与守望者歌咏有关论文参考文献

<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛 (一） Comments on the Details of novel “The Catcher In The Rye” The majority of the novel takes place in New York City during war of America. The journey begins just a week before Holden's Christmas break. A young man, Holden Caulfield, is in a mental institution where he is recovering from a recent mental breakdown. The entire novel is a flashback of the events that had led up to his emotional destruction. The flashback begins with Holden leaving the boarding school he had been attending because of lackluster grades. Holden had been sent to boarding school by his parents. The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Holden Caulfield, finds himself upset with the society in which he lives. Throughout the novel he goes on a journey to find himself. Holden is immature although he makes attempts to act as if he is mature. Holden can not accept those who value materialistic items and labels them "phonies." In all, Holden is hypocritical and it is perhaps this trait that causes him to self-destruct. At first, we should pay a little attention to the other people in this story. Holden's smart kid sister, Phoebe Caulfield, is the only person that Holden can relate to. Holden visits her while in Manhattan, and while with her he decides that he would like to save children like her from becoming phonies. She also later convinces Holden to return home. . Caulfield is Holden's brother who used to be a serious writer, but is now in Hollywood where he is writing for television programs. Holden views his brother as being a phony since he had "sold out" and given up his principles in return for money. Holden's younger brother named Allie Caulfield. Holden saw him as a symbol of innocence. Allie died of Leukemia. Jane Gallagher was Holden's great love and almost girlfriend. Holden did not view her as a phony, perhaps because he knew her when she was younger. He was very upset that she was to go out with Stradlater. He believed Stradlater would make her a phony too. Holden's history teacher at Pency Prep school called Mr. Spencer. Holden visited him just before he left for Manhattan. Holden meets two nuns at the train station where they are collecting money. Holden decides that they are only the only adults that have not become phony and therefore can retain their innocence. Mr. Antolini was Holden's teacher at Elkton Hills. Holden visited him while in Manhattan and stayed at his apartment. (There he made sexual advances on Holden.) The novel opens with the narrator, Holden Caulfield, a seventeen-year-old boy from New York City, telling the story of three days in his life. The whole narrative is a coming to terms with the past, since Holden tells it from a psychiatric institution. It is the adult world that has driven him insane. He just cannot relate to anyone except for his kid sister Phoebe. Everything and all other people seem "phony" to him. Holden is unable to accept life. Since Holden is becoming an adult himself, he is unhappy with what he will represent. He flunks out of three boarding schools in a row, the latest of them Pencey Prep, which is also where the first part of the story takes place.<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛(二 One Saturday night, after an unpleasant experience with his history teacher "Old Spencer," his roommate Stradlater and the boy next door, Robert Ackley, Holden decides to leave Pencey four days early for Christmas break. He knows that he cannot return to his parents because they are not aware that he has been expelled again. Holden spends the next three days wandering aimlessly around New York City. He stays at a cheap hotel for one night, goes to two night clubs, dances with older women, often talks and thinks about sex, even has a prostitute come up to his room. The next day, he talks with some nuns about literature and has a date with his former girlfriend Sally Woodruff. They go to the theater and also go ice-skating. When he asks her to run away with him, she gets mad and they part. He is "depressed," at this time Holden thinks and even talks to his deceased brother Allie. To Holden, Allie represented innocence. With nobody else around, Holden turns to the only person he can relate to, his sister Phoebe. He sneaks into his parent's apartment at night to talk to his sister. He tells her about his dream to be a "catcher in the rye," and that he wants to run away. He then leaves to meet his former teacher, Mr. Antolini. They have a good talk, but Holden leaves in a hurry when he thinks his host makes a sexual advance on him. He spends the night in a train station, then runs around town. Finally, he meets his sister, who tells him she wants to run away with him and that she will never go back to school. Holden sees himself in her, finally changes his mind and decides to go back to his parents. We are able to conclude that Holden then is sent to a mental hospital for treatment. The first major conflict encountered in The Catcher in the Rye is Holden . Holden has a hard time dealing with everyday life, and feels that everyone around him is a "phony". This is one of the reasons for his mental breakdown. His own mind working against himself caused him to have internal problems and turn against himself. His internal conflict also led to his seclusion from the outside world. He became introverted and could no longer cope with life. Another conflict we come across is Holden vs. society. Everyone is a "phony" to him and he never realizes the good in anyone. This is due to Holden's strong opposition to material wealth, which is a dominating characteristic of the society which he could not accept. He can't communicate with anyone and feels that the only person he can even relate to is his sister Phoebe. Holden cannot function as a normal part of society because of his hatred towards all "phonies", which he believes everyone to be. Holden did not want children to grow up because he felt that adults are corrupt. This is seen when Holden tries to erase naughty words from the walls of the elementary school, that his sister Phoebe attended. Holden believed that children were innocent because they viewed the world and society without any bias. This leads to Holden's dream to being the catcher in the rye, which relates to a poem where the catcher prevents small children from falling off a cliff.<麦田守望者>的细节评论(英文) 全文摘录自美国文学著作论坛(三） Holden throughout the whole novel, differs from society which results in his rebellious nature. Holden does not have any friends and cannot keep relationships. This is because he finds and exaggerates any negative aspect of all the people he knows or meets. This can be seen when Holden cannot keep his relationship with his girlfriend Sally. Holden also rebels because he feels that all adults are phonies. Holden believes that these phonies are people who try to be something that they are not. Usually the mark of a phony is the desire for material goods. This is because people usually want these possessions in order to impress others and become something they are not. This is why Holden can only connect with his younger sister Phoebe. On the other hand his older brother . is a prime example of a phony. This is because . was a writer, who became a playwright in order to gain more public recognition. Holden's instability has derived from various events and personality traits. Early in his life his brother Allie died. This had many negative effects on Holden. He also disliked his parents. He believes they are phonies and that they neglected him. This is because they send him to many different private schools and do not supply him with the love and affection he needs. Holden has either been expelled from or has run away from these schools. This is seen in Pencey where he cannot stand his roommate, Stradlater. His incapability of living in society has led to his admission into a mental institution. It is from this point that Holden narrates the story. The book begins as Holden is recovering from his nervous breakdown. He tries to save all children from growing up and losing their innocence, and when he realized that he can not, he goes insane and can't deal with it. Death is a major issue in this novel because of the death of his brother Allie. It is the death of his brother which fuels his desire to save children from growing up and becoming corrupt. Holden uses his brother as a model for innocence. Holden has a very hard time dealing with people that are not known to him. He feels that most people are phonies and finds it hard to open himself up to others. He is very insecure as well as being very immature. His immaturity is shown when he invites the prostitute, Sunny, up to his hotel room for sex. When she arrives he cannot go through with it. Holden also rarely had a girlfriend for an extended period of time because of his fear of commitment. Holden disliked his parents because they sent him away to a private school. He thinks that they feel he is useless and give up on him and send him away. He also wouldn't face his parents until the very end of the novel. Holden calls other's phonies but in actuality, Holden is the biggest phony in the novel. He despises those who value material things but he himself prides his possessions. We first note Salinger's vividness of description. The reader could care less about the street names or other various paraphernalia, but is given them any way. These more or less serve to promote the reality of Holden's thought while showing his attentiveness to detail.

【作文真题】

作文题：从以下两题中任选一题作文。

(1)阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

能看到一个社会的凶兆，以未来的危险促进当下的改过革新，这样的人，有知识，有胆识，往往置个人的功利甚至生死于度外，是一个时代的心灵与眼光。在《圣经·旧约》里，这类人被称为“守望者”，他负责指出一国或一人的罪错，任何一个听不到凶言的大寂静时代，有可能是守望者失职了，有可能是守望者死光了，活在其中的人，虽然有各种声调的吉言，但往往不能如意恭喜发财、长命百岁。守望者之于一个时代、一个社会或一个团体乃至一个人，都是如此。

请仔细阅读这段文字，然后选择一个角度构思作文，标题自拟，文体自选，不要脱离材料内容及含义的范围作文。

(2)有一首诗这样写道：“青山遮不住澎湃的激流/激流遮不住远航的孤帆/晴空遮不住骤袭的暴雨/暴雨遮不住远行的背影/你不遮住自己/谁也遮不住你//"请以“青山遮不住”为题目，写一篇命题作文，文体自选。

肩起吉言的闸门，勇敢守望

当“幸福”出现在电视上每一个受访者的口中，你怀疑过吗?当GDP一路飞涨时，你怀疑过吗?当社会传颂一切安好时，你怀疑过吗?当学术界一派繁荣时，你怀疑过吗?我怀疑过。

(开篇以排比设问的方式质疑了生活中一些习以为常的“安定”现象，开篇引人深思，巧妙地引出下文。从最近央视对百姓“幸福”的采访，到为政界一路高歌的学术界，从百姓生活、经济动态、社会秩序到文学艺术，言虽简，意不浅，涉猎面广，引人深思。)

许知远也曾在书中引言：“这是一个大寂静时代……不是守望者失职了，就是守望者死光了。”(评：引用他人言语，更具说服力。)诚然，所有人都对一个充满吉言，一切安好的社会无比向往，但真实社会中出现这样“一切安好”的现象却极大可能地隐埋了社会的缺漏，弊端。人民永远停留在“安定”却又无知的环境中，社会又怎么可能进步?唐皇以人为镜，在这个大寂静社会中，我们要以守望者为镜，每个人更应勇敢地肩起吉言的闸门，见见那些凶言。(评：道理事例论证，以唐皇为例，正面说明社会需要守望者。这段话在整个行文中处于承上启下的过渡段。承接上面所言，一切安好的社会暗含危机，呼吁时代的守望者，引出下文。)

倘若没有守望者，那么后果将是不堪设想的。二战时的德国不就没有守望者吗?希特勒一个号令便将民众卷入“快乐”的罪恶中，以致战争的伤疤遍及世界;明清时期的思想不就缺少守望者吗?文字狱的洗礼中，多少文章是裹携着陈旧拙劣的'思想，以致中华文明的文化发展受阻，思想滞后。因为缺少守望者，人们被一个充满吉言的社会，时代蒙，致使停滞、落后、伤痛。难道守望者还不重要吗?

(如果没有守望者，社会将陷入盲目、停滞、落后，甚至带来历史性的伤痛——二战时候的德国、明清时期的中国。反面论证守望者很重要。)

看着与德国相反的美国，因其社会自由，言论无阻，人人敢当社会的守望者，所以美国才可变得如今这样民主、进步;看着与明清相反的近代俄国，索尔仁尼琴等思想家不畏社会的阻碍勇敢地守望、批判，才使俄国社会掀起了批判、改变的狂潮，才使社会变得更加进步。所以，守望者之于时代、国家都意义非凡，只有当守望者不失职，敢发声，时代、社会才有可能进步。

(反之，一个有守望者的言论自由，民主进步的社会才能进步——俄国、美国。正面论证守望者的重要性。)

回归一切安定的当下中国，难道不一样吗?(评：过渡自然)面对人民个个幸福的社会，央视记者深入东北、陕西，向中国社会宣布有许多人还在挨饿的状况，勇敢地肩起了守望者对人们警告的作用;面对平静的社会，刘瑜、柴静用自己的经历向社会宣告人民道德滑破严重的可怕现状，拆除了埋在社会深处的定时炸弹，肩起了守望者的责任;面对美术界的一派繁荣，陈丹青痛陈美术学生的呆板，美院对艺术的忽略，让中国的美术急停在了堕落的边缘，肩起了守望者的责任……正因为他们的守望，我们得以不被欺。所以，难道我们每个人不该勇敢地肩起守望者的责任，为社会进步添一份力吗?

(本段以排比举例的方式，守望者之于一个国家、时代的重要性。说服力强，呼应开篇中我们现实生活中看到的“安定”现象，乐观地看到我们社会中一些敢于“发声”的守望者，结尾以反问的方式强调社会守望者的职责是每一个人都应该尽到的。)

今天，你肩起吉言的闸门，勇敢守望了吗?(评：以问句结尾引人深思，呼应题目。)