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abstractkeyword(s)energy preservationafforestingroof是在做城市规划或者环保方面的论文吧?
摘要abstract关键词 key word(s)节能 energy saving 或者energy conservation绿化greening或者planting 环境绿化就是environmental greening 屋顶 roofpivotal word 有关键词这个用法吗？疑惑
1. summary(摘要)2. pivotal word 或key word(关键词 ecomomy( 节能)4. afforestation(绿化)5. roof, housetop,rooftop, rooftree(屋顶)谢谢你的提问!!
This conclusion has been reached from data compiled by NASA's Aqua and Terra earth observation satellites.
From 2000 to 2017, the global areas covered by greenery increased by 5%, of which, 25% of such territory lies in China. In fact, China only accounts for of global vegetation coverage. So, how did these changes happen?
To this end, we have invited experts from the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences who have been engaged in monitoring vegetation change for a long period of time, to explain the process with the sufficient statistical data and satellite remote sensory images.
今年早些时候，一篇由美国波士顿大学领衔、美国宇航局主要资助的多国合作研究论文发表在《自然-可持续发展》期刊上，这篇题为《中国和印度通过土地利用管理引领世界变绿》的论文发现：2000—2017年，中国和印度主导了全球陆地变绿（植被叶面积的增加）。更重要的是，在中国变绿的过程中，森林贡献了42%，大于农用地的32%，远大于印度的森林贡献率。
Earlier this year, a multinational cooperative research paper led by Boston University and mainly funded by NASA was published in Nature Sustainability . The paper was entitled ' China and India Lead in Greening of the World Through The Land-Use Management ', and found that during the period from 2000 to 2017, China and India dominated global land greening (increases in leaf-covered areas). More importantly, in the process of turning China greener, forests contributed 42%, greater than the 32% contribution of agricultural land and much more than India's forest contribution of .
▲ Source: ,
China's afforestation and forest protection are crucial parts of the results achieved.
从20世纪70年代以来，中国先后启动了许多重大生态建设工程，其中与陆地变绿直接相关的至少有6个：“三北”防护林工程、天然林资源保护工程、退耕还林（草）工程、长江/珠江流域防护林工程、京津风沙源治理工程、退牧还草工程。这些工程覆盖了中国的绝大部分地区。
Since the 1970s, China has successively launched many large ecological projects, including six projects which are directly related to land greening: the "Three-North" Shelter Forest Program, the Natural Forest Resource Protection Project, the Project of Returning Farmland to Forest (Grass), the Shelterbelt Forestry Project of the Yangtze/Pearl River Basin, the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project and the Project of Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands. These projects cover most of the regions of China.
“三北”防护林工程 ，1979年开始实施，涉及13个省市区，工程建设总面积万平方公里，占全国陆地总面积的，至今总投资约500多亿元。
Beginning in 1979, the "Three-North" Shelter Forest Program involving 13 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, has achieved a total construction area of million square kilometers, accounting for of China's total land area , with total investment adding up to more than 50 billion yuan so far.
天然林资源保护工程， 1998年开始试点，涉及17个省区、724个县、160个重点企业、14个自然保护区等，到2004年累积投资亿元。
Beginning in 1998, the Natural Forest Resource Protection Project involving 724 counties, 160 key enterprises and 14 nature reserves in 17 provinces and autonomous regions, reached cumulative investment of billion yuan by 2004.
退耕还林（草）工程， 始于1999年，涉及25个省区、1897个县区， 是迄今为止世界上最大的生态建设工程 ，仅中央投入的工程资金就超过4300多亿元。
Having been started in 1999, the Project of Returning Farmland to Forest (Grass) involves 1,897 counties in 25 provinces and autonomous regions. It is one of the largest ever ecological project to be carried out worldwide. The central government alone has invested more than 430 billion yuan in the project.
长江/珠江流域防护林工程 ，一期为1989—2010年，根据森林清查资料及林业统计年鉴，共造林约万平方公里、育林约万平方公里。二期涉及的范围更广，其中长江流域防护林二期工程包括17个省（市）的1033个县（市、区），规划造林任务万平方公里。
Phase I of the Shelterbelt Forestry Project of the Yangtze/Pearl River Basin was carried out between 1989 and 2010. According to forest inventory data and the forestry statistical yearbook, a total of 63,000 square kilometers of forest were planted and 55,000 square kilometers were afforested. The Phase II covers a wider range, of which the Shelterbelt Forestry Project of the Yangtze River Basin Phase II includes 1,033 counties (cities and urban districts) in 17 provinces (municipalities directly under the Central Government) with a planned afforestation task of 69,000 square kilometers.
京津风沙源治理工程， 始于2002年，涉及北京、天津、河北、山西及内蒙古等五省（区、市）的75个县，总面积万平方公里，一期工程初步匡算投资558亿元。
Having begun in 2002, the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project involves 75 counties across five provinces (autonomous region and municipalities directly under the Central Government) including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, with a total area of 458,000 square kilometers. The initial estimated investment for Phase I is billion yuan.
退牧还草工程， 自2003年以来，北方7省区退牧还草工程约64万平方公里，中央已累计投入资金亿元。
Since 2003, the Project of Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands has covered 640,000 square kilometers in seven northern provinces and autonomous regions. The Central Government has invested billion yuan in the project.
The most effective way to understand the results of these afforestation projects in China is to observe changes in collected data. In the field of ecological environment change monitoring, the most widely used technology is that of acquiring images of the earth for continuous monitoring through remote satellite sensing.
Here are a few sets of data and images which illustrate the reasons behind this green miracle.
In the field of remote sensing applications, the "vegetation index" is widely used for evaluating vegetation coverage and vegetation growth and the "normalized difference vegetation index" (NDVI) is most widely used. In general, the higher the NDVI, the higher the vegetation coverage.
The NDVI(at the national level) in China, India and most European countries show significant increases in 2015 compared with 1982, indicating that the land of these countries has turned significantly green. However, the NDVI in the countries in North America, Australia, Africa and South America showed a decreasing trend in 2015 compared with 1982.
Another measurement indicator is net primary productivity (NPP) .
NPP is the amount of photosynthetic products or organic carbon formed by plants after converting the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, and is the material basis for the survival and reproduction of other organisms in the ecosystem.
We quantifies moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) NPP from 2000 to 2014 at the country level, and the results show that the combined NPP for 53 countries represents >90% of global NPP. The top three and top 12 countries accounted for 30% and 60% of total global NPP, respectively. China accounts for about 5% of the world's total NPP, ranking 4th globally. However, it cannot be ignored that western China is mostly covered by desert or sparse vegetation, and the average NPP per unit area in China is about 300gC/㎡/y — not high in the global ranking, at a similar level compared to Canada, Australia, India and other countries.
Spatial distribution of annual total NPP at national scale
（c）国家尺度单位面积NPP值空间分布
Spatial distribution of mean national NPP per unit area
（d）占全球NPP总量90%以上的前53个国家NPP总量
Average annual country-level NPP (2000–2014) for the top 53 countries representing >90% of the total global NPP
Source:
就2000—2014年变化趋势来看， 中国大面积区域NPP是在上涨的，尤其是西部区域。 几个NPP大国中，中国的NPP年净增加约11Tg C，远大于NPP总量排在第一位的巴西（5Tg C/y）、第三位的美国（2Tg C/y）。
According to the trend of change from 2000 to 2014, NPP in large parts of China is rising, especially in western regions. Among several countries with high NPP, China's NPP has increased by about 11Tg C per year, far exceeding that of Brazil (~5Tg C/y) — ranking 1st in terms of total NPP — and the United States (~2Tg C/y) — ranking 3rd.
▲ （a）2000—2014年像元尺度NPP年际变化率空间分布
Pixel scale: Spatial distribution of inter-annual variation rate of NPP from 2000 to 2014
（b）2000—2014年国家尺度NPP年变化率空间分布
National Scale: Spatial distribution of inter-annual variation rate of NPP from 2000 to 2014
Source:
对于2000—2014年中国区域的NPP年际变化率来说，“三北”防护林工程的大部分区域都呈现增加的趋势，尤其是陕西省。
For the inter-annual variation rate of NPP in China from 2000 to 2014, most areas of the "Three-North" Shelter Forest Program show an increasing trend, especially in Shaanxi Province.
▲ 2000—2014年中国像元尺度NPP年际变化率空间分布（图中墨绿色粗线为“三北”防护林工程五期界线）
Spatial distribution of the inter-annual variation rate of NPP at the pixel scale in China from 2000 to 2014 (The dark green thick line in the figure is the boundary line of Phase V of the "Three-North" Shelter Forest Program)
除了变化的数字之外，一目了然的图像更能说明问题。
In addition to the statistical changes, the image is fairly self-explanatory.
首先看看 陕西省榆林市 。
The first area reviewed is the city of Yulin in Shaanxi Province .
通过美国Landsat系列卫星的1987、2014年数据进行分类，可以发现：榆林市2014年林地面积约是1987年的4倍，2014年裸土面积仅是1987年的四分之一；不仅如此，草地面积也增加了万平方公里。
According to the classification from the American Landsat series satellite images of 1987 and 2014, the forested land area in Yulin in 2014 was about four times higher than that of 1987, and the bare land area in 2014 was only one quarter of that of 1987. In addition, the grassland area increased by 3,000 square kilometers.
从下面这两幅卫星影像中能更直观地看出榆林这一区域的情况，1984年还是大片沙地或裸土的区域，2016年已经被植被大面积覆盖了。
The following two satellite images show Yulin clearly. It was a large area of sand or bare land in 1984, but was covered in vegetation by 2016.
▲ 以东经108°43′″，北纬37°41′″为观测中心点拍摄的榆林
Yulin, taken at 108°43′″E-37°41′″N
再看看同属 陕西省的宝鸡市 。
Another illustration covers the city of Baoji in Shaanxi Province .
宝鸡市附近，1984年虽然有些植被，但植被覆盖率不过40%左右，而32年后的2016年，植被覆盖率达90%以上。据《中国林业统计年鉴》，宝鸡仅2002—2016年间，总造林平方公里，人工造林平方公里，飞播造林平方公里，新封山育林平方公里。
Although there was some vegetation in the vicinity of Baoji in 1984, the vegetation coverage rate was only about 40%, while 32 years later in 2016, the vegetation coverage rate exceeded 90%. According to the China Forestry Statistical Yearbook, from 2002 to 2016, Baoji introduced a total afforestation area of 4, square kilometers, including an artificial afforestation area of 2, square kilometers, an aerial afforestation area of square kilometers and newly closed hillsides for afforestation of 1, square kilometers.
▲ 以东经107°10′″，北纬34°52′″为观测中心点拍摄的宝鸡附近
Vicinity of Baoji, taken at 107°10′″ E-34°52′″N
还有 甘肃省天水市 。
The next illustration is the city of Tianshui, Gansu Province .
从卫星影像上看，20世纪80年代所见之处多为裸地，据《中国林业统计年鉴》，仅2002—2016年间，天水总造林平方公里，人工造林平方公里，飞播造林平方公里，新封山育林平方公里。如今的天水市一片郁郁葱葱，享有西北“小江南”之称。
The satellite images show that duringthe 1980s, most of the land in the area was bare. According to the China Forestry Statistical Yearbook , during the period from 2002 to 2016 alone, Tianshui benefited from afforestation of 3, kilometers, including artificial afforestation of 2, square kilometers, afforestation by aerial seeding of square kilometers and newly closed hillsides for afforestation covering square kilometers. Today, Tianshui is a lush city, enjoying the fame of “rich area south of the Yangtze River” in the northwest.
▲ 以东经106°10′″，北纬34°53′″为观测中心点拍摄的天水
Tianshui, taken at 106°10′″E-34°53′″ N
The most noteworthy is the green miracle — Saihanba, Hebei Province .
从下面两幅卫星影像中能直观地看出：相对于1984年，2016年塞罕坝森林覆盖率得到了明显提高。
The two satellite images below show that the forest coverage rate of Saihanba increased significantly in 2016 compared to 1984.
▲ 以东经117°25′″，北纬42°28′″为观测中心点拍摄的塞罕坝
Saihanba, taken at 117°25′″ E-42°28′″N
从资料图片上也可以看出，新中国成立前塞罕坝区域基本上全是荒漠，而经过三代人50多年的不懈努力，塞罕坝的森林覆盖率从％提高到80％。如今的塞罕坝已是连片的人工林海。2017年12月联合国环境规划署宣布，中国塞罕坝林场建设者获得2017年联合国环保最高荣誉——“地球卫士奖”。
This photo shows that the Saihanba area was basically desert before the founding of the People's Republic of China. After more than 50 years of unremitting efforts across three generations, the forest coverage rate of Saihanba increased from to 80%. Now, Saihanba is a contiguous artificial forest. In December 2017, the United Nations Environment Programme announced that the builders of the Saihanba Forest Farm in China were to be awarded the "Champions of the Earth" prize in 2017 — the United Nations' highest honor for environmental protection.
新中国成立前的塞罕坝荒漠
Saihanba desert before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
▲ Source:
Now, Saihanba is home to the largest contiguous artificial forest in China.
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sci-hub专门免费下载外文文献，但网站经常换域名，有时不稳定，新域名也有卡顿打不开现象，而且没有收录新文献，目前2022年文献基本下不到。
学术文献下载器（)，把海量中外文献数据库资源整合一起，涵盖上面提到的文献数据库，文献资源庞大涉及全科，包括谷歌学术和sci-hub下载不了的文献。适合学校资源不够的高校生或者是单位没有数据库资源的科研人员查阅下载文献资料。
小木虫论坛-SCI期刊点评专栏：拥有来自国内各大院校、科研院所的博硕士研究生和企业研发人员对期刊的专业点评，覆盖了8000+ SCI期刊杂志的专业点评信息，为国内外学术科研人员论文投稿、期刊选择等提供了专业的建议。小木虫论坛秉承“为中国学术科研免费提供动力”宗旨，已成为千万硕博 ...浏览6707 回答81 Epigenetics经验分享：with editor一个月了，好慢呐，有战友投过这个期刊 么，版面费多少？ 2 0 2021-07-01 ms8933482113232354 影响因子: 经验分享：EPIGENETICS-US的2020年度#影响因子#为 168 0 2021-02-18 ms6032332839474392 …浏览6707 回答81 科技大数据知识发现平台平台围绕大数据与文献情报智能服务，提供知识发现丰富化和多维度化：提供多维度分面展示，快速发现知识；利用STKOS语义支持相关搜索词分析与规范；提供对专利的关联发现，辅助了解当前关注方向的专利产出，辅助寻求科研合作关系；提供对期刊的关联发现，对期刊按领域、研究方向、期刊的 ...浏览6707 回答81 Editorial:BrainInsulinResistanceinNeurodevelopmental首页 资讯 期刊 导师 问答 求职 发Paper 文献直达 高级搜索 期刊列表 论文助手 搜索 当前位置： X-MOL 学术 › Front. Neurosci. › 论文详情 Editorial: Brain Insulin Resistance in …如何快速使用endnote首先推荐你一个网站，xmol。. 为了搜索你的领域，首先要了解两个方法，第一doi，第二，关键词。. 后者你需要科学上网 。. 你看到了一篇文献，你可以在文献里找到doi或者是以文章期刊名，页码等的引用格式。. 复制doi或者引用格式到xmol，一搜就会直达文章 ...科研过程中，如何订阅本领域重要的期刊，使其整期推送新的 ...2019-7-30如何评价化学咨询平台x-mol？ - 知乎2016-4-11你写论文时发现了哪些非常神的网站？ - 知乎2016-2-27查看更多结果如何快速查询JACS文献XMOL化学 2015-08-11 2698人看过 JACS可以说是每个化学人梦寐以求的能发一篇论文的地方，可以说是化学类杂志的龙头。化学人经常需要查询JACS的文献。如何在谷歌学术不能用、ACS访问太慢、百度太渣的情况下，快速查询到JACS的文献呢？AnalyticalandBioanalyticalChemistry期刊最新论文,化学Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry期刊最新论文，,顶级期刊最新论文图文内容，出版社网站每日同步更新，点击标题直达论文原文，自定义关注的期刊，覆盖PubMed的论文库，快速方便精准的找到您想要的 …iomedicalMicrodevices期刊最新论文,化学/材料,Biomedical Microdevices期刊最新论文，,顶级期刊最新论文图文内容，出版社网站每日同步更新，点击标题直达论文原文，自定义关注的期刊，覆盖PubMed的论文库，快速方便精准的找到您想要的论文中国实用外科杂志中国实用外科杂志Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery. 核心期刊 JST Pж (AJ) CSCD 统计源期刊. 基本信息. 曾用刊名： 实用外科杂志. 主办单位： 中国医师协会;中国实用医学杂志社. 出版周期： 月刊. ISSN： 1005-2208. CN： …化学SCI期刊目录导航SCI期刊搜索 - 最新影响因子查询 中科院分区源于2019年12月17日《2019年中国科学院文献情报中心期刊分区表》“基础版”，仅供参考! 仪器仪表 光谱学 全科医学与补充医学 分析化学 化学综合 声学 学科教育 工程：化工 工程：土木 应用化学 数学跨学科应用 无机 ...小木虫论坛-SCI期刊点评专栏：拥有来自国内各大院校、科研院所的博硕士研究生和企业研发人员对期刊的专业点评，覆盖了8000+ SCI期刊杂志的专业点评信息，为国内外学术科研人员论文投稿、期刊选择等提供了专业的建议。小木虫论坛秉承“为中国学术科研免费提供动力”宗旨，已成为千万硕博 ...Epigenetics经验分享：with editor一个月了，好慢呐，有战友投过这个期刊 么，版面费多少？ 2 0 2021-07-01 ms8933482113232354 影响因子: 经验分享：EPIGENETICS-US的2020年度#影响因子#为 168 0 2021-02-18 ms6032332839474392 …科技大数据知识发现平台平台围绕大数据与文献情报智能服务，提供知识发现丰富化和多维度化：提供多维度分面展示，快速发现知识；利用STKOS语义支持相关搜索词分析与规范；提供对专利的关联发现，辅助了解当前关注方向的专利产出，辅助寻求科研合作关系；提供对期刊的关联发现，对期刊按领域、研究方向、期刊的 ...Editorial:BrainInsulinResistanceinNeurodevelopmental首页 资讯 期刊 导师 问答 求职 发Paper 文献直达 高级搜索 期刊列表 论文助手 搜索 当前位置： X-MOL 学术 › Front. Neurosci. › 论文详情 Editorial: Brain Insulin Resistance in …如何快速使用endnote首先推荐你一个网站，xmol。. 为了搜索你的领域，首先要了解两个方法，第一doi，第二，关键词。. 后者你需要科学上网 。. 你看到了一篇文献，你可以在文献里找到doi或者是以文章期刊名，页码等的引用格式。. 复制doi或者引用格式到xmol，一搜就会直达文章 ...科研过程中，如何订阅本领域重要的期刊，使其整期推送新的 ...2019-7-30如何评价化学咨询平台x-mol？ - 知乎2016-4-11你写论文时发现了哪些非常神的网站？ -如何快速查询JACS文献XMOL化学 2015-08-11 2698人看过 JACS可以说是每个化学人梦寐以求的能发一篇论文的地方，可以说是化学类杂志的龙头。化学人经常需要查询JACS的文献。如何在谷歌学术不能用、ACS访问太慢、百度太渣的情况下，快速查询到JACS的文献呢？AnalyticalandBioanalyticalChemistry期刊最新论文,化学Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry期刊最新论文，,顶级期刊最新论文图文内容，出版社网站每日同步更新，点击标题直达论文原文，自定义关注的期刊，覆盖PubMed的论文库，快速方便精准的找到您想要的 …BiomedicalMicrodevices期刊最新论文,化学/材料,Biomedical Microdevices期刊最新论文，,顶级期刊最新论文图文内容，出版社网站每日同步更新，点击标题直达论文原文，自定义关注的期刊，覆盖PubMed的论文库，快速方便精准的找到您想要的论文
第一种：web of sciencesci收录的期刊，可以在web of science网站上查询到。当查看某一本sci的期刊号时，就可以登录web of science，按照提示，完成该本sci期刊的检索，在相关信息介绍中，就可以找到sci期刊号。
第二种：中国知网中国知网是非常大的数据库，收录了很多期刊。我们可以登录中国知网，检索要查询的sci期刊，只要该本sci期刊收录，就可以找到该本期刊的介绍，查看到对应的期刊号。
第三种：sci期刊分区名单sci期刊名单每年都会更新一次，每次更新都会公布最新的期刊分区名单。这份名单中，包括每本sci期刊的介绍，自然也可以查看到对应的期刊号。
一区sci期刊有哪些如下：
一区sci期刊有Nature和Science，一区sci期刊还有Cell Metabolism 、Cancer Cell、Science Advances、Cell Reports、Nature Microbiology、Nature Biotechnology、Autophagy、Journal of Hepatology、Hepatology、Circulation等刊物，这些刊物在本专业中都是顶尖刊物，发表难度也是可想而知的。
国内也有很多优秀刊物被检索收录，这部分刊物也是国内作者发表sci论文选择刊物时首先会关注并选择的，包括Cell Research、Mol Cell、Cell Discovery、Fungal Diversity、Molecular Plant、Protein & Cell、Cellular & Molecular Immunology、Bone Research等等。
一区二区是sci期刊特有的期刊分类标准，sci将其检索的期刊按照影响因子高低分为四个区，也就是一区二区三区四区，四个区中对应不同的刊物，四个区中一区影响因子最高，四区最低，所以一区二区论文对应的就是发表在一区期刊和二区期刊的论文。
中文sci期刊如下：化学学报、物理学报、高等学校化学学报、岩石学报、植物分类学报、物理化学学报、高分子学报、分析化学、地球物理学报、无机化学学报、有机化学、无机材料学报、生物化学与生物物理进展、化学进展、稀有金属材料与工程、光谱学与光谱分析、新型碳材料、金属学报、红外与毫米波学报。
SCI全称是ScienceCitationIndex，是美国科学信息研究院（InstituteforScientificInformation，简称ISI）出版的一部世界著名的期刊文献检索工具，其出版形式包括印刷版期刊和光盘版及联机数据库，还发行了互联网上Web版数据库。SCI收录全世界出版的数、理、化、农、林、医、生命科学、天文、地理、环境、材料、工程技术等自然科学各学科的核心期刊约3500种。
sci经过50多年的发展，现在已经发展成为当代世界非常重要的大型数据库，并且已经列入国际六大著名检索系统之一。这是一部非常重要的检索工具书，同时也是科学研究成果评价的一项重要依据。
被SCI收录的中国期刊，整体数量还是比较少的，但是依然是一个缓慢的上升趋势。想查找这个还是比较容易的，大家直接进入知网就可以查询到。先点击期刊导航，然后点击数据库刊源导航，再点击SCI科学引文索引。所有被收录的中国期刊就能在这里查到了。
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李霞.顾幸勇.刘琪 查看详情 [期刊论文] -中国陶瓷2004(03) 高朋召 三维碳纤维预制体/陶瓷基复合材料的制备及性能研究 2004 廖树帜.张邦维 查看详情 [期刊论文] -稀有金属材料与工程1998(05) 郑燕青.施尔畏.李汶军 查看详情 [期刊论文] -中国科学2001(04) 葛荣德.刘志宏 查看详情 1995 Voleeanov E 查看详情 2007(2-3) Blumm J 查看详情 2005(09) 更多...相似文献(10条)期刊论文 Sol-gel法制备ZrO2/钙铝硅系微晶玻璃复合材料的研究 - 中国陶瓷2005,41(1) 期刊论文 Sol-Gel法制备Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2复合陶瓷膜的研究 - 中国陶瓷2003,39(6) 外文期刊 Synthesis of ZrO2-SiO2 mesocomposite with high ZrO2 content via a novel sol-gel method 2005,84(1/3) 外文期刊 Optical properties of sol-gel derived ZrO2-TiO2 composite films 2007,515(20/21) 期刊论文 溶胶-凝胶法制备定向排列的纳米结构二氧化锆薄膜 - 清华大学学报(自然科学版)2001,41(4_5) 外文期刊 Influence of La2O3 and ZrO2 as promoters on surface and catalytic properties of CuO/MgO system prepared by sol-gel method 2006,299(0) 外文期刊 Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxiacetic acid and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with ZrO2 and Mn/ZrO2 sol-gel materials 2006,37(3) 期刊论文 Sol-Gel法制备ZrO2粉的析晶机制 - 稀有金属材料与工程2005,34(z1) 外文会议 Preparation of ZrO2/nano-TiO2 composite powder by sol-gel method 2007 外文期刊 Phase evolution of sol-gel CaO-ZrO2 using sulfuric acid as hydrolysis catalyst 2006,37(3
在国内外学术期刊发表的主要论文如下：1. Nd-Fe-B (B≤50at.%)三元系相图的研究，《中国科学》A辑，, , 1985, . Phase Diagrams of Nd-Fe-B Ternary System, <
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论文中医药的网络推广(英文版本)。。 文件密码 RAR文件密码为：
Any survey of tax sources should begin with the nation’s fairest and most productive soure of revenue, the individual income tax. 任何税收来源的调查都应开始于国家最公正、生产性最强的国民收入来源--个人所得税. All advanced industrial countries levy a dircct tax on individual incomes, but nowhere is this tax as important as in the United States. In recent years,about 40 percent of federal cash receipts has been collected from this source. 所有先进的工业国家都对个人所得直接征税，但没有哪个国家在征此税时像美国一样重要。近年来,约40%的联邦现金收入都来源于此. The individual income tax is uniquely suited for raising revenue in a democratic country where the distribution of income, and therefore of ability to pay,is unequal. Theoreticians may disagree about the meaningfulness of the term “ability to pay,” but the close association between a man’s income and taxpaying ability is commonly accepted. There is also general acceptance of the idea of progression in income taxation. 个人所得税是非常适合民主国家增加国民收入的,在民主国家里收入分配和支付能力是不平等的. 理论家可能不赞成"支付能力"的长远意义,但个人收入和纳税能力间的密切关系却是普遍接受的. 级数所得税的观点也被普遍接受. The individual income tax has still another attractive feature. Income alone does not differentiate a man’s ability to pay—his family responsibilities are also important. A single person may be able to along on an income of $3000 a year, but a married man with two children would have great diffculty making ends meet. The individual income tax takes such differences into account through the personal exemptions and deductions, which are subtracted before arriving at the income subject to tax. 个人所得税还有另一个吸引人的特点. 收入不足以区分一个人的支付能力—他的家庭责任也是很重要的. 单身男士也许每年收入达3000美元, 但带着两个孩子的已婚男人要想收支相抵却很困难. 个人所得税通过个人豁免和扣除将这种差异解决了, 个人免税额在应纳税收之前就扣除了. The revenue potential of the individual income tax has been recognized only recently. For almost thirty years after its adoption in 1913, the tax applied mainly to a small group of high income people. Exemptions were high by current standards and few incomes were large enough rates. In the national effort to raise needed revenue during World War Ⅱ, exemptions were drastically were increased in 1946 and 1948,but have remained low by prewar standards. Tax rates were also raised in wartime, and have remained much higher than in earlier years. At the same time, personal incomes have continued to increase with the growth of the economy (and with the inflation that occurred during and after World WarⅡ and the Korean War). The combination of lower exemptions, higher rates, and higher incomes increased the yield of the individual income tax manyfold. In1939, tax liabilities were about $1 billion; in 1966, they are in excess of $50 billion. 个人所得税的收入潜力最近才得到公认. 在1913年实施后的30年里，个人所得税主要应用于一小部分高收入人士. 在现行标准下豁免是很高的，低收入者占很大的比率. 二战期间,国家努力增加收入，豁免急剧减少。1946年和1948年有所提高，但从战前的水准看，仍然很低。税率在战时也有人提出,但比起早些年仍高多了. 在此同时, 个人收入随经济增长继续增加,(也与其间和二战后的通货膨胀和朝鲜战争的因素) . 较低的豁免,高利率,高收入的结合成倍地增加了个人所得税. 1939年，纳税义务约为10亿美元; 但1966年,超过了500亿美元. This tremendous expansion could not have been possible without ready compliance with income tax laws and effective many countries where compliance is poor and administration is weak, there is great reluctance to rely heavily on the income tax. In this country, the record of compliance is good—although it can still be improved—and practical methods have been developed for administering a mass income tax (at a cost of only about 1/2 of 1 percent of tax collected). In the late 1930’s many people—even high-placed officials of the Internal Revenue Service—doubted that an income tax covering almost everyone could be administered effectively. Although some problems remain, in an advanced country the administrative feasibility of an individual income tax of almost universal coverage is no longer questioned. 没有所得税法律的遵守和有效的管理，这个巨大的扩张是不可能的。许多国家法律意识差，管理松散,过于依赖所得税就很困难. 在这个国家, 守法记录还好--虽然它仍可以得到改善--实用方法已制定用来管理大量所得税(按成本仅约为1%的税收额的1 / 2 ) . 在20世纪30年代后期，很多人甚至美国国内税局的高级官员都认为关系每个人的所得税应得到有效管理. 尽管一些问题依然存在, 在一个先进的国家个人所得税的几乎全面普及在行政上的可行性已不存在质疑. There are good economic reasons for using the income tax as a major source of revenue. The automatie flexibility of the income tax promotes economic stability and the progressive rates help prevent excessive concentration of economic power and control. Some believe that the income tax is also needed to moderate the growth of private savings of high income people, which is likely to hold down private demand for goods and believe that a high income tax impairs work and investment incentives and , therefore, reduces the nation’s economic growth. These are difficult questions which will be discussed later. Nonetheless, it is correct to say that the modern individual income tax. If carefully designed and well administered, is a powerful and essential economic instrument for a modern indusrtial econmy. 使用所得税作为财政收入主要来源有很好的经济原因. 该所得税的自动灵活性能促进经济稳定，累进税率有助于防止经济权力和控制过分集中. 有人认为所得税也需缓和高收入人群的私人储蓄增长, 这很可能压抑商品的服务的私人需求。有人认为高所得税降低工作和投资动力,因此,减少了国家的经济增长. 这些都是日后讨论的难题. 但是,现代的个人所得税是正确的. 如果经过精心设计和良好管理,是现代工业化经济的有力而必要的经济手段。 Structure of the Federal Income Tax 联邦所得税结构 The basic structure of the federal income tax is simple. The taxpayer adds up all his taxable sources of income, subtracts certain allowable deductions and exemptions for himself, his wife, children, and other dcpendents,and then applies the tax rates to the difference. But this procedure has many pitfalls for the taxpayer, and difficult questions of tax policy arise at almost every stage. Consequently, it is important to understand the main features of the income tax structure. 联邦所得税的基本结构是很简单的. 纳税人增添了他的一切应纳税收入,减去某些自己的、妻子的、孩子的和其他相关人的允许扣除和豁免权,然后适用税率差额. 但这种程序对纳税人也有很多陷阱,税收政策的难题几乎出现在每一阶段. 因此,了解所得税结构的主要特征是重要的. Adjusted Gross Income and Taxable Income调整过的总收入和应纳税收入 The two major concepts of income that appear on the tax return are: adjusted gross income and taxable income. 出现在纳税申报单上的两大收益好象是:调整过的总收入和应纳税收入. Adjusted gross income is the closest approach in tax law to what all economist might call “total income.” But it departs from an economic definition of income in some important respects. It represents the total income from all taxable sources, less certain expenses incurred in earning that income. In general, only money income is treated as taxable, but many items are excluded. Such exclusions include one-half of realized capital gains on assets held six months or more, interest on state and local government bonds,all transfer payments(for example,social security benefits and unemployment compensation), fringe benefits received by employees from their employers(the most important of these are contributions to pension plans), and income on savings through life insurance. The emphasis on money income automatically excludes unrealized capital gains and such imputed income as the rental value of owner-occupied homes. 在税法上调整的总收入是所有经济学家称之为"总收入"的最接近说法。 但是,在某些重要方面，它背离了收入的经济学定义. 它表示所有应纳税来源的总收入，较少的赚取收入中的确定开支. 一般说来,只有货币收入被视为应税的,但很多项目都被排除在外. 这种排除包括二分之一的持有六个月或以上的已实现资本收益，国家和当地政府公债的利息,所有的转移支付(例如,社会保障福利和失业补偿) , 雇员从其雇主那得到的附加福利(贡献中最重要的是为养老金计划) , 和加入了人寿保险的储蓄收入. 对货币收入的强调自动排除了未实现资本收益和这种像所有者租税价的推算收入. Adjusted gross income is used on the tax return in two ways. First, it is the income concept built into the simplified tax table, which is used for determining tax on more than 25 million returns. Second,it provedes the basis for placing limits on some of the personal deductions which are subrtacted in computing taxable income. 调整后的总收入用于纳税申报单有两种方式. 第一,它是收入概念建成的简易税表, 用于决定税收突破2500万美元的回报. 第二,它提供了限制某些个人扣除的基础，个人扣除在计算应纳税收入时已经减去了. Taxable income is computed by making two sets of deductions from adjusted gross income. The rirst are personal expenditures which are allowed as deductions by law—charitable contributions, interest paid,state-local income, general sales, property and gasoline taxes, medical and dental expenses above 3 percent of adjusted gross income, and casualty and theft losses above $100 for each lieu of these deductions, the taxpayer may use the standard deduction of 10 percent of adjusted gross income(with a minimum of $200 plus $100 for each exemption,and a maximum of $1000 for single persons and married persons filing joint returns and $500 for married couples filing separate returns). 应税收入是从调整过的总收入中制作两套扣除法计算而来的. 剩下的是法律允许扣除的个人支出--慈善捐款,所付利息,国有地方收入,一般销售 财产和汽油税, 高于调整后总收入3%的医疗及牙科服务费用, 伤亡和每次损失100美元以上的偷盗损失。代替上述扣减， 纳税人可使用10%调整后的总收入的标准扣除额 (最低200美元,加上每项豁免100美元,单身和夫妻联合备案的已婚人士每人最高1000美元，并返回500美元为已婚备案夫妻分开报税) . When the present standard deduction was first adopted in 1944, it was used by over 80 percent of the persons filing incomes have risen and deductible expenditures have increased,the percentage using the standard deduction has declined. In 1963, the standard deduction was still being used on million returns, or 56 percent of the million filed(Appendix Table C-6). But the amount of the standard deduction was small compared to home ownership, state-local taxes,and use of consumer credit, as well as the normal increase in expenditures that occurs as incomes rise. Total deductions reported on all 1963 returns amounted to $ billion; of this amount, $ billion were itemized deductions and $ billion were standard deduction. 现行标准扣除额首次在1944年应用时， 它被用于个人存档返还的80%以上.随着收入的增加和可扣除支出增加, 用于标准扣除额的比率也有所下降. 1963年标准扣除额仍被用于3580万的回报, 或6390万存档56% (附录表C 6 ) . 但征收的标准扣除额是比较小的，与国有、地方税,消费品信贷的使用, 以及随收入增加而不断增加的正常开支相比.1963年报告的总扣除额回到了592亿美元; 这一数额中, 有461亿美元详细说明了扣除项目,131亿美元为标准扣除额.
海洋生物来源药物先导化合物的研究进展【摘要】海洋生物中活性物质丰富，本篇文章对国内外近3年来从海洋生物中分离提取到的萜类化合物以及糖苷类化合物进行了归纳，并对其研究趋势进行了展望。这些新发现的萜类化合物广泛分布于海藻、珊瑚、海绵以及一些海洋真菌等海洋生物中，主要以单萜、倍半萜、二萜、三萜结构型式存在；而糖苷类化合物在海藻、海绵、海参、海星等海洋生物中发现大部分以糖苷脂、甾体糖苷、萜类糖苷型式存在。【关键词】海洋生物萜类化合物糖苷类生物活性【Abstract】.【Keywords】Marineorganism;terpenoid;glycoside;bioactivity海洋是生命之源，由于海洋环境的特殊性，具有高压、低营养、低温（特别是深海）、无光照以及局部高温、高盐等生命极限环境，海洋生物适应了海洋独特的生活环境，必然造就了海洋生物具有独特的代谢途径和遗传背景，必定也会有新的、在许多陆地生物中未曾发现过的新结构类型和特殊生物活性的化合物。萜类物质是一类天然的烃类物质，其分子中具有异戊二烯(C5H8)的基本单位。故凡由异戊二烯衍生的化合物，其分子式符合(C5H8)n通式的均称萜类化合物(terpenoids)或异戊二烯类化合物（isopenoids）。但有些情况下，在分子合成过程中由于正碳离子引起的甲基迁移或碳架重排以及烷基化、降解等原因，分子的某一片断会不完全遵照异戊二烯规律产生出一些变形碳架，它们仍属于萜类化合物。海洋生物中萜类化合物主要以单萜、倍半萜、二萜、二倍半萜为主，三萜和四萜种类和数量都较少，且大部分以糖苷形式存在。萜类化合物是海洋生物活性物质的重要组成部分，广泛分布于海藻、珊瑚、海绵、软体动物等海洋生物中，具有细胞毒性、抗肿瘤活性、杀菌止痛等活性作用。糖苷的分类有多种方法，按照在生物体内是原生的还是次生的可将其分为原生糖苷和次生糖苷（从原生糖苷中脱掉一个以上的苷称为次生苷或次级苷）；按照糖苷中含有的单糖基的个数可将糖苷分为单糖苷、双糖苷、三糖苷等；按照糖苷的某些特殊化学性质或生理活性可将糖苷分为皂苷、强心苷等；按照苷元化学结构类型可分为黄酮糖苷、蒽醌糖苷、生物碱糖苷、三萜糖苷等，海洋类的糖苷大部分是按照此特点分类的，主要包括鞘脂类糖苷、甾体糖苷、萜类糖苷和大环内酯糖苷等，在很多海洋生物如海藻、珊瑚、海参、海绵等中均发现有糖苷类化合物存在。已有的研究表明海洋糖苷类成分大都具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗炎、抗菌、增强免疫力等生物活性。抗白血病和艾氏癌药物阿糖胞苷Ara-C(D-arabinosylcytosine)1、抗病毒药物的Ara-A2以及Ara-C的N4-C16-19饱和脂肪酰基化衍生物3是海洋糖苷类药物成功开发的典范〔1〕。本篇文章对国内外自2005年来从海洋生物中分离提取到的萜类化合物以及糖苷类化合物进行了总结。1萜类化合物单萜2005年等人〔2〕对从红藻Plo