.The result has been proved that??二、语态方面在科技论文摘要翻译中,最常采用的语态是被动语态.如:A new approach is put forward in the paper that??/Conclusion can be drawn from the experiment that??通过体会这些被动语态的例子,我们不难发现:较之主动语态,被动式在论文摘要翻译中有着如下的优势:·论文常常需要介绍客观的、不以人的意志为转移的研究过程、实验结果等方面内容.使用被动语态可以更好地突出科学研究的客观性.·使用被动式也可避免提及动作的施动者,这样反而使研究动作有了更广泛的普遍性.·由于被动语态的特殊结构,使其在句子结构调节方面有着更大的灵活性,有利于在添加短语结构、扩充句子信息的同时保持句式的平衡、工整.除了在时态和语态上的表述我们常常会出现错误之外,在英文论文摘要翻译中,我们还要注意以下的细节:·不要用中国式的思维去写英文句子.·避免使用首次发现,该研究特别有意义的语句(陈述事实,是不是首次发现由别人说了算,有没有意义需要时间来检验).·摘要是否为有特殊格式(比如格式摘要:目的,方法,结果,结论),是否有字数限制(比如205个字以下).·最好先找一个在国外呆过几年的中国人修改第1次,然后再找一个英语为母语的人修改.最终的目的是即使退稿也不是因为语言问题.·注意文章中不要有中文输入法情况下的标点符号.·注意缩写的格式,时间表示的格式,希腊字母的格式
学术堂整理了论文摘要翻译时需要注意的五大原则,供大家参考:一、要确保论文摘要翻译是完整的进行论文摘要翻译的过程当中必须要保证其完整性,特别是非常重要的信息.因为论文摘要是让读者快速了解论文内容的关键一环,所以论文摘要的王铮亮、准确性是不能打折扣的.要让论文所表述的方法、过程、结果有一个非常清楚的、完整的表达.二、不能有语法方面的错误在翻译过程当中语法错误算是比较多见的,针对论文摘要的翻译,一定要尽可能避免出现语法方面的错误.还需要注意一点的是,在翻译的时候必须要遵从目标语言的习惯,时态应用要准确.时态一般包括了一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时.如果是表述作者工作的通常是用过去时态,而表述工作结果的就要用现在时态.三、选择词语要谨慎论文的用词都是非常慎重的,精准简洁的词汇可以达到准确的、清楚的效果.因此翻译人员在进行论文摘要翻译的时候也必须要遵守这一原则.选词的时候务必要谨慎小心,不能出现歧义,争取做到准确、专业.四、要注重逻辑性论文摘要对于论文的整篇内容来说是一种概括性的表述,所以其逻辑性通常都是非常强的,每个句子都结构紧凑,修饰成分相对比较多.所以在进行翻译的时候,一定要先明确句子的主干,搞清楚每一个句子之间的逻辑关系和顺序,然后用简洁明了、生动的词汇来进行表述.五、格式和语言要规范学术论文是针对一个科学领域当中的学术问题进行的研究,并且将研究成果表述出来的文章.所以,一定要使用规范的格式和语言,避免用非专业的语言或者是符号、缩略语、生僻词等.在进行论文摘要翻译的时候,也需要做到这一点.
是：Pick to: the electrochemical method synthesized nano palladium in the surface of glassy carbon electrode, using citric acid as a stabilizer for nano palladium interface clear; Using scanning electron microscopy (sem) and electrochemical methods to characterize the nano palladium to; With the preparation of nano palladium electrochemical sensor electric catalytic activity of glucose with good success for the determination of glucose.
Abstract: in the glassy carbon electrode surface synthesis of palladium nanoparticles by electrochemical method, with citric acid as stabilizer to obtain nano interface clear palladium; using electron microscopy and electrochemical method for scanning palladium nanoparticles were characterized by electrochemical sensor; palladium nanoparticles prepared had good electrocatalytic activity to glucose, successfully used for the determination of glucose
元照英美法译文，流畅精准！research on the development of retail banking business of commercial bank ABSTRACT:the retail banking business of commercial bank is the important business domain and its resource of far the retail banking business play an important role in the revenue of the developed countries's commercial banking business of CHINA's commercial banks is in the initial stage,its development is relatively falling behind,also has more 2006,CHINA's financial sector has opened up competition is more and more fierce from foreign to accelerate the development of the retail banking business of commercial banking has become the serious question which CHINA's banking systems can get survial and development. so it has realistic and far-reaching significance that research on the present situation and existing problem about the commercial banking system's retail banking business,discussion on the strategic development of retail banking business. this lecture begins with the present situation of development of CHINA'S commercial banks and the existing problems,sovles the the most important strategic significance about CHINA's banking ' commeicial banking systems should take measures to deal with a series of issues in the fierce banking competitin. 英美法流畅标准！
题目翻译如下Retail development of banking business in terms of the commercial bank。内容翻译如下The commercial bank retail business is commercial bank important business field and the invisible income source. In developed country commercial bank invisible income, the retail business occupies decisive position at present. But, the commercial bank of our country retail business still is in the junior stage , develops relative lagging , there exists a lot of problem. The finance job opens our country in 2006 to the outside world completely , the competition coming from a foreign bank gradually fierce , how to accelerates the important problem developing the commercial bank retail business becoming our country commercial bank existing and developing. Therefore, study commercial bank retail business present situation and have the problem, discuss the have reality and far-reaching countermeasure general plan significance that the retail business develops. Have problem has started off in the main body of a book being developed mainly from our country commercial bank present situation sum , has answered our country commercial bank developing retail business important strategy significance, measure waits for a series of problem as well as every commercial bank competing for middle , our country in gradually fierce bank ought to adopt.文章有些长、、望认真看完、、标准人工翻译、、希望可以帮助你、、
Abstract:Since ChinaUniversityEnrollment began inthe latenineteen ninties,college students employment difficult problemarose,in recent years,decreasedinitial employmentrate of university graduates,supply and demand ratiois increased,the employment situation is not optimistic,receivedwidespread attention from all sectors of society,the employment problem ofuniversity studentshas become one ofthe most last outbreak of the financialcrisis sweeping the globe,so that morecollege students employmentdifficult,this paper analyzesthe employment situation of university studentsfrom many aspects,in order tolet the studentsunderstand the currentsocial situation,the employment problemand thus a better solutionKeywords:Reason and Countermeasuresof difficult employment for University StudentsThe characteristics ofthe largestemployment of college students isthe totalincrease ingraduates,high,andemployment situation ofwhole andnot improved the status quois contradictory,the difficult employment of college studentshasbecome an indisputable fact,investigate its reason,mainly is thedislocation oftalent supply andmarket demand,and thegraduates'Comprehensive toimprove the quality of personnel training,is the key tosolvethe difficult problem ofemployment of university students difficult employmentsituationoftalent gapsolution
AbstractNow, environmental issues have become the iron and steel enterprises have to face challenges. In the iron and steel production, from mining of raw materials preparation, coking, sintering, ironmaking, steelmaking, and so on until the finishing line, smoke and dust exist in almost all of the production line, is not only one of the main sources of pollution, but also a waste of resources, the impact of physical and mental health workers, iron and steel enterprises is the main task of environmental the dust on the domestic iron and steel enterprises governance Shougang iron works with the status of dust control analysis, we can understand that in the dust control Shougang has invested huge in this area, but also to take a lot of advanced dust removal technology, compared treatment results significantly. Especially in the application of airtight cover. However, there are some inadequacies, such as the choice of the collector is still lagging , this research paper will be mainly on the 3rd Shougang blast furnace iron works and a silo hopper dust removal equipment of the transformation, including the working principle of electrostatic precipitator, bag filter, as well as the working principle of a long bag ESP transform low-voltage pulse bag filter. There are 3 high-rise silo hopper and a dust of new technologies and practical management of research, namely, the implementation of the dust source or single-double sealed airtight cover and dust vents mobile devices. More convenient in operation and maintenance, the dust concentration to achieve less than posts lOmg/m3, the concentration of precipitator emissions standard of less than 50mg/ above research and analysis will help future blast furnace of Shougang No. 1,2,4 hopper dust pollution, etc., so that Shougang iron works to improve the environmental words iron works, dust, sealed enclosures, ESP
Title:On the crime of polluting the environment Abstract: with the development of China's economy and the improvement of productivity, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious, the judicial practice of the crime of major environmental pollution accident before the difficult to play a role in the "criminal law amendment (eight)" after the introduction of the crime of major environmental pollution accident has made great changes, but there is still insufficient. How to make the crime of the new pollution environment better play a role in the judicial practice is one of the key issues of environmental governance at first chapter is an overview of the crime of polluting the environment, mainly about the concept and characteristics of this crime; the second chapter is the key elements of the crime of polluting the environment of the paper, mainly from the object of the crime, the objective aspect and subjective aspect, the objective aspect of crime, crime analysis results and the type of crime, the subjective aspect of the imputation principle of the key discussion; the third chapter is the identification of environmental pollution crime, mainly discusses the definition of the crime of crime and non crime, illegal disposal, the difference between causation and other crimes, and then discusses the legal punishment of the crime; the fourth chapter is about the suggestions, mainly is to refine the charges and increase the types of words: criminal law; criminal law amendment eight; environmental pollution
是：Pick to: the electrochemical method synthesized nano palladium in the surface of glassy carbon electrode, using citric acid as a stabilizer for nano palladium interface clear; Using scanning electron microscopy (sem) and electrochemical methods to characterize the nano palladium to; With the preparation of nano palladium electrochemical sensor electric catalytic activity of glucose with good success for the determination of glucose.
[abstract] This is Changsha YuanGe residential area design, 【construction's long, wide】,(不知道是你写的不全还是怎么，有点不通，如果你要加数字，就用the length of construction is...the width of construction is...) a total of 12 layer, total building area is..., building height of principal part is.... Design content mainly includes the architectural design and structural design . The part of architectural design Including the overall layout,the plane and vertical transportation, and the requirements of fire prevention and evacuation. Design mainly includeplanar configuration, elevation and profile design and fire protection and evacuation design, etc., follow the principle of "safty,availability,economy,aesthetics" , satisfy people's demand for residential use function and aesthetic. Design structure using short-leg shear wall system, to adapt to the new housing concept of people. Combining with hand calculation and PKPM computing , including load calculation (gravity load, wind load),shear walls and floor slabs, the design calculation of beam and words: short-leg shear wall; High-rise residential; The structure design本人CET-6水平，纯手工翻译，除查询专业单词外，绝没使用软件，耗时20分钟，还望采纳。希望你论文获得成功。
With the modern scientific and technological progress, economic development, advertising culture more and more by the region's popular culture and people's way of life, consumer psychology and other factors. Bobo culture is divided into social classes to describe the form and characteristics of Bobo culture embodied in the current new wave of lifestyle and family values. Bobos in emerging sectors of the society will soon become a mainstream consumer groups. Life as a concept has a unique consumer groups, and their attitude towards life, values have slowly infiltrated into their consumption patterns and consumer behavior, the consumption of this unique concept has gradually become a popular culture affects our lives. Bobo cultural charm of its unique culture of local advertising in particular, demands a change in the way advertising and advertising strategy of innovation performance has had a major impact. In this paper, Bobo Bobos culture and to study the object, through the analysis of the social strata of the social status, lifestyle, spending habits and so on to the ball to reveal the spread of culture in the process of advertising the specific application. Key words: Bobo culture; Bobos; consumer behavior; the way advertising appeals; ad performance strategy
Abstract:Since ChinaUniversityEnrollment began inthe latenineteen ninties,college students employment difficult problemarose,in recent years,decreasedinitial employmentrate of university graduates,supply and demand ratiois increased,the employment situation is not optimistic,receivedwidespread attention from all sectors of society,the employment problem ofuniversity studentshas become one ofthe most last outbreak of the financialcrisis sweeping the globe,so that morecollege students employmentdifficult,this paper analyzesthe employment situation of university studentsfrom many aspects,in order tolet the studentsunderstand the currentsocial situation,the employment problemand thus a better solutionKeywords:Reason and Countermeasuresof difficult employment for University StudentsThe characteristics ofthe largestemployment of college students isthe totalincrease ingraduates,high,andemployment situation ofwhole andnot improved the status quois contradictory,the difficult employment of college studentshasbecome an indisputable fact,investigate its reason,mainly is thedislocation oftalent supply andmarket demand,and thegraduates'Comprehensive toimprove the quality of personnel training,is the key tosolvethe difficult problem ofemployment of university students difficult employmentsituationoftalent gapsolution
This design is the design of residential district of Changsha, Lai Court building long, wide, a total of 12 layers, the total construction area, the main building height. The design includes architectural design and structural design of two design includes the total layout, plane and vertical transportation, as well as fire and evacuation requirements. The design mainly layout, facade design and section design and fire protection and evacuation design, follow the "safe, practical, economic, aesthetic" principle, to meet the people's use of functional and aesthetic demand for of the short-leg shear wall structure system to adapt to the new residential concept. Structure design is by hand combined with a PKPM computer, including load calculation (gravity load, wind load), the design calculation and reinforcement shear wall slab, : short shear wall high-rise housing; structural design;楼主您好 请问是把你说的那些翻译成英文吗？ 如果是的话 我这段翻译希望您满意