关于企业管理的英文论文范文

1The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. Usually small businesses (for-profit or nonprofit) have to carry out these activities themselves because they can't yet afford part- or full-time help. However, they should always ensure that employees have -- and are aware of -- personnel policies which conform to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees that some people distinguish a difference between between HRM (a major management activity) and HRD (Human Resource Development, a profession). Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, eg, career development, training, organization development, is a long-standing argument about where HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations, eg, "should HR be in the Organization Development department or the other way around?"The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. Many years ago, large organizations looked to the "Personnel Department," mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the "HR Department" as playing a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling AchievementsOrganizational Development-Change Management-Leadership DevelopmentDesigned organizational effectiveness human resources plan, for intra-departmental diversity practice : Target increases in employee recruitment and retention, “diversity-sensitivity” within management and line employee ranks, productivity gains, employee matching to customer of management development program. Result: Improved leadership communications linked with business plan, increased productivity, litigation guidelines for managing corporate change, to include staff and functional unit restructuring, shift abolishment, management “early-outs,” and HR systems refinements. Advisor on HRIS impacts, ERP transitional : Ease of employee coping to corporate and business condition changes, staffing shifts, and HR system and provided leadership to system-wide teams, processes, protocols for crisis management (critical incidents, terrorist event impacts, natural disasters), threat assessment, and work environment improvement (wei).Result: pioneering urban workforce crisis management model resulted in early identification outcomes leading to decreases in EEO complaints, grievances, workplace conflict, and litigation reduction. Outcome: state-of-the-art emergency to senior and middle management business awareness and productivity enhancement committee: designed district-wide business goal awareness initiatives, using continuous messaging communications and graphics : Increased teambuilding between craft and management, productivity gains of 15-20%, and business PlanningInitiated strategic training and consulting to private, public, governmental and military sectors in US, Canada, Bermuda, Europe and Australia. Developed and negotiated business proposals with federal, state, and local government leaders, private sector CEO's and HR directors, public and military sector officials. As part of follow-up service provision to HR consulting and training clients, provided strategic steps and best practices for local business adoption and further customization. Design and oversight of Employee Assistance Programs (EAP). Formed global business networks in key human resource and business arenas, created consultant relationships with governmental officials, provided training and consulting work products to these target groups. Designed and implemented internal corporate outplacement program for 3,000 executives and line staff. Result: Multiple business referrals from these businesses. Increase in teamwork and performance due to team ManagementDesigned organizational development plan integrating corporate diversity goals and metrics into business growth strategy for 10,000-urban employee private : Positive impacts on company culture, and employee , executed, and communicated global diversity (metrics-based) plan for 7,000+-member : Re-branding from domestic to global organizational image. Plan included training, diversity dialogue focus groups, research, marketing and recruitment, and OD outcome-based impacts on continued worldwide new member growth: international regional membership grew from 4 chapters in 26 countries to 10 chapters in 34 countries, going from 5% to 12% of total global membership over 7 years. Strongest association gains made in 12 years since inception of diversity director , implemented, and managed first global strategic diversity committee whose mission was to attract membership and drive diversity management efforts. Committee included delegates from all USA regions, UK, Canada, Bermuda, Trinidad, Thailand, and : Ongoing awareness of diversity business issues at Board, Chapter, and member levels. Committee membership grew from 0-25 with 5 target area diversity trainer to global and domestic business : Improved cross-cultural understanding in leadership to “globalize” and published global association magazine columns on corporate and association diversity best practices; 180-page training guide for industry leaders on crisis management and threat assessment; training curriculum for business audiences on teambuilding, change management, corporate diversity audits, and executive coaching; online web site text for HR small business in consulting and training; multiple newsletter and online articles for hr-related organizations and businesses on relevant HR topics (domestic partnership benefits and HR, diversity best practices, employee recruitment and retention); Corporate outplacement plan for executives and support staff; corporate polices and procedures, publicity and marketing materials for internal HR projects, and HR small business; Marketing : Provision of original product deliverables (hardcopy and online) for targeted business goal business audiences for Fortune 500 companies: US Army Corps of Engineers; Town of Braintree, MA; Honeywell; General Electric; American Transtech (AT&T); Cigna and IBM. Groups ranged to 650 persons, from executive ranks, to middle management, employee and support staff. Training aimed at behavioral improvements, policy and protocol implementation, best practice adoption, and awareness : Reduced litigation exposure, increased effectiveness of service-product delivery, improved executive-management Human Resources ManagementCertificate ID: ILRSHRC1Become an HR leader by influencing organizational leaders and aligning HR strategy. Use diversity and inclusion to increase profits, develop a talent management culture, and engage development and execution of a human resources strategy that is aligned with organizational goals and matched to an organization's competencies delivers tangible outcomes for an organization's people, customers, and shareholders. Such a strategy requires transforming HR from a "business partner" to a "business leader." As a leader, HR plays a significant role, not only in human-capital development, but in how human capital can contribute to the execution of organizational and business strategies. This certificate program from Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations develops the leadership competencies required make this courses in this series focus on several drivers for transforming HR into a world-class function: the HR leader's influence on strategy and organizational leaders, alignment of HR strategy, using diversity and inclusion to achieve bottom-line results, developing a talent-management culture, strategies for employee engagement, and using metrics to measure impact on business outcomes. Each course explores a topic in depth, with particular emphasis on the role of the HR leader, industry best practices, and short projects that emphasize the application to your particular HR leaders look beyond managing the HR function. They don't stop at building the talent pool of the organization; they operate at the most senior levels and play a strategic role in the organization. They influence the strategic planning process to ensure alignment with the goals and values of the organization, while managing the process to ensure superior course is based on the research and industry expertise of Patrick M. Wright, ., Professor and Director of the Center for Advanced Human Resources Studies (CAHRS) at Cornell University. It introduces Dr. Wright's SELF Model of Human Resources Leadership that defines the leadership and influencing competencies needed to balance the tradeoffs present in the formation of organizational strategy. The SELF Model focuses on HR's role in guiding strategy development to ensure that it will result in the expected Strategic, Ethical, Legal, and Financial outcomes for an organization. This course also introduces the Human Frailties framework, a tool for managing the interpersonal dynamics at the most senior levels of the organization in order to produce the most positive thorough understanding of your organization's value creation model and ability to develop competencies through processes, technology, and people are essential to ensuring that the HR organization is aligned vertically and horizontally to produce superior results. With this understanding, HR will be able to articulate how it can improve processes, people and customer outcomes, and financial course, based on the research and expertise of Christoper Collins, ., Associate Professor and Director of Executive Education for Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations, develops the skills needed to assess how organizations create value and to align the HR function to execute the organization's strategy. Participants analyze the Balanced Scorecard approach as a means of vertically aligning the HR system with organizational objectives. They learn how to create a vertical-alignment strategy and use it to improve HR decision-making, people outcomes, processes, customer outcomes, and financial results. And they learn the skills required to plan and assess horizontal alignment of HR systems and practices. Finally, the course discusses best practices related to workforce partitioning, performance variability, value identification, and employee management of diversity and inclusion has evolved from handling day-to-day compliance issues to leveraging diversity for competitive advantage. Organizations that no longer see diversity as a legal or moral requirement, but as a competitive advantage, have an opportunity to improve performance at the financial, employee, customer, and community and inclusion practices must be embedded in an organizational culture to make a positive impact on performance. This course summarizes the evolution of diversity and inclusion management; outlines key management practices for improving performance, contextualizes diversity in terms of current challenges, and provides direct linkages between diversity and the bottom line at the organizational and functional . Roberson's model of strategic approaches to diversity and inclusion provides a comprehensive toolkit for strategic diversity management, implementing next generation high-involvement practices, and ensuring stakeholder alignment with strategic objectives. The linkage between bottom-line performance and diversity is explored through the varying lenses of legal outcomes, customer and employee outcomes, and business metric improvements. In addition to measuring diversity's impact, and being able to create a diversity dashboard, learners discuss the future of diversity and inclusion and the complex relationships between diversity and organizational reputation, business practices, strategic capabilities, and financial the existing "war for talent" intensifies and becomes increasingly global, organizations must develop strong talent-management practices that are tightly aligned with business strategy. Successful organizations build talent management cultures to take advantage of their human capital. They focus on attracting top talent, identifying and developing future leaders, and retaining the best prospects in the high-potential talent course focuses on developing a strategic approach to managing core talent. Such an approach begins with the development of an employment brand in order to attract the best talent to the organization, promote the organization as a preferred employer, and produce superior recruiting outcomes. Organizations must then identify and implement an integrated marketing and communication strategy to build brand awareness. The complexity of managing employee retention and engagement includes understanding the root causes of talent-retention problems. The course identifies practices and solutions for increasing the likelihood of top talent remaining with the organization and becoming its future leaders have the ability to drive business performance by defining, designing, developing, and delivering competitive advantage through people. A key component of their ability to do so is a solid understanding of the organization's business drivers and a demonstrable competence in matching human capital to strategic initiatives. Metrics enable HR to demonstrate its competence in terms of its business literacy and adopt a data-driven approach to management and course focuses on identifying and developing key measures of HR's impact on business outcomes. It distinguishes between business metrics and HR metrics and relates them in terms of how to measure and communicate HR's value. Metrics must support the organization's business model. This course provides models for matching metrics to organizational outcomes and developing business-based metrics including the use of the balanced scorecard tied to financial, customer, process, and people outcomes. This course also provides frameworks for categorizing and analyzing metrics according the business value they measure, analyzing HR metrics, and building a model to link metrics to organizational goals and engagement can be broadly defined as employees consistently acting in the best interests of the organization. Linked to critical outcomes including absenteeism, turnover, customer satisfaction, operational performance, and financial performance, employee engagement is a vital driver of an organization’s bottom-line course focuses not only on why employee engagement is important and valuable, but also on how to foster and measure employee engagement and link it to key organizational metrics and outcomes. It examines the business case to pursue employee engagement as a strategic initiative and evolve beyond the transactional approach of traditional employee relations to a strategic approach focusing on relationship-oriented and emotional measurements of employee commitment. It also develops the competencies necessary to build employee engagement in your organization, the risks involved, and the implications for the HR professional in adopting this approach. This course is based on the research of Cornell ILR School Professors Patrick M. Wright, Director of the Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, and Christopher J. Collins, Director of Executive Education.

内容摘要: 在市场经济发展日趋深化的今天，品牌对于企业生存和发展的重要性已众所周知，品牌战略已成为众多知名企业在市场竞争中立于不败之地的法宝。品牌文化是树立企业形象、提升企业竞争力的核心问题之一。因为，品牌是拥有它的企业区别于其它企业的标识，它不仅仅是企业形象识别，本质上代表着卖方对交付给买方的产品特征、利益和服务的一贯性承诺。品牌是质量的保证，是优质的服务，是企业文化的结晶，是企业的一个象征。品牌除属性、利益、价值外，更主要的是代表了企业文化的追求。企业文化赋予了品牌鲜活的生命力和非我莫属的无形张力，任何一个知名品牌的背后都有其企业文化为依托，品牌一旦生成于优越的企业文化氛围之中，便能大放异彩。因此，本文通过对品牌基本含义的阐述，探讨了品牌在工业企业发展中的重要性，并对工业企业竞争的重要性做出分析。关键词: 品牌竞争 工业企业 竞争意识一、品牌的建设对企业来说有什么重要性呢？在目前的国内市场上，没有打造自己的“品牌”，企业的商品力就很弱，也就是说基本没什么竞争优势，更不会有所有企业家都梦寐以求的附加值 高额利润；所以说，附加值低是中国很多企业最大的无奈 因为附加值低，企业缺乏产品研发、管理升级、以及市场推广的投入；没有强势的品牌竞争力，企业商品的市场竞争力就不敌竞争对手，其市场价格自然难以提升，由此就带来了更低的附加值，以至于使企业陷入低水平竞争的怪圈，企业进入更恶性的循环。因此对企业而言，品牌竞争力的高低决定着企业与企业之间利润的大与小，也决定着产品与产品之间的成功与失败，更决定着企业与企业之间的强大与弱小。 创造强势品牌对于一个企业来讲是一件意义深远的事情，是企业获得核心竞争优势的基础，也是在当代国际化的市场经济竞争中是否能迅速崛起、强盛起来的关键。巨大的中国市场已经成为国内外企业共同争夺的主战场，企业不论实力、不论规模、不论资历，注定要在同样的竞争环境下求得生存、渴望发展。要想在竞争中胜出，必须将注意力集中于——创造具有核心竞争优势的“强势品牌”。 创建强势大品牌的最终目的是为了持续获取较好的销售与利润。由于无形资产的重复利用是不用成本的，只要有科学的态度与高超的智慧来规划品牌延伸战略，就能通过理性的品牌延伸与扩张充分利用品牌资源这一无形资产，实现企业的跨越式发展。 现在的市场竞争其实已经发展为到了“品牌的战争”的阶段 -也就是“品牌核心优势的竞争”， 没有品牌的竞争是无力的竞争，没有品牌支撑的商品是脆弱的商品，没有品牌根基的市场可以说根本就不是“已占领的市场”。因此，众多商界与投资者都认识到“品牌”才是企业最珍贵的资源。二、如何增强品牌竞争意识1、我国企业品牌竞争现状有人曾问国内一些知名企业的老总，企业经营的目标是什么？答案是：品牌的市场占有率。这表明许多知名企业的老总已认识到了品牌的重要性。特别是当前国际市场生产力已经处于过剩状态，所有开放市场经济国家都不同程度地进入了买方市场，市场竞争的环境、手段与过去相比都发生了很大的变化。在这种新情况下，企业取胜的主要手段已不再单纯以产品本身来竞争，还包括品牌的竞争。可以说，未来国际市场竞争的主要形式将是品牌的竞争，品牌战略的优劣将成为企业在市场竞争中出奇制胜的法宝。事实上，许多世界知名企业往往都是把品牌发展看成是企业开拓国际市场的优先战略。可口可乐、百事可乐、麦当劳等等无一不是先从抓品牌战略开始的，即创立属于自己的名牌产品，并把它作为一种开拓市场的手段，最终占领市场。而且，由于名牌的综合带动作用十分巨大，外向度也相当在市场经济发展日趋深化的今天，品牌对于企业生存和发展的重要性已众所周知，品牌战略已成为众多知名企业在市场竞争中立于不败之地的法宝。进入WTO后,我国经济逐步融入国际市场,民族企业面临着更加激烈的竞争环境。这种激烈的市场竞争是产品质量、技术服务和价格等要素的竞争,最终要通过品牌竞争来实现。以名牌的经济实力为后盾来分割世界资源、拓展全球市场,将是国际经济运行的一大特点。2004年,我国GDP已升至世界第六位,贸易总量升至第四位,我国的彩电、服装、鞋帽等多达100多个大类产品产量居世界第一。显然,中国是无可非议的制造业大国,但是,我们却是无可争议的品牌弱国。2003年由世界权威机构评出的100个全球最有价值的品牌中,美国占62个,日、法、德和英国各占六七个,我国为零。2、树立专业品牌意识品牌文化是树立企业形象、提升企业竞争力的核心问题之一。因为，品牌是拥有它的企业区别于其它企业的标识，它不仅仅是企业形象识别，本质上代表着卖方对交付给买方的产品特征、利益和服务的一贯性承诺。品牌是质量的保证，是优质的服务，是企业文化的结晶，是企业的一个象征。品牌除属性、利益、价值外，更主要的是代表了企业文化的追求。企业文化赋予了品牌鲜活的生命力和非我莫属的无形张力，任何一个知名品牌的背后都有其企业文化为依托，品牌一旦生成于优越的企业文化氛围之中，便能大放异彩。三、品牌竞争在工业企业中的重要作用1、产品质量是品牌打造的基础。品牌产品是产品中的精华，是以高度的质量保证为基本特征的，是决定产品市场和销售效果的本质条件。质量是品牌的生命，是获得荣誉、取信于社会的保证。2、坚守是支撑品牌塑造的关键。信誉是一个品牌能够在消费者心目中建立其"品牌偏好"和"品牌忠诚"感觉的基本要素。因为消费者对某一品牌产生偏好甚至忠诚，是对工业企业在产品质量、服务质量等各个方面的承诺所产生的信任。这种信任首先是消费者在市场上反复的实验中逐渐得到归属，然后又在反复的消费中对自己喜欢的品牌产生认同。品牌的信誉竞争力不但可以巩固已有的消费者群体，还可以通过它们扩展出潜在的消费者群体。因而良好的品牌信誉是企业的无形资产，可以增强品牌的竞争力，带来超值的利润。但是，信誉的建立和维护不仅需要很高的代价，而且还需要企业有长远的战略眼光。许多品牌的企业经营者们在激烈的市场竞争环境下，很难抗拒短期内获取高额利润的强烈诱惑，最终以牺牲品牌承诺为代价去换取眼前利益。温州品牌要想真正成为具有国际竞争力的世界级品牌，企业就必须时刻恪守自己的承诺，遵循基本的商业游戏规则，什么情况下都不能动摇自己的品牌信念。3、技术创新和科学管理是确保品牌竞争力的源泉。品牌是市场竞争的产物，是企业具有旺盛生命力的标志。品牌产品由于高科技含量使其具有高质量和高附加值，从而带来高竞争力和高利润。谁拥有了某一领域的知识产权，成为众所周知的品牌，谁就是这一领域的领先者。科技的进步使品牌中的科技、文化含量越来越大，要保持品牌的持续竞争力，就必须不断进行科技创新。同时随着经济的高速发展，人们的消费观念和需求也在不断变化，企业如果停止科技创新，以往的品牌产品就会过时，会被其它品牌所超越和取代。技术创新引导着市场需求，科学技术变迁决定着企业产供销体系和企业产业的发展方向，因而，制定以技术创新为基础的品牌竞争力战略是企业赢得市场份额的根本途径。任何品牌都有一个科学的内部管理环境。只有建立了科学完美的管理生产工艺流程及原材料消耗、产品质量考核、资金管理等管理制度，形成了有效的激励机制和约束机制，确立了企业产品稳定的消费群体和市场，品牌才能在市场的激烈竞争中迅速成长。4、高内涵的文化品牌是塑造品牌的核心。品牌竞争的背后是品牌文化的竞争。一个品牌的知名度、美誉度和忠诚度自然来自品牌所代表的产品的内在质量和性能。品牌文化的丰富内涵支撑着品牌的知名度和美誉度，使品牌的影响深入到消费者的内心，落实到消费者的行动上，从而提升着消费者对品牌的忠诚度。没有文化内涵的品牌缺乏吸引力和想像力，自然难以形成市场影响力，因此品牌的竞争力水平也就难以提高。品牌文化是结晶在品牌中的经营观、价值观、审美观等观念形态以及经营行为的总和。它不是品牌产品的实体层次，而是超越产品实体层次的抽象观念形态，是品牌的灵魂所在。针对温州企业品牌文化的具体情况，发展具有较深文化内涵的品牌应特别注重提高其服务文化。服务文化是一种服务理念和服务艺术。企业提供品牌服务首先要体现出浓郁的文化情愫和情感色彩，在无形中形成一种高雅感和亲和力；其次要善于洞察顾客的潜在心理，想顾客之所想，提供切合顾客潜在心理期望的服务；优质品牌服务还要能谋求服务创新，率先推出有新特色的服务，给公众留下深刻、美好的印象。

many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value

Enterprise Management IncentivesA guide for employees, employers and advisersThis guidance aims to take you through the qualifying requirements for Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs). It is divided into sections which explain each part of the legislation contained in Schedule 5 Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003. Detailed points are covered in a question and answer context. It also explains some key terms otherwise stated, the statutory references in this guidance are to the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, and the abbreviations ITEPA 2003 and Sch 5 have been used that if you grant EMI options you may also have to consider other laws and rules. For example, there may be company law and regulatory requirements to comply with. Such matters are not covered in this guide so you should consider whether you need to take relevant professional information contained here is for guidance only. EMI options must at all times comply with the provisions of Schedule 5 ITEPA ’s in this guidance * What are Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs)? * How EMIs work * Qualifying companies * What makes an employee eligible? * About the options * Notification of grants of options * Income tax and National Insurance contributions * Capital gains tax * What happens when a company reorganises? * Useful contacts * EMI terms explainedWhat are Enterprise Management Incentives (EMIs)?EMIs are tax advantaged share options. They are designed to help small, higher risk companies recruit and retain employees who have the skills to help them grow and succeed. They are also a way of rewarding employees for taking a risk by investing their time and skills to help small companies achieve their EMIs workTax advantaged share options with a market value of up to £100,000 may be granted to a qualifying employee of a qualifying company, subject to a total share value of £3 million under EMI options to all shares must be in an independent trading company that has gross assets of no more than £30 grant of the option is tax-free and there will normally be no tax or National Insurance contributions (NICs) for the employee to pay when the option is exercised. There will normally be no NICs charge for the the shares are sold at a gain, any capital gains tax (CGT) charge may be reduced because taper relief will normally start from the date that the option is employer must notify HMRC of an award of EMI options within 92 days of the grant of the this guidance all references to employer are to the employing companies qualify for EMIFor companies to qualify they must have maximum gross assets of no more than £30 million; for groups, this applies to the assets of the group as a whole. The company whose shares are the subject of the option must be independent, and the company or group must be trading. Companies carrying on certain trades will not is more detail on qualifying options qualify for tax relief under EMIIf an option is to qualify for tax relief: * the option has to be notified to HMRC in time and as required * the company whose shares are under option has to be a qualifying company * the type of share under option has to qualify * the employee has to be eligible * the terms of the option have to makes an employee eligibleTo qualify for EMI an employee has to be employed by the company whose shares are the subject of the option, or by a subsidiary. An employee must spend at least 25 hours a week working for the company or the group. If his hours are shorter, he must spend at least 75% of his working time working as an employee for the company or are more details on employee EMIs workThis section outlines the main requirements for options to qualify under EMI, they are: * the purpose of the option * the maximum entitlement of the employee and * the overall limit on options to be granted by the purpose of the optionThe options must be granted for commercial reasons to recruit or retain employees in a company, and not as part of an arrangement one of the main purposes of which is to avoid tax. (Para 4 Sch 5).Can a company cancel existing options and replace them with EMI options?If the option is granted to recruit or retain employees the purpose test is met. This will depend on the facts and all the entitlementNo employee may hold unexercised qualifying EMI options with a market value of more than £100,000. The market value is taken at the date of grant. The value to be used is the unrestricted market value, that is, the value of shares under option without taking into account any restrictions or the risk of forfeitureIf an option granted to an employee causes the £100,000 limit to be exceeded, the excess will not qualify as an EMI there limits on the number of qualifying options that an employee may be Granted within a particular period?Yes. Once an employee has been granted EMI, or EMI and Company Share Option Plan (CSOP) options up to the £100,000 limit, he must wait until 3 years after the last of these options was granted before he can be granted any more EMI qualifying options, even if he has exercised or released some of the options. He can then be granted further EMI options to the extent that any other EMI or CSOP options then held by him are below the £100,000 limit. (Para 6 Sch 5).How are shares valued for the purposes of the £100,000 limit?The market value of any shares for this purpose is the price they might reasonably be expected to fetch on the open market, free from any restrictions or risk of forfeiture to which they may be the shares under option are quoted on the London Stock Exchange, the market value is based on the prices on the Stock Exchange’s Daily Official List. If shares are not quoted on the London Stock Exchange, the company may offer its own valuation. In that case, HMRC may enquire into the , the company can ask HMRC Shares and Assets Valuation (SAV) to agree a valuation with them before the option is granted or whenever a valuation is required. Companies, or advisers, may find this the exercise of the option is subject to performance conditions will this affect the determination of market value?No. Performance conditions are not taken into account when determining the market value of the shares under there a limit on the number of employees who may hold EMI options?No. Any number of employees may hold EMI options in a company or group, subject to a maximum of £3 million as the total value of shares under EMI option in a CompaniesThis section sets out the conditions a company has to meet to qualify for EMI, they are: * independence * having only qualifying subsidiaries (including qualifying property managing subsidiaries after 17 March 2004) * gross assets * trading requirements that companies have to meet for options to qualify under EMI are similar to the requirements for the Enterprise Investment Scheme, the Corporate Venturing Scheme and Venture Capital Trusts. However, both quoted and unquoted companies can qualify for company whose shares are subject to EMI options must not be: * a 51% subsidiary (more than 50% of its ordinary share capital owned by another company), or * controlled by another company (or another company and persons connected with it).Arrangements must not exist which could result in the company becoming a 51% subsidiary or otherwise being controlled. (Para 9 Sch 5)Control in this context means the power of one company to ensure that the affairs of another company whose shares are subject to EMI option are conducted in accordance with that company’s wishes. This may be through share ownership, voting power, or because of any powers conferred by Articles of Association or other subsidiaries (before 17 March 2004)For options granted before 17 March 2004, all of a company’s subsidiaries must be qualifying subsidiaries. That is, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must: * possess, directly or indirectly, at least 75% of the share capital and the voting power of the subsidiary * be entitled to receive at least 75% of the assets of the subsidiary, in the event of a winding up or in any other circumstances, if they were all distributed * be entitled to at least 75% of profits of the subsidiary available for distribution to other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence requirement.)There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be a subsidiary company itself has subsidiaries, shares will not qualify to be used in an EMI option unless all these subsidiaries are also qualifying subsidiaries, as defined 1Company A has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company B, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company B is therefore a qualifying B has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company C, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company C it also therefore a qualifying A meets the EMI requirements in relation to its 2Company X has a 75% shareholding in subsidiary company Y, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company Y is therefore a qualifying X also has a 60% shareholding in subsidiary company Z, and the same % rights to votes, assets and income. Company Z is not a qualifying X therefore fails to meets the EMI requirements, as not all of its subsidiaries are qualifying subsidiaries (after 17 March 2004)For options granted on or after 17 March 2004 all of a company’s subsidiaries must be qualifying subsidiaries. That is, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must hold, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the share capital of the subsidiary. (Para 11(2) Sch 5).No other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence requirement.)There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be is a further requirement if the company has subsidiaries that manage property managing subsidiariesFor options granted on or after 17 March 2004, a company will not qualify if it has a property managing subsidiary which is not a 90% subsidiary of the company. (Para 11A(1) Sch 5).A property managing company is one whose business consists wholly or mainly in the holding of managing of land, buildings or interest in be a qualifying property managing subsidiary, the company whose shares are subject to EMI options must: * possess, directly, at least 90% of the issued share capital and the voting power in the subsidiary * be entitled to receive at least 90% of the assets of the subsidiary, in the event of a winding up or in any other circumstances, if they were all distributed * be entitled to at least 90% of profits of the subsidiary available for distribution to other person must be able to control the subsidiary (control having the same meaning as it has for the independence requirement.)There must be no arrangements in existence by virtue of which any of these conditions would cease to be assetsThe value of the company’s gross assets must not exceed £30 million at the date the EMI option is granted. If the company is a member of a group of companies, the limits are applied to the gross assets of the group as a whole.由于篇幅有限，网址在这里，你可以在那里看到完整。这是一篇关于企业管理的学术性文章。

新经济的最大特征是人成为最重要的生产要素，人的创造力成为企业核心的发展力，这已经成为新经济时代无可争议的真理。谁拥有最多最强的人才，谁就是市场的胜者；微软、思科、联想、宝钢、武钢、，那一家不是拥有数千名高级技术开发或管理人才。但对于这些企业老总们，最令人头疼的也是人； “IT人员不知道怎么了，你给他高薪甚至股权，他照样跳槽。”这些现象越来越成为我国大部分IT企业面临的普遍问题。笔者经过在上海宝山钢铁集团公司三年工作后，同时自己也作为一个跳槽者，经过和宝钢的人力资源部门招聘人员、被招聘大学生交流以后，发现这个问题其实受到了企业的机制、管理者风格、企业文化、人才的物质、心理需求的变化、薪酬模式、技术快速更新等一系列企业内部管理、外部环境等方面影响而产生变化。我国的企业应该如何确立自己一套可行的人力资源策略呢？在此，不想谈太多的理论，只想将一些实战中总结的经验与大家探讨： 浮躁，可能是目前许多老总们对刚刚毕业的大学生比较普遍的一个看法。有一部分大学生在求职时或刚刚开始工作时，自己还没有为公司作出什么贡献前，就先提出高薪，还要求宽松的工作环境，弹性的工作时间等等一系列要求；而且有一部分大学生频繁地跳槽，有时仅仅为了新公司比现在公司多几百元工资而已；还有一种现象，就是当今的大学毕业生在简历中夸大专业技能，或者编造经历甚至伪造学历；比如说了解某种编程语言就敢说精通、参与过某个项目就说是项目负责人。这些现象，使得老总们认为当今的大学毕业生过于浮躁。但笔者认为，这种现象并不是当今人才的主流；产生这种现象的根本是时代的变迁。新经济时代改变的不仅仅的是经济模式，它还改变着人们选择职业态度和价值观。当今大学生选择职业的态度代表了新经济的价值取向。 经过和很多自己的在宝钢工作的大学生交往,我认为,当今大学生的想法是：首先，人才认为自己的知识就能创造财富，获取薪水是应该和创造财富成正比；第二，人才关心企业的发展前景是否符合职业生涯发展、团队是否融合、企业文化是否接近自己的价值观，所以有必要先了解再下决定，选多几家很有必要。第三，技术更新不断更新给人才带来压力，他们不得不随时充实自己以免被淘汰，为此所付出的学习成本和精神压力应有所回报；第四，年轻就是资本，应该在年轻的时候追求利益最大化，要在40岁前获得可靠的物质保证。第六、以INTERNET为主信息技术的广泛使用，使得人才对人才市场的供需需求、薪酬模式有了大致的了解；同时作为自己的参考；信息的透明化使得人才与企业在商谈待遇等问题上处于知己知彼的平等位置。 企业中的大学生的离职期往往会呈现出“232”的特性。“刚到公司两个星期是一个危险期。员工在新环境下，往往会不熟悉、不适应。如果不给他明确职责角色，很容易造成人员的流失。3个月后是第二个危险期，这时员工对企业已经有了一定的了解，对同等职责的技术人员也有了了，如果在工作范围，薪资回报中不能进行合理的调整，也会形成流失。而两年是一个疲劳期，如果在两年的时间里，员工仍然得不到发展，工作也没有进步和变化，就很容易受到外界的诱惑。”笔者认为要特别注意这三个危险期，“每个企业都有一个人才流动的比率，在这个比率之内的适当流动，会为企业的发展注入新的活力，但是超过这个比率，就会给企业带来很多负面效应，无法形成稳定的企业文化，使企业的团队缺乏凝聚力和战斗力。人心不稳，也会给后来者形成一种不安全的心理。这对企业的发展是非常不利的。” “人才流动是件好事，活水才有生命力嘛，人员流动可带来技术上的交流。但流动一定要有度，否则不但给企业造成损失，对个人的发展也同样会带来不利。” 目前市场上人才流动很快,特别是IT人才,这主要有两大原因。其一，就是人才市场的供需问题。由于目前中国经济的平稳发展以及中国加入WTO后,更多的外国企业直接在中国投资，他们投资的大多都是高新技术企业.这样导致该领域的人才需求突然倍增，致使人才供给相对不足,技术人才炙手可热。于是企业争相使出浑身解数来吸引人才，高薪、股票期权、优惠的福利制度…… 企业总是觉得有需要或是在某个职位空缺的时候，才想起招聘人才，这种做法存在于大多数企业，普遍认为这是个很正常的现象；其实人才是不会等到你想找他的时候，他会出现，尤其是抢手的人才，你需要别人更需要。因此，企业由于人才的流失比较大，,加上企业的发展速度也比较大,这样企业必须储备一批人才。因此你的人力资源负责人应该时时刻刻想到招聘人才，以供未来3个月的人才需求。著名的路由器生产商思科（Cisco）和网景公司（Netscape）就时时刻刻通过各种手段招聘储备人才。 珠海很多管理者说起技术人才，真是求才若渴。但一问他们有没有专职的人力资源经理，50%没有；即使有的话，要么是行政副总或者办公室主任兼任，要么是某个助理管，从实质来说，对人力资源这个职位不够重视。其实，人力资源负责人在许多大的公司里是非常重要的职位，他不仅仅是负责招聘、人事管理，而且是制定公司发展战略、进行绩效考核、薪酬设计、培训的实施者。企业认为招聘完了，培训过了，薪酬设计好了，似乎没有人力资源部门什么事了。这忽视了一个很重要的环节，就是激励；人才不但需要物质的激励，更需要精神激励，更通俗的叫做思想工作。技术部门的负责人与人力资源负责人就好象军队中的团长与政委，一个管用人、研发、开拓，一个管关心人、激励士气、缓解冲突和解决矛盾，两者是相辅相成的。人力资源，就是如何利用人力这种资源创造财富。因此请一个优秀的人力资源经理，他一样会象技术开发部门那样去创造财富。 如何招聘到合适的人才？这首先是每一个管理者最头疼的问题，登报、互联网上登广告、参加人才交流会等等都试过了，虽然简历收了一大堆，但真正挑选出的，没几个合适。其实，好的人才就在周围。“人以类聚”，这些人才平常交往最多的肯定还是技术方面的人，或者是过去大学的同学，或者是故友、网友，大家如果话不投机，肯定不会交往。因此，鼓励公司的员工推荐他们认为合适的人才进来，远比招聘来得成效高。这还有几个好处，一个对技术比较了解，容易沟通；二，对人品、性格、经历了解，不会引来那些心术不正、动机不纯之人；三，推荐人本身对公司和被推荐人无形都有一种责任感，可以起到监督作用。华为公司就经常鼓励自己的技术人员、管理人员向公司推荐人才，而且效果显著。当然，用这种方法的企业一定要拥有良好的企业文化，企业有一定的规模，而且管理好，员工与公司的关系比较密切。 招聘必须根据人才类型选择不同的方式： 普通人才找人才市场：通常普通员工、技术性不强、专业要求不高的可以通过人才市场招募到。 中级人才找网络：软硬件工程师、中低级程序员、工程师、项目主管这一类技术性、专业性强的人才最好通过网络；因为这批人最活跃，随时寻找更好的发展机会，他们频繁使用网络。因此对从网络找工作，了解、最新动态有着浓厚的兴趣，而且利用互联网找工作或求职成为时髦。 高级人才找猎头公司：至于真正的高级人才，如总经理一级、技术开发经理、财务总监等管理、技术、财务、市场等核心任务大都是被重用，薪酬待遇可观，事业有成。即使有跳槽的愿望，也不会到流动市场（招聘会、报刊广告）去选择。高级人才大部分会选择高级人才跳槽喜欢通过猎头公司或朋友推荐，可以获得薪金谈判的缓冲。更有些高级技术人才即使才华出众，有时往往人际关系能力较差，难以与人合作。这一切，需要通过猎头公司来协调完成。猎头公司的顾问们都出身于企业的中高级管理层，担任过人力资源经理或相关职位，普遍拥有MBA等学历，经验丰富；他们善于与高级人员打交道，而且有共同的语言，并且能客观分析人才的长处短处，并提供职业生涯规划，巧妙地将人才与企业联姻在一起。优秀猎头公司不仅仅能替你寻找到高级的人才，而且能替你防止你的人才被别的公司挖走，并能设计股票期权，培训你的人才，做你人才的思想工作等等。