英文建筑论文提纲范本模板

英语专业论文提纲范文

英语专业论文提纲怎么写呢?随着社会的发展，英语在人们生活中的比重逐渐加大，成为运用非常广泛的语言。下面是我分享的英语专业论文提纲的范文，欢迎阅读!

Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-ChineseChinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要: 著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，

因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的'交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词：习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......" Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xian: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006

[12] 孙致礼(Sun Zhili).《新编英汉翻译教程》. 上海：上海外语教学出版社, 2008

[13] 王宗炎(Wang Zongyan).《英汉语文问题面面观》. 北京：北京高等教育出版社, 2006

英语论文提纲 格式

英语论文的论文提纲应该怎样编写呢?让我们看看建议以及论文的提纲范文吧!

Acknowledgements 4-5

Abstract 5

摘要 6-9

Chapter One Introduction 9-16

Introduction 9

Background of the Study 9-12

Purpose of the Study 12-13

Significance of the Research 13-14

Thesis Structure 14-16

Chapter Two Literature Review 16-25

Introduction 16

Theoretical Background of Communicative Language Teaching 16-19

Concept of Communicative Competence 16-17

Hymes'Idea on Communicative Competence 17-18

Canale and Swain's Theory 18-19

Overview of Communicative Language Teaching 19-22

Development of Communicative Language Teaching in China 19-20

Features of Communicative Language Teaching 20-22

Relationship between Language Testing and Language Teaching 22

Summary 22-25

Chapter Three Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test and Questionnaire 25-36

Introduction 25

Analysis of IELTS Speaking Test 25-28

Structure of IELTS Speaking Test 25-27

Communicative Approach Embodied in IELTS Speaking Test 27-28

The Questionnaire 28-34

Design 28-29

Participants 29-32

Methods 32

General Results 32-34

Summary 34-36

Chapter Four Findings and Discussion 36-54

Introduction 36

Chinese Candidates'Performance in IELTS Speaking Test 36-38

IELTS Candidates'Attitude towards Oral English Teaching 38-43

Explanations for the Situation 43-45

Implications for College Oral English Teaching 45-52

Teaching Goal 46-47

Teaching Content 47-48

Teaching Methods 48-51

Make Use of Modern Teaching Equipment 51

Establish an Extracurricular Supervision System 51-52

Improve Oral English Testing and Evaluation 52

Summary 52-54

Chapter Five Conclusion 54-57

Summary of the Findings 54-55

Limitations and Suggestion for Further Study 55-57

Appendix Questionnaire 57-58

Bibliography 58-62

首先英语论文提纲页应当包括论题句和提纲本身。

其次英语论文的格式规范是怎样的:

第一、要在第一行，也就是在与打印纸顶端的距离约为处，第一行的始端打上“Thesis”一词以及冒号,然后空一格后再打上论题句,接着回行时要注意左边要和论题句的第一个字母保持上下对齐，否则就会出问题(至少你也希望自己长得标致吧，那么那样不标致的论文你看得应该也不顺眼吧)。

第二、论文的主要纲目要用大写的.罗马数字标出，而次要纲目就要依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字以及小写英文字母标出。这里要注意的是各数字或者字母后面都要是一个句点,然后空出一格再打上这一项内容的第一个字母;对于处于同一等级的纲目,一定要注意它的上下行左边都必须保持对齐。另外，同等重要的纲目要在两个以上，也就是说有A应有B，有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ类似这样的。

最后，需要说明的是要是英文论文的提纲比较长的话，那就要用上两页纸，而且第二页应该在右上角用上小写罗马数字标出其页码来，即是ii，这里要注意的是那第一页就可以不用标页码了。

旅游英语的特点:1、旅游英语的目的2、旅游英语涉及的专业范围广，人文、历史、民俗、建筑……3、旅游英语的服务对象的特点分析:杂旅游英语的翻译1、旅游英语翻译的原则和要求。2、旅游英语翻译的专业知识准备3、旅游英语翻译的应急问题处理。