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论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成（例如附录）可有可无。论文各组成的排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献和附录和致谢。下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。题目(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。署名(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。引言(三)论文——引言是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。材料方法(四)论文——材料和方法按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志对论文投稿规定办即可。实验结果(五)论文——实验结果应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据、不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。讨论(六)论文——讨论是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。结论(七)论文——结语或结论论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。参考文献(八)论文——参考义献这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。
自动送药机器人的英文参考文献具体如下：1、药物自动包装机外文文献翻译。2、机器人外文文献。3、论药品包装机械概念设计外文文献。
财务论文的英文参考文献大全
财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
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[1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32（3），367-390.
[2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical industry.Research Policy, 1997,26（4-5）， 391-403.
[3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73（1），125-130.
[4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in lending.Review of Financial Studies,2010,23（7），2757-2788.
[5]Brouthers, K.D.,& Hennart, J.F. Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425.
[6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69（1），106-116.
[7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17（2），151-166.
[8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56（4），312-318.
[9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30（3），439-462.
[10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and strategy.California Management Review, 2007,50（1），57-76.
[1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937.
[2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991.
[3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10（3），467-505
[4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41（5），556-567.
[5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26.
[6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13（S1），15-36.
[7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6（1），29-39.
[8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5（5），133-143.
[9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation modeling.Sociological Methods and Research,1987,16（1），78-117
[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.
[1] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD）[J]. Trends in Organized Crime . 1997 （4）
[2] Crongvist, Henrik,and Matias Nilsson.Agency Costs of Controlling Minority Shareholders. SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance . 2001
[3] Forker JJ.Corporate governance and disclosure quality. Accounting and Business . 1992
[4] Dechow P.M,Sloan R.G,Sweeney A.P.Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: an analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research . 1996
[5] Healy,P. M.The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decision. Journal of Accountancy . 1985
[6] Holthausen Robert,David Larcker,Richard Sloan.Annual Bonus Schemes and the Manipulation of Earnings. Journal of Accountancy . 1995
[7] Defond Mark L,James Jiambalvo.Debt Covenant Violation and Manipulation of Accruals. Journal of Accountancy . 1994 [7] Shyam Sunder.Theory of Accounting and Control. . 1997
[8] William R Scott.Financial Accounting Theory. . 1997
[9] Bae,Kee-Hong,Jun-KooKang,Jin-MoKim.Tunneling or value addition? Evidence from mergers by Korean business groups. The Journal of Finance . 2002
[10] Watts RL,Zimmerman JL.Towards a positive theory ofthe determination of accounting standards. The Accounting Review . 1978
[1] Ball, R. and Brown, P.1968, “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”,journal of Accounting Research,Autumn, pp. 159-178
[2] Watts R.L., Zimmerman J.1978, “Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards”,The Accounting Review, pp. 112-134
[3] Hopwood A. G.“Towards an Organizational Perspective for the Study of Accounting and Information Systems”,Accounting, Organizations and Society (No. 1, 1978) pp. 3-14
[4] Collins, D. W., Kothari, S. P.19 89, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics, pp.143-181
[6] EastonP.D, Zmijewski M.E, 19 89, “Cross-Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 117-141
[6] Beaver, W. H. 1968, “The Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements”, journal of Accounting Research, pp. 67-92
[7] Holthausen R.W., Leftwich R.W., 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August, pp77-117
[8]Patell J.M, 1976, “Corporate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276
财务管理论文英文参考文献
范文一
[1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937.
[2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991.
[3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10(3)，467-505
[4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(5)，556-567.
[5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26.
[6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13(S1)，15-36.
[7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6(1)，29-39.
[8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5(5)，133-143.
[9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation modeling.Sociological Methods and Research,1987,16(1)，78-117
[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.
范文二
[1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32(3)， 367-390.
[2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical industry.Research Policy, 1997,26(4-5)， 391-403.
[3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73(1)，125-130.
[4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in lending.Review of Financial Studies,2010,23(7)，2757-2788.
[5]Brouthers, K.D.,& Hennart, J.F. Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425.
[6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69(1)，106-116.
[7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17(2)，151-166.
[8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56(4)，312-318.
[9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(3)，439-462.
[10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and strategy.California Management Review, 2007,50(1)，57-76.
机器人领域必读的书籍还是不是那么多的，我只能说说自2007年以来，我看过的一部分机器人书籍或者paper，只能局限在机器人操作与抓取领域，并且偏学术领域。按照时间先后顺序：（1）《机器人技术基础》， 熊有伦 主编；推荐指数： ***特点：短小精悍使用方法：配合使用Craig的《机器人学》， Paul的《机器人操作手：数学、编程与控制》，蔡自兴的《机器人学》。这些书都有些历史了，简单的看一下，可以了解那个年代机器人的知识是怎么回事。（2） Jorge Angeles的《Fundamentals of robotic mechanical systems》，这个有对应的中文版，东北大学翻译的，如果没有记错。推荐指数：***特点：推理详实使用方法：配合使用黄真的《高等空间机构学》，Selig的《Geometric Fundamentals of Robotics》。（3）Matt Mason的《Mechanics of Robotic Manipulation》推荐指数：****特点：大巧不工使用方法：配合使用Matt Mason早期paper以及他和Salisbury合作的《Robot hands and the mechanics of manipulation》，以及Mark Cutkosky的博士论文《Robotic grasping and fine manipulation》（4）Richard M. Murray等人的《A Mathematical Introduction toRobotic Manipulation》(http://www.cds.caltech.edu/~murray/books/MLS/pdf/mls94-complete.pdf)，这本书前后看了不少于10遍。初看比较晦涩难懂，语言不是很流畅的感觉，特别是中文版本。推荐指数：*****特点：优美使用方法：此书是整个80年代，90年代早期机器人操作与抓取领域集大成之作。数学优美，论证严谨。反复阅读此书及书中的所有参考文献，这本书的参考文献很大一部分是作者的paper，其他的文献也基本是各个领域的经典之作，参考文献一共就100多个。我当时着重补习了基本的动力学《Analytical Dynamics of Discrete Systems》。
That the most advanced event of science and technology robot football match football moves is one kind of the motion that everybody is fond of very much. As if let a robot go and play football , sounding like Arabian Nights. Can the robot also go to play football? And, still need to be composed of a team, the different robot needs to interwork? Need to know the robot needs to take part in the competition must need to eye , self pair of leg , self cerebrum having self, have to mouth having self with self try to tell others , cooperate and carry out competition. The football now robot does not achieve looking like our person. According to scientist's estimate this has to spend 50 again , is that 2050 or so ability achieves in a true football field ground, comparing with we carry out competition under people's rules of the game-like condition. In the sports cast arriving at at that time possible TV relaying, robot football is able to take up very big specific gravity. Certainly, this is to conjecture, at present till, the influence robot football game thing organization has FIRA international robot football federation and ROBOTCUP international robot football world cup match have most in reality on the international. Catalogue [conceal] Robot football match FIRA world cup RoboCup robot football significance football robot current situation [Edit Duan] robot football match football now robot competition has two series: Be ROBOCUP and FIRA. Need to carry out a competition every year. China has participated in FIRA competition most long ago, both representative of Northeast University team and representative of harbin University of Technology team have got good achievement. China has participated in ROBOCUP series competition besides. In ROBOCUP in 2001 competition, representative team of Tsing Hua University has gained a world champion. Besides, the Chinese artificial intelligenceAI institute has set up robot football special field committee on 2001. Robot football has participated in the science and technology bid for hosting Olympic Games subject activity , will have participate in the Football World Cup in 2002. All above activity explains that robot football gains fine development in China. Main robot football game type is a type (MIROSOT) mark act on self's own partly , the type (ROBOSOT), is similar to person type (HUROSOT) , simulated type (SIMUROSOT) four species types completely autonomously. [Edit Duan] FIRA world cup FIRA is the abbreviation of international robot football federation. Advanced technology of the earliest reason of FIRA robot football match Korea Republic research institute (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Professor the KAIST) gold Zhong Huan (Jong-Hwan Kim) has brought forward the first international games on 1995, and Korea Republic (Daejeon) in KAIST location has held on 1996. Second tiny robot football match (MiroSot97) is in KAIST in June , 1997, holding a period , international robot football alliance (Federation of International Robot-soccer Association , FIRA) proclaims the founding of. FIRA is hold conference within the whole world range every year (FIRA Robot Soccer World Cup) henceforth , hold (FIRA Congress) academic conferences at the same time , confess to enter the competition person exchanges their experience and technology studying aspect in robot football. KAIST in Korea Republic land for growing crops holds the first MiroSot competition from 1996 so far, FIRA have already held the twelve world cup competition, the footmark is all over the Asia , Europe , America and Oceania , becomes have most horizontal one of the match thing composing in reply influence of international robot of all kinds contest middle. Except the once a year world cup competition, still have a lot of provincialism FIRA robot football match every year. The vigorous robot football match plays have arrived at gigantic push role to robot football go into. FIRA robot football match kind 1. The type is partly autonomously robotic football: MiroSot 2. The type is completely autonomously robotic football: RoboSot 3. Simulated robot football: SimuroSot 4. Subminiature partly autonomously Ji Qi Ren Ji Qi Ren football: NaroSot 5. Subminiature entire autonomously robotic football: KheperaSot 6. Be similar to person robot football: HuroSot 7. RoboCup robot football match kind 8.11 simulated VS11 group competition 9.5 VS5 minitype robot group competition 10. Minitype robot group standard competition (every 11 people of team) 11. Medium-sized robot group competition 12. Sony four leg robots competition relates to FIRA China in July , 1997, the international robot football alliance Chinese branch (be called the FIRA Chinese branch for short) is founded , the branch is set up in harbin University of Technology , is held the post of a chairman by Hong Bing 1 7 F professor. The labor intelligence institute has the robot football job committee as subordinates in the same year , is held the post of a director at the same time by Hong Bing ? F professor. Henceforth successively have organized the seven the whole nation robot football championship contest during the ten years , under the leadership of FIRA Chinese branch,and robot football go into having driven in the homeland forcefully developing.The second big series robots football match is RoboCup. RoboCup (Robot World Cup) is a international organization , is founded in Japan in 1997. RoboCup holds the robot football match with robot football as centre go into problem , by the fact that , aims at promoting artificial intelligenceAI , robot technology and their development of relevance discipline. Ultimate RoboCup target is anthropomorphic robot football team founded one acting on self's own completely in 2050 , is able to carry out one football game in its real meaning with human being. RoboCup has organized so far already the eight world cup match. The event has mainly: Simulated computer competition (Simulation League1 , minitype football robot compete in (Small Size League (F one 1 80) ), medium-sized the football robot competes in (Middle Size League (F2000) 1 , four leg robot football game Four Legged projects such as Robot League) , anthropomorphic robot football game (Humanoid league) autonomously. Hold rush to deal with an emergency being comparable to (RoboCupRescue) and robotic elementary robot match besides the robot football match , RoboCup at the same time (RoboCup Junior). That the robot rushes to deal with an emergency being comparable to is to study the reality how to apply robot arriving at rushes to deal with an emergency rescuing middle , hope rescues and development of job by holding competition being able to drive human being reality to rush to deal with an emergency in varying degrees, event two big series simulating competition and the robot contest including the computer. At the same time, RoboCup has aroused teen-agers for science and technology popularizing robot forward position, studying interest , the l2 moon has set up a branch match thing RobocupJunioro that primary and secondary school students of speciality organization participates in on 1999. Now, RoboCup hold the following competition: 1 simulates group competition 2 minitype robots competition 3 line up minitype robot competition, 5 Sony have had leg robot competition be sponsored by Sony) 6 people shapes robot competition (to begin from 2002 every time group including 11 robot 4 medium-sized robots competition , it has attracted attention of more and more many people in 2002 although former possibility significance that can have demonstrating 7 remote control robot competition announce that (soon) 8 RoboCup commentators system demonstration [edit Duan] robot football) football robot competition carrying out almost annual time juat now. Because of the ken having entered us leaks from it with the way being delighted to hear and see,although its volume is very small,its significance is very significant. It is to have synthesized computer art , automation technology , integration of machinery with electronics technology , artificial intelligenceAI technology, one door synthesis technology of principles of pattern recognition technology. The robotic key technology of football is artificial intelligenceAI technology , its eye field is to make a machine have people's wisdom. It can make a machine have the perception to look like person environment, face the ability that the environment studies. Artificial intelligenceAI includes intelligent control , machine perception , machine emotion , expert system , manpower life , nerve basic network and inheritance algorithm etc.We can remember a computer "dark blue" champion who defeats world Chinese chess? This is the artificial intelligenceAI accomplishment. Football now robot competition returns [this editor Duan] football robot current situation back not reaching us wanting to reach far condition, competition now is one kind of dyadic simulated competition completely , football now robot competition space is 1.3 1.5 meters X of rice space according to the regulation of international. There are center line on space, have door area, this and our actual competition has no very big differences. Every robotic football car body does not exceed 7.5 cms X according to the regulation of international 7.5 cms X 7.5 cms. ,(Minitype robot competition) the robot handcart bumps into a goal being responsible with minor red golf ball. There is a camera shooting head over field in match, the camera shooting head uploads information to computer middle. Specially appointed procedure after the computer is handled , is get the situation mounting both sides , is handle again process making policy systematically, export the corresponding data. After communication system sending comparing with taking-over,the handcart controlling a robot has been present run. Where is the robotic cerebrum in? The robotic cerebrum is decision-making system in putting one computer lead plane into. Decision-making system competition situation according to the scene enemy and selves both sides, the robot deciding our side is in the offensive be still defensive. And then decide the robotic formation and robot be away from the football distance decides to be that main attack still has assists , the host defends against still aids to defend against. Decide corresponding action according to every robotic mission. The corresponding football robot eye-- optesthesia system having self. Robotic football optesthesia system all reports the court enemy and selves both sides situation to computer middle , software go along handles and then with computer image. Operation such as making use of principles of pattern recognition technology , drawing to digital picture go along characteristic , expressing forming self computer inner data's, are robotic enemy and selves both sides location and an angle. The football now robot does not grow self mouth , they have but a unified mouth but. Order uniting an effluence from superordination machine, the communication system should order from the robot car body admits, therefore mutuality being able to realize the robot handcart is in harmony. Pair of leg about football robot: Pair of football robot leg is a robotic retinue wheel. Be that car body part , it include part such as carriage wheel , electric motor , carriage , communication module. The module receives the order that superordination machine sends in from communication , comes to drive retinue wheel speed , comes true thereby reaching the eye field controlling. 科技最先进的比赛项目——机器人足球比赛 足球运动是一种大家非常喜爱的运动。让机器人去踢足球，听起来像天方夜谭似的。机器人也能去踢足球? 而且，还是要组成一个队伍，不同的机器人要互相配合？要知道，机器人要参加比赛必须要有自己的眼睛，自己的双腿，自己的大脑，还得有自己的嘴——把自己的想法告诉别人，协同进行比赛。现在的足球机器人还没有做到像我们人一样。据科学家估计，这得再过五十年，即2050年左右才能做到在一个真的足球场地上，与我们人的比赛规则一样的条件下进行比赛。到那时可能电视转播的体育节目中机器人足球会占很大的比重。当然，这是猜测，目前为止，现实中在国际上最具影响力的机器人足球赛事组织有FIRA国际机器人足球联合会和ROBOTCUP国际机器人足球世界杯赛。足球机器人现状 现在的足球机器人比赛有两个系列：即ROBOCUP 和FIRA 。每年都要进行一次比赛。中国最早参加了FIRA比赛，东北大学代表队和哈工大代表队都取得了好成绩。另外中国还参加了ROBOCUP系列的比赛。在2001年的ROBOCUP比赛中，清华大学代表队获得了世界冠军。另外，中国人工智能学会在2001年成立了机器人足球专业委员会。机器人足球参加了科技申奥主题活动，还将参加2002年的世界杯足球赛。以上活动说明机器人足球在中国获得良好的发展。 机器人足球赛的主要类型分为半自主型（MIROSOT）、全自主型（ROBOSOT）、类人型（HUROSOT）、仿真型（SIMUROSOT）四种类型。[编辑本段]FIRA世界杯 FIRA是国际机器人足球联合会的缩写。FIRA机器人足球比赛最早由韩国高等技术研究院(Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology，KAIST)的金钟焕(Jong-Hwan Kim)教授于1995年提出，并于1996年在KAIST所在的韩国(Daejeon)举办了第一届国际比赛。 1997年6月，第二届微机器人足球比赛(MiroSot97)在KAIST举行期间，国际机器人足球联盟(Federation of International Robot-soccer Association，FIRA)宣告成立。此后FIRA在全球范围内每年举行一次机器人世界杯比赛(FIRA Robot—Soccer World Cup)，同时举办学术会议(FIRA Congress)，供参赛者交流他们在机器人足球研究方面的经验和技术。 从1996年在韩国大田的KAIST举办第一届MiroSot比赛至今，FIRA已经举行了十二届世界杯比赛，足迹遍布亚洲、欧洲、美洲和大洋洲，成为各类国际机器人竞赛中最具水平和影响力的赛事之一。除了一年一度的世界杯比赛以外，每年还有许多地区性的FIRA机器人足球比赛。蓬勃发展的机器人足球比赛对机器人足球的研究起到了巨大的推动作用。 FIRA机器人足球比赛种类 1.半自主型机器人足球：MiroSot 2.全自主型机器人足球：RoboSot 3.仿真机器人足球：SimuroSot 4.超小型半自主机器人机器人足球：NaroSot 5.超小型全自主机器人足球：KheperaSot 6.类人机器人足球：HuroSot 7.RoboCup机器人足球比赛种类 8.11VS11仿真组比赛 9.5VS5小型机器人组比赛 10.小型机器人组标准比赛（每队11人） 11.中型机器人组比赛 12.Sony四腿机器人比赛 关于FIRA中国 1997年7月，国际机器人足球联盟中国分会(简称FIRA中国分会) 成立，分会设在哈工大，由洪炳镕教授担任主席。同年中工智能学会下设机器人足球工作委员会，由洪炳镕教授同时担任主任。此后的十年间，在FIRA中国分会的领导下，先后组织了七届全国机器人足球锦标赛，有力地推动了国内机器人足球的研究和发展。 第二大系列的机器人足球比赛是RoboCup。RoboCup(Robot World Cup)是一个国际性组织，1997年成立于日本。RoboCup以机器人足球作为中心研究课题，通过举办机器人足球比赛，旨在促进人工智能、机器人技术及其相关学科的发展。RoboCup的最终目标是在2050年成立一支完全自主的拟人机器人足球队，能够与人类进行一场真正意义上的足球赛。RoboCup至今已组织了八届世界杯赛。比赛项目主要有：电脑仿真比赛(Simulation League1、小型足球机器人赛(Small—Size League(F一1 80))、中型自主足球机器人赛(Middle—Size League(F2000)1、四腿机器人足球赛Four—Legged Robot League)、拟人机器人足球赛(Humanoid league)等项目。除了机器人足球比赛，RoboCup同时还举办机器人抢险赛(RoboCupRescue)和机器人初级赛(RoboCup Junior)。机器人抢险赛是研究如何将机器人运用到实际抢险救援当中，并希望通过举办比赛能够在不同程度上推动人类实际抢险救援工作的发展，比赛项目包括电脑模拟比赛和机器人竞赛两大系列。同时，RoboCup为了普及机器人前沿科技，激发青少年学习兴趣，在1999年l2月成立了一个专门组织中小学生参加的分支赛事RobocupJunioro。 现在，RoboCup举行以下比赛： 1 模拟组比赛 2 小型机器人比赛 3 整队小型机器人比赛，每队包括11个机器人 4 中型机器人比赛 5 Sony有腿机器人比赛 (由Sony赞助) 6 人形机器人比赛(从2002年开始，2002年前可能会有演示) 7 遥控机器人比赛(即将公布) 8 RoboCup评论员系统演示 足球机器人比赛虽然刚刚开展几年时间，但是它吸引了越来越多人的关注。因为它以喜闻乐见的方式走进了我们的视野，虽然它的体积很小，但是它的意义非常重大。它是综合了计算机技术，自动化技术，机电一体化技术，人工智能技术，模式识别技术的一门综合技术。 足球机器人的核心技术是人工智能技术，它的目地是使机器具有人的智慧。它能使机器具有像人一样的感知环境，向环境学习的能力。人工智能包括智能控制、机器感知、机器情感、专家系统、人工生命、神经元网络和遗传算法等等。我们还能想起计算机“深蓝”战胜世界象棋冠军吗？这就是人工智能的成就。 现在的足球机器人比赛还远没有达到我们想要达到的地步，现在的比赛完全是一种仿真式的比赛，现在的足球机器人比赛的场地按国际的规定为1.5米×1.3米场地。场地上有中线，有门区，这与我们的实际的比赛没有什么太大的区别。每个足球机器人的车体按国际的规定不超过7.5cm×7.5cm×7.5cm.,（微型机器人比赛）机器人小车负责把红色的高尔夫小球撞进球门。在赛场的上方有一个摄像头，摄像头把得到的信息上传到计算机中。经计算机的特定程序处理，得到场上双方的态势，再经过决策系统的处理，输出相应的数据。经通讯系统发送与接收，控制机器人小车在场上奔跑。 机器人的大脑在哪里？机器人的大脑就是装在一台计算机主机中的决策系统。决策系统根据现场的敌我双方的比赛态势，决定我方机器人处于进攻还是防守。然后决定机器人的队形和机器人离足球的远近决定是主攻还是助攻、主防还是助防。根据每个机器人的任务决定相应的动作。 相应的足球机器人有自己的眼睛－－视觉系统。足球机器人的视觉系统把比赛场地的敌我双方的态势都反映到计算机中，然后用计算机图像软件进行处理。利用模式识别技术，对数字图像进行特征提取等操作，形成自己的计算机内数据的表达，即敌我双方机器人的位置和角度。 现在的足球机器人还没有长自己的嘴巴,但是他们却有一个统一的嘴巴。由上位机统一发出命令，该命令由机器人车体的通讯系统接收，所以能实现机器人小车的互相协调。 关于足球机器人的双腿：足球机器人的双腿就是机器人的左右轮。就是车体部分,它包括车轮、电机、车架、通讯模块等部分。由通讯模块接收上位机传来的命令，来驱动左右轮的速度,从而实现达到控制的目地。
本人机器人专业研究生，马上毕业。在另一个问题我回答了同样的问题，现在摘抄到此供大家参考。你读过哪些机器人、无人机、自动控制等方面的，让你眼前一亮的论文？ - 知乎我推荐几本机器人领域非常优秀的图书以及获取这些图书的途径（免费），另外配套的视频资料也会相应介绍。1. Springer handbook of robotics[M]. Springer, 2016.机器人领域的Bible。这本书涵盖了机器人领域的所有方面，以及最新进展。这对于了解机器人领域、选取研究方向有莫大的帮助。每一章都可以作为最权威的综述文章来读，因为作者都是该领域最权威的研究学者。但是价格不菲！！如果你还在上学，那么赶紧上图书馆下载下来吧，立马可以赚23681欧元，欧元！！
Many years ago, as the development of technology, robot was created to facilitate people’s work. Robot can do many things for men, like it will accept the order and then carry out it. The most obvious advantage of robot is to caculate very quickly. As robot gets improved all the time, its functions have been largely expanded, most people worry that it will take the place of human brains. Many movies have explored this topic and they came to the conclusion that robot will not take the place of human being. One thing for sure is that men can’t compete with robot on caculating or the computer program, but robot has no feelings, it can’t be the real person. Even it looks like a man, still it is just the machine. It is the emotion that makes the difference between man and machine.
机器人足球是高新技术与体育竞技相结合的产物，是用机器人踢球的一种足球比赛项目。它最大的魅力就是通过足球比赛来公正合理地评价综合技术水平。在机器人足球项目里包含了21 世纪人类要攻克的众多技术难题，如计算机视觉技术、无线通信网络技术、行为决策技术、智能控制技术、机电一体化技术、计算机仿真技术、人工生命技术、对策论及社会组织学等多学科综合技术。 本文首先介绍了足球机器人比赛（FIRA和Robocup）的背景和国内外现状，然后具体的介绍FIRA中的项目和主要关注的SimuroSot的比赛规则，操作要点。在此基础上，学习SimuroSot平台的策略表达方式，划分角色，并建立每个角色的攻防策略，以此建立完整的SimuroSot 5V5平台的攻防策略， 在策略表达方式，该模型使用C语言编程，使用Visual Studio软件编写程序，并导出DLL策略文件加载入平台进行测试，不断修改，提高攻防精度和策略的完整度。 在攻防策略方面，根据所有足球机器人的位置不同，制定所有机器人的角色定制，并且制定出针对不同场上情况的攻防策略，本文采用了足球运动中的角色划分，为更好的衡量他们的运动轨迹和量化数值给出更好的依据。 关键词：足球机器人，FIRA，Robocup，SimuroSot 5V5，仿真，策略程序The robot soccer is the product which the high technology and new technology and sports athletics unify, is one kind of football competition project which plays soccer with the robot. It biggest charm is appraises the comprehensive technical level reasonably fairly through the football competition. Has contained the numerous technical difficult problems which in the robot soccer project the 21st century humanity wants to attack and capture, like the computer vision technology, the wireless communication networking, the behavior decision-making technology, the intelligent control technology, the integration of machinery technology, the computer simulation technology, the artificial life technology, the countermeasure concern the social histology and so on multi-disciplinary comprehensive technologies. this article first introduced soccer robot competition (FIRA and Robocup) the background and the domestic and foreign present situations, then in the concrete introduction FIRA project and the main attention's SimuroSot contest rule, operates the main point. Based on this, studies the SimuroSot platform the strategy turn of expression, the division role, and establishes each role the attack and defense strategy, by this establishment complete SimuroSot the 5V5 platform's attack and defense strategy, in the strategy turn of expression, this model uses the C language programming, uses Visual the Studio software write program, and derives the DLL strategy document to load into the platform to carry on the test, revises unceasingly, increases the attack and defense precision and strategy completeness. in the attack and defense strategy aspect, is different according to all soccer robot's position, the formulation all robot's role has custom-made, and formulates in view of the different field on the situation attack and defense strategy, this article has used in the soccer sports role division, for better weighs their path and the quantification value gives a better basis. key word: Soccer robot, FIRA, Robocup, SimuroSot 5V5, simulation, strategy procedure（可以吗，望采纳）
Just the thought of juggling work and study can be daunting - and that's before you've started searching for the right course and some funding to help ease the financial burden.Don't, by the way, pin your hopes on the latter. While the government seems terribly keen to get people learning, it doesn't seem as keen on helping out those who want to do so on a part-time basis. There is help available, but full-time students seem to get the better deal.But if you want to change career, missed out on the opportunity to study after school, or just want to satisfy a hunger to learn, it is possible to fit your course round the other demands of your life - and you should find it's rewarding too. Other students have.For many people, combining study and work means they will be studying as a mature student. This has its pros and its cons - particularly if everyone else on the course is straight out of school.Matters can get more complicated if you have a family to look after too. This is the case for our reader Nicki Hodges, who combines working part-time with full-time study and three kids. To make things easier you may be eligible for some childcare costs, and your university might have a nursery or crèche you can use.
自动送药机器人的英文参考文献具体如下：1、药物自动包装机外文文献翻译。2、机器人外文文献。3、论药品包装机械概念设计外文文献。
That the most advanced event of science and technology robot football match football moves is one kind of the motion that everybody is fond of very much. As if let a robot go and play football , sounding like Arabian Nights. Can the robot also go to play football? And, still need to be composed of a team, the different robot needs to interwork? Need to know the robot needs to take part in the competition must need to eye , self pair of leg , self cerebrum having self, have to mouth having self with self try to tell others , cooperate and carry out competition. The football now robot does not achieve looking like our person. According to scientist's estimate this has to spend 50 again , is that 2050 or so ability achieves in a true football field ground, comparing with we carry out competition under people's rules of the game-like condition. In the sports cast arriving at at that time possible TV relaying, robot football is able to take up very big specific gravity. Certainly, this is to conjecture, at present till, the influence robot football game thing organization has FIRA international robot football federation and ROBOTCUP international robot football world cup match have most in reality on the international. Catalogue [conceal] Robot football match FIRA world cup RoboCup robot football significance football robot current situation [Edit Duan] robot football match football now robot competition has two series: Be ROBOCUP and FIRA. Need to carry out a competition every year. China has participated in FIRA competition most long ago, both representative of Northeast University team and representative of harbin University of Technology team have got good achievement. China has participated in ROBOCUP series competition besides. In ROBOCUP in 2001 competition, representative team of Tsing Hua University has gained a world champion. Besides, the Chinese artificial intelligenceAI institute has set up robot football special field committee on 2001. Robot football has participated in the science and technology bid for hosting Olympic Games subject activity , will have participate in the Football World Cup in 2002. All above activity explains that robot football gains fine development in China. Main robot football game type is a type (MIROSOT) mark act on self's own partly , the type (ROBOSOT), is similar to person type (HUROSOT) , simulated type (SIMUROSOT) four species types completely autonomously. [Edit Duan] FIRA world cup FIRA is the abbreviation of international robot football federation. Advanced technology of the earliest reason of FIRA robot football match Korea Republic research institute (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Professor the KAIST) gold Zhong Huan (Jong-Hwan Kim) has brought forward the first international games on 1995, and Korea Republic (Daejeon) in KAIST location has held on 1996. Second tiny robot football match (MiroSot97) is in KAIST in June , 1997, holding a period , international robot football alliance (Federation of International Robot-soccer Association , FIRA) proclaims the founding of. FIRA is hold conference within the whole world range every year (FIRA Robot Soccer World Cup) henceforth , hold (FIRA Congress) academic conferences at the same time , confess to enter the competition person exchanges their experience and technology studying aspect in robot football. KAIST in Korea Republic land for growing crops holds the first MiroSot competition from 1996 so far, FIRA have already held the twelve world cup competition, the footmark is all over the Asia , Europe , America and Oceania , becomes have most horizontal one of the match thing composing in reply influence of international robot of all kinds contest middle. Except the once a year world cup competition, still have a lot of provincialism FIRA robot football match every year. The vigorous robot football match plays have arrived at gigantic push role to robot football go into. FIRA robot football match kind 1. The type is partly autonomously robotic football: MiroSot 2. The type is completely autonomously robotic football: RoboSot 3. Simulated robot football: SimuroSot 4. Subminiature partly autonomously Ji Qi Ren Ji Qi Ren football: NaroSot 5. Subminiature entire autonomously robotic football: KheperaSot 6. Be similar to person robot football: HuroSot 7. RoboCup robot football match kind 8.11 simulated VS11 group competition 9.5 VS5 minitype robot group competition 10. Minitype robot group standard competition (every 11 people of team) 11. Medium-sized robot group competition 12. Sony four leg robots competition relates to FIRA China in July , 1997, the international robot football alliance Chinese branch (be called the FIRA Chinese branch for short) is founded , the branch is set up in harbin University of Technology , is held the post of a chairman by Hong Bing 1 7 F professor. The labor intelligence institute has the robot football job committee as subordinates in the same year , is held the post of a director at the same time by Hong Bing ? F professor. Henceforth successively have organized the seven the whole nation robot football championship contest during the ten years , under the leadership of FIRA Chinese branch,and robot football go into having driven in the homeland forcefully developing.The second big series robots football match is RoboCup. RoboCup (Robot World Cup) is a international organization , is founded in Japan in 1997. RoboCup holds the robot football match with robot football as centre go into problem , by the fact that , aims at promoting artificial intelligenceAI , robot technology and their development of relevance discipline. Ultimate RoboCup target is anthropomorphic robot football team founded one acting on self's own completely in 2050 , is able to carry out one football game in its real meaning with human being. RoboCup has organized so far already the eight world cup match. The event has mainly: Simulated computer competition (Simulation League1 , minitype football robot compete in (Small Size League (F one 1 80) ), medium-sized the football robot competes in (Middle Size League (F2000) 1 , four leg robot football game Four Legged projects such as Robot League) , anthropomorphic robot football game (Humanoid league) autonomously. Hold rush to deal with an emergency being comparable to (RoboCupRescue) and robotic elementary robot match besides the robot football match , RoboCup at the same time (RoboCup Junior). That the robot rushes to deal with an emergency being comparable to is to study the reality how to apply robot arriving at rushes to deal with an emergency rescuing middle , hope rescues and development of job by holding competition being able to drive human being reality to rush to deal with an emergency in varying degrees, event two big series simulating competition and the robot contest including the computer. At the same time, RoboCup has aroused teen-agers for science and technology popularizing robot forward position, studying interest , the l2 moon has set up a branch match thing RobocupJunioro that primary and secondary school students of speciality organization participates in on 1999. Now, RoboCup hold the following competition: 1 simulates group competition 2 minitype robots competition 3 line up minitype robot competition, 5 Sony have had leg robot competition be sponsored by Sony) 6 people shapes robot competition (to begin from 2002 every time group including 11 robot 4 medium-sized robots competition , it has attracted attention of more and more many people in 2002 although former possibility significance that can have demonstrating 7 remote control robot competition announce that (soon) 8 RoboCup commentators system demonstration [edit Duan] robot football) football robot competition carrying out almost annual time juat now. Because of the ken having entered us leaks from it with the way being delighted to hear and see,although its volume is very small,its significance is very significant. It is to have synthesized computer art , automation technology , integration of machinery with electronics technology , artificial intelligenceAI technology, one door synthesis technology of principles of pattern recognition technology. The robotic key technology of football is artificial intelligenceAI technology , its eye field is to make a machine have people's wisdom. It can make a machine have the perception to look like person environment, face the ability that the environment studies. Artificial intelligenceAI includes intelligent control , machine perception , machine emotion , expert system , manpower life , nerve basic network and inheritance algorithm etc.We can remember a computer "dark blue" champion who defeats world Chinese chess? This is the artificial intelligenceAI accomplishment. Football now robot competition returns [this editor Duan] football robot current situation back not reaching us wanting to reach far condition, competition now is one kind of dyadic simulated competition completely , football now robot competition space is 1.3 1.5 meters X of rice space according to the regulation of international. There are center line on space, have door area, this and our actual competition has no very big differences. Every robotic football car body does not exceed 7.5 cms X according to the regulation of international 7.5 cms X 7.5 cms. ,(Minitype robot competition) the robot handcart bumps into a goal being responsible with minor red golf ball. There is a camera shooting head over field in match, the camera shooting head uploads information to computer middle. Specially appointed procedure after the computer is handled , is get the situation mounting both sides , is handle again process making policy systematically, export the corresponding data. After communication system sending comparing with taking-over,the handcart controlling a robot has been present run. Where is the robotic cerebrum in? The robotic cerebrum is decision-making system in putting one computer lead plane into. Decision-making system competition situation according to the scene enemy and selves both sides, the robot deciding our side is in the offensive be still defensive. And then decide the robotic formation and robot be away from the football distance decides to be that main attack still has assists , the host defends against still aids to defend against. Decide corresponding action according to every robotic mission. The corresponding football robot eye-- optesthesia system having self. Robotic football optesthesia system all reports the court enemy and selves both sides situation to computer middle , software go along handles and then with computer image. Operation such as making use of principles of pattern recognition technology , drawing to digital picture go along characteristic , expressing forming self computer inner data's, are robotic enemy and selves both sides location and an angle. The football now robot does not grow self mouth , they have but a unified mouth but. Order uniting an effluence from superordination machine, the communication system should order from the robot car body admits, therefore mutuality being able to realize the robot handcart is in harmony. Pair of leg about football robot: Pair of football robot leg is a robotic retinue wheel. Be that car body part , it include part such as carriage wheel , electric motor , carriage , communication module. The module receives the order that superordination machine sends in from communication , comes to drive retinue wheel speed , comes true thereby reaching the eye field controlling. 科技最先进的比赛项目——机器人足球比赛 足球运动是一种大家非常喜爱的运动。让机器人去踢足球，听起来像天方夜谭似的。机器人也能去踢足球? 而且，还是要组成一个队伍，不同的机器人要互相配合？要知道，机器人要参加比赛必须要有自己的眼睛，自己的双腿，自己的大脑，还得有自己的嘴——把自己的想法告诉别人，协同进行比赛。现在的足球机器人还没有做到像我们人一样。据科学家估计，这得再过五十年，即2050年左右才能做到在一个真的足球场地上，与我们人的比赛规则一样的条件下进行比赛。到那时可能电视转播的体育节目中机器人足球会占很大的比重。当然，这是猜测，目前为止，现实中在国际上最具影响力的机器人足球赛事组织有FIRA国际机器人足球联合会和ROBOTCUP国际机器人足球世界杯赛。足球机器人现状 现在的足球机器人比赛有两个系列：即ROBOCUP 和FIRA 。每年都要进行一次比赛。中国最早参加了FIRA比赛，东北大学代表队和哈工大代表队都取得了好成绩。另外中国还参加了ROBOCUP系列的比赛。在2001年的ROBOCUP比赛中，清华大学代表队获得了世界冠军。另外，中国人工智能学会在2001年成立了机器人足球专业委员会。机器人足球参加了科技申奥主题活动，还将参加2002年的世界杯足球赛。以上活动说明机器人足球在中国获得良好的发展。 机器人足球赛的主要类型分为半自主型（MIROSOT）、全自主型（ROBOSOT）、类人型（HUROSOT）、仿真型（SIMUROSOT）四种类型。[编辑本段]FIRA世界杯 FIRA是国际机器人足球联合会的缩写。FIRA机器人足球比赛最早由韩国高等技术研究院(Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology，KAIST)的金钟焕(Jong-Hwan Kim)教授于1995年提出，并于1996年在KAIST所在的韩国(Daejeon)举办了第一届国际比赛。 1997年6月，第二届微机器人足球比赛(MiroSot97)在KAIST举行期间，国际机器人足球联盟(Federation of International Robot-soccer Association，FIRA)宣告成立。此后FIRA在全球范围内每年举行一次机器人世界杯比赛(FIRA Robot—Soccer World Cup)，同时举办学术会议(FIRA Congress)，供参赛者交流他们在机器人足球研究方面的经验和技术。 从1996年在韩国大田的KAIST举办第一届MiroSot比赛至今，FIRA已经举行了十二届世界杯比赛，足迹遍布亚洲、欧洲、美洲和大洋洲，成为各类国际机器人竞赛中最具水平和影响力的赛事之一。除了一年一度的世界杯比赛以外，每年还有许多地区性的FIRA机器人足球比赛。蓬勃发展的机器人足球比赛对机器人足球的研究起到了巨大的推动作用。 FIRA机器人足球比赛种类 1.半自主型机器人足球：MiroSot 2.全自主型机器人足球：RoboSot 3.仿真机器人足球：SimuroSot 4.超小型半自主机器人机器人足球：NaroSot 5.超小型全自主机器人足球：KheperaSot 6.类人机器人足球：HuroSot 7.RoboCup机器人足球比赛种类 8.11VS11仿真组比赛 9.5VS5小型机器人组比赛 10.小型机器人组标准比赛（每队11人） 11.中型机器人组比赛 12.Sony四腿机器人比赛 关于FIRA中国 1997年7月，国际机器人足球联盟中国分会(简称FIRA中国分会) 成立，分会设在哈工大，由洪炳镕教授担任主席。同年中工智能学会下设机器人足球工作委员会，由洪炳镕教授同时担任主任。此后的十年间，在FIRA中国分会的领导下，先后组织了七届全国机器人足球锦标赛，有力地推动了国内机器人足球的研究和发展。 第二大系列的机器人足球比赛是RoboCup。RoboCup(Robot World Cup)是一个国际性组织，1997年成立于日本。RoboCup以机器人足球作为中心研究课题，通过举办机器人足球比赛，旨在促进人工智能、机器人技术及其相关学科的发展。RoboCup的最终目标是在2050年成立一支完全自主的拟人机器人足球队，能够与人类进行一场真正意义上的足球赛。RoboCup至今已组织了八届世界杯赛。比赛项目主要有：电脑仿真比赛(Simulation League1、小型足球机器人赛(Small—Size League(F一1 80))、中型自主足球机器人赛(Middle—Size League(F2000)1、四腿机器人足球赛Four—Legged Robot League)、拟人机器人足球赛(Humanoid league)等项目。除了机器人足球比赛，RoboCup同时还举办机器人抢险赛(RoboCupRescue)和机器人初级赛(RoboCup Junior)。机器人抢险赛是研究如何将机器人运用到实际抢险救援当中，并希望通过举办比赛能够在不同程度上推动人类实际抢险救援工作的发展，比赛项目包括电脑模拟比赛和机器人竞赛两大系列。同时，RoboCup为了普及机器人前沿科技，激发青少年学习兴趣，在1999年l2月成立了一个专门组织中小学生参加的分支赛事RobocupJunioro。 现在，RoboCup举行以下比赛： 1 模拟组比赛 2 小型机器人比赛 3 整队小型机器人比赛，每队包括11个机器人 4 中型机器人比赛 5 Sony有腿机器人比赛 (由Sony赞助) 6 人形机器人比赛(从2002年开始，2002年前可能会有演示) 7 遥控机器人比赛(即将公布) 8 RoboCup评论员系统演示 足球机器人比赛虽然刚刚开展几年时间，但是它吸引了越来越多人的关注。因为它以喜闻乐见的方式走进了我们的视野，虽然它的体积很小，但是它的意义非常重大。它是综合了计算机技术，自动化技术，机电一体化技术，人工智能技术，模式识别技术的一门综合技术。 足球机器人的核心技术是人工智能技术，它的目地是使机器具有人的智慧。它能使机器具有像人一样的感知环境，向环境学习的能力。人工智能包括智能控制、机器感知、机器情感、专家系统、人工生命、神经元网络和遗传算法等等。我们还能想起计算机“深蓝”战胜世界象棋冠军吗？这就是人工智能的成就。 现在的足球机器人比赛还远没有达到我们想要达到的地步，现在的比赛完全是一种仿真式的比赛，现在的足球机器人比赛的场地按国际的规定为1.5米×1.3米场地。场地上有中线，有门区，这与我们的实际的比赛没有什么太大的区别。每个足球机器人的车体按国际的规定不超过7.5cm×7.5cm×7.5cm.,（微型机器人比赛）机器人小车负责把红色的高尔夫小球撞进球门。在赛场的上方有一个摄像头，摄像头把得到的信息上传到计算机中。经计算机的特定程序处理，得到场上双方的态势，再经过决策系统的处理，输出相应的数据。经通讯系统发送与接收，控制机器人小车在场上奔跑。 机器人的大脑在哪里？机器人的大脑就是装在一台计算机主机中的决策系统。决策系统根据现场的敌我双方的比赛态势，决定我方机器人处于进攻还是防守。然后决定机器人的队形和机器人离足球的远近决定是主攻还是助攻、主防还是助防。根据每个机器人的任务决定相应的动作。 相应的足球机器人有自己的眼睛－－视觉系统。足球机器人的视觉系统把比赛场地的敌我双方的态势都反映到计算机中，然后用计算机图像软件进行处理。利用模式识别技术，对数字图像进行特征提取等操作，形成自己的计算机内数据的表达，即敌我双方机器人的位置和角度。 现在的足球机器人还没有长自己的嘴巴,但是他们却有一个统一的嘴巴。由上位机统一发出命令，该命令由机器人车体的通讯系统接收，所以能实现机器人小车的互相协调。 关于足球机器人的双腿：足球机器人的双腿就是机器人的左右轮。就是车体部分,它包括车轮、电机、车架、通讯模块等部分。由通讯模块接收上位机传来的命令，来驱动左右轮的速度,从而实现达到控制的目地。
自动送药机器人的英文参考文献具体如下：1、药物自动包装机外文文献翻译。2、机器人外文文献。3、论药品包装机械概念设计外文文献。
industrial robot 工业机器人
With the social development needs, the robot has infiltrated our lives, work and economic aspects, and has played a significant role. Robotics research and development of our economic development have a lot of impact. This piece of paper mainly expounds the welding robot in the construction machinery industry, the importance of robots in various countries on the development of some of the overview for readers to understand the future development of robots the importance of social development, the article I also wrote to the China Machine were a number of investigations and understanding of the status quo views of the robot in the Development of a number of factors, there are a number of field of use of robots outlook.