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英语议论文模板及翻译

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英语议论文模板及翻译

一、引出开头1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)二、表达不同观点1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同)三、表示结尾1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……)2:From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)四、提出建议1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……)5:Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)五、预示后果1:Obviously,if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)六、表示论证1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……(我无法完全同意这一观点)3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……(就我来说……)4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.(我真诚地相信……)5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)七、给出原因1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third,……。这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三……3:For one thing,…… For another thing,…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2:As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言,……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4:It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……6:There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1:It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2:It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1:It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2:It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1:We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2:We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3:We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4:We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1:Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2:Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3:It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4:The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2:No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3:This is a phenomenon that many people are interested (与...息息相关)十四、进行比较1:Compared with A,B……与A比较,B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1:Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2:All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3:All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4:A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5:Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6:A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里7:Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人

一,议论文的格式:

议论文的格式应由三个部分组成:

2.论证部分。

3.结论部分。

二,一般说来,议论文可分三个基本段落来写:

1.第一段引出话题,

2.第二段立论且加以论证,

3.第三段给出明确的结论。

第二段是中心段落,应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中,同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性,且应尽量做到首尾呼应,切忌前后矛盾。

三,写作攻略:

初中生在写议论文时要首先考虑自己的观点是什么,明确观点后要围绕观点进行论证,最后再进行总结。议论文在写作手法上以议论为主,但有时也要运用说明,叙述,描写等手法。初中议论文的写作格式一般为三段式:开头,主体和结尾。

四,一般写作步骤如下:

1.确定主题,引出论点。

2.通过摆事实,讲道理来支持自己的观点。所用的事实,原因,理由应紧密地同结论联系在一起。

3.得出结论。要简明扼要,回扣全文。

扩展资料:

1.模板范文

Many students think that they do not need to learn Engish, because they don't plan to go abroad。

But as to me, I am not in favour of this point of view。I think that English is very important to us, so we should learn English well。First of all, in the opening times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must use English because most of them speak and write in English。

Secondly, in the world today most books are written in English。If you know much English, you can read newspapers and magazines in English。Most important of all, you can learn something more widely。

All in all, I hold the opinion that we should learn English well。 And I hope that all the students can use English freely。

参考资料:百度百科——英语作文

英语议论文写作是英语专业学习者学习中很重要的一项技能,恰当运用评价资源能增强作者表达对事件的态度和立场,开启话题,可以感染和说服读者。以下是我为大家整理的关于英语议论文范文,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!

英语议论文范文篇1

My opinion on copying others' homework

It is konwn to us all that some students copy others' homework,their reasons are as below:first of all,the homework is too much and always difficult;the second,they are not intrested in the lessons;and the third,the aim of finishing their homework is to please the teacher.

In my opinion,copying others' homework is not good,because it's against the rules of the should be honest and work hard to get high we have difficulties,we can even ask the teacher or our classmates for their help.

英语议论文范文篇2

Now it is common that students copy homework from their classmates. I think it is a terrible thing . Because homework is their own task and the check for what they learn in class.

If they copy others' homework , the teachers won't get the fact so they can't help the students to improve. Besides ,if the students can't finish their homework, they can't get the chance to go over their lessons so they can't make progress. So don't copy others' homework.

英语议论文范文篇3

In the picture we can see that a man is fishing attentively by the him there is a scholar who is stealing the fish in the man’s is obvious that the drawer of the picture tries to reveal a serious problemin the academic circle of our country — plagiarism. In recent years academiccheats have become rampant. Quite a lot of graduate students and scholars“use” others’ ideas, articles and papers without acknowledging the sourceof information.

They copy them without the fear that they might be a long time we paid less attention to the problem of plagiarism, butnow we are increasingly aware of its negative effects. Plagiarists’misconduct simply mean “stealing” others’ intellectual and academicaccomplishments, which not only depreciates their own humanity but contaminatesthe climate of the academic circle. Academic falsification is like an epidemicdisease that spreads fast and will destroy the healthy development of academicstudies. What’s worse, these plagiarists have set a very disreputable exampleto the younger generation.

So what attitude should we hold towards it? From my point of view, weshould resolutely battle against this ill phenomenon. Education of moralityshould be strengthened among the scholars and students. Those who steal others’academic achievements should be given severe punishment whenever they arespotted. If necessary, we can resort to the law to protect the interest of theoriginal writer and inventor. We must recognize that fighting againstplagiarism requires our persistent efforts.

翻译

在画中我们可以看到一位男子正在专心地在湖边钓鱼,在他身后有一位学者模样的人正从钓鱼人的鱼桶中偷鱼。显然,作这幅画的人是想揭示我国学术界的一个严重的问题—— 剽窃。近年来学术欺诈盛行,有不少研究生、学者“利用”别人的想法、文章和论文而不注明信息来源。

他们抄袭他人作品,不怕被抓。对剽窃问题很长时间以来我们关注甚少,现在我们越来越多地意识到它的负面影响。剽窃行为其实就是“偷”他人的知识和学术成就。剽窃不仅贬低人格,而且污染学术风气,它会像传染病那样迅速蔓延,破坏学术研究的健康发展。更糟的是,这些剽窃者给年轻的一代树立了坏榜样。

有很多的同学在写英语 作文 的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,我整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!

英语作文范文带中文翻译

Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseemanyhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’’youthareaboutfighting,’intention,’syouth,forwhichtheydon’.

【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春,这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点,那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家,恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图,他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的,存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的,真正的青春是关于学习,至少,大部分人是如此努力的学习,为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春,对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导,对于青少年来说,他们的工作是学习,这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。

高中英语作文范文80词

’’tworryaboutlosingface,.

我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先,培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始,我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕,只留英文。渐渐地,我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次,背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三,完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法,我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此,尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸,因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。

英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间

(this)(inanyway).Forthisreason,wemay(can)saythattimeismorevaluablethanmoney.

(this)(keep)inmindthatwastingtimeisequaltowastingyourlife.

【翻译】英国有句谚语说,时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么?因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱,但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由,我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。

许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。

论文英语翻译模板

作文常用句式总结开头 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近,…问题已引起人们的关注. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题. Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了. It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that… 人们一般认为… Many people insist that… 很多人坚持认为… With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that… 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为… A lot of people seem to think that… 很多人似乎认为… 引出不同观点: People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that…. 人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为... People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解. Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. There are different opinions among people as to… 关于…. 人们的观点大不相同. Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同. 结尾 Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that… 把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论… Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that… 考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论… Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that… 因此,我们最好得出这样的结论… There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点. All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题. 提出建议: It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of … 该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of … 毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视. Obviously,…. If we want to do something… , it is essential that… 显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是… Only in this way can we… 只有这样,我们才能… It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到… 预示后果: Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger. 很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that… 毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会… It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展. 论证 From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点…. Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边. I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信… In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do…. 在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why… 给出原因: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, … Why did… ? For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is… 为什么会…? 一个原因是… 令一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是…. I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下: 列出解决办法: Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议. The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是… People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题. 批判错误观点和做法: As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,… It was obvious that… 很显然,…. It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that… 可能…是对的,但这并不意味着… It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that… 认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视…. There is no evidence to suggest that… 没有证据表明… 如何连接 强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 列举 for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步 although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 图表作文常用句型 As is shown in the graph… 如图所示… The graph shows that… 图表显示… As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出… From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知… All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即… The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%. ….在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.

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1、论文题目

2、摘要与关键词

3、目录

4、翻译任务描述:主要写有关报告的背景,翻译任务的内容,目的、意义及报告整体结构。

5、翻译过程描述:包括译前——准备、文本特点分析、有关文献的查阅等,译中——翻译工具、翻译策略的选择等,译后——译后的校对、修改等。

6、文献综述:对该研究领域的研究现状(包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等)、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论,并提出自己的见解和研究思路,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌"。

7、案例分析:如何通过具体翻译案例将翻译理论运用到翻译实践中,应从不同维度、不同侧面,如从词汇、句法、语篇等方面分析理论与实践的结合。这部分一定要分析到位,突出理论如何对翻译实践起指导作用,但也不能生搬硬套,要做到理论指导实践。

8、结论:主要包括翻译实践的总结、主要发现、局限性以及展望。

9、参考文献:应使用规范的格式将引用的参考文献一一列出(如APA或MLA)。

10、致谢。

翻译报告注意事项:

1、合理拟定翻译选题和理论

研究理论与选题的匹配程度和创新程度大概率会影响报告质量!一个优秀的选题通常源于对现实问题的兴致。选题必须是明确的问题,并与具体的学术领域紧密关联。选择方向、提炼观点、确定理论是确立题目的必经之路。

如果实在迷茫,不知道选取哪个理论,就把所有有关翻译的理论找出来,列一个清单,选择最擅长、最稳妥的理论我们需要大量阅读、吃透所选理论和与翻译材料,积极查阅知网等文献检索工具,多多查看与所选理论和翻译材料相近的类似的实践报告,学习使用规范严谨的学术语言。

2、制定翻译计划

在阅读材料之前,应当先统筹制定一份翻译方案,确定翻译进程,确定译中、译后总结复盘事宜。在阅读翻译材料过程中,可以顺手记录材料中的生词、术语、长难句,优先进行翻译。

3、撰写结论

撰写结论的内容,包括以下三个方面:

1)翻译过程的总结。

2)翻译报告的局限性。

3)对翻译的进一步展望。可主要写翻译中的经验、收获、局限以及建议等。

当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下

英语文章及翻译

欣赏优美的英语文章,提高阅读水平,增加单词词汇量。下面是我带来的带翻译的英语文章,欢迎阅读!

带翻译的英语文章一

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.

I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy –ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what- at last- I have found.

With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flu. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.

Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.

This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

三种 *** -----罗素

三种 *** 虽然简单,却异常强烈,它们统治着我的生命,那便是:对爱的渴望,对知识的追求,以及对人类苦难的难以承受的同情。这三种 *** 像变化莫测的狂风任意地把我刮来刮去,把我刮入痛苦的深海,到了绝望的边缘。

我曾经寻找爱,首先是因为它能使我欣喜若狂——这种喜悦之情如此强烈,使我常常宁愿为这几个小时的愉悦而牺牲生命中的其他一切。我寻求爱,其次是因为爱能解除孤独——在这种可怕的孤独中,一颗颤抖的良心在世界的边缘,注视著下面冰凉、毫无生气、望不见底的深渊。我寻求爱还因为在爱的融合中,我能以某种神秘的影象看到曾被圣人和诗人想象过的天堂里未来的景象。这就是我所追求的东西,虽然这似乎对于人类的生命来说过于完美,但这确实是我最终发现的东西。 我怀着同样的 *** 去寻找知识,我曾渴望着理解人心,我曾渴望知道为何星星会闪烁,我还企图弄懂毕达哥拉斯所谓的用数字控制变化的力量,但在这方面,我只知道一点点。

爱的力量和知识的力量引我接近天堂,但同情之心往往又把我拉回大地。痛苦的哭泣回响、震荡在我的心中。饥饿的儿童,被压迫、受折磨的人们,成为儿孙们讨厌的包袱的、无助的老人们,充斥着整个世界的孤独的气氛,贫穷和苦难,所有这一切都是对人类生活原本该具有的样子所作的讽刺。我渴望消除一切邪恶,但我办不到,因为我自己也处于苦难之中。 这就是我的生活,我认为值得一过。而且,如果有第二次机会,我将乐意地再过一次。

带翻译的英语文章二

Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.

无论是60岁还是16岁,你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心、永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和追求事业成功的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底,有一座无线电台,它能在多长时间里接收到人间万物传递来的美好、希望、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的资讯,你就会年轻多长时间。

An individual human existence should be like a river— *** all at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they bee merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.

人的生命应当像河流,开始是涓涓细流,受两岸的限制而十分狭窄,尔后奔腾咆哮,翻过危巖,飞越瀑布,河面渐渐开阔,河岸也随之向两边隐去,最后水流平缓,森森无际,汇入大海之中,个人就这样毫无痛苦地消失了。

Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,of the appetite for adventure over the love of often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of grows old merely by a number of grow old by deserting our ideals.

青春意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气概和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60岁的老者比一个20岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致,更主要的是不思进取的结果。

Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusia *** wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.

光阴可以在颜面上留下印记,而热情之火的熄灭则在心灵上刻下皱纹。烦恼、恐惧、缺乏自信会扭曲人的灵魂,并将青春化为灰烬。

在世界经济全球化及中国加入WTO的形势下,社会需要大量能够用英语在国际上进行科技、经贸、法律和 文化 等方面交流的专业人才。下面是我带来的英语 文章 阅读带翻译,欢迎阅读!英语文章阅读带翻译篇一 In the public interest The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries like Denmark, Norway, Finland, and New Zealand. Even countries with large populations like Britain and the United States are seriously considering imitating the Swedes. The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the '.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police stoutly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in he official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed. 斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行开明的社会政策,受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典,已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。由于这种制度行之有效,已被其他国家采纳。 是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。早在1809年,瑞典论会就建立一个保护公民利益的制度。议会内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会,由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。此人官衔为“司法特派员”,但瑞典人一般管他叫“.”,即“司法特派员”。司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见,并进行调查。由于意见均需用书面形式提出,司法特派员每年平均收到1,200封信。他有8位律师作他的助手协助工作,每封信都详细批阅。司法特派员的工作没有什么秘密可言,他的信件是公开的,供公众监督。如果公民的意见正确,司法特派员便为他伸张正义。司法特员采取的行动因意见的性质不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批评某位官员,也可以甚至向议会提议修改某项法律。下述事件是司法特派员工作的一个典型例子。 一个住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员,抱怨说他受到警察的虐待,原因就是因为他是个外国人。司法特派员立即写信给当地警察局长,请他寄送与此事有关的材料。材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实,警察局长矢口否认这一指控。司法特派员难以处理。但是,当他又收到住在同一村庄的另一个外国人写的一封内容类似的投诉信时,他立即派出一位律师前去调查。律师证实有个警察确实多次粗鲁地对待外国人。警察歧视外国人的事在官方档案中不可能加以记载,司法特派员只有派他的代表去核对事实才能了解真相。当事的警察受到严厉的斥责,并被告知,如果再有人投诉他,他将受到起诉。司法特派员及时采取的行动,迅速制止了这一起不愉快的事件,不然这件事可能因未得到人们注意而不了了之。 英语文章阅读带翻译篇二 Instinct or cleverness? We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. Man continually wages war on item, for they contaminate his food, carry diseases, or devour his crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding with out dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinaing. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle ? Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a laop colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape , making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods! 我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。人类不断同昆虫斗争,因为昆虫弄脏我们的食物,传播疾病,吞噬庄稼。它们无缘无故地又叮又咬;夏天的晚上,它们未经邀请便飞到我们房间里,或者对着露出亮光的窗户乱扑乱撞。我们在日常生活中,不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫,而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。阅读有关昆虫的书能增加我们对它们的了解,却不能消除我们的恐惧的心理。即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活具有高度组织性的社会里,当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时,我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。不管我们多么爱吃蜂蜜,或读过多少关于蜜蜂具有神秘的识别方向的灵感的书,我们仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我们的恐惧大部分是没有道理的,但去无法消除。同时,不知为什么昆虫又是迷人的。我们喜欢看有关昆虫的书,尤其是当我们了解螳螂等过着一种令人生畏的生活时,就更加爱读有关昆虫的书了。我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事,它们不知道(但愿如此)我们就在它们身边。当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时,一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋归时,谁能不感到敬畏呢? 去年夏天,我花了好几天时间站在花园里观察成千只蚂蚁爬上我那棵心爱的桃树的树干。那棵树是靠着房子有遮挡的一面暖墙生长的。我为这棵树感到特别自豪,不仅因为它度过了几个寒冬终于活了下来,而且还因为它有时结出些甘甜的桃子来。到了夏天,我发现树叶开始枯萎,结果在树叶背面找到成串的叫作蚜虫小虫子。蚜虫遭到一窝蚂蚁的攻击,蚂蚁从它们身上可以获得一种蜜。我当即动手作了一项试验,这项试验尽管没有使我摆脱这些蚂蚁,却使我着迷了24小时。我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上,不让蚂蚁接近蚜虫。胶带极粘,蚂蚁不敢从上面爬过。在很长一段时间里,我看见蚂蚁围着大树底部来回转悠,不知所措。半夜,我还拿着电筒来到花园里,满意地(同时惊奇地)发现那些蚂蚁还围着胶带团团转。无能为力。第二天早上,我起床后希望看见蚂蚁已因无望而放弃了尝试,结果却发现它们又找到一条新的路径。它们正在顺着房子的外墙往上爬,然后爬上树叶。我懊丧地感到败在了足智多谋的蚂蚁的手下。蚂蚁已很快找到了相应的对策,来对付我那套完全不科学的办法! 英语文章阅读带翻译篇三 From the earth: greatings Radio astronomy has greatly increased our understanding of the universe. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space. The most powerful signals that have been received have been emitted by what seem to be truly colossal stars which scientists have named 'quasars'. A better understanding of these phenomena may completely alter our conception of the nature of the universe. The radio telescope at Jodrell Bank in England was for many years the largest in the world. A new telescope, over twice the size, was recently built at Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other worlds. This possibility gives rise to interesting speculations. Highly advanced civilizations may have existed on other planets long before intelligent forms of life evolved on the earth. Conversely, intelligent being which are just beginning to develop on remote worlds may be ready to pick up our signals in thousands of years' time, or when life on earth has become extinct. Such speculations no longer belong to the realm of science fiction, for astronomers are now exploring the chances of communicating with living creatures (if they exist) on distant planets. This undertaking which has been named Project Ozma was begun in 1960, but it may take a great many years before results are obtained. Aware of the fact that it would be impossible to wait thousands or millions of years to receive an answer from a distant planet, scientists engaged in Project Ozma are concentrating their attention on stars which are relatively close. One of the most likely stars is Tau Ceti which is eleven light years away. If signals from the earth were received by intelligent creatures on a planet circling this star, we would have to wait twenty-two years for an answer. The Green Bank telescope in West Virginia has been specially designed to distinguish between random signals and signals which might be in code. Even if contact were eventually established, astronomers would not be able to rely on language to communicate with other beings. They would use mathematics as this is the only truly universal language. Numbers have the same value anywhere. For this reason, intelligent creatures in any part of the universe would be able to understand a simple arithmetical sequence. They would be able to reply to our signals using similar methods. The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. A single picture would tell us more than thousands of words. In an age when anything seems to be possible, it would be narrow-minded in the extreme to ridicule these attempts to find out if there is life in other parts of the universe. 天文学方面最新发展使得我们能够在银河系和其他星系发现行星。这是一个重要的成就,因为相对来说,行星很小,而且也不发光。寻找行星证明相当困难,但是要在行星上发现生命会变得无比艰难。第一个需要解答的问题是一颗行星是否有能够维持生命的条件。举例来说,在我们的太阳系里,对于生命来说,金星的温度太高,而火星的温度则太低。只有地球提供理想的条件,而即使在这里,植物和动物的进化也用了40亿年的时间。 一颗行星是否能够维持生命取决于它的恒星——即它的“太阳”——的大小和亮度。设想一下,一颗恒星比我们的太阳还要大,还要亮,还要热20倍,那么一颗行星为了维持生命就要离开的它的恒星非常远。反之,如果恒星很小,维持生命的行星就要在离恒星很近的轨道上运行,而且要有极好的条件才能使生命得以发展,但是,我们如何才能找到这样一颗行星呢?现在,没有一台现存的望远镜可以发现生命的存在。而开发这样一台望远镜将会是21世纪天文学的一个重要的研究课题。 使用放置在地球上的望远镜是无法观察到其他行星的生命的。地球周围温暖的大气层和望远镜散出的热量使得我们根本不可能找到比行星更小的物体。即使是一台放置在围绕地球的轨道上的望远镜——如非常成功的哈勃望远镜——也因为太阳系中的尘埃微粒而无法胜任。望远镜要放置在木星那样遥远的行星上才有可能在外层空间搜寻生命。因为我们越是接近太阳系的边缘,尘埃就越稀薄。一旦我们找到这样一颗行星,我们就要想办法将它的恒星射过来的光线遮暗,这样我们就能彻底“看见”这颗行星,并分析它的大气层。首先我们要寻找植物,而不是那种“小绿人”。行星上最容易生存下来的是细菌。正是细菌生产出我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。在地球上发展的大部分进程中,细菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作为地球上的居民,我们总存有这样的希望:小绿人来 拜访 我们,而我们可以和他们交流。但是,这种希望总是只在科幻小说中存在。如果我们能够在另一颗行星上找到诸如细菌的那种低等生命,那么这个发现将彻底改变我们对我们自己的看法。正如美国国家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼尔.戈尔丁指出的“在其他地方发现生命会改变一切。任何人类的努力和想法都会发生变化。”

阅读帮助人们更多的了解世界。在 英语学习 中,阅读是人们获取英语知识、提高英语水平的有效途径。下面是我带来的经典英语美文带翻译,欢迎阅读!经典英语美文带翻译篇一 the most beautifulbridge The orange towers of the Golden Gate Bridge probably the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed bridge in the world are visible from almost every point of elevation in San Francisco. The only cleft in Northern California's 600-mile continental wall, for years this mile-wide strait was considered unbridgeable. As much an architectural as an engineering feat, the Golden Gate took only 52 months to design and build, and was opened in 1937. Designed by Joseph Strauss, it was the first really massive suspension bridge, with a span of 4200ft, and until 1959 ranked as the world's longest. It connects the city at its northwesterly point on the peninsula to Marin County and Northern California, rendering the hitherto essential ferry crossing redundant, and was designed to withstand winds of up to a hundred miles an hour and to swing as much as 27ft. Handsome on a clear day, the bridge takes on an eerie quality when the thick white fogs pour in and hide it almost completely. You can either drive or walk across. The drive is the more thrilling of the two options as you race under the bridge's towers, but the half-hour walk across it really gives you time to take in its enormous size and absorb the views of the city behind you and the headlands of Northern California straight ahead. Pause at the midway point and consider the seven or so suicides a month who choose this spot, 260ft up, as their jumping-off spot. Monitors of such events speculate that victims always face the city before they leap. In 1995, when the suicide toll from the bridge had reached almost 1000, police kept the figures quiet to avoid a rush of would-be suicides going for the dubious distinction of being the thousandth person to leap. Perhaps the best-loved symbol of San Francisco, in 1987 the Golden Gate proved an auspicious place for a sunrise party when crowds gathered to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. Some quarter of a million people turned up (a third of the city's entire population); the winds were strong and the huge numbers caused the bridge to buckle, but fortunately not to break. 经典英语美文带翻译篇二 the whole of Pearl Harbor Almost the whole of Pearl Harbor, the principal base for the US Pacific fleet (just over one hour from Waikiki, beyond the airport, on TheBus #20), is off limits to visitors. However, the surprise Japanese attack of December 7, 1941, which an official US enquiry called "the greatest military and naval disaster in our nation's history", is commemorated by a simple white memorial set above the wreck of the battleship USS Arizona, still discernible in the clear blue waters. More than 1100 of its crew who had earned the right to sleep in late that Sunday morning by coming second in a military band competition are entombed there. Free tours to the ship operate between 8am and 3pm each day, but it can be two or three hours after you pick up your numbered ticket at the Pearl Harbor visitor center (daily ) before you are called to board the ferry across the bay. Many of the million annual visitors are Japanese; an even-handed twenty-minute film pays tribute to "one of the most brilliantly planned and executed attacks in naval history", and books and charts are on sale telling the Japanese side of the story. The USS Arizona memorial was partly financed by Elvis Presley's 1961 Honolulu concert, his first show after leaving the Army. 经典英语美文带翻译篇三 Minneapolis-St. Paul If you want to really celebrate Halloween, try taking a trip to Anoka, Minn., a town just north of Minneapolis-St. Paul that touts itself as the "Halloween Capital of the World." The town's claim to Halloween fame stems from efforts to keep mischievous young people in line on the holiday. In the years after World War I, many young people, including those in Anoka (pop. 18,000), enjoyed playing pranks on Halloween. But when the Anoka pranksters corralled a herd of cows down Main Street in 1919, the local merchants had seen enough. The next year, in 1920, the city started a Halloween festival believed to be the first ever in the United States. Organizers held parties and parades, giving idle hands something to do, and parents a chance to keep an eye on them. The tradition has been going strong ever since. In her quest for decorating ideas for the ghoulish holiday, Good Morning America's gardening and lifestyle editor Rebecca Kolls visited Anoka to join the festivities and to offer her own decorating ideas. To add a ghoulish feel to your front porch, Kolls suggests two quick and easy solutions. To make an instant ghost, just throw a sheet over a lamppost. To make a quickie lit-up jack-o-lantern, cut out the back of plastic pumpkin and put it over the lamppost. If you want to get a little fancier, follow Kolls' directions for creating a more elaborate jack-o-lantern: Step One Gather Materials: X-acto knife with a jigsaw blade Pumpkin Set of stencils or some leaves Felt-tip pen Straight pins Petroleum jelly Candle Step Two To begin, remove the insides of the pumpkin. First cut off the top of the pumpkin. Then stick your hand inside to remove the seeds. Step Three Begin tracing the pattern. Choose a stencil (or any flat flexible object that you want to trace) and position it on any side of the pumpkin. To hold the stencil in place, use some straight pins. Take a felt-tip pen and trace the stencil pattern onto the pumpkin. Once this is done, remove the straight pins and the stencil to see the pattern on the pumpkin. Step Four Begin carving the design by using your X-acto knife. Be sure to stay within the lines. When the design is cut out, you can pop out the insides. To give the design more definition, you might want to clean up the pumpkin's edges with your X-acto knife. Step Five To make the pumpkin last, keep it in a cool location and rub the cut edges with a bit of petroleum jelly.

英语翻译类论文模板

英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文,供大家参考。

英语翻译论文 范文 一:中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性

一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性

(一)地理环境因素

“一方山水养一方人”,不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国,这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一,故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关,如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国,其四面被海水环绕,故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位,这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系,如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候,会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此,只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性,才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。

(二)宗教信仰因素

宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。

二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略

(一)导入异国文化

中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。

(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性

英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。

(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧

在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。

三、结语

总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。

英语翻译论文范文二:生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则

1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性

“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵,不大好把握,运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量,离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境,就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条,那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则,都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确,认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段,即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等,这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致,即得语体之“体”,才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动,翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程,即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此,得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题,归根到底,强调的是语言信息所采取的形式,必须由使用该语言的环境来决定,其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]

2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵

从广义上来说,得体性语用原则适用于一切译作,但是,根据原作的文体不同,在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律,其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确,技术术语正确,修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点,科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实,就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容,同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务,就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作,但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作,决不可自作主张,对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺,对科技翻译来说,虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙,但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯,文从字顺、明白流畅,而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句,或对原作拘泥太过,以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中,若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者,即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思,因为科学的灵魂是“真”,科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中,一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中,一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此,“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提,而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]

3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用

要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体,就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择,选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外,还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体,得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。

词的得体

表达规范

《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性,要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall,temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式,且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆,符合科技英语的特征。

用词准确

例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism,.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”,但根据生物学知识判断,这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思,所以译成“扩增”更准确。

词组得体

精炼、符合汉语表达习惯

例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb),treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized,immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力,且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大,所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下,既要充分表达原意,又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组,如asshowninfigure(如图所示),withoutlossoftime(不失时机),convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组,能起到精确紧凑,简洁明晰的效果,为译文增色不少。

专业规范

例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液,以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液,以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中,“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范,而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统,所指不明。所以译2更得体。

句子得体

句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心,也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求,适应行文递接,切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译,应该做到:

体现信息中心

每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出,以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点,了解其着意传输的信息,此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心,使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid,originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871,wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成,这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法,虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了,但是把信息中心置于句中,未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心,译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出,自然流畅,符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同,许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾,来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首,以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus),其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要,译者要反复推敲,甚至可以跳出原文的框框,合理使用翻译技巧,对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整,按照汉语的习惯组织译文。

体现逻辑关系

例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系,读来有句子堆砌之感,而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。

语段得体

语段是比句子高一级的语法单位,通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征,衔接的优劣,关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10],译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系,就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA,calledtran-scription,proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again,asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete,theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉,首先獉獉,DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,同时獉獉,DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程,较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。

4结束语

生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上,在修辞手段的选择上,是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显,感情色彩较强,翻译时多注重形象思维,讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少,感情色彩罕见,翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ,讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确,在选择译文语言时,译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则,但在不同文体中侧重不同,生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格,同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样,是一种既具艺术性,又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点,只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索,别无捷径可走。

英语翻译论文范文相关 文章 :

1. 商务英语专业论文范文

2. 大专商务英语论文范文

3. 科技英语论文范文:中国地名英译的注意事项

4. 新闻词汇翻译方法研究论文

5. 初中英语教学论文

6. 有关计算机英语论文

英语翻译学论文模板

英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文,供大家参考。

英语翻译论文 范文 一:中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性

一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性

(一)地理环境因素

“一方山水养一方人”,不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国,这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一,故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关,如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国,其四面被海水环绕,故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位,这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系,如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候,会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此,只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性,才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。

(二)宗教信仰因素

宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。

二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略

(一)导入异国文化

中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。

(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性

英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。

(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧

在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。

三、结语

总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。

英语翻译论文范文二:生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则

1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性

“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵,不大好把握,运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量,离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境,就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条,那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则,都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确,认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段,即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等,这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致,即得语体之“体”,才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动,翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程,即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此,得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题,归根到底,强调的是语言信息所采取的形式,必须由使用该语言的环境来决定,其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]

2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵

从广义上来说,得体性语用原则适用于一切译作,但是,根据原作的文体不同,在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律,其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确,技术术语正确,修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点,科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实,就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容,同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务,就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作,但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作,决不可自作主张,对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺,对科技翻译来说,虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙,但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯,文从字顺、明白流畅,而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句,或对原作拘泥太过,以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中,若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者,即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思,因为科学的灵魂是“真”,科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中,一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中,一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此,“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提,而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]

3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用

要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体,就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择,选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外,还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体,得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。

词的得体

表达规范

《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性,要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall,temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式,且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆,符合科技英语的特征。

用词准确

例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism,.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”,但根据生物学知识判断,这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思,所以译成“扩增”更准确。

词组得体

精炼、符合汉语表达习惯

例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb),treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized,immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力,且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大,所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下,既要充分表达原意,又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组,如asshowninfigure(如图所示),withoutlossoftime(不失时机),convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组,能起到精确紧凑,简洁明晰的效果,为译文增色不少。

专业规范

例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液,以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液,以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中,“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范,而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统,所指不明。所以译2更得体。

句子得体

句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心,也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求,适应行文递接,切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译,应该做到:

体现信息中心

每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出,以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点,了解其着意传输的信息,此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心,使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid,originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871,wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成,这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法,虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了,但是把信息中心置于句中,未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心,译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出,自然流畅,符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同,许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾,来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首,以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus),其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要,译者要反复推敲,甚至可以跳出原文的框框,合理使用翻译技巧,对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整,按照汉语的习惯组织译文。

体现逻辑关系

例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系,读来有句子堆砌之感,而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。

语段得体

语段是比句子高一级的语法单位,通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征,衔接的优劣,关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10],译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系,就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA,calledtran-scription,proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again,asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete,theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉,首先獉獉,DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,同时獉獉,DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程,较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。

4结束语

生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上,在修辞手段的选择上,是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显,感情色彩较强,翻译时多注重形象思维,讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少,感情色彩罕见,翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ,讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确,在选择译文语言时,译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则,但在不同文体中侧重不同,生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格,同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样,是一种既具艺术性,又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点,只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索,别无捷径可走。

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