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张爱玲作品论文文献综述

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张爱玲作品论文文献综述

第一忌讳:无论文笔多么优美,都不要让描写使你的叙述陷入中止。 小说的作者必须牢记这点:不要过分描述任何事情,无论它是特顿山脉,是夕阳,还是怀基基海滩上的斑马。否则,你叙述的力度就要受到影响,你也将使读者的注意力出现危险的空白。请记住爱勒莫。雷纳德的金玉良言:“我总是力图去掉那些读者会跳过去的内容。”读者的确愿意跳过那些无效内容。 第二大忌讳:不要浪费过多的时间来描写并非重要的环境。 小说家大卫。罗吉曾宣称:“一部好的小说中的描写绝不仅仅是描写。大多数背景描写的危险在于一连串的漂亮的陈述句和叙述的中断将读者推向昏昏欲睡的境地。”请牢记罗吉的格言,将它打在纸条上贴到计算机或打字机前:“一部好的小说中的描写绝不仅仅是描写。” 第三点忌讳是:不要在一个无关紧要的事情上浪费读者的注意力。这是初学者最容易犯的错误。 第四点忌讳是:不要概括,要具体。 关于写作忌讳概括化,没有人比俄国伟大作家契河夫说得更好。他在一封信中,告诫一位作家朋友避免概括化和平常化:“我认为,对于自然的真正描写应该相当简略并与主题存在相关性。应该避免落人俗套的描写,比如,‘落日沐浴在黑色海洋的浪花之中,绦紫色的金光一泻而下’等等。在描写自然时,要抓住细节,而且要达到这样一种程度,即使闭上双眼,也仍能看到你所描写的场景。 因此,当你坐下来写作的时候,请记住,不是“一杯饮料”而是“一杯马丁尼”;不是“一只狗”而是“一只长卷毛狗”;不是“一束花”而是“一束玫瑰”;不是“一个滑雪者”而是“一位含苞欲放的年轻少女”;不是“一顶帽子”而是“一只高顶回角帽”;不是“一只猫”而是“一只阿比西尼亚猫”;不是“一支枪”而是“一支0。44口径的新式自动手枪”,不是“一幅画”而是一幅“马奈的‘奥林匹亚’”。 将描写四忌与契河夫的金玉良言合二为一,我们就得到了一条所有好的作者在描写时都应该遵循的一条规则:要具体! 你要能准确地描绘出一幅幅场景,使人物真实可信,他们在自己国有的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉和味觉中进行着日常工作。——拉威尔-斯潘塞。 “怎么才能让事情看起来真实可信呢?”当一位作家被问及这个问题的时候,实际上是对他的一种赞扬。如果有人进一步对他说:“我好像身临其境,能够听到、嗅到、感觉到这些地方,就像走进了小说的书页中”,那他给读者的东西就的确非同寻常了。当我被问及同样的问题时,我的回答是:“借助于五种感觉”。一些作者总意识不到应利用读者的五种感觉来获取真实感。利用读者的视觉感受是常见的,但是利用读者的嗅觉、听觉(除了在对话中)、触觉或是味觉又有几次呢?我从1976年开始写作,至今仍在我办公室的墙上保留着五个词:看、听、感、尝、嗅。每当我写作的时候,都会参照这张表,有意识地写些带有气味的东西。实际上,一些令人作呕的东西在创造真实感的时候,反而有奇迹般的效果。 想想当一个人打开冰箱的时候,那种腐烂的水果的味道;当一个人剥一只熊皮的时候,那腐臭的脂肪;当一位妇女在无人服务的加油站给油箱加油的时候,手上会沾满了汽油味。仅在故事的开头提及味道是不够的,在叙述情节时,你还得反复参照那张表。让我们设想一下,一男一女正在争论某件事情,男人从门口一直冲到厨房,冲着女人大声嚷嚷:“我不能再忍受你妈妈和我们住在一起,老太太必须在我回来之前搬走,否则我就离开这个家!”在设置这个场景的时候,我可以让女人烤制南瓜饼(味道甜美、温馨,让人回想像感恩节一样的快乐时光),但是如果再加上腌制香料和醋的气味,这个场景就呈现出寓意。我会在某个时刻让读者想象这种气味:“我郑重警告你,劳拉,有她没我,有我没她!”他说着,那样子就像厨房里的味道一样酸。不要忘记,在争吵的时候,劳拉还一边往罐子里装着泡菜。当她在大声吵嘴的时候,可能会烫伤手,然后把手伸到冷水里冲洗。当然,她也可能正在往泡菜里倒盐水,并且洒了一地,然后还要擦干净。她还在粗棉布制的围裙上擦干她的手。她可以擦拭从额头(热热的,痒痒的)上流淌下来的汗水,她可以一边叫嚷,一边挥舞手中的勺子(坚硬的,木柄的),并向男人扔去。这些都会增强视觉效果。当争吵越演越烈的时候,可能会听到什么声音呢?是不是有条狗溜进来,喝锡制饼盘里的水?

一.她生活的时代背景(大时代背景)。二.她的出生及生活背景迫使她性格及意识的扭曲。

《更衣记》双重美学品格论析 1942年,张爱玲在英文杂志《二十世纪》月刊上发表了散文《Chinese Life and Fashions》,后重写成中文,名为《更衣记》,刊于1943年12月的《古今》上,1945年收入散文集《流言》中,全文五千余字,记录了中国时装三百年来的变化。厚重的民族文化积淀及独特的生活阅历赋于张爱玲散文一股强烈而独特的文化气息,古典的民族文化精神与西方现代意识的双重渗透,使《更衣记》具备了双重美学品格。对中国传统文化精神与西方文化人文精神的深切把握与扬弃,使张爱玲的服饰美学思想充满了浓厚的文化内涵。 1、对东西方文化人文精神的深切领悟赋予了张爱玲的服饰美学思想以双重美学品格。 东西方文化的冲突是现代作家共同面临的课题,东方文化与西方文化的冲突是传统与现代的冲突,对此深切的领悟赋予了张爱玲作品以双重美学品格。“现代西方的时装,不必要的点缀品未尝不花样多端,但是都有个目的——把眼睛的蓝色发扬光大起来,补助不发达的胸部,使人看上去高些或矮些,集中注意力在腰肢上,消灭臀部过度的曲线……古中国衣衫上的点缀品却是完全无意义的,若说它是纯粹装饰性质的罢,为什么连鞋底上也满布着繁缛的图案呢?”“我们的时装不是一种有计划有组织的实业,不比在巴黎,几个规模宏大的时装公司如Lelonn' s Schiaparelli' s,垄断一切,影响及整个白种人的世界。我们的裁缝却是没主张的。公众的幻想往往不谋而合,产生一种不可思议的洪流。裁缝只有追随的份儿。因为这缘故,中国的时装更可以作民意的代表。”①兼用东西方两种文化视点,而能一语中的,这使张爱玲的服饰美学思想显示出更令人信服的文化内涵。 儒家的伦理道德观念对中国古代服饰的发展和变化影响极深。就其文化内涵而言,儒家思想中的“礼”的观念已渗透到穿衣戴帽的许多细节中,尤其是上层社会,无论是“君子”还是贵妇的服饰,无一不受这种观念的支配,而忠孝思想对服饰的影响更为显著。张爱玲对此观察与体会得相当敏锐。 “出门时裤子上罩的裙子,其规律化更为彻底。通常都是黑色,逢着喜庆年节,太太穿红的,姨太太穿粉红。寡妇系黑裙,可是丈夫过世多年之后,如有公婆在堂,她可以穿湖色或雪青。裙上的细褶是女人的仪态最严格的试验。家教好的姑娘,莲步姗姗,百褶裙虽不至于纹丝不动,也只限于最轻微的摇颤。不惯穿裙的小家碧玉走起路来便予人以惊风骇浪的印象。更为苛刻的是新娘的红裙,裙腰垂下一条条半寸来宽的飘带,带端系着铃。行动时只许有一点隐约的叮当,像远山上宝塔上的风铃。” 这些服饰上的规矩与民俗文化息息相关,是中国古代服饰的独特风貌,对清代仕女服饰至民初服装文化颇有参考价值,张爱玲的散文的确可以称得上是风俗录。 在《更衣记》中,张爱玲本着对人性的兴趣,和对民族性和风俗民情的特殊了解,从谈服饰入手,来表现中国人的普遍性格: “削肩,细腰,平胸,薄而小的标准美女在这一层层衣衫的重压下失踪了。她的本身是不存在的,不过是一个衣架子罢了。中国人不赞成太触目的女人。”“这里聚集了无数小小的有趣之点,这样不停地另生枝节,放姿,不讲理,在不相干的事物上浪费了精力,正是中国闲阶级一贯的态度。惟有世上最清闲的国家里最闲的人,方才能够领略到这些细节的妙处。” 与其说张爱玲在谈服饰不如说她谈的是中国人的民族性。在《更衣记》中我们也能感受到张爱玲浓厚的追求“个性化”的服饰情结,或者也可以说,这是张爱玲在此文中有意无意中所做的一个“文眼”: 目前中国人的西装,固然是谨严而黯淡,遵守西洋绅士的成规,即使中装也长年地在灰色、咖啡色、深青里面打滚,质地与图案也极单调。男子的生活比女子自由得多,然而单凭这一件不自由,我就不愿意做一个男子。 有一次我在电车上看见一个年轻人,也许是学生,也许是店伙,用米色绿方格的兔子呢制了太紧的袍,脚上穿着女式红绿条纹短袜,嘴里衔着别致的描花假象牙烟斗,烟斗里并没有烟。他吮了一会,拿下来把它一截截拆开了,又装上去,再送到嘴里吮,面上颇有得色。乍看觉得可笑,然而为什么不呢,如果他喜欢?……秋凉的薄暮,小菜场上收了摊子,满地的鱼腥和青白色的芦粟的皮与渣。一个小孩骑了自行车冲过来,卖弄本领,大叫一声,放松了扶手,摇摆着,轻倩地掠过。在这一刹那,满街的人都充满了不可理喻的景仰之心。人生最可爱的当儿便在那一撒手罢了? 追求服饰的自由,追求一种“无所顾忌”的自在人生,这在张爱玲的许多散文中都有体现。受过东西方文化浸染的张爱玲在其服饰美学思想中体现的这种双重美学品格也让我们看到了一个“本色”的张爱玲。 2、发掘隐伏在细节事件背后的理性晶体,给读者展开一片思想的家园。 张爱玲既有独特、敏锐的感性观察力,又有独特、清醒的理性。她的散文差不多成了智慧的凝聚与发现,充满近乎神秘的哲思意味,闪烁着理性的波光。她总能在读者面前展开一片思想的家园,但这又不是有意为之,这些知性沉思是性灵之河的流淌中不时露出的一些理性的石子。在《更衣记》中张爱玲对服饰的存在形态进行深邃的哲学思考,它赋予人的已不再是情感的震撼,而是理智的启迪。 这吓人的衣服与下面的一捻柳腰完全不相称,头重脚轻,无均衡的性质正象征了那个时代。 时装的日新月异并不一定表现活泼的精神与新颖的思想。恰巧相反。它可以代表呆滞;由于其他活动范围内的失败,所有的创造力都流入衣服的区域里去。在政治混乱期间,人们没有能力改良他们的生活情形。他们只能够创造他们贴身的环境——那就是衣服。我们各人住在各人的衣服里。 这种衣领根本不可恕。可是它象征了十年前那种理智化的淫逸的空气——直挺挺的衣领远远隔开了女神似的头与下面的丰柔的肉身。这儿有讽刺,有绝望后的狂笑。 张爱玲对人对事看得太透太入骨,说起话来掷地有声,不留余地她能超越具象化的描写,自然地发掘隐伏在细节事件背后的理性晶体,给读者展开一片思想的家园,使读者获得智慧的顿悟与提升。她让读者对兼具形象描摹与启人心智功能的文章化境有了更深层的理解,这也是她所有散文的一种审美趋向。可以说,张爱玲的某些散文已成为人类知性和个人经验的结晶,她那种对人类、民俗等析理奥妙的探寻常使作品流露出某种只可意会不可言传的意味。“人生最可爱的当儿便在那一撒手罢?”一句轻轻的话语便诠释了她的美学观念,又使其散文超越了题材上的通俗和凡常,显露出其析理深度,给人以警醒和启示。 3、机敏、富丽地设色用词,兼具“机警、幽默、感伤、讽刺”的特点。 《更衣记》的语言风格同张爱玲大部分散文一样,感觉丰盈,浮想联翩,韵味盎然,机敏、富丽地设色用词,深具民族风味,同时也吸收了英国小品文机智幽默的特点。张爱玲被公认为是语言炼金师,一个个绝妙的譬喻,常令人赞叹不已。 回忆这东西若是有气味的话,那就是樟脑的香,甜而稳妥,像记得分明的快乐,甜而怅惘,像忘却了的忧愁。 中国女人的紧身背心的功用实在奇妙——衣服再紧些,衣服底下的肉体也还不是写实派的作风,看上去不大象个女人而象一缕诗魂。 女人的衣服往常是和珠宝一般,没有年纪的,随时可以变卖,然而在民国的当铺里不复受欢迎了,因为过了时就一文不值。 这些轻松随便灰谐风趣的句子,这些绝妙的比喻,在张爱玲散文中随处可见,突现了张爱玲散文语言“机警、幽默、感伤、讽刺”②的特点。 张爱玲还喜欢套用现成的诗句、俗语、谚语,并认为是中国人语言中重要的纤维。“衣服似乎是不足挂齿的小事。刘备说过这样的话:‘兄弟如手足,妻子如衣服,’可是如果女人能够做到“丈夫如衣服”的地步,就很不容易。”“在中国,自古以来女人的代名词是‘三绺梳头,两截穿衣’。”这些民族色彩浓厚的语句,被张爱玲信手拈来,运用得恰到好处。正如余彬所说:“她的散文显然比她的小说更来得从容不迫,挥洒自如。她的散文则往往可以做到起落无迹,‘行于所当行,止所当止'。”“其隽永的讽刺,尖新的造语,顾盼生姿的行文,使其文章显得分外妖娆俊俏。气盛言宜,她的文章议论风生,神采飞扬,从头到尾,一气呵成,毫无阻滞。正是傅雷赞叹的,是‘色彩鲜明,收得住,泼得出的文章。’”③ 《更衣记》中还运用了大量的色彩语言词汇,如“中国十九世纪的‘昭君套’却是颠狂冶艳的,——一顶瓜皮帽,帽沿围上一圈皮,帽顶缀着极大的红绒球,脑后垂着两根粉红缎带,带端缀着一对金印,动辄相击作声。”映现在读者眼前的全是这类鲜活的服饰描写,张爱玲善用色彩描写的原因在于她的女性气质,对世俗生活的热爱和她所受的良好的美术教育,所以运用色彩描写成了张爱玲表情达意的重要手段。 “生命是一袭华美的袍,爬满了蚤子。”《天才梦》的结尾句把生命之乐和生命之悲同时惊现于人们面前,给沉浸于现代文明中的人们以震撼。同样,“人生最可爱的当儿便在那一撒手罢?”《更衣记》中这一句似乎不经意的“文眼”,也道出了张爱玲古典美学思想中的一种现代的文明意识。张爱玲散文中的这种双重美学品格,在中国现当代散文随笔中,都堪称典范。 [1]来风仪编.张爱玲散文全编[M].浙江文艺出版社,1992. [2]周芬伶.《艳异-一张爱玲与中国文学》[M].中国华侨出版社,2003. [3]余彬.张爱玲传.[M].海南出版社,1993.

张爱玲《金锁记》的艺术手法的论文 我指导你

研究张爱玲的论文综述

这样也可以?

张爱玲的小说世界是一幅幅苍凉没落的风俗画,是一幅幅人欲横流的百丑图。她的文字有一种冷漠、傲然,惨淡和苍凉,可感可触,彻底而坚决,她是用云端里看厮杀的傲然与冷漠静观俗世的故事,用敏锐而又冷酷的笔触描写生活的真实。在她的艺术世界里,雅与俗并不是泾渭分明,截然分开的,她们早已融为一体,浑然天成,她总是以浓郁的市井气息,苍凉的人生况味,用华美的社会场面道出生命的虚无。

张爱玲的文学都是集中地进行研究的,因为单单倾城之恋一篇太单薄,不足以完整地展示张爱玲的文学思想。而研究张爱玲的则多了。

《倾城之恋》国内外研究现状: 一、2003年,杨泽编写出版了《阅读张爱玲》一书,引起了文坛的广泛重视。本书集结了台湾。大陆及海外学者(康来新,池上贞子,周芬伶,罗久蓉,王德威,张小虹,平路,胡锦媛,梅家玲,蔡源煌...等)对张爱玲的讨论。而这篇论文所引用的历史材料及理论构架,尤其可以见得张爱玲的启发之深,影响之远。本书是“张学”研究最重要的里程碑。 二、作家钱亚玲在一书关于《倾城之恋》的另一种解读中,叙述道无论是思想内涵抑或艺术表现形式,作于1943年10月的《金锁记》被公认为是张爱玲中篇小说之精髓。1944年出版的《传奇》小说集中,作者选《金锁记》作为开篇,足见张爱玲本人对这部中篇小说的偏爱。为此人门较易忽略于集中位居第二的《倾城之恋》。对于《倾城之恋》的评论,不论是力度还是文字的长度都远不及《金锁记》。对于《倾城之恋》这部经典文学之作,期探究价值更为明显。 《倾城之恋》具有外向的唯美主义色彩,结局是范柳原于白流苏共同走进婚姻殿堂,表面上看似圆满的结局背后却隐匿着沧桑,透露着卡破红尘的彻骨悲凉。白流苏的“圆梦”让读者觉得是一传奇故事。正如作家张爱玲的人生一样。 综上所述,当前,关于《倾城之恋》中白流苏形象分析研究比较零散、狭隘。

论张爱玲的作品研究论文

论文关键词:张爱玲;小说;人性意识;悲剧 论文摘要:张爱玲的小说在对人性的探索中,饱含着深深的悲凉情感,它通过人物形象的悲剧性,演绎人生,诠释人生;用“审丑”的眼光,审视人性的虚伪;通过对“无爱”婚姻的描写,揭示了人性的丑恶。张爱玲小说中揭示出的20世纪40年代中国都市社会中被黄金光圈严重扭曲的、虚伪的人性.给人们以独特的心理感悟。 张爱玲,中国现代文学史上一位带有传奇色彩的女作家。20世纪40年代初,她以小说集《传奇》和 散文 集《流言》名震文坛,成为了红极一时的女才子,1952年,她悄然移居境外,似一颗彗星划了一条美丽的轨道,给人们留下了无尽的论说与回味。海外华人学者夏志清在其《中国现代小说史》中,第一次高度评价张爱玲:“应该是今日中国最优秀、最杰出的作家”“别的作家……在文字上,在意象的运用上,在人生的观察的透彻和深刻方面,实在都不能同张爱玲相比”。的确如此,当我们今天“借助古老的记忆”重新解读她的作品时,我们的灵魂仍被深深地震撼着,仍受到强烈的撞击,我们无法不惊叹于她的才华、她那颗“冷酷”的心、她留下的那些深远的启迪。本文试从张爱玲的经历、创作题材和她介人人生的切人点等方面谈谈她的小说的人性意识。 一、传奇生涯对张爱玲人性意识形成的重大影响 张爱玲出身于上海的一个封建化和西洋化畸形交织的家庭,她有着显赫的身世,祖父张佩伦是清末“清流派”的重要人物,是李鸿章的幕僚,祖母是李鸿章的女儿。但这一显赫的身份并未给她带来任何好处。父亲是个典型的遗少,染有弄风捧月的旧习气,性格上则是暴戾乖张;母亲是一个受西方 文化 熏陶很深且清丽孤寂的新派女性。旧习气与西洋文化格格不入,这种水火不容导致最后的不和,直至离婚。这种生活使张爱玲过早地钡略到了生存的阴暗与没落的一面:“像拜火神教的波斯人,我把世界强行分作两半,光明与黑暗、善与恶、神与魔。”父亲的世界——腐朽、黑暗、冷漠而寂寥,而母亲的世界——洋派、光明、温暖而富足,母亲成了身处幽暗的她拼将全力抓住的一缕阳光。在母亲那里,她得到了文明的教养和气质的熏陶,但有着许多清规戒律的洋房也培育了张爱玲的内倾性格。在张爱玲的生活经历当中,有两件对她的写作乃至一生都有着重大影响的事件值得一提: 中学 毕业 那年,在一次“糟糕的讲演”中,后母动手打了张爱玲,她给予防卫,便遭到父亲的毒打,并且被囚禁达半年之久,她不仅丧失了自由,连生病也不能请医生,只能躺在床上想着那蓝色的月光,体昧着颜色的杀机、时间的苍凉和生命的暗淡.幻想着逃脱计划.像基督山伯爵、三剑客一样.最后,张爱玲在一个隆冬的夜晚,从那充满腐败气味的家庭逃走,从此再也没回去过。种种不幸,使得张爱玲变得敏感、沉静、庄重而忧郁,过早地接触社会,认识人生,使她产生出对人生的否定情绪和形成了浓郁的悲观气质。 此外,在香港读大三的时候,香港战争爆发,枪声、炮火给她的刺激是空前的,战争的恐怖已深深地渗入她的骨子里,战争给了她幻灭、虚无和绝望,她亲眼看到炸弹如何把“文明”炸成碎片,将人剥得只剩下本能,所以她坚信:“人性去掉一切的浮文,剩下的仿佛只有饮食男女这两项”,“人类的文明努力要跳出单纯的兽性生活的圈子,几千年来的努力竟是枉费精神么?”基于这样的认识,张爱玲笔下的人物就具有了某种行为逻辑的一致性,太多坚定地把自身的生存作为第一需要和至高目标。如《十八春》中的曼璐,为了拴住祝鸿才的心,达到“跟定了他”的目的,她竞不惜牺牲自己亲妹妹的幸福,帮着祝鸿才设计占有了曼桢。《沉香屑·第一炉香》中的梁太太要挽住“时代的巨轮”,关起门来做“小型慈禧太后”,丑恶到荼毒亲生侄女,为满足自己的情欲,以侄女为诱饵来吸引年青人,人性变得何等得冰冷,何等得可怖。 正是由于张爱玲那传奇式的家庭和求学经历,使她对时代的观察、人性的剖析完全站在另一种人性的高度。 二、用人物形象的悲剧,演绎人生,诠释人性 张爱玲说:“写斗争,写壮烈,虽给人’兴奋’,给人‘力’,但投有美,‘缺乏人性’,也不能给人启示,写出来也不能成为好作品”;“我喜欢悲壮,更喜欢苍凉”,“悲壮是一种完成,而苍凉则是一种启示”(《自己的 文章 》)。在她的小说中,她总是以人物形象的悲剧性,来演绎人生,诠释人性。她认为人性是盲目的,人生因而也是盲目而残酷的。所以在她的小说中,这一切表现为现实的肮脏、复杂、不可理喻。生活即痛苦,人生就是永恒的悲剧,这就是对人性所能达到的最高的、也是最真的认识。她站在悲哀的基石上冷冷地掀掉华美的生命袍子,露出人性深处的阴暗、自私、虚伪、孤独、冷漠。 被傅雷称之为“我们文坛最完美的收获之一”的张爱玲的代表作《金锁记》,是一出最为彻底的展示了在古老文化、物欲、情欲压抑下的人性的扭曲、畸形、变态的悲剧。主人公曹七巧是一个把自己锁在黄金里的性格变异的女人。她由一个小麻油店业主女儿的身份做成门第颇高的姜家的二奶奶,是因为她丈夫是做官人家的女儿都不会要的“骨痨”身子。因此她正常的情欲难以得到满足,从而受到深深的压抑,但压抑并不能使情欲熄灭,相反,越是压抑得厉害,越是要通过反常的方式寻求出路。情欲的得不到满足导致她对金钱的疯狂追求。起初,她用黄金之梦来抵挡情欲之火,结果当情欲变相地借金钱之欲显形时,她丧失了人性。她的一生都为“金钱”而奋斗,沉重的黄金枷压得她心理畸形她容不得任何人染指她的财产,就在她爱上了风流少爷——小叔子姜季泽,当她的小叔子将祖上遗留的那份家产挥霍得所剩无几,跑到她家向她倾诉起“爱情”来的时候,起初她也感到一种“细细的喜悦”,然而转念一想:“他难道是哄她?他想她的钱——她卖掉她的一生换来的几个钱?”便立即警觉起来,暴怒起来,她把扇子向他掷去,打翻了酸梅汁,泼了他一身。她残酷地扼杀了自己的情欲和希望。她要报复,报复她为黄金付出的代价,不顾一切,不择对象,以至于无法容忍儿女的生命乐趣。儿子长白是个太少爷,他完全受着母亲七巧的控制。她给他娶了“不甚中意”的芝寿,扶正了绢姑娘,却不让他与妻妾同房,整夜陪她“抽大烟”,在她的折磨下,长白的妻妾相继离开了人世,“长白不敢再娶,只在妓院里走走”。她对女儿长安也是一样,给女儿裹脚,使女儿不能正常读书,安排女儿的婚姻,活生生地埋葬了女儿一生的幸福。 对于张爱玲,认识人生就是认识人生的悲剧,而且这种认识,既不能给人带来安慰,也无助于现实处境的改变,相反,它将人放置于空虚、幻灭的重压之下。因此,张爱玲的小说是“没有多少亮色的无望的彻头彻尾的悲剧”。 三、用“审丑”的眼光,审视人性的虚伪 雨果说:“正是从滑稽丑怪的典型和崇高的典型这两者圆满的结台中,才产生出近代的天才。张爱玲在她的作品中不但以审美的方式观照世态,同时也以“审丑”的跟光介人人生,还原人性的真实本性。她从人的“虚伪性”来揭露“人性恶”,人的“靠不住”,暴露出人的灵魂阴暗与丑陋的一角。在她的“霉绿斑斓的铜香炉”中,烧着一炉炉“性心理、性变态、情结、人格分裂”的沉香,牵动着读者心头上的一丝丝痛楚。 《花凋》中的郑先生是个遗少,“是酒精缸里泡着的尸骸”他“有钱的时候在外面生孩子,没钱的时候在家里生孩子”,养了一太群孩子;“全家不断吃零食,坐汽车看电影”,可是当女儿川嫦生病时却“不愿把钱扔在水里”,让其“一寸一寸地死去”,死去后,花钱在其坟头添个太理石的天使,碑上撰制着新式的行述:“川嫦是一个稀有的美丽的女孩子……无限的爱,无限的依依,无限的惋惜……安息吧,在爱你的人的心底下,知道你的人没有一个不爱你的。”作者通过对一个没落时代家庭的叙述,揭露了一个虚假、做作的旧家庭,展示了在“家”的温情脉脉的面纱下,人情、亲情的虚伪、自私、做作。 《沉香屑第二炉香》和《金锁记》两书中的人物蜜秋儿太太和曹七巧经历相同,都是守寡之人,性格不同,但都为了自己失去的完美婚姻,破坏自己女儿的婚姻,有意霸占着自己的女儿,让她们过着与自己一样的生活。作品用深沉的态度,审视着“伟大母爱”隐藏下人性的虚伪。 四、写“无爱”的婚姻。揭示人性的丑恶 恋爱和婚姻是张爱玲的中心题材。她在《自己的文章》里说:“一般所说:‘时代的纪念碑’的那样的作品.我是写不出来的,也不打算写……我甚至只是写些男女间的小事情,我的作品里没有战争,也没有革命。我以为人在恋爱的时候,是比在战争或革命的时候更素朴,也更放恣的。”张爱玲用“男女问题”作为主线,叙述了一个个牵牵绊绊的情爱 故事 ,但无法找到一个健康的、正常的爱,小说中男女的世界灰暗、肮脏,弥漫着窒息的腐烂的气味。 《倾城之恋》中白流苏和范柳原是毫无爱可言的,她之所以看中“被女人捧坏,从此把女人看成他脚底下的泥”的范柳原,主要是范柳原的财富和地位吸引了她,用白流苏自己的心里话说,“她跟他的目的究竟是经济上的安全”。而范柳原更谈不上爱白流苏这个破落户中离过婚的少妇,他是一个讲究“精神恋爱”的男人,“他要地,可是他不愿意娶她”。在他们之间出现了“美丽的对话,真真假假的捉迷藏,都在心的浮面飘滑,吸引,挑逗,无伤大体的攻守战,遮饰着虚伪丑恶”。他们本无真心,只是进行一场恋爱的智斗。说到底,他们只是在互相利用互相玩弄。如果不是香港的战乱极其偶然地成全了自流苏,那么她最好的结局不过是成为范柳原长期而稳定的情妇。 在张爱玲的小说中,男女之间都无真情.人人戴着面具在爱情的舞台进行着玩世不恭的精神游戏。如果说在《倾城之恋》中张爱玲写自流苏和范柳原还仅仅是一种“无爱的婚姻”,却用“美丽的对话,真真假假的捉迷藏,遮饰着虚伪丑恶”,那么,《心经》中的许 小寒 变态的恋父情结,那已是一种违背正常伦理的丑恶的道德的沦丧了。 《心经》里许小寒与她父亲峰仪之间存在着畸形的父女恋,她明明知道自己的真爱是违背伦理道德的,但她因为恋着自己的父亲而一遍一遍扼杀掉健康的爱情。请听她对父亲的一番发自内心的“表白”:“我是一生一世不打算离开你的。有一天我老了,人家都要说,她为什么不结婚?她根本没有过结婚的机会!没有人爱过她!谁都这样想——也许你也会这样想。我不能不防到这一天,所以我要休记得这一切。”可当她得知父亲因为“有钱,有地位”而与“人尽可夫”的绫卿同居后,出于报复宣布与龚海立订婚,并宣称“我需要一点健康、正常的爱。”她母亲提醒她并不爱他时,她又坦言:“有了爱的婚姻往往是痛苦的。”而她哆嗦着感到她自己已经“管不得自己了”。 婚姻在张爱玲笔下是无爱的,“有爱的婚姻是痛苦的”,爱成就不了婚姻,但婚姻又受不了爱的诱惑。婚姻是枷锁,妄想用它来锁住别人,锁住爱情,都是不可能办到,结果只能毁了自己。张爱玲就是这样通过写“无爱”的婚姻.揭示人性的丑恶的。 总之,在张爱玲看来,“生命是一袭华美的袍,爬满了虱子”。这是一种具有兼容性的人生态度。张爱玲正是用这种人生态度审视着加年代中国都市社会中的男男女女,给我们讲述“30年前还没完”的“传奇”故事的,她的作品揭示出的40年代中国都市社会中被黄金光圈严重扭曲的人性之虚伪、自私和丑恶,饱含深深的悲剧感,给人们以独特的心理感悟。

我有是有,但自己也要用。下半年可以给你。

已发,请查收。应该不会撞,希望对你有帮助。

说张爱玲是中国文学史上的一个“异数”当不为过。文字在她的笔下,才真正的有了生命,直钻进你的心里去。喜欢张爱玲的人对她的书真是喜欢,阅读的本身就能给读书的人莫大的快感。阅读的快乐只有在她那里才可以得到,至少对我是这样。读别的书你或许能知道道理,了解知识,得到震撼,但是只有读张爱玲的文章你才是快乐的。即便是有点悲剧意味的《十八春》依然如此! 张爱玲张爱玲是世俗的,但是世俗得如此精致却除此之外别无第二人可以相比。读她的作品你会发现她对人生的乐趣的观照真是绝妙!张爱玲的才情在于她发现了,写下来告诉你,让你自己感觉到!她告诉你,但是她不炫耀!张爱玲最有名的一本集子取名叫《传奇》其实用传奇来形容张爱玲的一生是最恰当不过了。张爱玲有显赫的家世,但是到她这一代已经是绝响了,张爱玲的童年是不快乐的。父母离婚,父亲又一度扬言要杀死她,而她逃出父亲的家去母亲那里,母亲不久就又去了英国,她本来考上了伦敦大学,却因为赶上了太平洋战争,只得去读香港大学,要毕业了,香港又沦陷,只得回到上海来。她与胡兰成的婚姻也是一个大的不幸。在文坛中赫赫有名的她,却因为和胡兰成的失败婚姻,最后只得远走他乡!张爱玲的性格中聚集了一大堆矛盾:她是一个善于将艺术生活化,生活艺术化的享乐主义者,又是一个对生活充满悲剧感的人;她是名门之后,贵府小姐,却骄傲的宣称自己是一个自食其力的小市民;她悲天怜人,时时洞见芸芸众生“可笑”背后的“可怜”,但实际生活中却显得冷漠寡情;她通达人情世故,但她自己无论待人穿衣均是我行我素,独标孤高。她在文章里同读者拉家常,但却始终保持着距离,不让外人窥测她的内心;她在四十年代的上海大红大紫,一时无两,然而几十年后,她在美国又深居简出,过着与世隔绝的生活,以至有人说:“只有张爱玲才可以同时承受灿烂夺目的喧闹与极度的孤寂。”现代女作家有以机智聪慧见长者,有以抒发情感著称者,但是能将才与情打成一片,在作品中既深深进入又保持超脱的,除张爱玲之外再无第二人。张爱玲既写纯文艺作品,也写言情小说,《金锁记》《秧歌》等令行家击掌称赏,《十八春》则能让读者大众如醉如痴,这样身跨两界,亦雅亦俗的作家,一时无两;她受的是西洋学堂的教育,但她却钟情于中国小说艺术,在创作中自觉师承《红楼梦》《金瓶梅》的传统,新文学作家中,走这条路子的人少而又少。现代著名作家,四十年代在上海孤岛成名,其小说拥有女性的细腻与古典的美感,对人物心理的把握令人惊异,而作者独特的人生态度在当时亦是极为罕见。五十年代初她辗转经香港至美国,在此期间曾经创作小说《秧歌》与《赤地之恋》,因其中涉及对大陆当时社会状态的描写而被视为是反动作品。其后作品寥寥,唯有关于红楼梦的研究尚可一观。张爱玲也曾为香港电懋电影公司编写《南北一家亲》等六个剧本,之后也曾从事翻译与考证工作。张爱玲与宋淇、邝文美夫妇有深交,她的作品即是透过宋淇介绍给夏志清先生,肯定张爱玲不世出的才情,而享誉国际。张爱玲遗产的继承人是宋淇夫妇,其中大部分交由皇冠出版社收藏。一九九五年中秋夜,曾经瞩目中国文学界的才女张爱玲猝死于洛杉矶一公寓内,享年七十五岁。她的逝世使她的名字在文坛上再一次复苏。这位沉没了多年的作家一夜间又浮出水面来,而且是前所未有的美。那刻的美是永恒的,因为张爱玲孤独的一生走完了,留下的一片苍凉与无尽叹息化成玻璃灵柩,守护着她过去的灿烂。隔着空间和时间的玻璃墙望回去,越光辉的成就也越凄凉。

张爱玲的论文文献

CLOTHING MARKET : The UK retail clothing market was worth $43 billion in 2000, having grown by just since 1999. Women’s, girls' and children's clothing account for the major share of the market, making up of the total value. The increase in working women might have been expected to cause an upsurge in demand for smart clothing, but a major feature of the market has been a trend towards dressing down. Men's tailors, such as Moss Bros Group and Austin Reed Group, have suffered from the demise of the formal suit, while the retail chain Ted Baker, which targets the 18-25 year old market, has embraced the trend and recently recorded a pre-tax profit margin almost four times that of the industry average. In the world of UK fashion, it is the ability to identify and respond immediately to trends that is all-important. Textile manufacturing is in serious decline and clothing retailers continue to find trading conditions difficult in the face of weak consumer demand and heavy discounting. Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group, BhS Ltd, and Moss Bros Group are among the stores struggling to maintain their position. Meanwhile, the Dutch multiple chain C&A has admitted defeat and has now completely withdrawn from the British market. It is companies such as these, competing in the middle market, which are finding business so hard, since the market favors either value or premium brands. Those that are thriving include discount chains such as Matalan, Peacock's and Primark Stores, which are expanding rapidly and are predicted to increase their market share. With depressed demand and the prevalence of discounters, UK clothing retailing is expected to see modest growth in the near future. The market value is expected to reach $51 billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. MARKET OVERVIEW The main sectors in the market for clothing retailing are Outerwear, Underwear and Hosiery. Outerwear includes men's shirts, suits, jackets, smart trousers, coats, sweaters, T-shirts and jeans. Women's dresses, blouses and skirts also fall under this category. Underwear is made up of briefs and vests for men, womens lingerie - panties, corsetry, petticoats, teddies and camisoles. Hosiery covers men's, women's and children's socks, and women's pantyhose and stockings Expenditure on clothing, as well as having to compete with other durable and non-durable household goods, is threatened by increased expenditure on leisure, travel and financial services, including savings. Figures show that spending on clothing as a percentage of total household expenditure has dropped from percent in 1995 to percent in 2000. The popularity of heavy discounting stores is likely to be a factor in this decline. MARKET TRENDS A Diminishing Mid-Price Market The chain of C&A has been one of the casualties of an ongoing shrinking of the mid-price clothing market. Consumers are now tending towards the budget end of the market, which is targeted by companies such as Primark, Peacock's and Matalan, or the designer, premium-priced extreme. The mid-market has consequently become very competitive, with the struggles of Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group and BhS to retain market share being well documented. Designer Outlets The first Designer Outlet centre opened in 1995. There are now several such centres that offer discounts of up to 50% on branded fashionwear, footwear, accessories, and housewares. Discount retailing is an important and growing part of several retail markets, and clothing is no exception. Gap, Tommy Hilfiger and Nike are among the names operating in these shopping `villages'. So called 'Off-Price' clothing is said to account for around 30% of the . clothing market. Although it is still a relatively immature part of the UK market, it is expected to grow rapidly as both established and new retailers (. Marks and Spencer and Matalan) plan to set up discount stores and enter the shopping villages. Informality Modern lifestyles, on the whole, have become much less formal, a trend reflected in clothing. While some places of work may maintain a strict dress code, they are fewer and further between — especially in the information technology industry. Many offices have a policy of `dress down Friday' where it is quite acceptable, indeed expected, to dress casually. This attitude extends into social life. Certainly some clubs and restaurants insist on a formal dress code, but many more think it unnecessary. A prime example of this movement toward informality is the huge resurgence in the denim market. UK sales of denim clothing in 2000 shot up by 8% on the previous year to reach $ billion. Sportswear Participation in sports has increased over the long term, and there is a high level of branding in sports clothes. A particular feature of the sports clothing sector is its acceptability as leisurewear, whether or not any participation in sport is intended. With the growing trend towards informality, the sportswear market is set to grow. This is evident on the UK High St with the entrance of . chains such as Footlocker. Brand Extension In the fiercely competitive UK retail market, the extension of an established brand name into other products has become common practice. This trend is becoming more popular in the clothing industry. For example, Oasis Stores PLC has developed an own-brand toiletries range, launched in October 1999. Meanwhile, designer Tommy Hilfiger has introduced new fragrances targeted at young adults. Other clothes chains with cosmetics, skincare or fragrance ranges include Ted Baker, French Connection Retail Ltd and Karen Millen Ltd. This kind of brand extension is continuing as more and more retailers are following the trend in an effort to compete with each other and offer their customers a complete product range. High street retailer H & M (Hennes and Mauritz) have recently launched a range of cosmetics and cosmetic accessories. Technology in Textiles Before the 1940s, clothes were made of wool, silk or cotton. The 1950s saw the introduction of synthetic fibres that would revolutionise the industry. Elastane microfibres, such as Lycra and Tactel, combine the qualities of stretch and control while being comfortable, durable and easy to care for. Manufacturers now claim to produce fabrics with other characteristics, such as anti-bacterial or moisturising properties, even cellulite-reducing hosiery. As a result of these changes in textile technology, prices are likely to increase, therefore assisting in growing the value of the market. Awareness of Fashion Marks and Spencer, BhS, and Mothercare have lost market share in the children's clothing market to Woolworths, ASDA Group Ltd and Next. Young people are becoming more fashion conscious at a younger age, and shun the somewhat conservative and old-fashioned image of traditional shops. This is in favour of those with a more trendy image, such as Gap, Next and Miss Selfridge. Similarly, older, and often affluent, consumers remain fashion conscious. The product offering for those older consumers wanting to appear in tune with fashion, has improved in recent years. Previously it was almost non-existent, especially at the cheaper end of the market. Larger Sizes Research has shown that British women are now taller, and more curvaceous, than in the past. This trend has been confirmed by bra manufacturer, Triumph, which has found that the average bra size has grown from a 34B to a 36C in less than a decade. Accordingly, Marks and Spencer, for one, is to use a UK size 14 (US size 10) rather than UK size 12 (US size 8) as its base model. Size 14 bust, waist and hip measurements have also been increased. With 62 percent of women in the UK wearing a UK size 14 (. size 10) or larger, there are undoubtedly opportunities for growth in the larger size clothing market. IMPORTS An estimated two-thirds of the value of the UK clothing market is imported, a percentage that is increasing as more countries with low-cost labour join the supply chain. Traditional sources, primarily Hong Kong and India, are now facing competition from countries such as Morocco and Romania. There is, however, some variation across the product sectors. Germany, Italy and Hong Kong are principal sources of women's, girls' and children's jackets. Men's suits and jackets come primarily from Italy and Portugal. Hong Kong is a significant source of imports of both men's and women's overcoats and raincoats, although in the case of men's coats, the Netherlands is the most important. Hong Kong is by far the most significant exporter of men and women's trousers to the UK, and of women's dresses and skirts. Many British companies are transferring production overseas. Much of the recent growth in value of imports into the UK can therefore be attributed to British companies, and their subsidiaries. The UK imported over $81 million worth of clothing from the . in 2000, a figure which has declined over the last few years. UK imports of . clothing goods 1997 $81,621,996 $81,139,559 $103,448,033 $121,300,429 EXPORTS Total clothing exports from the UK were $ billion in 1999 – a drop from the 1998 figure of $2 billion. In 2000, the UK exported $ million worth of clothing to the . There has been a recent trend towards exporting more British clothing to countries outside Europe, but less to countries within the European Union (EU). The UK has a reputation for quality in, for example, woollens and knitwear. However, it has been hard hit by the strength of sterling and the recent downturn in economies such as Japan, which are of great importance to UK trade. COMPETITION The Marketplace Vertical integration is a feature of the UK market for clothing. Companies such as Alexon Group, Laura Ashley, River Island Clothing Co., and Austin Reed Group manufacture collections for retail in their own stores. Place of Purchase In order of popularity, department stores, chain stores, independents, fashion multiples and sports shops are the most commonly used retail outlets for clothing. Age and sex are important determining factors in this however. For example, although department stores appeal to all age groups, fashion multiples are generally used by younger shoppers. For all the above outlets, penetration levels are higher among men than women except for independents and sports stores. Traditional mail order catalogues continue to come under pressure from discount stores. They cannot keep up with changes in prices, as their catalogues are printed weeks in advance of a season. The internet and digital television have introduced online shopping but there are hurdles to overcome if this kind of purchasing is to grow the clothing market considerably. Many consumers are hesitant to give credit card details and they like to be able to see and feel garments before they purchase. Brand recognition is important in online shopping, and it, therefore, seems likely that established High St stores may find it easier to make the step from 'brick to click' than a new online only retailer. Brand Awareness There is a high level of brand awareness in some sectors of the clothing industry. For example, the name Levi-Strauss & Co. is synonymous with jeans, like that of Nike with sports clothing. These brands will maintain sales due to firm establishment in their specific markets. However, with more and more discount stores introducing their own labels (. George at Asda, and Matalan), and the consumers decreasing clothing expenditure, mid market retailers will undoubtedly suffer. As mentioned previously, strong brand names are increasingly moving outside their original product. While this might ensure the success of, for example, Ted Baker skincare products, it also opens the clothing market for infiltration by outside brands. Market Leaders and their Brands The UK retail market for clothing is one spanning many extremes. Exclusive designer names are at one end of the scale, while discount stores and market stalls are at the other. In between is a variety of retailers aimed at the middle mass market. It is some of these that are currently finding survival so difficult. C&A is a prime example, but its demise obviously provides opportunities for other stores and products. This is not least because its withdrawal from the UK is freeing up valuable High Street sites. A relatively new entrant to the market is the grocery multiple, and the most successful example is ASDA Group Ltd. The UK's third largest supermarket, taken over by Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated last year, has its own George at ASDA brand of clothing (which had a turnover of $893m in 1999). Tesco PLC, the country's most successful supermarket chain, also devotes significant space to children's clothing, and women's and men's underwear. END USERS The total population of the UK is approximately 60 million, and is split roughly equally beween men and women. By age, the population is divided as follows: AGE % 0-19 20-49 49 + Over 83 percent of clothing and accessories are purchased by women over 25. Even 28 percent of menswear purchased in the UK is bought by women. According to the Family Expenditure survery (FES), average weekly household expenditure on commodities and services was $520 in 1999. On average, $32 of this was spent on clothing - this amounts to just over 6% of total expenditure. Although expenditure on clothing, both male and female, has grown in the past ten years, attitudes of consumers have changed. The proportion of spending on clothing that people regard as essential has declined. In 1989, conspicuous consumption was at its height and people were far more concerned with keeping up with the latest fashions. By the end of the recession in 1994, attitudes had changed and fashion had much less of a following - people still care about their appearance, but not to the same extent. This declining regard for fashion is apparent in all socio-economic groups. It is, however, more pronounced in the upper income brackets and the 25-34 and 35-44 age groups. Within these groups, people now view a holiday or products for the home as a priority over new/fashionable clothing. Despite the decline in regard for fashion, the desire to be fashionable still exists and is generally higher among teens, low income households, and the unemployed - hence the success of the discount retailers. MARKET ACCESS The UK clothing industry is an aggressively competitive marketplace, and is dominated by a handful of powerful chains. It has lower productivity than leading European competitors, and opportunities exist, therefore, for low-cost foreign competitors. The UK clothing market has to be instant in its response to changes in fashion in order for spending on clothing to compete with expenditure on other personal and household goods, leisure activities and savings. The market needs to accurately interpret trends so as to avoid surplus stock having to be sold cheaply. Rail upon rail of discounted clothes not only eats into any profit margin, but also damages the image of a shop, giving it a somewhat desperate look. There is one legal requirement regarding the labeling of textiles for clothing. The label must bear an accurate description of the fiber content. This is an obligatory marking requirement. Washing instructions and the size of garment are optional information, but must not be false or misleading. This would result in a breach of the UK Trade Descriptions Act. There are no requirements for a "Keep Away from Fire" label on any childrens daywear (but there is for all nightwear). However, there must be a flammability label on all babywear 0-3 months (day and night wear). This also applies to babywear with a chest size of 21 inches or less. There is no EU Directive on flammability labels on clothing. Clothing falls under the harmonized code of – and there is currently a maximum duty of payable. SALES PROSPECTS Clothing is an essential requisite, although consumers can also be tempted to purchase on impulse. Nowadays, few people have the necessary dressmaking and knitting skills to make their own clothing, so nearly all clothing is bought. Unusual garments and colour combinations, can differentiate one product offering from another and may be the determining factor in remaining competitive. The exit of C&A from UK retailing in 2001 has made prime High Street sites available for other chains and product offerings. In addition to this, the removal of tariffs and quotas protecting foreign markets (under the Multi Fibre Arrangement) in 2005, will increase opportunities for overseas companies. However, overseas competitors should be aware of the increased emphasis on design that differentiates British product makes it less vulnerable to cheaper foreign competition. Opportunties for . manufactured goods exist, as they are more likely to be able to compete with British designed product. Men's lifestyle magazines are helping to increase interest in men's and boys' fashion and men are more interested in fashion than they were ten years ago. Women are more financially dependent and able to spend as they like on their wardrobe, and as the proportion of working women increases, they are likely to require more clothes than they would if they stayed at home. However, as mentioned previously, the trend towards dressing down is increasing, therefore clothing purchased for the office will not necessarily include business suits. Home shopping through catalogues, the Internet, and interactive television means that goods, including clothing, can be bought at any time of the day, 7 days a week. However, people will always prefer to see the clothing and feel fabrics and textiles before purchasing so it is unlikely that home shopping will seriously threaten the High Street retailers. CONCLUSION The UK clothing market will see steady but modest growth over the next few years and is expected to reach $51. billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. Judging by current trends and evidence, it appears that the majority of this growth will come from the success of discount retailers. The diminishing mid market in fashion retailing means that best opportunities for . companies exist at this end of the scale. For more information on the UK Clothing Market, please contact: 瞎找的 看都没看

周芳芸,《曹七巧论》,四川师范大学学报,1990年第3期周芳芸,《中国现代文学悲剧女性形象研究》,天地出版社,1999鲁建平,《母性的陨落——张爱玲笔下的母亲形象与母女关系探析》陈慧茹,《母性的沦丧与异化——张爱玲小说中的母亲形象及母女关系探析》,太原大学学报缺失的情爱,一要从当时十里洋场的特殊社会背景去分析,封建主义与资本主义的双重压迫,使得女性不得不以出卖青春、爱情、肉体等方式获得生存,有人心甘情愿做了金丝雀,如《沉香屑》里的葛薇龙,《倾城之恋》里的白流苏;二是要从性压抑问题上去探讨女性所受的屈辱,《金锁记》里曹七巧是一个从被人食、到食人,再到自食的典型。还可以讲张爱玲塑造的女性形象与现代文学其他的形象作比较。

长篇:半生缘,多少恨,倾城之恋,十八春,怨女。怨女是我的最爱散文:爱,打人,道路以目,到底是上海人,更衣记,公寓生活记趣,借银灯,双声,私语,雨伞下,造人,,等等,,这些本人喜欢,,,中篇:不辛的她,霸王别姬,等,创世纪,封锁,留情,,,相见欢,,,等等。。。很多的呢,,这些我本人喜欢

基本都是有情爱的。只有一个是很极端的,曹七巧,金锁记里面的住人公。这个是一个很好的切入点和讨论重点。海内外,张的名声,一部分就是这个人物撑起来的。其他的还有本来有,又失去了的:茉莉香片里的聂传庆(男的)沉香屑:第一炉香里的葛薇龙沉香屑:第二炉香里的愫西散戏里的女主人公。(丧失了爱)同学少年都不贱里面的几个女人都又点不正常我想到的久这些了。张的文章里面缺失是少的

有关张爱玲作品研究的论文好写吗

1、陈思和有一套的关于张爱玲的论述著作,因为张爱玲是上海人,所以上海那边有张爱玲研究热,尤其是复旦啊什么大学里面研究张爱玲的蛮多的;2、台湾的水晶先生也有很多研究张爱玲的东西;3、去图书馆上中国知网等等期刊网,上面有很多张爱玲研究的文章论文等等,这些都可以作为参考。

张爱玲小说的中心思想:在女奴时代谢幕的今天,女性角色的归属所在,张爱玲否定当时女性的生存方式,希望女性能挣脱文化的,历史的,生理的,心理的等等诸多枷锁般的桎梏,成为自在的女性优美的生存。张爱玲是富家小姐出生,她的外婆是小妾。裹着小脚。她的母亲和父亲离婚了,父亲娶有小妾并且和小妾吸食大麻,最后败坏家产。母亲离婚后去欧洲。张爱玲的父亲几次说要杀死张爱玲,张爱玲从父亲那逃到母亲那,母亲对张说:“要么嫁人,用钱打扮自己;要么用钱来读书。”爱玲缺乏父爱,因此有恋父情结。这也是以后她和汉奸胡兰成恋爱的原因之一。别人都说张爱玲是富家小姐,张爱玲却说“我是靠自食其力的劳动人民。”张爱玲三岁便把唐诗三百首拿下,七岁时开始写自己第一部小说。她曾经犹疑是要做一个钢琴家还是画家。她是一个天才。但生活的琐碎中她的自理能力却可以说是个白痴。后期帮香港电影公司做编剧,并且参加研究红楼梦,成为红学家。一生作品无数。张爱玲的自传中说到自己创作的《倾城之恋》拍成电影后,好多女人喜欢。原因:人都说二八年华,而《倾》中的女主人翁白流苏年近三十还能找到一个有钱又帅气又风流倜傥的男人范柳原,这给了很多女人一个梦。而流苏也在看不起自己的家人面前出了口气,又给大龄单身或离婚过的女人们“争一口气”。但张爱玲自己说,《倾》并不是个好的圆满结局。流苏的家人嫌流苏是个离婚大龄女人,处处刁难流苏。家里一片的女儿,把小的宝络嫁给从国外回来年轻有为的富豪范柳原成了家人的首要事情。而最后范看上的居然是流苏。窥见上海这家子的生存法则后,从故事一开始到结束这就是个悲剧。柳原不想让任何女人束缚住自己,包括他爱的流苏。柳原不要婚姻,他惧怕婚姻。而流苏有脑子,她要的就是名份。但流苏也不想成为其他那些太太那样无所事事,整日吸食大麻。在男女主人翁斗智斗勇几回合后,发生了香港沦陷,身处在战争的爱情,在历经考验后,柳原终于在危难之际害怕失去真情,害怕失去流苏,也怕自己会成为战争的牺牲品。终于娶白流苏当了正式的太太。要是没有了香港沦陷,也就没有这“圆满”的结局。“香港的陷落成全了她。但是在这不可理喻的世界里,谁知道什么是因,什么是果?谁知道呢?也许就因为要成全她,一个大都市倾覆了。成千上万的人死去,成千上万的人痛苦着,跟着是惊天动地的大改革……流苏并不觉得她在历史上的地位有什么微妙之点。她只是笑吟吟的站起身来,将蚊香盘踢到桌子底下去。”张爱玲说了,两人都不是在大时代中的英雄,他们没有去参加反抗侵略。而流苏和她的家人以婚姻做生存的理念只会成为妇女永远的悲剧。《连环套》和《金锁记》就直接凸显了旧社会没有文化女人靠婚姻生存的悲惨结局。《连环套》中的霓喜从小被卖给个印度商人做妾,为了做正室,几经波折,最后被丈夫雅赫雅赶出家门。之后又找了几个男人跟他们“完婚”,有的是有结婚,有的是没结婚。“汤姆生两手按着桌子站立着,茫然看着她,就像是不记得她是谁。霓喜忽然觉得她自己的大腿肥唧唧地抵着写字台,觉得她自己一身肥肉,觉得她自己衣服穿得过于花哨,再打扮些也是个下等女人;汤姆生的世界是浅灰石的浮雕,在清平的图案上她是突兀地凸出的一大块,浮雕变了石像,高高突出双乳与下身。她嫌她自己整个地太大,太触目。汤姆生即刻意会到她这种感觉,她在他面前蓦地萎缩下去,失去了从前吸引过他的那种悍然的美。”当女人认为肉体是自己的本钱的时候,她也不会得到自己想要的幸福。“她笑道:‘发利斯比我小呢!年纪上头也不对。’那印度妇人顿了一顿,微笑道:‘年纪上是差得太远一点,他的意思是……瑟梨塔……瑟梨塔今年才十三,他已经三十一了,可是他情愿等着,等她长大。你要是肯呢,就让他们订了婚,一来好叫他放心,二来他可以出钱送她进学校,念得好好的不念下去,怪可惜的。当然弟弟妹妹也都得进学堂。你们结了这头亲,遇到什么事要他帮忙的,也有个名目,赛姆生太太你说是不是?’霓喜举起头来,正看见隔壁房里,瑟梨塔坐在藤椅上乘凉,想是打了个哈欠,伸懒腰,房门半掩着,只看见白漆门边凭空现出一只苍黑的小手,骨节是较深的黑色——仿佛是苍白的未来里伸出一只小手,在她心上摸了一摸。霓喜知道她是老了。她扶着沙发站起身来,僵硬的膝盖骨咯啦一响,她里面仿佛有点什么东西,就这样破碎了。”女人老了也就没人要了,她的女儿还是可以利用的。《金锁记》中的七巧悲惨的一生就被她名存实亡的婚姻所控制,不单害了自己,还连带去害自己的子女们。七巧也是个瘾君子, 大麻是她生存下来唯一感觉到幸福快乐舒心的溯源。七巧是无知的,是典型的旧社会婚姻奴隶,被婚姻的大锁锁了一生,即使离开争夺财产的婆家那所宅门,她也被锁得紧紧的,世代锁下去。《花凋》和《琉璃瓦》也是两部有相似之处的作品。作品中的女主人翁们被家人要求找婆家分别经历了不同的命运,揭露了丑恶的旧社会当时民众的生活艰难以及想靠攀附资产家庭的可悲现象。《琉璃瓦》中的家庭偏偏生的都是女儿,父母张罗女儿们一个一个嫁了“好人家”,偏偏到了小女儿心心这儿,来了个“不听话”,玩上了自由恋爱。《红玫瑰和白玫瑰》中的男主人翁佟振保也还算老实,出生草根,凭借自己的努力有个好工作。但人家的艳福也不浅,有着红玫瑰和白玫瑰,还有其他灯红酒绿的地方各式的花朵们。女人们最后都是老了,都会腻的,男人却仍可以在社会的宽容下继续猎奇。当然,为了不辜负社会对他的期望,振保结果还是选择重新做个好人。《色.戒》是张爱玲与胡兰成的爱情写照了。《色》是张根据一个真实的事件改编创作的。一个爱国的,要杀汉奸的女大学生王佳芝却被“汉奸”俘虏了心,临杀老易时放他一马。而汉奸易先生却为了自己的生存选择了杀掉女大学生王佳芝。在杀易先生的路上,佳芝一直在想老易是不是真心爱他。而老易“她临终一定恨他。不过“无毒不丈夫”。不是这样的男子汉,她也不会爱他。”“虽然她恨他,她最后对他的感情强烈到是什么感情都不相干了,只是有感情。他们是原始的猎人与猎物的关系,虎与伥的关系,最终极的占有。她这才生是他的人,死是他的鬼。 ”男人在感情上是理智而又自私的,女人在理智下,还是会为了感情而自我毁灭的,这是男女对待感情的一个不同。也是女人“劣根性”的一种。没有特别,最爱的还是《十八春》,又名《半生缘》。《半》中的女主人翁顾曼桢是迄今为止我最佩服的女人之一,在旧社会的种种“陋习制度”下她决不屈服,靠自强自立,一天做三份工养家,也决不步姐姐顾曼如的后尘做舞小姐。而最后嫁给祝鸿才也不过又是女人的“劣根性”作祟,她误以为赵世钧已经和翠芝结婚了,她就故意把自己毁掉,“自杀”嫁给祝鸿才,做了生平最错的一件事。后来就费尽周折和祝鸿才离婚,自己带着儿子继续独立。曼桢也是少有的不虚荣的女人,一点也不怎么打扮,自然清新。而翠芝作为一个富家出生的小姐,读大学也是为了嫁给个门当户对的富家少爷。因为作为一个富家女,决不能出来抛头露面工作。翠芝也曾说过羡慕曼桢那样在外面做事,能够自己独立,充实。而翠芝和世钧结婚后整天就是和无知的富太太们攀比财富、打扮和奢侈的消费,世钧也从来没爱过翠芝这样的女人。最能和曼桢对比的是姐姐曼如。曼如是个可恨又可怜的旧社会产物,她为了维系自己赖以生存,但又摇摇欲坠的和祝鸿才的婚姻,居然设计让妹妹曼桢被姐夫鸿才强暴并关押起来产下儿子。故事最后,鸿才还是没改恶习,并没对曼如好。旧社会牺牲了曼如,曼桢成为鸿才这类人的玩物,牺牲了世钧和曼桢这对情投意合的男女的真爱,我每每看《十八春》都要哭,在曼桢那悲惨的命运中好像和她一起在经历这种撕心裂肺的惨痛人生。 姐姐曼如为了婚姻,取悦丈夫祝鸿才,去牺牲自己的妹妹曼桢的终生幸福,让人替曼桢唏嘘不已之余,对万恶旧社会女卑男尊的社会制度、地位感叹。张爱玲的小说中很多都会有一夫多妻的段落,而这样的家庭面临的都是没有真爱,而只能又是为家产争夺而最后酿成悲剧。现实中,张看得太多了,自己的父母也是旧社会婚姻的牺牲者。《流言》和《传奇》是张爱玲的名著,而张爱玲自己本来的人生又何尝不是一段传奇呢?胡兰成就是在一次看到张爱玲的《封锁》后想认识这个女孩。张爱玲旺盛的创作时期都是在她十七,八岁的时候,另人诧异一个少女会有如此的思想。她被誉为鲁迅之后又一个追寻人类真谛的人。她的曾祖父是清末大臣李鸿章。后来胡兰成抛弃了她。她第二任丈夫是美国的赖雅。.....楼主续写下去张之身世直至凑到5000字左右即可。

周芬玲的著作,陈子善的,杨雪的《多元调和:张爱玲翻译作品研究》等等,我的论文也是这个

这个……貌似早已经有人做过了,而且类似的研究多了去了,你重复劳动也很难写出新意。近年来张爱玲研究一直就是热点,写张爱玲作题目难度不小。既然楼主还没什么思路,不妨换个题目试试?现当代的论文还是很简单可以搞定的。我今年也写毕业论文,呵呵,楼主加油呀~~

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