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论文的框架和基本结构怎么回答

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论文的框架和基本结构怎么回答

论文的框架,指的是论文的基本结构。主要包括摘要、前言、文献综述、理论综述、对策建议及改进措施、结论、致谢、参考文献等八个部分。1、摘要。是论文的精华和浓缩,论文的水平、研究的层次基本上通过摘要都能看出来。所以这部分内容一定不能忽视。论文摘要根据背景引出问题,然后阐述解决措施,最后给出的建议以及结论,预期达到的效果。2、前言。它是论文正文的第一部分,通常是以介绍论文的研究背景、研究现状、研究目的意义为主,这部分内容要注意不混淆,不能重复,干万不能把背景当现状,把目的当意义。3、文献综述。在开题报告的基础上进行完善,文献综述有自己的格式和内容要求,主要阐述一些学术界的研究成果,存在哪些局限性,还有哪些改进的空间,主要是为了引出自己论文研究的的方向。4、理论综述。每一个论文选题,都需要有相应的理论支撑,没有理论依据做支撑,研究的学术性就大打折扣,这部分主要写与自己论文研究相关的基础理论,基本概念,为后续研究内容的展开奠定理论基础。5、正文。这是论文的核心,也是最能体现研究成果的地方,在这个部分,要有数据分析、方法研究、对策建议、改进措施等,提出自己的观点并能进行强有力地证明,要能体现出论文的研究价值,篇幅也相对较长。6、全文总结。这是全文的收束文字,比开始的摘要更详细一点,并与摘要有所区别。7、致谢。致谢要符合规范要求,不能天马行空,花里胡哨,更不能哗众取宠。8、参考文献。将引用的文献进行归类并按照引用顺序进行标注。参考文献数量要符合要求,不能过多,也不能过少,引用的种类要齐全。

1、论文的起始页是原创性声明和版权使用说明书,这个有固定的格式,可以根据学校要求书写。

2、引言部分有具体的字体和格式要求。摘要包括中英文摘要,中文摘要在前半部分,摘要包括内容和关键词。

3、论文的目录部分,不同级别的目录也有相应的具体要求,目录也有相应的内容要求。

4、最后一部分就是论文的结论,结论是对研究内容进行一个总结,研究成果的汇总。

扩展资料:

毕业论文的基本教学要求是:

1、培养学生综合运用,巩固与扩展所学的基础理论和专业知识,培养学生独立分析,解决实际问题能力、培养学生处理数据和信息的能力。

2、培养学生正确的理论联系实际的工作作风,严肃认真的科学态度。

3、培养学生进行社会调查研究,文献资料收集,阅读和整理和使用,提出论点,综合论证,总结写作等基本技能。

参考资料来源:百度百科-论文

参考资料来源:百度百科-论文格式

参考资料来源:百度百科-论文提纲

论文的结构和基本框架:以议论文的论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论。 扩展资料 不同论文的结构和基本框架是不一样的,以议论文的'论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论,基本框架是题目-作者姓名和单位-摘要-关键词-提纲-引言-正文-参考文献等。

论文的基本框架结构怎么回答

论文的框架,指的是论文的基本结构。主要包括摘要、前言、文献综述、理论综述、对策建议及改进措施、结论、致谢、参考文献等八个部分。1、摘要。是论文的精华和浓缩,论文的水平、研究的层次基本上通过摘要都能看出来。所以这部分内容一定不能忽视。论文摘要根据背景引出问题,然后阐述解决措施,最后给出的建议以及结论,预期达到的效果。2、前言。它是论文正文的第一部分,通常是以介绍论文的研究背景、研究现状、研究目的意义为主,这部分内容要注意不混淆,不能重复,干万不能把背景当现状,把目的当意义。3、文献综述。在开题报告的基础上进行完善,文献综述有自己的格式和内容要求,主要阐述一些学术界的研究成果,存在哪些局限性,还有哪些改进的空间,主要是为了引出自己论文研究的的方向。4、理论综述。每一个论文选题,都需要有相应的理论支撑,没有理论依据做支撑,研究的学术性就大打折扣,这部分主要写与自己论文研究相关的基础理论,基本概念,为后续研究内容的展开奠定理论基础。5、正文。这是论文的核心,也是最能体现研究成果的地方,在这个部分,要有数据分析、方法研究、对策建议、改进措施等,提出自己的观点并能进行强有力地证明,要能体现出论文的研究价值,篇幅也相对较长。6、全文总结。这是全文的收束文字,比开始的摘要更详细一点,并与摘要有所区别。7、致谢。致谢要符合规范要求,不能天马行空,花里胡哨,更不能哗众取宠。8、参考文献。将引用的文献进行归类并按照引用顺序进行标注。参考文献数量要符合要求,不能过多,也不能过少,引用的种类要齐全。

论文框架由以下几部分组成:

1、介绍

简要地总结论文主题,说明为什么这个主题有价值,也许还可以概述一下你的主要结果。

2、背景信息(可选)

简短地介绍背景信息是必要的,特别是当你的论文涉及两个或多个传统领域时。

3、新技术回顾

这部分回顾了与论文相关的研究现状。

4、研究问题或问题陈述

工程论文倾向于提到一个需要解决的“问题”,而其他学科则是用一个需要回答的“问题”来表述。在这两种情况下,有三个主要部分:

5、描述你如何解决问题或回答问题

论文的这一部分形式更加自由,可以有一个或几个部分和子部分。

6、结论

结论部分通常涵盖三件事,并且每一件事都应该有一个单独的小节:

7、参考文献

参考文献的列表与第3部分中给出的技术现状综述紧密相关。所有的参考文献都必须在论文正文中提及。参考书目可能包括论文中没有直接引用的作品。

8、附录

一般来说,太过具体的材料不适合在论文主体中出现,但可供考官仔细阅读,以充分说服他们。

论文框架 hhh 就这么写

论文的结构和基本框架:以议论文的论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论。 扩展资料 不同论文的结构和基本框架是不一样的,以议论文的'论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论,基本框架是题目-作者姓名和单位-摘要-关键词-提纲-引言-正文-参考文献等。

论文的基本结构和基本框架是怎样

论文的结构和基本框架:以议论文的论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论。 扩展资料 不同论文的结构和基本框架是不一样的,以议论文的'论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论,基本框架是题目-作者姓名和单位-摘要-关键词-提纲-引言-正文-参考文献等。

论文的基本框架,就是指你写这个文章的路线,简单的说,就是目录啦。而基本结构和基本框架大致是一个意思。要是怎么安排的话,就需要多搜集一下资料了。然后根据资料来完成了。望采纳。

随着人民的生活水平的不断提升和经济的快速发展,人们对冷链产品的新鲜感和安全性的要求也越来越高。这些年来,国家不断出台相应的政策,例如:国家发改委已经公布了“农产品冷藏物流发展规划”,贸易发展委员会与改革委和供销合作部联合颁发的“冷链物流的发展规划”等等。从这些可以看出,国家正在积极创建一个高效、成本低、损失小、安全性和灵活性高的现代冷链物流系统。当前,冷链物流的技术不断完善,处理业务的流程也在不断调整。然而从目前情况来看,中国茶企在冷链物流的管理上还存在很多问题,比如说,茶叶的高损耗,据统计,茶产品的冷链价格高是因为货物的损失没有库存来补充,导致价格提升。总的来说,我国茶企的冷链物流水平还不高,没有专业的管理体系以及系统化的冷链物流链。中国茶企的冷链物流的发展还只是处在一个刚开始的过程,还有许多要完善的问题。1.冷链物流的定义和特点冷链物流主要是指冷冻冷藏物品在生产、储存、运输和加工销售的过程中一直存放在低温冷藏的环境中,使得产品的质量和功能得到完整保护的体系。这是一个以低温环境维护为主要核心的供应链体系[1]。其是 跟着科学技术的进步和制冷技术的飞速发展而发展的体系,这是一个基于制冷技术和制冷技术的低温物流过程。可以使用冷链物流的产品大致有这三种:第一种是农产品,主要有蔬菜、水果、肉类、水产品等;第二种是需要加工的食品,主要有冷冻食品、肉类、熟食、以及茶叶等;第三种主要为一些特殊商品,主要有一些疫苗以及需要低温保存的药品等。

论文框架由以下几部分组成:

1、介绍

简要地总结论文主题,说明为什么这个主题有价值,也许还可以概述一下你的主要结果。

2、背景信息(可选)

简短地介绍背景信息是必要的,特别是当你的论文涉及两个或多个传统领域时。

3、新技术回顾

这部分回顾了与论文相关的研究现状。

4、研究问题或问题陈述

工程论文倾向于提到一个需要解决的“问题”,而其他学科则是用一个需要回答的“问题”来表述。在这两种情况下,有三个主要部分:

5、描述你如何解决问题或回答问题

论文的这一部分形式更加自由,可以有一个或几个部分和子部分。

6、结论

结论部分通常涵盖三件事,并且每一件事都应该有一个单独的小节:

7、参考文献

参考文献的列表与第3部分中给出的技术现状综述紧密相关。所有的参考文献都必须在论文正文中提及。参考书目可能包括论文中没有直接引用的作品。

8、附录

一般来说,太过具体的材料不适合在论文主体中出现,但可供考官仔细阅读,以充分说服他们。

毕业论文的结构和基本框架

毕业论文基本结构如下:

1、标题:

文章的大纲。每一种文章的标题、风格都是多样的,但无论是哪种形式,都应始终体现作者写作的意图,文章的主旨与整体或不同侧面。毕业论文的题目一般分为一般题目、副标题、副标题。

2、目录:

一般来说,论文篇幅较长,带有副标题。论文的题名设置,由于其内容层次较多,整个理论体系也较大且较为复杂,所以通常设置目录。

3、内容提要:

全文的一个缩影。在这里,作者用极其经济的笔墨,勾勒出全文的整体面貌;提出了本文的研究重点,揭示了本文的研究成果,简要描述了全文的框架。

4、关键词:

那些表明文献主要主题内容但不规范的词语。它是从一篇论文中选择的一个词或术语,用于文档索引,用来表示全文的主要信息项。一篇论文可以选择3 ~ 8个单词作为关键词。

5、正文:

通过实际调查获得的语言、文化、文学、教育、社会、思想等例证或现象

提出的事实根据应当客观真实,必要时应当注明来源。以前研究的方法、过程和结论。

在理论分析中,应该清楚地把别人的观点和自己的观点区分开来。无论是直接引用还是间接引用他人的作品,都应注明出处。

本人的分析,讨论和结论。使事实、前人的成果与本人的分析和讨论有机结合,注意逻辑关系。

6、结论:

结论应是本文的最终结论和总结性结论。换句话说,结论应该是整篇文章的结尾,是整篇文章的目的,而不是局部问题或分支问题的结论,也不是对文章每一段摘要的简单重复。

结论是,本文的结论应体现作者更深层次的理解,是通过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析,从本文的全部材料中得出的一种新的学术总论和总论观点。

结论可以采用“结论”等词,要求精练,准确阐述自己的创造性工作或新观点及其意义和作用,也可以提出需要进一步探讨的问题和建议。结论应准确、完整、清晰、简洁。

7、致谢:

感谢声明可以放在正文的最后,表达对以下方面的感谢:国家科学基金、科研奖学基金、合同单位、企业、组织或个人的资助和支持;协助完成研究工作并提供便利的组织或者个人。

在研究工作中提供意见和协助的;复制、引用的材料、图片、文件、研究思路和思路的所有权;其他需要感谢的组织和人员。在毕业论文中,要感谢导师以及对论文工作做出直接贡献的人和单位。

8、附录:

对于一些不宜放入正文中、但作为毕业论文又是不可缺少的部分,或有重要参考价值的内容,可编入毕业论文附录中。例如问卷调查原件、数据、图表及其说明等。

毕业论文撰写的注意事项:

毕业论文的目的在于总结本专业的研究成果,培养学生运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力。在文体上,它也是对某一专业领域的实践或理论问题的科学研究和探索具有一定意义的评注。毕业论文的写作可以分为选题和研究选题两个步骤。

选题之后,接下来的工作就是对选题进行研究。研究的一般程序是:收集资料,研究资料,澄清论点,选材,最后撰写修改定稿。

考生可以查阅图书馆、资料室的资料,做实地调查研究、实验和观察等三个方面的资料收集。收集的数据越具体、越详细越好。最好列出要收集数据的书目和详细计划。

首先,在查阅资料时,要熟悉和掌握图书的分类,善于使用书目和索引,熟练使用其他参考书,如年鉴、摘要、目录、编号等。其次,实地调查研究可以获得最真实、可靠、丰富的第一手资料。调查研究的目的、对象和内容应当明确。

调查方法包括:一般调查、重点调查、典型调查和抽样调查。调查方法包括会议、访谈和问卷调查。最后,关于实验和观察。

实验和观察是收集科学数据、获取感性知识的基本方式,也是科学理论形成、产生、发展和检验的实践基础。该方法广泛应用于科学、工程、医学等专业研究中,使用时应仔细、全面地记录。

在研究数据的基础上,考生提出自己的观点和意见,根据选题,建立基本论点和子论点。提出自己的观点,突出新思想,创新是灵魂,不只是重复前人或复制。

与此同时,也应该避免追求越来越多的倾向,担心如果把现有的知识用一段长而不完整的篇幅复述出来,就不能反映出自己研究的特点和成果。

修改最终版本。通过这个链接,可以看到写作意图非常明确,基本论点和论据准确、清晰、正确的材料,有说服力,材料的安排,如果有一个逻辑参数的影响,完成段落结构的大小,连接自然,句子的单词是正确的,这篇文章是否符合标准。

论文的结构和基本框架:以议论文的论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论。 扩展资料 不同论文的结构和基本框架是不一样的,以议论文的'论文为例,它的基本结构包括论题、论证和结论,基本框架是题目-作者姓名和单位-摘要-关键词-提纲-引言-正文-参考文献等。

论文答辩的基本框架和结构英文版

毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版(通用6篇)

转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束,我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式,那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢?下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.

So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) : I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.

The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.

In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !

today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.

the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

1、自己为什么选择这个课题?2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么?3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的?4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何?5、在研究本课题的过程中,发现了那些不同见解?对这些不同的意见,自己是怎样逐步认识的?又是如何处理的?6、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些?7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻?8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么?对以上问题应仔细想一想,必要时要用笔记整理出来,写成发言提纲,在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患,临阵不慌。二、答辩技巧学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要,这就是所谓“自述报告”,须强调一点的是“自述”而不是“自读”。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读,把报告变成了“读书”。“照本宣读”是第一大忌。这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要,言简意赅。不能占用过多时间,一般以十分钟为限。所谓“削繁去冗留清被,画到无时是熟时”,就是说,尽量做到词约旨丰,一语中的。要突出重点,把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明;二忌内容空泛,东拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡,没有重点。在答辩时,学生要注意仪态与风度,这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象,就有了一个良好的开端。有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究(如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等)认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑,挺胸显示情绪高昂—但过分则为傲慢自负;肩手颈正显示正直、刚强,脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。但过于如此,就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守,略为弯腰有度,稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过“其所具风度姿态,即使全场有肃然起敬之心,举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气”他的这番金玉良言,对我们确实有很大的启发。在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是:沉着冷静,边听边记精神集中,认真思考既要自信,又要虚心实事求是,绝不勉强听准听清,听懂听明在回答问题时所要掌握的技巧是构思时要求每个问题所要答的“中心”“症结”“关健”在哪里?从哪一个角度去回答问题最好?应举什么例子来证明?回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的“口头作文”。这就要一、文章应有论点、论据。二、有开头主体与结尾。三、有条理、有层次。四、应用词确当,语言流畅。五、应口齿清楚、语速适度。开头要简洁:单刀直入,是最好的开头,开门见山地表述观点,在答辩中是最好的办法。主体部份的表述可条分缕析,即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析,实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼,由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面,而能深入本质。条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并,整理成若干条目,列成几个小标题:分成几点,一点一点,一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃,满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来,环环相扣,条条相连,令人听完后有清楚的印象。假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲,那么沿着回答问题的主线,再穿上一些玉珠(举例子)就可以做到中心明确,条理清楚,有理有例了。作为将要参加论文答辩同学,首先而且必须对自己所著的毕业论文内容有比较深刻理解和比较全面的熟悉。这是为回答毕业论文答辩委员会成员就有关毕业论文的深度及相关知识面而可能提出的论文答辩问题所做的准备。所谓“深刻的理解”是对毕业论文有横向的把握。例如题为《创建名牌产品发展民族产业》的论文,毕业论文答辩委员会可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管毕业论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”,但 参加论文答辩的学生必须对自己的毕业论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”,否则,就会出现尴尬局面。二、论文答辩——图表穿插任何毕业论文,无论是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能,故我认为应该有此准备。图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法,更是一种调节论文答辩会气氛的手段,特别是对私人论文答辩委员会成员来讲,长时间地听述,听觉难免会有排斥性,不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收,这样,必然对你的毕业论文答辩成绩有所影响。所以,应该在论文答辩过程中适当穿插图表或类似图表的其它媒介以提高你的论文答辩成绩。三、论文答辩——语流适中进行毕业论文答辩的同学一般都是首次。无数事实证明,他们论文答辩时,说话速度往往越来越快,以致毕业答辩委员会成员听不清楚,影响了毕业答辩成绩。故毕业答辩学生一定要注意在论文答辩过程中的语流速度,要有急有缓,有轻有重,不能像连珠炮似地轰向听众。四、论文答辩——目光移动毕业生在论文答辩时,一般可脱稿,也可半脱稿,也可完全不脱稿。但不管哪种方式,都应注意自己的目光,使目光时常地瞟向论文答辩委员会成员及会场上的同学们。这是你用目光与听众进行心灵的交流,使听众对你的论题产生兴趣的一种手段。在毕业论文答辩会上,由于听的时间过长,委员们难免会有分神现象,这时,你用目光的投射会很礼貌地将他们的神“拉”回来,使委员们的思路跟着你的思路走。五、论文答辩——体态语辅助虽然毕业论文答辩同其它论文答辩一样以口语为主,但适当的体态语运用会辅助你的论文答辩,使你的论文答辩效果更好。特别是手势语言的恰当运用会显得自信、有力、不容辩驳。相反,如果你在论文答辩过程中始终直挺挺地站着,或者始终如一地低头俯视,即使你的论文结构再合理、主题再新颖,结论再正确,论文答辩效果也会大受影响。所以在毕业论文答辩时,一定要注意使用体态语。六、论文答辩——时间控制一般在比较正规的论文答辩会上,都对辩手有答辩时间要求,因此,毕业 论文答辩学生在进行论文答辩时应重视论文答辩时间的掌握。对论文答辩时间的控制要有力度,到该截止的时间立即结束,这样,显得有准备,对内容的掌握和控制也轻车熟路,容易给毕业论文答辩委员会成员一个良好的印象。故在毕业论文答辩前应该对将要答辩的内容有时间上的估计。当然在毕业论文答辩过程中灵活地减少或增加也是对论文答辩时间控制的一种表现,应该重视。七、论文答辩——紧扣主题在校园中进行毕业论文答辩,往往辩手较多,因此,对于毕业论文答辩委员会成员来说,他们不可能对每一位的毕业论文内容有全面的了解,有的甚至连毕业论文题目也不一定熟悉。因此,在整个论文答辩过程中能否围绕主题进行,能否最后扣题就显得非常重要了。另外,委员们一般也容易就论文题目所涉及的问题进行提问,如界能自始至终地以论文题目为中心展开论述就会使评委思维明朗,对你的毕业论文给予肯定。八、论文答辩——人称使用在毕业论文答辩过程中必然涉及到人称使用问题,我建议尽量多地使用第一人称,如“我”“我们”即使论文中的材料是引用他人的,用“我们引用”了哪儿哪儿的数据或材料,特别是毕业论文大多是称自己作的,所以要更多使用而且是果断地、大胆地使用第一人称“我”和“我们”。如果是这样,会使人有这样的印象:东西是你的,工作做了不少!(摘自:《青年科学》2003.8,原文:“毕业论文答辩应注意的几个问题”

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