毕业论文空中花园

希望有的可以把word文档发给我，谢谢

旅游英语毕业论文

我整理了旅游英语的毕业论文，一起来学习一下吧！

The Great Wall

The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world.

Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces--Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.

Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 . during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century . when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 ., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today.

The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors.

The Wall of those sections is meters high and meters wide at its base, narrowing to meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like "climbing a ladder to heaven". The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze.

A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night. Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications.

There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.

Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911)

Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heaven" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 ), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.

Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.

As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.

Notes:

1. the Taj Mahal in India 印度的泰姬陵

2. the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴比伦的空中花园

3. Sanskrit 梵语

4. Uigur 维吾尔语

室内设计毕业论文开题报告范文

所谓设计，就是通过创造与交流来认识我们生活其中的世界。好的认识和发现，会让我们感到喜悦和骄傲。人们对他们赖以生存的环境的一种自发的改造行为，这种环境的再创造的过程就是一种室内设计的过程。以下是我整理的室内设计毕业论文开题报告范文，欢迎来参考！

一、选题背景与意义(300字左右)

自从加入世贸组织以来，中国的迅猛发展人皆可见，发展的背后是各行各业人才的需求日益增多，人们的压力也逐步加大。特别是代表着中国新一代势力的80后、90后的大学生们，他们顶着强大的工作和住房的双重压力，为社会主义建设奋斗着，他们的住房问题已经成为全社会关注的热点问题。蜂巢公寓就是为了解决目前一些正在求职的毕业大学生租房困难而设计的一种快节奏紧凑型公寓，希望能达到高度节省空间及运营成本，低碳、环保等特点。齐全的设施在满足大学生居住的同时，还在心理，健康等方面给予关怀，打破常见闭塞空间的思维定式，创造新型的快节奏开放式生态居住空间。小区的生态景观设计就是其中一个重要组成部分。

人们在面临学习、工作与生活压力时，总渴望能找到一个休闲居住场所来减轻这份紧张，调整情绪，融入到优美的、恬淡的生活空间去享受那一份宁静与轻松。营造自然和谐、健康舒适的居住环境，追求建筑与景观的融合，自然与人的和谐共生，它随着时代背景及意识形态的发展而发展，并呈现新的特色。

二、课题关键问题及难点(300左右字)

蜂巢公寓社区的意义在于用较低的成本来解决最大程度的大学生以及外来人口的临时居住问题，因此，如何采用相对较低的成本来建造出功能性相对较强的公寓建筑是一个难点，这不仅要考虑到材料的使用，还要最大程度的满足其应有的需求。

同时，环保也是此次项目的一个重点，环保节能一直是如今热门的话题之一，如何合理的运用材料，搭配材料，将这个公寓建筑设计得环保节能也是本次项目能否成功实现的一个重要的.突破口。

以建筑设计为着眼点，生态建筑主要表现为：利用太阳能等可再生能源，注重自然通风，自然采光与遮阴，为改善小气候采用多种绿化方式，为增强空间适应性采用大跨度轻型结构，水的循环利用，垃圾分类、处理以及充分利用建筑废弃物等。仅以上几个方面就可以看出，不论哪方面都需要多工种的配合，需要结构、设备、园林等工种，建筑物理、建筑材料等学科的通力协作才能得以实现。

三、文献综述(或调研报告)(1200字左右)

当今世界，人口剧增，资源锐减，生态失衡，境遭到严重破坏，人类生存和发展与全球的环境问题愈演愈烈，生态危机几乎到了一触即发的程度。在严峻的现实面前，人们不得不重新审视和评判我们现时正奉为信条的城市发展观和价值系统。

为了建筑、城市、景观环境的“可持续”，建筑学、城市规划学、景观建筑学学科开始了可持续人类聚居环境建设的思考。许多有识之士逐渐认识到人类本身是自然系统的一部分，它与其支撑的环境休戚相关。在城市发展和建设过程中，必须优先考虑生态问题，并将其置于与经济和社会发展同等重要的地位上; 同时，还要进一步高瞻远瞩，通盘考虑有限资源的合理利用问题，即我们今天的发展应该是“满足当前的需要又不削弱子孙后代满足其需要能力的发展”。这就是1992 年联合国环境和发展大会“里约热内卢宣言”提出的可持续发展思想的基本内涵，它是人类社会的共同选择，也是我们一切行为的准则。建筑及其建成环境在人类对自然环境的影响方面扮演着重要角色，因此，符合可持续发展原理的设计需要对资源和能源的使用效率、对健康的影响、对材料的选择等方面进行综合思考，从而使其满足可持续发展原则的要求。近几年提出的生态建筑及生态城市的建设理论，就是以自然生态原则为依据，探索人、建筑、自然三者之间的关系，为人类塑造一个最为舒适合理且可持续发展的环境的理论。生态建筑是21 世纪建筑设计发展的方向。

经典案例：

马来西亚米那亚大厦 主要(生态)设计特征：

1. 空中花园从一个三层高的植物绿化护堤开始，沿建筑表面螺旋上升。 (平面中每三层凹进一次，设置空中花园，直至建筑屋顶)

2. 中庭 使凉空气能通过建筑的过度空间。

3. 绿化种植为建筑提供阴影和富氧环境空间

4. 曲面玻璃墙在南北两面为建筑调整日辐射得热量。构造细部使浅绿色的玻璃成为通风滤过器，从而使室内不至于完全被封闭

5. 每层 办公室都设有外阳台和通高的推拉玻璃门以便控制自然通风的程度

6. 所有楼 电梯和卫生间都是自然采光和通风

7. 屋顶露台由钢和铝的支架结构所覆盖，它同时为屋顶游泳池及顶层体育馆的曲屋顶(远期有安装太阳能电池的可能性)提供遮阳 和自然采光

8. 被围和的房间形成一个核心桶，通过交流空间的设置消除了黑暗空间 9. 一套自动检测系统被用于减少设备和空调系统的能耗

原生的生态建筑设计是在节约经济和低技术的条件下，不用或者很少用现代的技术手段来达到生态化的目的。然而，此类建筑的节能效率和可持续性都不甚理想，缺乏普适性。

同时，停滞不前的生态技术。并不是可持续的生态观。因此，应当考虑将现代的生态技术运用到普通的建筑设计中去，即“适宜技术”。

“适宜技术”就是具有一定适宜性、普遍性的技术，又能根据环境的不同而有一定地域特色的生态建筑应该成为研究的重点。也就是说，从满足基本的人居环境的要求出发，通过“适宜技术”这个设计手段，运用当地的资源，结合适宜的经济的技术，进行生态建筑设计来达到可持续发展的目的。

生态建筑设计从“原生的”向“适宜技术”转变通常有三种手法：一是将传统技术进行改造;二是将先进的技术改革、调整以满足适宜技术的需要;三是进行实验研究，直接效力于适宜技术。

参考文献：

[1] 俞孔坚 译著，景观设计学，中国建筑工业出版社

[2]王晓俊 著，西方现代园林设计，东南大学出版社

[3] 吴家骅 著，环境设计史纲，重庆大学出版社

[4] 西蒙兹， 21世纪园林城市：创造宜居的城市环境， 辽宁科学技术出版社

[5] Peter Walker，Minimalist Gardens，[M].Spacemaker Press

在平时的学习、工作中，大家都不可避免地要接触到论文吧，论文的类型很多，包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。那么你有了解过论文吗？以下是我为大家收集的放纵与限制-初一-议论文，欢迎大家分享。 很多的时候，觉得太过于放肆一样，但有时呢，又觉得太过于被限制，除了这个地方就没了地方可去了。就像是――大人管我们小孩一样。我觉得，在大人管教孩子上，就像是交电话费一样。若用电话打，到月尾才交电话费，结果是超支得令自己交钱交的特心疼！就像管孩子一样，放纵着他自己去玩，结果会怎么样谁都无法保证。于是担心的要命！而用手机打电话呢，都必须去交钱，即冲卡。卡里的钱用完了又得去冲。令人觉得累死！好似限制孩子的行动一样，孩子不开心，大人也烦恼！于是弄得大家一起不好过。 再说个事。现今不是出现了温室效应么？这弄得是水平面将高涨，一些城市可能被湮灭。于是呢，各人有个人的说法，都提出了降低温度的方法：有建面大镜子去反射太阳光的，有用化学药物去降低空气中的温度的，还有什么乱七八糟的想法都可能。可是这些方法，可能破坏大气层，也可能减少太阳光中的`紫外线杀菌之类的。这样，好么？那么造成大家有这些想法的又是什么呢？为什么人类不能从自身角度去发掘？环境为什么这么糟呀？破坏呗！就像是秦始皇汉武帝的嗜好战争一样，人类嗜好破坏。破坏掉这个在建造出那个，然后再让那个来代替这个的作用，以此沾沾自喜。从不会想到后果呀将来呀。人类不都有句话在说么，“我们注重的过程，结果怎么样并不重要。”可是结果真的不重要么？谁能很自豪没有遗憾的说出这句话呢？ 从古开始，人类过着刀耕火种的日子。再到后来，开始有了自己的文明：古罗马帝国，古巴比伦的空中花园，中国的唐宋元明，英国的日不落……可是到了今天，人类除了破坏环境还干了什么？在将来，若是这块蓝色净土再也不会出现，人类的文明还能残存么？这不正是地球母亲的放纵么？它放纵着自己的孩子去做任何事，包括毁灭自己。它的爱是那么的博大，可是这样的溺爱，最终只会害了它的孩子。而人类呢？以为有着地球在那当靠山着呢，无所畏惧破坏。就像那任性的小孩子一样，天塌下来还有父母顶着呢，他才不怕呢！ 嘿，瞧着呢！有双眼睛盯着我们呢！它在看着我们做的荒唐事。可是或许有人在说着，这人类的智慧很发达，等到地球灭亡时，我们可以搬到另一个星球呀！对呀。小孩子的父母也是那么想着，我们带着小孩子去块美丽善良无欺无诈的净土，那样就行了。那么当孩子将来长大了，父母死了，孩子该怎么办？随父母一起去死么？他还是要过生活。到时候怎么办？地球没了可以再找，找一个比地球还美还好的星球。可是人类在这么下去，总有一天，哪怕那是几千亿几千万亿之后的一天，人类始终不能得到快乐，不能幸福。他们只能是孤独的活着，直到灭绝。 当我们的思绪天马行空的着的时候，老师会猛地把我们拉回课堂，说着想什么呢，上课也不认真听？然后我们可能开始赌气。然而当我们的手将一棵一棵的数拔起的时候，令一种又一种的植物灭绝的时候，让一个又一个的面孔消失的时候，我们除了赌气，还能做什么？伤心么？为他们的过早死亡过早凋零？可是这一切不都是我们造成的么？上课的时候应该好好上课，下课随你天马行空老师也不会怪你。所以同理，要拔树可以，但要急得什么时候可以拔，记得拔树的时候，多种下一棵树。当自然环境和我们和谐发展的时候，我们才能快乐呀！否则科学家的那些想法又有什么作用呢？ 其实，我觉得自己的这篇文章，亦是只会说不会做――假把式。就像没人说植树节不能种20棵树一样，很少有人能自发的去种树。只是为了纪念这那么一个节日一个灵魂。所以，我想呀，今年，多种一棵树吧！多保护环境吧！多些快乐吧！让自己的心能够善良些吧！